112 relations: Alexander Kerensky, Alexander Potresov, Allies of World War I, April Crisis, Armenia, Armenians in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Batumi, Berlin, Black Sea, Bolsheviks, Bourgeois nationalism, Central Powers, Charles Darwin, Columbia University, Conference of the Three Internationals, Constantinople, Constituent Assembly of Georgia, Constitutional Democratic Party, Coup of June 1907, Democratic Republic of Georgia, Dual power (Russian Revolution), February Revolution, First Republic of Armenia, Fyodor Dan, Georgi Plekhanov, Georgia (country), Georgians, Georgy Lvov, German Empire, Giorgi Tsereteli (writer), Gorisa, Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile, Gymnasium (school), Haemophilia, Imereti, Internationalist–defencist schism, Irkutsk, July Days, Karl Kautsky, Kiev, Kutais Governorate, Kutaisi, Labour and Socialist International, Leon Trotsky, Leuville cemetery, Marxism, Mensheviks, Meore dasi, ..., Metekhi, Middle class, Mykolaiv, National Council of Georgia, New York (state), New York City, Niko Nikoladze, Nikolai Avksentiev, Nikolai Sukhanov, Nikolay Chkheidze, Noe Zhordania, October Revolution, Opposition to World War I, Ottoman Empire, Paris, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Pavel Axelrod, Petrograd Soviet, Proletariat, Pyotr Stolypin, Red Army invasion of Georgia, Rex A. Wade, Russian Civil War, Russian Constituent Assembly, Russian Empire, Russian legislative election, January 1907, Russian Provisional Government, Russian Revolution, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Saint Petersburg, Second International, Siberia, Siberian Zimmerwaldists, Social democracy, Social Democratic Party of Georgia, Socialist Revolutionary Party, Soviet (council), State Duma (Russian Empire), Stolypin reform, Tbilisi, Trans-Siberian Railway, Transcaucasian Commissariat, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Trudoviks, Tsarist autocracy, Tsereteli, Tuberculosis, Tulun, Ukraine, Ukrainian People's Republic, United States, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Viktor Chernov, Vladimir Lenin, What Is To Be Done?, Wladimir S. Woytinsky, World War I, World War II, Zimmerwald Conference, Zurab Avalishvili, 1905 Russian Revolution. Expand index (62 more) »
Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский,; Russian: Александръ Ѳедоровичъ Керенскій; 4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Alexander Potresov
Alexander Nikolayevich Potresov (September 13, 1869 – July 11, 1934) was a Russian social democrat and one of the leaders of Menshevism.
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Allies of World War I
The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.
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April Crisis
This page uses old style dates. The April Crisis, which occurred in Russia in April 1917, broke out in response to a series of political and public controversies.
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Armenia
Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Armenians in Georgia
Armenians in Georgia (Virahayer) are Armenian people living within the country of Georgia.
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Azerbaijan
No description.
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Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azərbaycan Demokratik Respublikası), also known as Azerbaijan People's Republic (Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) or Caucasus Azerbaijan in diplomatic documents, was the third democratic republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world, after the Crimean People's Republic and Idel-Ural Republic.
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Batumi
Batumi (ბათუმი) is the second-largest city of Georgia, located on the coast of the Black Sea in the country's southwest.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Black Sea
The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Bourgeois nationalism
In Marxism, bourgeois nationalism is the practice by the ruling classes of deliberately dividing people by nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion, so as to distract them from initiating class warfare.
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Central Powers
The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Columbia University
Columbia University (Columbia; officially Columbia University in the City of New York), established in 1754, is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City.
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Conference of the Three Internationals
The Conference of the Three Internationals took place in Berlin between 2–6 April 1922.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.
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Constituent Assembly of Georgia
The Constituent Assembly of Georgia (საქართველოს დამფუძნებელი კრება, sak’art’velos damp’udznebeli kreba) was a national legislature of the Democratic Republic of Georgia which was elected in February 1919 to ratify the Act of Independence of Georgia and enact the Constitution of 1921.
