Communication

375 relations: Abidjan, Aeronautical Medal, Air France Flight 4590, Alain Devaquet, Alain Juppé, Alain Madelin, Albert Pintat, Albin Chalandon, Algerian War, Alstom, André Bord, André Rossinot, Anglosphere, Anh Dao Traxel, Anne Applebaum, Anorexia nervosa, Anti-imperialism, Appeal of 18 June, Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, Armoured warfare, Artificial cardiac pacemaker, Associated Press, Asterix, Austria, Azerbaijan, École nationale d'administration, Éditions Albin Michel, Édouard Balladur, Élysée Palace, Éric Halphen, Ba'ath Party, Baccalauréat, Baghdad, Bastille Day, Bernadette Chirac, Bernard Le Coq, Bernard Pons, Bertrand Delanoë, Bidet, Bill Clinton, Bolivia, Bonapartiste, Brazil, CA Brive, Call of Cochin, Canada, Canon (priest), Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Pasqua, ..., Classical liberalism, Claude Chirac, Clichy-sous-Bois, Clientelism, Climate change, Co-Princes of Andorra, Coalition of the willing, Cohabitation (government), Combatant's Cross, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Concorde, Constitutional convention (political custom), Constitutional Council (France), Corrèze, Corruption scandals in the Paris region, Cours Hattemer, Cross for Military Valour, Czech Republic, Daily Mail, Death of Malik Oussekine, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Deposition (politics), Dirigisme, Dominique de Villepin, Duplex (building), Economic liberalism, Economic policy, Embezzlement, Energy security, Espionage, Estonia, European Commission, European Parliament, European Parliament election, 1979 (France), Euroscepticism, Faience, Faure Gnassingbé, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Felony, First Employment Contract, Fondation Chirac, Force de dissuasion, Françafrique, François Guillaume, François Léotard, François Mitterrand, Franc, France, France 3, France and weapons of mass destruction, Frédéric Lepage, Frédéric Salat-Baroux, French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, French aircraft carrier Clemenceau (R98), French Army, French Communist Party, French constitutional referendum, 2000, French legislative election, 1981, French legislative election, 1986, French legislative election, 1988, French legislative election, 1993, French legislative election, 2002, French order of precedence, French Polynesia, French presidential election, 1981, French presidential election, 1988, French presidential election, 1995, French presidential election, 2002, French presidential election, 2007, French Third Republic, Gabon, Gaullism, Gaullist Party, General strike, George W. Bush, Georges Pompidou, Gerhard Schröder, Global warming, Gnassingbé Eyadéma, Gout, Grand Cross, Grand Master (order), Grandes écoles, Group of Eight, Gulf War, Harvard University, Heydar Aliyev Order, HLM, Hu Jintao, Hungary, Ig Nobel Prize, Influence peddling, Intensive care unit, Iraq, Iraq and weapons of mass destruction, Iraq War, Israeli Air Force, Italy, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Jacques Chirac, Jacques Foccart, Jérôme Monod, Jean Chrétien, Jean Lecanuet, Jean Sauvagnargues, Jean Tiberi, Jean-Bernard Raimond, Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Louis Debré, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Jean-Pierre Fourcade, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Joan Martí i Alanis, Judo, L'Histoire, L'Humanité, Laissez-faire, Latvia, Laurent Fabius, Le Bébête Show, Le Canard enchaîné, Le Figaro, Le Monde, Lebanon, Legion of Honour, Les Guignols, Les Wampas, Libération, Liberalization, Lionel Jospin, List of current heads of state and government, List of mayors of Paris, List of Presidents of Corrèze General Council, List of terrorist incidents, Lithuania, Los Angeles Times, Lutte Ouvrière, Lycée Carnot, Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Maastricht Treaty, Madagascar, Malagasy Uprising, Maltese dog, Marc Forné Molné, Marie-France Garaud, Maxime Brunerie, May 1968 events in France, Mayor (France), Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg", Mentorship, Michel d'Ornano, Michel Durafour, Michel Poniatowski, Michel Rocard, Michel Roussin, Minister of Labour (France), Minister of the Interior (France), Ministry of Agriculture (France), Monaco, Morocco, Motocrotte, Motorcade, Multi-National Force – Iraq, Multi-party system, Musée du Président Jacques Chirac, National Assembly (France), National Order of Merit (France), National Order of Quebec, National Order of the Cedar, National Rally (France), Neoliberalism, New Caledonia, Nicolas Sarkozy, North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal, Norway, Nuclear reactor, Nuclear warfare, Nuclear weapon, Obelix and Co., Occitan language, Oliver Stone, Omar Bongo, Operation Opera, Opposition to the Iraq War, Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", Order of Agricultural Merit, Order of Charles III, Order of chivalry, Order of Good Hope, Order of Isabella the Catholic, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, Order of Ouissam Alaouite, Order of Pope Pius IX, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Saint-Charles, Order of St. Olav, Order of the Bath, Order of the Black Star, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, Order of the Republic (Tunisia), Order of the Southern Cross, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Three Stars, Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Order of the White Lion, Order of Vytautas the Great, Order pro Merito Melitensi, Orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Orléanist, Orléans, Paris, Paris Commune, Peasant, Pensée unique, Philippe Douste-Blazy, Philippe Pétain, Philippe Rondot, Philippe Séguin, Pierre Abelin, Pierre Méhaignerie, Pierre Messmer, Plural Left, Poland, Police brutality, Political radicalism, Politics of France, Portugal, Power behind the throne, President of France, Price controls, Prime Minister of France, Privatization, Pro-Europeanism, Proportional representation, Public relations, Puppetry, Quai d'Orsay, Rafic Hariri, Rally for the Republic, Rationale for the Iraq War, Raymond Barre, Raymond Marcellin, Referendum, René Haby, René Monory, Richard Loncraine, Right-wing politics, Robert Boulin, Robert Galley, Roger Frey, Roger Romani, Romania, Royal Order of the Seraphim, Rugby union, Rugby union positions, Rural development, Russia, Saddam Hussein, SAFARI, Sainte-Féréole, Saumur, Sciences Po, Senegal, Service d'Action Civique, Simone Veil, Socialist Party (France), Solidarity tax on wealth, South Africa, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spain, State Prize of the Russian Federation, Stephen Smith (journalist), Stockholm Appeal, Structure of NATO, Suez Environnement, Superhero, Sweden, The Boston Globe, The Conquest (2011 film), The Daily Telegraph, The Economist, The Holocaust in France, The New York Times, The Republicans (France), The Special Relationship (film), The Times, The Washington Post, Thierry Rey, Togo, Tony Blair, Trade agreement, Transient ischemic attack, Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, Tunisia, Union for a Popular Movement, Union for French Democracy, Union for the New Republic, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Unitaid, Unité Radicale, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Nations Security Council, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Vatican City, Vel' d'Hiv Roundup, Vichy France, Vivendi, Vladimir Putin, Volcano, W. (film), West Germany, World War II, Yvan Blot, 1995 strikes in France, 2005 French riots, 2006 youth protests in France, 26th G8 summit, 5th arrondissement of Paris. Expand index (325 more) » « Shrink index

