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246 relations: A, Abugida, Aceh, Affix, Affricate consonant, Agglutination, Alveolar consonant, Approximant consonant, Arabic, Arabic script, Austronesian languages, È, É, Ê, B, B. J. Habibie, Bali, Balinese language, Balinese script, Banjarnegara Regency, Banten, Banyumas Regency, Banyumasan dialect, Banyumasan people, Banyuwangi Regency, Bawean, Bengkulu, Blitar, Blora Regency, Bojonegoro Regency, Boyolali Regency, Brahmic scripts, Brantas River, Brebes Regency, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Buddhism, Bumiayu, Brebes, C, Caribbean Hindustani, Central Java, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Chronogram, Cilacap Regency, Cilegon, Cirebon, Cirebon Regency, Cirebonese people, Consonant, Creole language, ..., D, Demak Regency, Demak Sultanate, Dental consonant, Devanagari, Dialect, Dialect continuum, Dot (diacritic), Dutch language, East Java, East Kalimantan, Epigraphy, F, Free Aceh Movement, Fricative consonant, G, Glottal consonant, Gorontalo, Grammatical tense, Gresik Regency, Grobogan Regency, H, Hans Ras, Hindu, Honorific, I, Indonesia, Indonesian language, Indonesians, Islam, J, Jakarta, Jambi, Java, Javanese Latin alphabet, Javanese literature, Javanese people, Javanese script, Javanese Surinamese, Jepara Regency, Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern, Johor, JTV (Indonesia), K, Kakawin Ramayana, Karanganyar Regency, Kawi language, Kawi script, Kebumen Regency, Kediri Regency, Kediri, East Java, Kedu Residency, Kendal Regency, Klaten Regency, Kudus Regency, L, Labial consonant, Lamongan Regency, Lampung, Letter case, Lingua franca, List of languages by number of native speakers, List of largest languages without official status, List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, Literary language, Loanword, Losari, Brebes, Lumajang Regency, M, Madiun, Madura Island, Madurese language, Madurese people, Magelang Regency, Magetan Regency, Mahabharata, Majapahit, Malang, Malang Regency, Malay language, Malayo-Polynesian languages, Malaysia, Maluku (province), Mass media, Mataram Sultanate, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Metonymy, Mojokerto Regency, Mount Bromo, Mount Muria, Murmured voice, Mutual intelligibility, N, Nasal consonant, New Caledonia, Nganjuk Regency, Ngawi Regency, North Sulawesi, North Sumatra, Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages, O, Old Javanese, Orthography, Osing dialect, Osing people, P, Pacitan Regency, Palatal consonant, Palembang, Pallava script, Papua (province), Paramaribo District, Pasuruan Regency, Pati Regency, Pegon script, Pekalongan, Pekalongan Regency, Pemalang Regency, Phonaesthetics, Phonation, Ponorogo Regency, Prosody (linguistics), Purbalingga Regency, Purwokerto, Purworejo Regency, Q, R, Regional language, Register (sociolinguistics), Rembang Regency, Retroflex consonant, Rhotic consonant, Riau, S, Salatiga, Saminism Movement, Sanskrit, Selangor, Semarang, Semarang Regency, Serang Regency, Shirō Hattori, Sidoarjo Regency, Singapore, Slack voice, Sonorant, South Kalimantan, South Sumatra, Southeast Asia, Southeast Sulawesi, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Sragen Regency, Sranan Tongo, Stiff voice, Stop consonant, Subject–verb–object, Sukarno, Sukoharjo Regency, Sunda–Sulawesi languages, Sundanese language, Surabaya, Surakarta, Surinam (Dutch colony), Suriname, Syllable, T, Tangerang Regency, Tegal Regency, Temanggung Regency, Tenggerese dialect, Tenggerese people, Topic and comment, Transmigration program, Tuban Regency, Tulungagung Regency, U, Ultima (linguistics), V, Vaishnavism, Velar consonant, Verb–object–subject, Verb–subject–object, Voice (phonetics), Vowel, W, Wanica District, West Java, West Kalimantan, West Sumatra, Wonogiri Regency, Wonosobo Regency, X, Y, Yogyakarta, Z. Expand index (196 more) »
A
A (named, plural As, A's, as, a's or aes) is the first letter and the first vowel of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Abugida
An abugida (from Ge'ez: አቡጊዳ ’abugida), or alphasyllabary, is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as a unit: each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary.