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Constitutional Democratic Party
The Constitutional Democratic Party (Конституционно-демократическая партия, Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya), also called Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of People's Freedom, was a liberal political party in the Russian Empire, encompassing constitutional monarchists and right-wing republicans.
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Coup of June 1907
The Coup of June 1907, sometimes known as Stolypin's Coup, is the name commonly given to the dissolution of the Second State Duma of the Russian Empire, the arrest of some its members and a fundamental change in the Russian electoral law by Tsar Nicholas II on.
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Democratic Republic of Georgia
The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა) existed from May 1918 to February 1921 and was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia. The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917. Its established borders were with the Kuban People's Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in the north, the Ottoman Empire and the First Republic of Armenia in the south, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the southeast. It had a total land area of roughly 107,600 km2 (by comparison, the total area of today's Georgia is 69,700 km2), and a population of 2.5 million. The republic's capital was Tbilisi, and its state language was Georgian. Proclaimed on May 26, 1918, on the break-up of the Transcaucasian Federation, it was led by the Georgian Social Democratic Party (also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party). Facing permanent internal and external problems, the young state was unable to withstand invasion by the Russian SFSR Red Armies, and collapsed between February and March 1921 to become a Soviet republic.
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Dual power (Russian Revolution)
"Dual Power" (r) was a term first used by Vladimir Lenin, which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution in which two powers, the workers councils (or Soviets, particularly the Petrograd Soviet) and the official state apparatus of the Provisional Government coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy.
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February Revolution
The February Revolution (p), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
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First Republic of Armenia
The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia (classical Հայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն), was the first modern Armenian state since the loss of Armenian statehood in the Middle Ages.
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Fyodor Dan
Fyodor Ilyich Dan (Фёдор Ильич Дан), often known in English as Fedor Dan, (19 October 1871 – 22 January 1947) was one of the founding leaders of Menshevism.
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Georgi Plekhanov
Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (a; 29 November 1856 – 30 May 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician.
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Georgia (country)
Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Georgians
The Georgians or Kartvelians (tr) are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia.
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Georgy Lvov
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (Гео́ргий Евге́ньевич Львов; 2 November 18617/8 March 1925) was a Russian statesman and the first post-imperial prime minister of Russia, from 15 March to 21 July 1917.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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Giorgi Tsereteli (writer)
Giorgi Tsereteli (გიორგი წერეთლი; May 14, 1842 – January 12, 1900) was a Georgian writer, and the father of Irakli Tsereteli, a leading figure in the Georgian Mensheviks.
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Gorisa
Gorisa (გორისა) is a village in the Sachkhere Municipality of Imereti in western Georgia.
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Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile
After the Soviet Russian Red Army invaded Georgia and the Bolsheviks took over the country early in 1921, the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) decided the Government went to exile and continued to function as the National Government of Georgia, NGG.
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Gymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and US preparatory high schools.
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
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Imereti
Imereti (Georgian: იმერეთი) is a region in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni River.
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Internationalist–defencist schism
Internationalist and defencist were the broad opposing camps in the international socialist movement during and shortly after the First World War.
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Irkutsk
Irkutsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, and one of the largest cities in Siberia.
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July Days
The July Days refers to events that took place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 – 7 July 1917 (Julian calendar) (16 July – 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers, sailors, and industrial workers engaged in spontaneous armed demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government.
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Karl Kautsky
Karl Johann Kautsky (16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Kyiv; Kiyev; Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper.
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Kutais Governorate
The Kutais Governorate (Кутаисская губерния; ქუთაისის გუბერნია) was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.
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Kutaisi
Kutaisi (ქუთაისი; ancient names: Aea/Aia, Kotais, Kutatisi, Kutaïsi) is the legislative capital of Georgia, and its 3rd most populous city.