Abidjan

Abidjan is the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire and is one of the most populous French-speaking cities in Africa.

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Aeronautical Medal

The Aeronautical Medal ("Médaille de l'Aéronautique") is a state decoration of France established by the decree of February 14, 1945.

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Air France Flight 4590

Air France Flight 4590 was an international charter flight from Paris to New York City, on the Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde.

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Alain Devaquet

Alain Devaquet (4 October 1942 – 19 January 2018) was a French politician who was a minister under Jacques Chirac.

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Alain Juppé

Alain Marie Juppé (born 15 August 1945) is a French politician, and a member of The Republicans.

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Alain Madelin

Alain Madelin (born 26 March 1946, in Paris) is a French politician and a former minister of that country.

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Albert Pintat

Albert Pintat Santolària (born 23 June 1943) was the head of government of Andorra from 27 May 2005 to 5 June 2009.

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Albin Chalandon

Albin Chalandon (born 11 June 1920 in Reyrieux, Ain) is a French politician and a former minister.

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Algerian War

No description.

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Alstom

Alstom is a French multinational company operating worldwide in rail transport markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling and locomotives, with products including the AGV, TGV, Eurostar, and Pendolino high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and Citadis trams.

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André Bord

André Bord (30 November 1922 in Strasbourg – 13 May 2013) was a French politician.

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André Rossinot

André Rossinot (born 22 May 1939 in Briey, Meurthe-et-Moselle) is a French politician.

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Anglosphere

The Anglosphere is a set of English-speaking nations which share common roots in British culture and history, which today maintain close cultural, political, diplomatic and military cooperation.

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Anh Dao Traxel

Anh Dao Traxel (Vietnamese spelling: Anh Đào Traxel, born Dương Anh Đào) (Born c. 1958 in South Vietnam) is the foster daughter of former French President Jacques Chirac.

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Anne Applebaum

Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born July 25, 1964) is an American-Polish journalist and Pulitzer Prize–winning author who has written extensively about communism and the development of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction.

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Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic sovereign state) or as a specific theory opposed to capitalism in Marxist–Leninist discourse, derived from Vladimir Lenin's work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism.

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Appeal of 18 June

The Appeal of 18 June (L'Appel du 18 juin) was a famous speech by Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free French Forces, in 1940.

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Archbasilica of St. John Lateran

The Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist in the Lateran, (Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano) - also known as the Papal Archbasilica of St.

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Armoured warfare

Armoured warfare, mechanised warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare.

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Artificial cardiac pacemaker

A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device that generates electrical impulses delivered by electrodes to contract the heart muscles and regulate the electrical conduction system of the heart.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Asterix

Asterix or The Adventures of Asterix (Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois) is a series of French comics.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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École nationale d'administration

The École nationale d'administration (generally referred to as ÉNA;; National School of Administration) is a French grande école, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle, and principal author of the French Constitution, Michel Debré, to democratise access to the senior civil service.

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Éditions Albin Michel

Éditions Albin Michel is a French publisher.

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Édouard Balladur

Édouard Balladur (born 2 May 1929) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France under François Mitterrand from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.

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Élysée Palace

The Élysée Palace (Palais de l'Élysée) is the official residence of the President of France.

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Éric Halphen

Éric Halphen (born 10 October 1959) is a French judge best known as the investigating magistrate in the Parisian low-cost housing scandals of the 1990s.

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Ba'ath Party

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was a political party founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and associates of Zaki al-Arsuzi.

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Baccalauréat

The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as bac, is an academic qualification that French students take after high school.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.

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Bastille Day

Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries/lands to the French National Day, which is celebrated on the 14th of July each year.

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Bernadette Chirac

Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac (born Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel; 18 May 1933) is a French politician and the wife of the former President Jacques Chirac.

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Bernard Le Coq

Bernard Le Coq (born 25 September 1950) is a French actor.

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Bernard Pons

Bernard Pons (born 18 July 1926, Beziers) was a French politician and medical doctor who was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic from 1971 to 1976 and a member of the Rally for the Republic party thereafter.

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Bertrand Delanoë

Bertrand Delanoë (born 30 May 1950) is a retired French politician who was Mayor of Paris from 25 March 2001 to 5 April 2014.

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Bidet

A bidet is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intended for washing the genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus of the human body, and is typically installed in a bathroom.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Bolivia

Bolivia (Mborivia; Buliwya; Wuliwya), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.

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Bonapartiste

A Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated conservative, monarchist and imperial political faction in nineteenth century France.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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CA Brive

Club Athlétique Brive Corrèze Limousin (CA Brive; Club Atletic Briva Corresa Lemosin), is a French rugby union team founded in 1910 and based in Brive-la-Gaillarde in the département of Corrèze of the New Aquitaine région, located in the former region of Limousin.

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Call of Cochin

The Call of Cochin (Appel de Cochin) is a famous discourse published on December 6, 1978 by Jacques Chirac, former Prime Minister of France, president of the Rally for the Republic (RPR) party, and mayor of Paris.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Canon (priest)

A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανονικός, kanonikós, "relating to a rule", "regular") is a member of certain bodies subject to an ecclesiastical rule.