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Aceh
Aceh; (Acehnese: Acèh; Jawoë:; Dutch: Atjeh or Aceh) is a province of Indonesia.
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Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
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Affricate consonant
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).
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Agglutination
Agglutination is a linguistic process pertaining to derivational morphology in which complex words are formed by stringing together morphemes without changing them in spelling or phonetics.
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Alveolar consonant
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
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Approximant consonant
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Arabic script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for writing Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa, such as Azerbaijani, Pashto, Persian, Kurdish, Lurish, Urdu, Mandinka, and others.
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Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages are a language family that is widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few members in continental Asia.
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È
"È" is a letter.
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É
É, é (e-acute) is a letter of the Latin alphabet.
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Ê
Ê, ê (e-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, Dutch, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh.
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B
B or b (pronounced) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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B. J. Habibie
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (born 25 June 1936) is an Indonesian engineer who was President of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999.
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Bali
Bali (Balinese:, Indonesian: Pulau Bali, Provinsi Bali) is an island and province of Indonesia with the biggest Hindu population.
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Balinese language
Balinese, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.
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Balinese script
The Balinese script, natively known as Aksara Bali and Hanacaraka, is an alphabet used in the island of Bali, Indonesia, commonly for writing the Austronesian Balinese language, Old Javanese, and the liturgical language Sanskrit.
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Banjarnegara Regency
Banjarnegara (ꦧꦚ꧀ꦗꦂꦤꦼꦒꦫ) is a regency (kabupaten) in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Banten
Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java, in Indonesia.
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Banyumas Regency
Banyumas (ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀, formerly spelt "Banjoemas") Regency is a regency (kabupaten) in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Banyumasan dialect
Banyumasan, colloquially known as Basa Ngapak, is a dialect of Javanese spoken mainly in three areas of Java that is the Banyumasan, located in westernmost Central Java Province and surrounding the Slamet mountain and Serayu River; a neighboring area inside West Java Province; and northern region of Banten Province.
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Banyumasan people
The Banyumasan people (Ngoko Javanese:, Madya Javanese:, Krama Javanese:, Ngoko Gêdrìk: wòng Banyumasan, Madya Gêdrìk: tiyang Toyåjênéan, Krama Gêdrìk: priyantun Toyåjênéan, Indonesian: suku Banyumasan) (colloquially known as Ngapak Javanese) is a collective term for a Javanese subgroup native to the Indonesia's westernmost part of Central Java.
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Banyuwangi Regency
Banyuwangi Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java province in Indonesia.
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Bawean
Bawean Island (Pulau Bawean) is an island of Indonesia located approximately 150 km north of Surabaya in the Java Sea, off the coast of Java.
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Bengkulu
Bengkulu, historically known as Bencoolen or British Bencoolen, is one of the Provinces of Indonesia and is located in the southwest coast of Sumatra.
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Blitar
Blitar is a city in East Java, Indonesia, about 73 km from Malang and 167 km from Surabaya.
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Blora Regency
Blora (ꦧ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦫ) is a regency in the northeastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Bojonegoro Regency
Bojonegoro Regency (Kabupaten Bojonegoro, older spelling is Kabupaten Bodjanegara) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia, about 110 km west of Surabaya.
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Boyolali Regency
Boyolali (Don't forget) is a regency (kabupaten) in the eastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic scripts are a family of abugida or alphabet writing systems.
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Brantas River
The Brantas is the longest river in East Java, Indonesia.
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Brebes Regency
For the capital of this regency see Brebes, Brebes Brebes (ꦧꦽꦧꦼꦱ꧀) is a regency (kabupaten) in the northwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is located in East Java, Indonesia, to the east of Malang and to the southeast of Surabaya, the capital of East Java.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
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Bumiayu, Brebes
Bumiayu is a district in the Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia.
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C
C is the third letter in the English alphabet and a letter of the alphabets of many other writing systems which inherited it from the Latin alphabet.
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Caribbean Hindustani
Caribbean Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken as a lingua franca by Indo-Caribbeans and the Indo-Caribbean diaspora.
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Central Java
Central Java (Jawa Tengah, abbreviated as Jateng) is a province of Indonesia.
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Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah), is a province of Indonesia.
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Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Tengah) is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi.