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Labour and Socialist International
The Labour and Socialist International (LSI; German: Sozialistische Arbeiter-Internationale, SAI) was an international organization of socialist and labour parties, active between 1923 and 1940.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; – 21 August 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, theorist, and Soviet politician.
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Leuville cemetery
Leuville-sur-Orge is a French town 25 km south of Paris whose cemetery is a burial ground to many prominent Georgian political emigres who had left country after the Soviet invasion of Georgia of 1921.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Mensheviks
The Mensheviks (меньшевики) were a faction in the Russian socialist movement, the other being the Bolsheviks.
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Meore dasi
Meore dasi (მეორე დასი; "Second Group") was the name for a group of Georgian liberal intelligentsia that existed in the latter part of the nineteenth century, when Georgia was part of the Russian Empire.
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Metekhi
Metekhi (Metechi; მეტეხი) is a historic neighborhood of Tbilisi, Georgia, located on the elevated cliff that overlooks the Mtkvari river.
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Middle class
The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy.
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Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv (Микола́їв), also known as Nikolaev or Nikolayev (Никола́ев), is a city in southern Ukraine, the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast.
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National Council of Georgia
The National Council of Georgia (საქართველოს ეროვნული საბჭო, sakartvelos erovnuli sabcho) was the first delegated legislative body formed by Georgia's major political parties and social organizations on November 19, 1917, during the Russian Revolution.
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New York (state)
New York is a state in the northeastern United States.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Niko Nikoladze
Niko Nikoladze (ნიკო ნიკოლაძე) (27 September 1843 – 5 June 1928) was a notable Georgian writer, pro-Western enlightener, and public figure primarily known for his contributions to the development of Georgian liberal journalism and his involvement in various economic and social projects of that time.
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Nikolai Avksentiev
Nikolai Dimitrovich Avksentiev (Николай Дмитриевич Авксентьев; 1878, Penza – 1943, New York City) was a leading member of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR).
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Nikolai Sukhanov
Nikolai Nikolaevich Sukhanov (Николай Николаевич Суханов; 10 December 188229 June 1940) was a Russian Menshevik Internationalist and chronicler of the Russian Revolution.
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Nikolay Chkheidze
Nikoloz Semyonovich Chkheidze (ნიკოლოზ (კარლო) ჩხეიძე; Никола́й (Карло) Семёнович Чхеи́дзе), commonly known as Karlo Chkheidze (9 March 1864 – 13 June, 1926), was a Georgian social democratic politician.
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Noe Zhordania
Noe Zhordania (ნოე ჟორდანია; Ной Никола́евич Жорда́ния; born — January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and Menshevik politician.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Opposition to World War I
Opposition to World War I included socialist, anarchist, syndicalist, and Marxist groups on the left, as well as Christian pacifists, Canadian and Irish nationalists, women's groups, intellectuals, and rural folk.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.
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Pavel Axelrod
Pavel Borisovich Axelrod (Па́вел Бори́сович Аксельро́д; 25 August 1850 – 16 April 1928) was a Russian Menshevik.
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Petrograd Soviet
The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Петроградский Совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, Petrogradskiy soviet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov) was a city council of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), the capital of the Russian Empire.
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Proletariat
The proletariat (from Latin proletarius "producing offspring") is the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power (their ability to work).
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Pyotr Stolypin
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (p; –) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Russia, and Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire from 1906 to 1911.
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Red Army invasion of Georgia
The Red Army invasion of Georgia (15 February – 17 March 1921), also known as the Soviet–Georgian War or the Soviet invasion of Georgia,Debo, R. (1992).
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Rex A. Wade
Rex Arvin Wade (born October 9, 1936) is an American historian and author who has written extensively about the 1917 Russian Revolution.
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Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War (Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi; November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
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Russian Constituent Assembly
The All Russian Constituent Assembly (Всероссийское Учредительное собрание, Vserossiyskoye Uchreditelnoye sobraniye) was a constitutional body convened in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian legislative election, January 1907
Parliamentary elections were held in the Russian Empire between January and March 1907.