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Chairman of the NATO Military Committee

The Chairman of the NATO Military Committee (CMC) is the head of the NATO Military Committee, which advises the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on military policy and strategy.

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Charles de Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.

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Charles Pasqua

Charles Pasqua (18 April 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a French businessman and Gaullist politician.

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom.

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Claude Chirac

Claude Chirac, (born 6 December 1962), the youngest daughter of French president Jacques Chirac, has been her father's personal advisor since 1994.

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Clichy-sous-Bois

Clichy-sous-Bois (is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. The vast majority of its population is made up of African heritage, and the BBC described it as one of France's "most notorious" immigrant banlieues (suburbs). It is in this city that the 2005 riots started. Clichy-sous-Bois is not served by any motorway, major road, or railway and therefore remains one of the most isolated of the inner suburbs of Paris.

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Clientelism

Clientelism is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo.

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Climate change

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).

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Co-Princes of Andorra

The Co-Princes of Andorra or Co-Monarchs of Andorra are jointly the head of state (Cap de l'Estat) of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain.

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Coalition of the willing

The term coalition of the willing generally refers to the US-led Multi-National Force – Iraq.

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Cohabitation (government)

Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, when the President is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.

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Combatant's Cross

The Combatant's Cross ("Croix du combattant") is a French decoration that recognizes, as its name implies, those who fought in combat for France.

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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.

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Concorde

The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner that was operated from 1976 until 2003.

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Constitutional convention (political custom)

A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state.

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Constitutional Council (France)

The Constitutional Council (Conseil constitutionnel) is the highest constitutional authority in France.

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Corrèze

Corrèze (Corresa) is a department in south-western France, named after the river Corrèze which runs though it.

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Corruption scandals in the Paris region

In the 1980s and 1990s there were, in the Paris region (Île-de-France), multiple instances of alleged and proved political corruption cases, as well as cases of abuse of public money and resources.

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Cours Hattemer

Cours Hattemer is a French private, secular school.

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Cross for Military Valour

The Cross for Military Valour (Croix de la Valeur Militaire) is a military decoration of France.

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic (Česká republika), also known by its short-form name Czechia (Česko), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast.

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Daily Mail

The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-marketPeter Wilby, New Statesman, 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014) tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust and published in London.

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Death of Malik Oussekine

Malik Oussekine (1964 – 6 December 1986) was a French-Algerian student.

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Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria

The Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich) is a national honour awarded by the Republic of Austria.

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Deposition (politics)

Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch.

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Dirigisme

Dirigisme or dirigism is an economic system where the state exerts a strong directive influence over investment.

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Dominique de Villepin

Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born 14 November 1953) is a French retired diplomat and politician who served as the Prime Minister of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007.

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Duplex (building)

A duplex house plan has two living units attached to each other, either next to each other via townhouses or above each other like apartments By contrast, a building comprising two attached units on two distinct properties is typically considered semi-detached or twin homes but is also called a duplex in the Northeastern United States.

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Economic liberalism

Economic liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines, which means the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households rather than by collective institutions or organizations.

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Economic policy

The economic policy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.

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Embezzlement

Embezzlement is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.

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Energy security

Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption.

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Espionage

Espionage or spying, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information without the permission of the holder of the information.

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Estonia

Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).

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European Parliament election, 1979 (France)

In 1979 the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held in France.

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Euroscepticism

Euroscepticism (also known as EU-scepticism) means criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration.

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Faience

Faience or faïence is the conventional name in English for fine tin-glazed pottery on a delicate pale buff earthenware body.

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Faure Gnassingbé

Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé Eyadéma (born 6 June 1966, Radio Lome.) is a Togolese politician who has been the President of Togo since 2005.

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Félix Houphouët-Boigny

Félix Houphouët-Boigny (18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993), affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux (The Old One), was the first President of Ivory Coast (1960 to 1993), serving for more than three decades until his death.

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Felony

The term felony, in some common law countries, is defined as a serious crime.

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First Employment Contract

The contrat première embauche (CPE; first employment contract) was a new form of employment contract pushed in spring 2006 in France by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin.

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Fondation Chirac

The Fondation Chirac was launched by former French President Jacques Chirac, after having served two terms in office between 1995 and 2007.

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Force de dissuasion

The Force de frappe (French for: strike force), or Force de dissuasion after 1961,Gunston, Bill.

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Françafrique

Françafrique is France's relationship with its former African colonies.

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François Guillaume

François Guillaume (born 19 October 1932 in Ville-en-Vermois) is a French politician.

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François Léotard

François Gerard Marie Léotard (born 26 March 1942, in Cannes) is a retired French politician.

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François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office of any French president.

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Franc

The franc (₣) is the name of several currency units.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France 3

France 3 is the second largest French public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5, and France Ô. It is made up of a network of regional television services providing daily news programming and around ten hours of entertainment and cultural programming produced for and about the regions each week.

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France and weapons of mass destruction

France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons.

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Frédéric Lepage

Frédéric Lepage is a French author, film writer and producer of several hundred programs and documentaries.

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Frédéric Salat-Baroux

Frédéric Salat-Baroux (born 12 July 1963) is a French civil servant serving as the chief of staff of President Jacques Chirac between 2005 and 2007.

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French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale).

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French aircraft carrier Clemenceau (R98)

Clemenceau, often affectionately called le Clem, was the French Navy's sixth aircraft carrier and the lead ship of her class. The carrier served from 1961 to 1997, and was dismantled and recycled in 2009. The carrier was the second French warship to be named after Georges Clemenceau, the first being a laid down in 1939 but never finished. The Clemenceau and her sister ship the served as the mainstays of the French fleet. During the carrier's career, the Clemenceau sailed more than during 3,125 days at sea. She was equipped to handle nuclear munitions to be delivered by her air complement, and was later modified to fire nuclear-capable missiles. She took part in numerous exercises and cruises, seeing action during the Lebanese Civil War, Gulf War and in air operations over the former-Yugoslavia.

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French Army

The French Army, officially the Ground Army (Armée de terre) (to distinguish it from the French Air Force, Armée de L'air or Air Army) is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces.

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French Communist Party

The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.

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French constitutional referendum, 2000

A constitutional referendum was held in France on 24 September 2000.

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French legislative election, 1981

French legislative elections took place on 14 June and 21 June 1981 to elect the seventh National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.

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French legislative election, 1986

The French legislative elections took place on 16 March 1986 to elect the eighth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.

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French legislative election, 1988

French legislative elections took place on 5 June and 12 June 1988, to elect the ninth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, one month after the re-election of François Mitterrand as President of France.

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French legislative election, 1993

French legislative elections took place on 21 and 28 March 1993 to elect the tenth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.

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French legislative election, 2002

The French legislative elections took place on 9 June and 16 June 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, in a context of political crisis.

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French order of precedence

The French order of precedence is a symbolic hierarchy of officials in the Government of France used to direct protocol.

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French Polynesia

French Polynesia (Polynésie française; Pōrīnetia Farāni) is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic; collectivité d'outre-mer de la République française (COM), sometimes unofficially referred to as an overseas country; pays d'outre-mer (POM).

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French presidential election, 1981

The French presidential election of 1981 took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

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French presidential election, 1988

Presidential elections were held in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988.

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French presidential election, 1995

Presidential elections took place in France on 23 April and 7 May 1995, to elect the fifth president of the Fifth Republic.

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French presidential election, 2002

The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002.

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French presidential election, 2007

The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France (and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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Gabon

Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic (République gabonaise), is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa.

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Gaullism

Gaullism (Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic.

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Gaullist Party

In France, the Gaullist Party is usually used to refer to the largest party professing to be Gaullist.

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General strike

A general strike (or mass strike) is a strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Georges Pompidou

Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 19112 April 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history—and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.

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Gerhard Schröder

Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (born 7 April 1944) is a German politician, and served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005, during which his most important political project was the Agenda 2010.

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Global warming

Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.

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Gnassingbé Eyadéma

Gnassingbé Eyadéma (born Étienne Eyadéma, December 26, 1935 – February 5, 2005) was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005.

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Gout

Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint.

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Grand Cross

Grand Cross is the highest class in many orders, and manifested in its insignia.

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Grand Master (order)

Grand Master (Magister generalis; Großmeister) is a title of the supreme head of various orders, including chivalric orders such as military orders and dynastic orders of knighthood.

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Grandes écoles

The Grandes Écoles (literally in French "Great Schools") of France are higher education establishments that are outside the main framework of the French public university system.

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Group of Eight

The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with the participation of some major industrialized countries in the world, that viewed themselves as democracies.

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Gulf War

The Gulf War (2 August 199028 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 199017 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 199128 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Heydar Aliyev Order

Heydar Aliyev Order ("Heydər Əliyev" ordeni) - supreme order of Azerbaijan Republic.

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HLM

HLM is the acronym of Habitation à Loyer Modéré ("rent-controlled housing"), a form of private or public housing in France, Switzerland, Algeria, Senegal, and Quebec.

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Hu Jintao

---- Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China from 2002 to 2012.

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Ig Nobel Prize

The Ig Nobel Prize is a parody of the Nobel Prize, which is awarded every autumn to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research.

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Influence peddling

Influence peddling is the illegal practice of using one's influence in government or connections with persons in authority to obtain favours or preferential treatment for another, usually in return for payment.

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Intensive care unit

Intensive care unit An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) or critical care unit (CCU), is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive treatment medicine.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Iraq and weapons of mass destruction

Iraq actively researched and later employed weapons of mass destruction from 1962 to 1991, when it destroyed its chemical weapons stockpile and halted its biological and nuclear weapon programs.

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Iraq War

The Iraq WarThe conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II.

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Israeli Air Force

The Israeli Air Force (IAF; זְרוֹעַ הָאֲוִיר וְהֶחָלָל, Zroa HaAvir VeHahalal, "Air and Space Arm", commonly known as, Kheil HaAvir, "Air Corps") operates as the aerial warfare branch of the Israel Defense Forces.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Jacques Chaban-Delmas

Jacques Chaban-Delmas (7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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Jacques Foccart

Jacques Foccart (31 August 1913 – 19 March 1997) was a chief adviser for the government of France on African policy as well as the co-founder of the Gaullist Service d'Action Civique (SAC) in 1959 with Charles Pasqua, which specialized in covert operations in Africa.

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Jérôme Monod

Jérôme Monod (7 September 1930 – 18 August 2016) was a French business executive and political advisor.

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Jean Chrétien

Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (born January 11, 1934), known commonly as Jean Chrétien, is a Canadian politician who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Canada from November 4, 1993, to December 12, 2003.

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Jean Lecanuet

Jean Adrien François Lecanuet (4 March 1920 – 22 February 1993) was a French centrist politician.

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Jean Sauvagnargues

Jean Sauvagnargues (2 April 1915 – 6 August 2002) was a French politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1974 to 1976 and was Ambassador to Ethiopia, Tunisia, West Germany and the United Kingdom.

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Jean Tiberi

Jean Tiberi (born 30 January 1935) is a French politician who was mayor of Paris from 22 May 1995 to 24 March 2001.

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Jean-Bernard Raimond

Jean-Bernard Raimond (6 February 1926 – 7 March 2016) was a conservative French politician who served as Foreign Minister in the government of Jacques Chirac from 1986 to 1988, as French ambassador to a number of states from the 1970s to the 1990s, and as a deputy in the French National Assembly from 1993 to 2002.

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Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber

Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, often referred to as JJSS (13 February 1924, in Paris – 7 November 2006, in Fécamp), was a French journalist and politician.

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Jean-Louis Debré

Jean-Louis Debré (born 30 September 1944) is a French conservative politician who served as President of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and President of the Constitutional Council from 2007 to 2016.

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Jean-Marie Le Pen

Jean-Marie Le Pen (born 20 June 1928) is a French politician who has served as Honorary President of the National Front since January 2011 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France since 2004, previously between 1984 and 2003.

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Jean-Pierre Fourcade

Jean-Pierre Fourcade (born 18 October 1929 in Marmande, Lot-et-Garonne) is a French politician and a member of the Senate of France.

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Jean-Pierre Raffarin

Jean-Pierre Raffarin (born 3 August 1948) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005.

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Joan Enric Vives Sicília

Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília (born 24 July 1949) is the current Bishop of Urgell, a Catholic diocese, and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra.

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Joan Martí i Alanis

Joan Martí i Alanis (29 November 1928 – 11 October 2009) was a former Bishop of Urgell and hence former co-Prince of Andorra.

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Judo

was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎).

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L'Histoire

L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specific university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines).

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L'Humanité

L'Humanité ("Humanity"), is a French daily newspaper.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Laurent Fabius

Laurent Fabius (born 20 August 1946) is a French Socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986.

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Le Bébête Show

Le Bébête Show (The Beastie Show) was a satirical puppet show shown on French television.

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Le Canard enchaîné

Le Canard enchaîné (English: The Chained Duck or The Chained Paper, as "canard" is French slang meaning "newspaper"), is a satirical weekly newspaper in France.

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Le Figaro

Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris.

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Le Monde

Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry at the request of Charles de Gaulle (as Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic) on 19 December 1944, shortly after the Liberation of Paris, and published continuously since its first edition.

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Lebanon

Lebanon (لبنان; Lebanese pronunciation:; Liban), officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Les Guignols

Les Guignols (Puppets), formerly Les Guignols de l'info (News Puppets), was a satirical latex puppet show broadcast on Canal+, a French subscription-based television channel, the show being available without subscription.

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Les Wampas

Les Wampas are a French punk rock/psychobilly band, who refer more exactly to their music as "Yé-yé-punk".

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Libération

Libération (popularly known as Libé), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968.

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Liberalization

Liberalization (or liberalisation) is a general term for any process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.

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Lionel Jospin

Lionel Jospin (born 12 July 1937) is a French politician, who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.

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List of current heads of state and government

This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government.

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List of mayors of Paris

The Mayor of Paris (Maire de Paris) is the chief executive of Paris, the capital and largest city in the France.

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List of Presidents of Corrèze General Council

In French politics, The President of Corrèze General Council prepares and supervises the spending of the budget and the decisions voted by the general councillors.

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List of terrorist incidents

This list is incomplete.

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Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Lutte Ouvrière

Workers' Struggle (Lutte Ouvrière) is the name by which the French Trotskyist political party Communist Union (Union Communiste) is usually known, after the name of its weekly paper.

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Lycée Carnot

The Lycée Carnot is a public secondary and higher education school located at 145 Boulevard Malesherbes in the 17th arrondissement, Paris, France.

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Lycée Louis-le-Grand

The Lycée Louis-le-Grand is a prestigious secondary school located in Paris.

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Maastricht Treaty

The Treaty on European Union (TEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Maastricht is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Rome). The TEU was originally signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands to further European integration. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty. Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission, it created the three pillars structure of the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro. TEU comprised two novel titles respectively on Common Foreign and Security Policy and Cooperation in the Fields of Justice and Home Affairs, which replaced the former informal intergovernmental cooperation bodies named TREVI and European Political Cooperation on EU Foreign policy coordination. In addition TEU also comprised three titles which amended the three pre-existing community treaties: Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, and the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community which had its abbreviation renamed from TEEC to TEC (being known as TFEU since 2007). The Maastricht Treaty (TEU) and all pre-existing treaties, has subsequently been further amended by the treaties of Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) and Lisbon (2009).

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Madagascar

Madagascar (Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.

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Malagasy Uprising

The Malagasy Uprising (Insurrection malgache) was a Malagasy nationalist rebellion against French colonial rule in Madagascar, lasting from March 1947 to December 1948.

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Maltese dog

The Maltese, Canis familiaris Maelitacus, is a small breed of dog in the Toy Group.

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Marc Forné Molné

Marc Forné i Molné (born 30 December 1946) was the Prime Minister of Andorra from 7 December 1994 to 27 May 2005.

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Marie-France Garaud

Marie-France Garaud (born 3 March 1934) is a French politician.

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Maxime Brunerie

Maxime Brunerie (born 21 May 1977) is a man who attempted to assassinate French President Jacques Chirac on July 14, 2002 in Paris, during the Bastille Day parade on the Champs-Élysées.

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May 1968 events in France

The volatile period of civil unrest in France during May 1968 was punctuated by demonstrations and massive general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France.

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Mayor (France)

In France, a mayor (maire in French) is chairperson of the municipal council, which organizes the work and deliberates on municipal matters.

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Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"

The Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" (Медаль «В память 300-летия Санкт-Петербурга») is a state commemorative medal of the Russian Federation established on February 19, 2003 by Presidential Decree № 210 to denote the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the city of St Petersburg, known as Leningrad during the Soviet Era.

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Mentorship

Mentorship is a relationship in which a more experienced or more knowledgeable person helps to guide a less experienced or less knowledgeable person.

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Michel d'Ornano

Michel d'Ornano (12 July 1924 – 8 March 1991) was a French politician.

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Michel Durafour

Michel Durafour (11 April 1920 in Saint-Étienne, Loire – 27 July 2017) was French conservative politician.

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Michel Poniatowski

Michel Poniatowski (16 May 1922 – 16 January 2002) was a French politician, member of the senior branch of Poland's princely Poniatowski family.

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Michel Rocard

Michel Rocard (23 August 1930 – 2 July 2016) was a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party (PS).

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Michel Roussin

Michel Roussin (born May 3, 1939 in Rabat, Morocco) was the chief of staff of Alexandre de Marenches, who directed the SDECE French secret service until the May 1981 election of François Mitterrand as President of France.

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Minister of Labour (France)

The Minister of Social Affairs and Employment (French: Ministre des Affaires sociales et de l'emploi) is a cabinet member in the Government of France.

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Minister of the Interior (France)

The Minister of the Interior (Ministre de l'Intérieur) is an important position in the Government of France.

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Ministry of Agriculture (France)

The Ministry of Agriculture, Agrifood, and Forestry (Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt) of France is the governmental body charged with regulation and policy for agriculture, food, and forestry.

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Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (Principauté de Monaco), is a sovereign city-state, country and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe.

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Motocrotte

The Motocrotte, officially called Caninette was a small motorized vehicle designed to vacuum up dog faeces in Paris and other French cities.

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Motorcade

A motorcade, or autocade, is a procession of vehicles.

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Multi-National Force – Iraq

The Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF–I), often referred to as the coalition forces, was a military command during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and much of the ensuing Iraq War, led by the United States of America (Operation Iraqi Freedom), United Kingdom (Operation TELIC), Australia, Spain and Poland, responsible for conducting and handling military operations.

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Multi-party system

A multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national election, and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.

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Musée du Président Jacques Chirac

The musée du Président Jacques Chirac (President Jacques Chirac museum), commonly known as musée du Septennat.

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National Assembly (France)

The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).

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National Order of Merit (France)

The National Order of Merit (Ordre national du Mérite) is a French order of merit with membership awarded by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle.

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National Order of Quebec

The National Order of Quebec, termed officially in French as l'Ordre national du Québec, and in English abbreviation as the Order of Quebec, is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Quebec.

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National Order of the Cedar

The National Order of the Cedar (وسام الأرز الوطني Wisām al-Arz al-Waṭaniy Ordre National du Cèdre) is the highest state order of Lebanon, established on 31 December 1936.

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National Rally (France)

The National Rally (Rassemblement national, RN), formerly known as the National Front (Front national,; FN) until 2018, is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France.

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Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism or neo-liberalism refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism.

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New Caledonia

New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie)Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" (French: Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV — see). The French courts often continue to use the appellation Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa KOGF GCB (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.

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North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal

The Commemorative Medal for Security Operations and the Maintenance of Order ("Médaille Commémorative des Opérations de Sécurité et de Maintien de l'Ordre en Afrique du Nord") is a French commemorative medal established in the late 1950s for award to members of the French armed forces and French civil servants under military authority for service in French North Africa during the hectic years that would become the end of French colonialism in the region.

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Norway

Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear warfare

Nuclear warfare (sometimes atomic warfare or thermonuclear warfare) is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Obelix and Co.

Obelix and Co. is the twenty-third volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny (stories) and Albert Uderzo (illustrations).

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Occitan language

Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.

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Oliver Stone

William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American writer and filmmaker.

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Omar Bongo

El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (born Albert-Bernard Bongo; 30 December 1935 – 8 June 2009) was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 42 years from 1967 until his death in 2009 Omar Bongo was promoted to key positions as a young official under Gabon's first President Léon M'ba in the 1960s, before being elected Vice-President in his own right in 1966.

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Operation Opera

Operation Opera (מבצע אופרה‎‎.), also known as Operation Babylon, was a surprise Israeli air strike carried out on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor under construction 17 kilometers (10.5 miles) southeast of Baghdad.

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Opposition to the Iraq War

Significant opposition to the Iraq War occurred worldwide, both before and during the initial 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom, and smaller contingents from other nations, and throughout the subsequent occupation.

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Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"

The Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (Орден «За заслуги перед Отечеством», Orden "Za zaslugi pered Otechestvom") is a state decoration of the Russian Federation.

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Order of Agricultural Merit

The Order of Agricultural Merit (Ordre du Mérite Agricole) is an order bestowed by the French Republic for outstanding contribution to agriculture.

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Order of Charles III

The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III (Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos III) was established by the King of Spain Carlos III by means of the Royal Decree of 19 September 1771, with the motto Virtuti et mérito.

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Order of chivalry

A chivalric order, order of chivalry, order of knighthood or equestrian order is an order, confraternity or society of knights typically founded during or in inspiration of the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (circa 1099-1291), paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.

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Order of Good Hope

The Order of Good Hope or Order of the Cape of Good Hope has been a knighthood order of the Republic of South Africa.

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Order of Isabella the Catholic

The Order of Isabella the Catholic (Orden de Isabel la Católica) is a Spanish civil order in which membership is granted in recognition of services that benefit the country.

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Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana) was founded as the senior order of knighthood by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi in 1951.

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Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary

The Hungarian Order of Merit (Magyar Érdemrend) is the second highest State Order of Hungary.

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Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland

The Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is a Polish order of merit created in 1974, awarded to persons who have rendered great service to Poland.

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Order of Ouissam Alaouite

The Order of Ouissam Alaouite or the Sharifian Order of Al-Alaoui is a military decoration of Morocco which is bestowed by the King of Morocco upon those civilians and military officers who have displayed heroism in combat or have contributed meritorious service to the Moroccan state.

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Order of Pope Pius IX

The Order of Pope Pius IX (Ordine di Pio IX), also referred as the Pian Order (Ordine Piano), is a papal order of knighthood founded on 17 June 1847 by Pope Pius IX.

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Order of Prince Henry

The Order of Prince Henry the Navigator (Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique) is a Portuguese National Order of Knighthood created on 2 June 1960, to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of the Infante Henry the Navigator (known in Portuguese as Henrique), third son of King John I of Portugal and his queen, Philippa of Lancaster.

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Order of Saint-Charles

The Order of Saint-Charles (Ordre de Saint-Charles) is a dynastic order of knighthood established in Monaco on 15 March 1858.

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Order of St. Olav

The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on August 21, 1847.

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Order of the Bath

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.

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Order of the Black Star

The Order of the Black Star (Ordre de l'Étoile Noire) was an order of knighthood established on 1 December 1889 at Porto-Novo by Toffa, future king of Dahomey (today the Republic of Benin).

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Order of the Condor of the Andes

The Order of the Condor of the Andes (La Orden del Cóndor de los Andes) is a state decoration of the Plurinational State of Bolivia instituted on 12 April 1925.

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Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana

The Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Maarjamaa Risti teenetemärk, sometimes translated as the Order of the Cross of St. Mary’s Land) was instituted by the President of Estonia, Lennart Meri, in 1995 to honour the independence of the Estonian state.

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Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas

The Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas is the Lithuanian Presidential Award which was re-instituted to honour the citizens of Lithuania for outstanding performance in civil and public offices.

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Order of the Republic (Tunisia)

The Order of the Republic is an order of Tunisia.

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Order of the Southern Cross

The National Order of the Southern Cross (Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822.

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Order of the Star of Romania

The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the defunct Order of Michael the Brave.

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Order of the Three Stars

Order of the Three Stars (Triju Zvaigžņu ordenis) is an order awarded for meritorious service to Latvia.

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Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

The Order of the White Eagle (Order Orła Białego) is Poland's highest order awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits.

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Order of the White Lion

The Order of the White Lion (Řád Bílého lva) is the highest order of the Czech Republic.

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Order of Vytautas the Great

The Order of Vytautas the Great is the Lithuanian Presidential Award.

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Order pro Merito Melitensi

The Order pro Merito Melitensi is the order of merit of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, established in 1920.

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Orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal

The Republic of Senegal awards the following orders, decorations and medals.

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Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

The Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) is an Order of France, established on 2 May 1957 by the Minister of Culture, and its supplementary status to the Ordre national du Mérite was confirmed by President Charles de Gaulle in 1963.

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Orléanist

The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.

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Orléans

Orléans is a prefecture and commune in north-central France, about 111 kilometres (69 miles) southwest of Paris.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Paris Commune

The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris) was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871.

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Peasant

A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees or services to a landlord.

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Pensée unique

"Pensée unique" (French for "single thought") is a pejorative expression for mainstream ideological conformism of any kind, almost always opposed to that of the speaker.

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Philippe Douste-Blazy

Philippe Douste-Blazy (born 1 January 1953) is a United Nations official and former French centre-right politician.

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Philippe Pétain

Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.

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Philippe Rondot

Philippe Rondot (5 October 1936 – 31 December 2017) was a French general, formerly an important personality of the French intelligence.

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Philippe Séguin

Philippe Séguin (21 April 1943 – 7 January 2010) was a French political figure who was President of the National Assembly from 1993 to 1997 and President of the Cour des Comptes (Court of Financial Auditors) of France from 2004 to 2010.

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Pierre Abelin

Pierre Abelin (May 16, 1909 – May 23, 1977) was a French Christian Democratic politician, parliamentarian and government minister.

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Pierre Méhaignerie

Pierre Méhaignerie (born 4 May 1939, in Balazé, Ille-et-Vilaine) is a French politician.

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Pierre Messmer

Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician.

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Plural Left

The Gauche Plurielle (French for Plural Left) was a left-wing coalition in France, composed of the Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or PS), the French Communist Party (Parti communiste français or PCF), the Greens, the Left Radical Party (Parti radical de gauche or PRG), and the Citizens' Movement (Mouvement des citoyens or MDC).

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Police brutality

Police brutality is one of several forms of police misconduct which involves undue violence by police members.

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Political radicalism

The term political radicalism (in political science known as radicalism) denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary or other means and changing value systems in fundamental ways.

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Politics of France

The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Power behind the throne

The phrase "power behind the throne" refers to a person or group that informally exercises the real power of a high-ranking office, such as a head of state.

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President of France

The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française) is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic.

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Price controls

Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.

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Prime Minister of France

The French Prime Minister (Premier ministre français) in the Fifth Republic is the head of government.

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Privatization

Privatization (also spelled privatisation) is the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private investors, or the sale of a state-owned enterprise to private investors.

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Pro-Europeanism

Pro-Europeanism is a political position that favours European integration and membership of the European Union (EU).

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Proportional representation

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems by which divisions into an electorate are reflected proportionately into the elected body.

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Public relations

Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.

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Puppetry

Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation of puppets – inanimate objects, often resembling some type of human or animal figure, that are animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer.

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Quai d'Orsay

The Quai d’Orsay is a quay in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, part of the left bank of the Seine, and the name of the street along it.

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Rafic Hariri

Rafic Baha El Deen Al Hariri (رفيق بهاء الدين الحريري; 1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005) was a Lebanese business tycoon and the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on.

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Rally for the Republic

The Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République; RPR), was a Neo-Gaullist and conservative political party in France.

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Rationale for the Iraq War

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Raymond Barre

Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist.

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Raymond Marcellin

Raymond Marcellin (19 August 1914 in Sézanne, Marne – 8 September 2004) was a French politician.

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Referendum

A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.

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René Haby

René Haby (9 October 1919, in Dombasle-sur-Meurthe – 6 February 2003) was a French politician.

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René Monory

René Monory (6 June 1923 – 11 April 2009) was a French centre-right politician.

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Richard Loncraine

Richard Loncraine (born 20 October 1946) is a British film and television director.

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Right-wing politics

Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.

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Robert Boulin

Robert Boulin (20 July 1920 – 30 October 1979) was a French politician who served as Minister of Labour in the French Cabinet and was at the centre of a major real-estate scandal that ended only with his death in mysterious circumstances.

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Robert Galley

Robert Galley (January 11, 1921 – June 8, 2012) was a French politician and member of the Free French Forces during World War II, for which he received the Ordre de la Libération.

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Roger Frey

Roger Frey (11 June 1913, Nouméa, New Caledonia – 13 September 1997) was a French politician.

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Roger Romani

Roger Romani (born 25 August 1934) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the city of Paris.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Royal Order of the Seraphim

The Royal Order of the Seraphim (Swedish: Kungliga Serafimerorden; Seraphim being a category of Angels) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star.

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Rugby union

Rugby union, commonly known in most of the world as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century.

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Rugby union positions

In the game of rugby union, there are 15 players on each team, comprising eight forwards (numbered 1–8) and seven backs (numbered 9–15).

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Rural development

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

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SAFARI

SAFARI was an attempt by the French government, under the presidency of Georges Pompidou, to create a centralized database of personal data.

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Sainte-Féréole

Sainte-Féréole (Santa Ferriòla) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.

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Saumur

Saumur is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.

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Sciences Po

The Paris Institute of Political Studies (Institut d'études politiques de Paris), commonly referred as Sciences Po, is a highly selective French university (legally a grande école).

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Senegal

Senegal (Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa.

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Service d'Action Civique

The SAC (Service d'Action Civique; or Civic Action Service), officially created in January 1960, was a Gaullist militia founded by Jacques Foccart, Charles de Gaulle's chief adviser for African matters, and Pierre Debizet, a former Resistant and official director of the group.

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Simone Veil

Simone Annie Liline Veil, DBE (Jacob; 13 July 1927 – 30 June 2017) was a French lawyer and politician who served as Minister of Health under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of the European Parliament and member of the Constitutional Council of France.

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Socialist Party (France)

The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a social-democratic political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left.

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Solidarity tax on wealth

The solidarity tax on wealth (Impôt de solidarité sur la fortune or ISF) is an annual direct wealth tax on those in France having assets in excess of €1,300,000, (since 2011).

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) or the Order of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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State Prize of the Russian Federation

The State Prize of the Russian Federation (Государственная Премия Российской Федерации, Gosudarstvennaya Premiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; official translation in Russia: Russian Federation National Award) is a state honorary prize established in 1992 as the successor for the USSR State Prize following the breakup of the Soviet Union.

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Stephen Smith (journalist)

Stephen William Smith is an American anthropologist, biographer, editor, historian, journalist, and writer.

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Stockholm Appeal

On March 15, 1950, the World Peace Council approved the Stockholm Appeal, calling for an absolute ban on nuclear weapons.

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Structure of NATO

The Structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is complex and multi-faceted.

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Suez Environnement

Suez is a French-based utility company which operates largely in the water treatment and waste management sectors.

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Superhero

A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero or Super) is a type of heroic stock character, usually possessing supernatural or superhuman powers, who is dedicated to fighting the evil of his/her universe, protecting the public, and usually battling supervillains.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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The Boston Globe

The Boston Globe (sometimes abbreviated as The Globe) is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts, since its creation by Charles H. Taylor in 1872.

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The Conquest (2011 film)

The Conquest or La conquête is a 2011 French Biographical film on Nicolas Sarkozy directed by Xavier Durringer.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Holocaust in France

The Holocaust in France refers to the persecution, deportation, and annihilation of Jews and Roma between 1940 and 1944 in occupied France, metropolitan Vichy, and in Vichy-North Africa, during World War II.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Republicans (France)

The Republicans (Les Républicains; LR) is a centre-right political party in France.

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The Special Relationship (film)

The Special Relationship is a 2010 British-American political film directed by Richard Loncraine from a screenplay by Peter Morgan.

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The Times

The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Thierry Rey

Thierry Rey (born June 1, 1959) is a French judoka, world champion and olympic champion.

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Togo

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic (République Togolaise), is a sovereign state in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.

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Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

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Trade agreement

A trade agreement (also known as trade pact) is a wide ranging taxes, tariff and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees.

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Transient ischemic attack

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by loss of blood flow (ischemia) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without tissue death (infarction).

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Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU).

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Tunisia

Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.

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Union for a Popular Movement

The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire; UMP) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS).

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Union for French Democracy

The Union for French Democracy (Union pour la Démocratie Française, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France.

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Union for the New Republic

The Union for the New Republic (L'Union pour la nouvelle République, UNR), was a French political party founded on 1 October 1958 that supported Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle in the 1958 elections.

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Union of Democrats for the Republic

The Union for the Defence of the Republic (Union pour la défense de la République), after 1968 renamed Union of Democrats for the Republic (Union des Démocrates pour la République), commonly abbreviated UDR, was a Gaullist political party of France that existed from 1968 to 1976.

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Unitaid

Unitaid is a global health initiative that is working with partners to end the world's tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C epidemics.

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Unité Radicale

Unité Radicale was a French far-right political group close to the Third Position and National Bolshevism thesis.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE; دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة), sometimes simply called the Emirates (الإمارات), is a federal absolute monarchy sovereign state in Western Asia at the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.

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Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926), also known as Giscard or VGE, is a French author and elder statesman who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981 and is now a member of the Constitutional Council.

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Vatican City

Vatican City (Città del Vaticano; Civitas Vaticana), officially the Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is an independent state located within the city of Rome.

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Vel' d'Hiv Roundup

The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (French: Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver, commonly called the Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv: "Vel' d'Hiv Police Roundup / Raid") was a Nazi-directed raid and mass arrest of Jews in Paris by the French police, code named Opération Vent printanier ("Operation Spring Breeze"), on 16 and 17 July 1942.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Vivendi

Vivendi SA is a French mass media conglomerate headquartered in Paris.

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Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.

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Volcano

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

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W. (film)

W. is a 2008 American biographical drama film based on the life and presidency of George W. Bush.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yvan Blot

Yvan Blot (born 29 June 1948 in Saint-Mandé) is a French conservative political figure who has been a member of GRECE and the founder and president of the Club de l'Horloge.

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1995 strikes in France

In late 1995, a series of general strikes were organized in France, mostly in the public sector.

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2005 French riots

The 2005 French riots was a three-week period of riots in the suburbs of Paris and other French cities, in October and November 2005, that involved the burning of cars and public buildings at night.

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2006 youth protests in France

The 2006 youth protests in France occurred throughout France during February, March, and April 2006 as a result of opposition to a measure set to deregulate labour.

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26th G8 summit

The 26th G8 summit was held in Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, on July 21–23, 2000.

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5th arrondissement of Paris

The 5th arrondissement of Paris (Ve arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France.

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Redirects here:

Chirac, Chirac, Jacques Rene, Chirac, Jacques René, Jac Chirac, Jack Chirac, Jacque Chirac, Jacques Rene Chirac, Jacques René Chirac, Jaque sharaque, Jaques Chirac, Jock Sharock, Jock Sherock, Laurence Chirac, Moh Chelali, Mohamed Chelali, Presidency of Jacques Chirac, President Chirac, The Development of the Port of New-Orleans, The development of the port of New-Orleans.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac

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