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Chronogram
A chronogram is a sentence or inscription in which specific letters, interpreted as numerals, stand for a particular date when rearranged.
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Cilacap Regency
Cilacap Regency (ꦏꦨꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦕꦶꦭꦕꦥ꧀, also spelt: Chilachap, old spelling: Tjilatjap) is a regency in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Cilegon
Cilegon is a major coastal industrial city in Banten province, Indonesia, covering 175.51 km2.
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Cirebon
Cirebon (formerly referred to as Cheribon in English) is a port city on the north coast of the Indonesian island of Java.
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Cirebon Regency
Cirebon Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of West Java, Indonesia.
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Cirebonese people
The Cirebonese or Cirebonese people are an Austronesian ethnic group native on the city of Cirebon and its immediate surrounding area, located in the northern part of the island of Java in Indonesia.
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Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.
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Creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages at a fairly sudden point in time: often, a pidgin transitioned into a full, native language.
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D
D (named dee) is the fourth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Demak Regency
Demak (ꦢꦼꦩꦏ꧀) is a regency located in the Indonesian province of Central Java, on northern coast of the island.
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Demak Sultanate
The Demak Sultanate was a Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak.
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Dental consonant
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,,, and in some languages.
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Devanagari
Devanagari (देवनागरी,, a compound of "''deva''" देव and "''nāgarī''" नागरी; Hindi pronunciation), also called Nagari (Nāgarī, नागरी),Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group,, page 83 is an abugida (alphasyllabary) used in India and Nepal.
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Dialect
The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.
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Dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a spread of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighbouring varieties differ only slightly, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible.
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Dot (diacritic)
When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct (·), or to the glyphs 'combining dot above' (◌̇) and 'combining dot below' (◌̣) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese.
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Dutch language
The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.
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East Java
East Java (Jawa Timur, abbreviated as Jatim, Jåwå Wétan) is a province of Indonesia.
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East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan (Indonesian) is a province of Indonesia.
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Epigraphy
Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφή, "inscription") is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers.
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F
F (named ef) is the sixth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Free Aceh Movement
The Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM, Geurakan Acèh Meurdèka, also: Gěrakan Aceh Měrdeka) was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra from Indonesia.
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Fricative consonant
Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
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G
G (named gee) is the 7th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Glottal consonant
Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.
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Gorontalo
Gorontalo (Hulontalo) is an Indonesian province on the island of Sulawesi.
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Grammatical tense
In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking.
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Gresik Regency
Gresik Regency (older spelling Grissee) (Javanese:Nggersik) is a regency within East Java Province of Indonesia.
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Grobogan Regency
Grobogan (ꦒꦿꦺꦴꦧꦺꦴꦒꦤ꧀) is a regency (kabupaten) located in northeastern part of the Central Java province in Indonesia.
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H
H (named aitch or, regionally, haitch, plural aitches)"H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op.
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Hans Ras
Johannes Jacobus (Hans) Ras (1 April 1926 – 22 October 2003) was emeritus professor of Javanese language and literature at Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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Hindu
Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism.
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Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person.
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I
I (named i, plural ies) is the ninth letter and the third vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.
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Indonesian language
Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia) is the official language of Indonesia.
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Indonesians
Indonesians (Indonesian: Orang Indonesia) are citizens of Indonesia, regardless of their race, ethnicity or religious background.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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J
J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Jakarta
Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia.
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Jambi
Jambi is a province of Indonesia.
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Java
Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese) is an island of Indonesia.
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Javanese Latin alphabet
Javanese Latin alphabet is Latin alphabet used for writing the Javanese language.
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Javanese literature
Javanese literature is, generally speaking, literature from Java and, more specifically, from areas where Javanese is spoken.
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Javanese people
The Javanese (Ngoko Javanese:, Madya Javanese:,See: Javanese language: Politeness Krama Javanese:, Ngoko Gêdrìk: wòng Jåwå, Madya Gêdrìk: tiyang Jawi, Krama Gêdrìk: priyantun Jawi, Indonesian: suku Jawa) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java.
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Javanese script
The Javanese script, natively known as Aksara Jawa (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮaksarajawa) and Hanacaraka (ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏhanacaraka), is an abugida developed by the Javanese people to write several Austronesian languages spoken in Indonesia, primarily the Javanese language and an early form of Javanese called Kawi, as well as Sanskrit, an Indo-Aryan language used as a sacred language throughout Asia.
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Javanese Surinamese
Javanese Surinamese are an ethnic group of Javanese descent in Suriname.
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Jepara Regency
Jepara (ꦗꦼꦥꦫ) is a regency in the northeast of the Indonesian province of Central Java.
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Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern
Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern (April 6, 1833 – July 4, 1917) was a Dutch linguist and Orientalist.
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Johor
Johor or Johore is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia.
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JTV (Indonesia)
JTV Surabaya is the abbreviation of Jawa Timur Televisi (East Java Television), is a private television channel in Surabaya, East Java.
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K
K (named kay) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Kakawin Ramayana
Kakawin Ramayana is an Old Javanese rendering of the Sanskrit Ramayana in kakawin meter.
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Karanganyar Regency
Karanganyar (ꦏꦫꦁꦲꦚꦂ) is a regency in the Indonesian province of Central Java.
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Kawi language
Kawi (from Sanskrit: कवि "kavi" lit. "poet") is a literary and prose language on the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok.
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Kawi script
Aksara Kawi (from Sanskrit: कवि "kavi" lit. "poet") or Aksara Jawa Kuna ("Old Javanese script") is the name given to the writing system originating in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia from the 8th century to around 1500 AD.
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Kebumen Regency
Kebumen (Kebumèn) is a regency in the southern part of the Indonesian province of Central Java.
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Kediri Regency
Kediri Regency is a regency (kabupaten) located in East Java province, Indonesia.
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Kediri, East Java
Kediri is an Indonesian city, located near the Brantas River in the province of East Java on the island of Java.
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Kedu Residency
Kedu Residency (also known as Kedoe and Kedoo) was a colonial administrative unit in Central Java in Java, Indonesia.
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Kendal Regency
Kendal (Kendhal) is a regency in the northern part of Central Java province in Indonesia, west of Semarang.
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Klaten Regency
Klaten (Klathèn) is a regency in Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Kudus Regency
Kudus (ꦏꦸꦢꦸꦱ꧀) is a regency (kabupaten) in Central Java province in Indonesia.
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L
L (named el) is the twelfth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet, used in words such as lagoon, lantern, and less.
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Labial consonant
Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.
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Lamongan Regency
Lamongan Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java, Indonesia, with an area of.
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Lampung
Lampung is a province of Indonesia.
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Letter case
Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also uppercase, capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (also lowercase, small letters, or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.
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Lingua franca
A lingua franca, also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vernacular language, or link language is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both native languages.
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List of languages by number of native speakers
This article ranks human languages by their number of native speakers.
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List of largest languages without official status
Below is list of languages without any official status (or a minority language) with more than a million speakers, ordered by the number of native speakers.
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List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia.
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Literary language
A literary language is the form of a language used in the writing of the language.
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Loanword
A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation.
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Losari, Brebes
Losari is the name of a Sub-District (Indonesian: Kecamatan) in Brebes regency, Central Java, Indonesia.
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Lumajang Regency
Lumajang Regency is a Regency (kabupaten) located in the East Java province of Indonesia.
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M
M (named em) is the thirteenth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Madiun
Madiun is a city in the western part of East Java, Indonesia, known for its agricultural center.
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Madura Island
Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java.
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Madurese language
Madurese is a language of the Madurese people of Madura Island and eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken on the neighbouring small Kangean Islands and Sapudi Islands, as well as by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Surabaya, Malang to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands, and even some on Kalimantan.
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Madurese people
The Madurese (sometimes Madurace or Madhure) also known as Orang Madura and Suku Madura in Indonesian are an ethnic group originally from the island of Madura now found in many parts of Indonesia, where they are the third-largest ethnic group by population.
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Magelang Regency
Magelang (ꦩꦒꦼꦭꦁ) is a regency in Central Java province in Indonesia famous for its 9th century Buddhist temple of Borobudur.
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Magetan Regency
Magetan is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java, Indonesia.
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Mahabharata
The Mahābhārata (महाभारतम्) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa.
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Majapahit
The Majapahit Empire (Javanese: ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ Karaton Majapahit, Kerajaan Majapahit) was a thalassocracy in Southeast Asia, based on the island of Java (part of modern-day Indonesia), that existed from 1293 to circa 1500.
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Malang
Malang is the second largest city in Jawa Timur (East Java), Indonesia. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. As the second most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 887,443 people in the city. Its built-up (metro) area was home to 2,795,209 inhabitants spread on 2 cities and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and 1 in Pasuruan Regency). The city is well known for its mild climate. During the period of Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. Until now, Malang still holds its position a popular destination for international tourists. Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth.
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Malang Regency
The Malang Regency is a regency in East Java, Indonesia.
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Malay language
Malay (Bahasa Melayu بهاس ملايو) is a major language of the Austronesian family spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.
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Malayo-Polynesian languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Maluku (province)
Maluku (English: Moluccas) is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the central and southern regions of the Maluku Islands. The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. The province had a population of at the 2010 Census, and the latest estimate (for January 2014) is 1,708,190. All the Maluku Islands were part of a single province from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the northern part of Maluku (then comprising the Maluku Utara Regency, the Halmahera Tengah Regency and the City of Ternate) were split off to form a separate province of North Maluku (Indonesian: Maluku Utara).
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Mass media
The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication.
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Mataram Sultanate
The Sultanate of Mataram was the last major independent Javanese kingdom on Java before the island was colonised by the Dutch.
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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie, shortened to MPI EVA) is a research institute based in Leipzig, Germany, founded in 1997.
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Megawati Sukarnoputri
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri, usually shortened to Megawati Sukarnoputri (born 23 January 1947), generally known as Megawati, is an Indonesian politician who served as president of Indonesia from 23 July 2001 to 20 October 2004.
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Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
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Mojokerto Regency
Mojokerto Regency is a regency in East Java province.
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Mount Bromo
Mount Bromo (Gunung Bromo), is an active volcano and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia.
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Mount Muria
Mount Muria or Gunung Muria is a dormant volcano on the north coast of Java, Indonesia.
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Murmured voice
Murmur (also called breathy voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound.
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Mutual intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
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N
N (named en) is the fourteenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie)Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" (French: Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV — see). The French courts often continue to use the appellation Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.
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Nganjuk Regency
Nganjuk Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java Province, Indonesia.
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Ngawi Regency
Ngawi is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java, Indonesia.
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North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia.
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North Sumatra
North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) is a province of Indonesia.
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Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages
The Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages are a putative branch of the Austronesian family, proposed by Wouk & Ross (2002), that are thought to have dispersed from a possible homeland in Sulawesi.
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O
O (named o, plural oes) is the 15th letter and the fourth vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Old Javanese
Old Javanese is the oldest phase of the Javanese language that was spoken in areas in what is now the eastern part of Central Java and the whole of East Java.
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Orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language.
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Osing dialect
The Osing language (Indonesian:Bahasa Osing), locally known as the language of Banyuwangi, is the language of the Osing people of East Java, Indonesia.
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Osing people
The Osing people (Ngoko Javanese:, Madya Javanese:, Krama Javanese:, Ngoko Gêdrìk: wòng Ôsìng, Madya Gêdrìk: tiyang Ôsìng, Krama Gêdrìk: priyantun Ôsìng, Osing: laré Using, Indonesian: suku Osing) are a community living in the eastern salient of Java, Indonesia, in the easternmost part of East Java.
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P
P (named pee) is the 16th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Pacitan Regency
Pacitan (Kabupaten Pacitan) is a regency located in the southwestern East Java Province, with Central Java Province on its west border.
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Palatal consonant
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
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Palembang
Palembang (Indonesian pronunciation: palɛmˈbaŋ) is the capital city of South Sumatra province of Indonesia.
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Pallava script
The Pallava script, a Brahmic script, was developed under the Pallava dynasty of Southern India around the 6th century AD.
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Papua (province)
Papua is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia, comprising most of Western New Guinea.
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Paramaribo District
Paramaribo is a district of Suriname, encompassing the city of Paramaribo and the surrounding area.
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Pasuruan Regency
Pasuruan Regency is a regency of East Java province of Indonesia.
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Pati Regency
Pati Regency (Pathi, ꦥꦛꦶ) is a regency (kabupaten) in the northeastern region of Central Java Province, on the island of Java in Indonesia.
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Pegon script
Pegon is an Arabic alphabet used to write the Javanese and Sundanese languages, as an alternative to the Roman alphabet or the Javanese script and the old Sundanese script.
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Pekalongan
Pekalongan (ꦦꦼꦏꦭꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀) is a city of Central Java, Indonesia.
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Pekalongan Regency
Pekalongan Regency is a regency (kabupaten) on the north coast of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Pemalang Regency
Pemalang Regency is a regency (kabupaten) on the north coast of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Phonaesthetics
Phonaesthetics (from the φωνή phōnē, "voice-sound"; and αἰσθητική aisthētikē, "aesthetics") is a branch of phonetics concerned with "the possible connection between sound sequences and meaning", according to Raymond Hickey.
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Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.
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Ponorogo Regency
Ponorogo is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java, Indonesia.
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Prosody (linguistics)
In linguistics, prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech.
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Purbalingga Regency
Purbalingga Regency is a regency (kabupaten) in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Purwokerto
Purwokerto is a town on the island of Java, Indonesia.
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Purworejo Regency
Purworejo is a regency (kabupaten) in the southern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Q
Q (named cue) is the 17th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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R
R (named ar/or) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Regional language
A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federal state or province, or some wider area.
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Register (sociolinguistics)
In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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Rembang Regency
Rembang Regency is a regency (kabupaten) on the extreme northeast coast of Central Java Province, on the island of Java at the Java Sea, in Indonesia.
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Retroflex consonant
A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
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Rhotic consonant
In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including r in the Latin script and p in the Cyrillic script.
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Riau
Riau (Jawi), is a province of Indonesia.
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S
S (named ess, plural esses) is the 19th letter in the Modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Salatiga
Salatiga (ꦯꦭꦠꦶꦒ) is a city in Central Java province, Indonesia.
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Saminism Movement
The Samin's challenge is an Indonesian social movement founded by Surontiko Samin in north-central Java, Indonesia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.
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Selangor
Selangor, also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 states of Malaysia.
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Semarang
Semarang (formerly Dutch: Samarang), is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia.
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Semarang Regency
Semarang is a regency (kabupaten) in Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Serang Regency
Serang (Kabupaten Serang) is a regency of Banten province, Indonesia.
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Shirō Hattori
was a Japanese academic and author.
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Sidoarjo Regency
Sidoarjo Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java, Indonesia.
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Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.
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Slack voice
Slack voice (or lax voice) is the pronunciation of consonant or vowels with a glottal opening slightly wider than that occurring in modal voice.
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Sonorant
In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.
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South Kalimantan
South Kalimantan (Kalimantan Selatan) is a province of Indonesia.
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South Sumatra
South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) is a province of Indonesia.
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.
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Southeast Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara, abbreviation: Sultra) is a province on the Sulawesi, forming the southeastern peninsula of that island, together with a number of large offshore islands such as Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawonii, with smaller islands.
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Special Region of Yogyakarta
The Special Administrative Region of Yogyakarta (occasionally pronounced or; Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), or simply Yogyakarta) is a region of Republic of Indonesia in the middle of Java.
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Sragen Regency
Sragen Regency (translit) is a regency (kabupaten) in the eastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Sranan Tongo
Sranan Tongo (also Sranantongo "Surinamese tongue", Sranan, Surinaams, Surinamese, Surinamese Creole, Taki Taki) is an English-based creole language that is spoken as a lingua franca by approximately 500,000 people in Suriname.
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Stiff voice
The term stiff voice describes the pronunciation of consonants or vowels with a glottal opening narrower, and the vocal folds stiffer, than occurs in modal voice.
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Stop consonant
In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
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Subject–verb–object
In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.
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Sukarno
Sukarno (born Kusno Sosrodihardjo; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia, serving in office from 1945 to 1967.
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Sukoharjo Regency
Sukoharjo Regency is a regency (kabupaten) in the Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Sunda–Sulawesi languages
The Sunda–Sulawesi languages (also known as Inner Hesperonesian or Inner Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a putative branch of the Austronesian family posited in Wouk and Ross (2002).
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Sundanese language
Sundanese (in Sundanese script ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ, literally "language of Sunda") is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Sundanese.
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Surabaya
Surabaya (formerly Dutch: Soerabaia and later Surabaja) is a port city and the capital of East Java (Jawa Timur) province of Indonesia.
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Surakarta
Surakarta (ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ, often called Solo or less common spelling Sala) is a city in Central Java.
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Surinam (Dutch colony)
Surinam was a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, neighboured by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east.
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Suriname
Suriname (also spelled Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname (Republiek Suriname), is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America.
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Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
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T
T (named tee) is the 20th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Tangerang Regency
Tangerang Regency is a regency of Banten province, Indonesia.
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Tegal Regency
Tegal Regency is one of the regencies located in the northwest part of Central Java province, Indonesia which has an area of 876,10 km2.
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Temanggung Regency
Temanggung Regency (Kabupaten Temanggung) is a regency in the Central Java Province of Indonesia.
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Tenggerese dialect
Tenggerese language (sometimes referred to as Tengger Javanese language) is a language used by the Tenggerese people in the mountain region of the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park which includes Pasuruan Regency, Probolinggo Regency, Malang Regency and Lumajang Regency of East Java, Indonesia.
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Tenggerese people
The Tenggerese (Ngoko Javanese:, Madya Javanese:, Krama Javanese:, Ngoko Gêdrìk: wòng Tĕnggĕr, Madya Gêdrìk: tiyang Tĕnggĕr, Krama Gêdrìk: priyantun Tĕnggĕr, Indonesian: suku Tengger) people are a Javanese ethnic group in eastern Java who claim to be the descendants of the Majapahit princes.
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Topic and comment
In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.
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Transmigration program
The transmigration program (Transmigrasi, from Dutch, transmigratie) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government, and later continued by the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country.
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Tuban Regency
Tuban Regency is a regency in East Java province of Indonesia.
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Tulungagung Regency
Tulungagung (pronounced) is a regency (kabupaten) of East Java, Indonesia.
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U
U (named u, plural ues) is the 21st letter and the fifth vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Ultima (linguistics)
In linguistics, the ultima is the last syllable of a word, the penult is the next-to-last syllable, and the antepenult is third-from-last syllable.
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V
V (named vee) is the 22nd letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism (Vaishnava dharma) is one of the major traditions within Hinduism along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.
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Velar consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
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Verb–object–subject
In linguistic typology, a Verb–object–subject or Verb–object–agent language – commonly abbreviated VOS or VOA – is one in which the most-typical sentences arrange their elements in that order which would (in English) equate to something like "Ate oranges Sam.".
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Verb–subject–object
In linguistic typology, a verb–subject–object (VSO) language is one in which the most typical sentences arrange their elements in that order, as in Ate Sam oranges (Sam ate oranges).
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Voice (phonetics)
Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
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Vowel
A vowel is one of the two principal classes of speech sound, the other being a consonant.
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W
W (named double-u,Pronounced plural double-ues) is the 23rd letter of the modern English and ISO basic Latin alphabets.
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Wanica District
Wanica is a district of Suriname, in the northeast.
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West Java
West Java (Jawa Barat, abbreviated as Jabar; Sundanese: Jawa Kulon) is a province of Indonesia.
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West Kalimantan
West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat, Malay: كليمنتان بارت,; Hakka: Sî-Kâ-lí-màn-tân; Teochew: Sai-Gia-li-man-dang) is a province of Indonesia.
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West Sumatra
West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar, Jawi:, Minangkabau: Sumatera Baraik) is a province of Indonesia.
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Wonogiri Regency
Wonogiri is a regency (kabupaten) in the southeastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia.
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Wonosobo Regency
Wonosobo Regency (Kabupatèn Wanasaba) is a regency (kabupaten) in Central Java province in Indonesia.
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X
X (named ex, plural exes) is the 24th and antepenultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Y
Y (named wye, plural wyes) is the 25th and penultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (also Jogja or Jogjakarta; ꦛꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ; formerly Dutch: Djokjakarta/Djocjakarta or Djokja) is a city on the island of Java in Indonesia.
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Z
Z (named zed or zee "Z", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "zee", op. cit.) is the 26th and final letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Redirects here:
Bahasa Java, Bahasa Jawa, Bahasa Jawi, Basa Java, Basa Jawa, Basa Jawi, Baso Java, Baso Jawa, Bhasa Java, Bhasa Jawa, Boso jowo, Caribbean Javanese, Caribbean Javanese language, ISO 639:jas, ISO 639:jav, ISO 639:jv, ISO 639:jvn, ISO 639:tes, Javanese consonants, Javanese-language, Javanesse language, Javanic languages, Jawa language, New Caledonian Javanese language, Suriname Javanese language, ꦧꦱꦗꦮ.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language