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Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government (Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of Russia established immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire on 2 March 1917.
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Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
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Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP;, Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya (RSDRP)), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or the Russian Social Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist political party in Minsk, Belarus.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Second International
The Second International (1889–1916), the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889.
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Siberia
Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.
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Siberian Zimmerwaldists
The Siberian Zimmerwaldists were a political grouping which emerged in 1915 in Siberia amongst political exiles in Irkutsk.
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Social democracy
Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.
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Social Democratic Party of Georgia
The Social Democratic Party of Georgia (საქართველოს სოციალ-დემოკრატიული პარტია, sakartvelos sotsial-demok'rat'iuli p'art'ia), also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party, was a Georgian Marxist, and later, social democratic political party.
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Socialist Revolutionary Party
The Socialist Revolutionary Party, or Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries (the SRs; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР), эсеры, esery) was a major political party in early 20th century Imperial Russia.
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Soviet (council)
Soviets (singular: soviet; sovét,, literally "council" in English) were political organizations and governmental bodies, primarily associated with the Russian Revolutions and the history of the Soviet Union, and which gave the name to the latter state.
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State Duma (Russian Empire)
The State Duma or Imperial Duma was the Lower House, part of the legislative assembly in the late Russian Empire, which held its meetings in the Taurida Palace in St. Petersburg.
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Stolypin reform
The Stolypin agrarian reforms were a series of changes to Imperial Russia's agricultural sector instituted during the tenure of Pyotr Stolypin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister).
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some countries also still named by its pre-1936 international designation Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people.
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Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR, p) is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East.
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Transcaucasian Commissariat
The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established at Tbilisi on 11 November 1917, as the first government of the independent Transcaucasia following the October Revolution in Petrograd.
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Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР); Zakavkazskaya Demokraticheskaya Federativnaya Respublika (ZKDFR); 22 April28 May 1918), also known as the Transcaucasian Federation, was a short-lived South Caucasian state extending across what are now the modern-day countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, plus parts of Eastern Turkey as well as Russian border areas.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations.
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Trudoviks
The Trudoviks (Трудова́я гру́ппа, Trudovaya gruppa; literally "Labour Group") were a social-democratic political party of Russia in early 20th century.
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Tsarist autocracy
Tsarist autocracy (царское самодержавие, transcr. tsarskoye samoderzhaviye) is a form of autocracy (later absolute monarchy) specific to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which later became Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.
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Tsereteli
The Tsereteli (წერეთელი) is a noble family in Georgia, which gave origin to several notable writers, politicians, scholars, and artists.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tulun
Tulun (p) is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Iya River (Angara's basin), northwest of Irkutsk.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Ukrainian People's Republic
The Ukrainian People's Republic, or Ukrainian National Republic (abbreviated to УНР), was a predecessor of modern Ukraine declared on 10 June 1917 following the Russian Revolution.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Usolye-Sibirskoye
Usolye-Sibirskoye (p) is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Angara River.
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Viktor Chernov
Víktor Mikháilovich Chernóv (Ви́ктор Миха́йлович Черно́в; December 7, 1873 – April 15, 1952) was a Russian revolutionary and one of the founders of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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What Is To Be Done?
What Is To Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement (Chto delat'?), is a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin (credited as "N. Lenin") in 1901 and published in 1902.
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Wladimir S. Woytinsky
Wladimir S. Woytinsky (Владимир Савельевич Войтинский, Vladimir Savelyevich Voytinskiy; November 12, 1885 – June 11, 1960) was a Russian politician and economist.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Zimmerwald Conference
The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from 5 to 8 September 1915.
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Zurab Avalishvili
Zurab Avalishvili (ზურაბ ავალიშვილი) (1876 – May 21, 1944) was a Georgian historian, jurist and diplomat in the service of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921).
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1905 Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government.
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Redirects here:
Irakly Tsereteli, Kaki Tsereteli, Tseretelli.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli