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191 relations: Alliance Conducted at Sea, Anhui, Anlu, Arsenic, Battle of Caishi, Battle of Fei River, Battle of Huangtiandang, Battle of Tangdao, Battle of Yancheng, Battle of Zhongdu, Beijing, Bohai Sea, Cast iron, Casus belli, Cavalry, Censorate, Chanyuan Treaty, Chinese classics, Chinese family of scripts, Chinese literature, Chinese New Year, Circuit (administrative division), Co-belligerence, Confucianism, Confucius, Conquest dynasty, Conscription, Coup d'état, Da Chu, Daming County, Datong, Dengzhou, Denis Twitchett, Duke Yansheng, Eastern Xia, Emperor Aizong of Jin, Emperor Gaozong of Song, Emperor Huizong of Song, Emperor Lizong, Emperor Mo of Jin, Emperor Ningzong, Emperor Qinzong, Emperor Shizong of Jin, Emperor Taizong of Jin, Emperor Taizu of Jin, Emperor Taizu of Song, Emperor Tianzuo of Liao, Emperor Xizong of Jin, Emperor Zhangzong of Jin, Empress dowager, ..., Eunuch, Fang La, Fire arrow, Fire lance, Firearm, Four Books and Five Classics, Fuyang, Gansu, Goryeo, Grand Canal (China), Grand chancellor (China), Guangdong, Gunpowder, Han Chinese, Han dynasty, Han River (Hubei), Han Shizhong, Han Tuozhou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Hebei, Hefei, Hejian, Henan, History of gunpowder, History of the administrative divisions of China, History of the firearm, History of the Song dynasty, Huai River, Huainan, Hubei, Huining Prefecture, Imperial examination, Indemnity, Inner Asia, Irredentism, Jiangxi, Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jinan, Jingkang incident, John K. Fairbank, Jurchen people, Jurchen script, Kaifeng, Khitan people, Khitan scripts, Korea, Laohekou, Later Jin (Five Dynasties), Li Gang (Song dynasty), Li Quan (general), Liao dynasty, Lime (material), Lulong County, Luoyang, Ma'anshan, Mandate of Heaven, Marco Polo, Militia, Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty, Mongol Empire, Mongol siege of Kaifeng, Mongolia, Mongols, Nanchang, Nanjing, Nanjing (Liao dynasty), National Palace Museum, Ningbo, North China, Northeast China, Northern and southern China, Northern Song Dynasty, Ordos Desert, Puppet state, Qin Hui, Qufu, Revanchism, Runan County, Russian Far East, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shangqiu, Shanxi, Shaoxing, Shatuo, Shi Miyuan, Sichuan, Siege engine, Siege of Caizhou, Siege of De'an, Siege tower, Sinicization, SinoMaps Press, Sixteen Prefectures, Song dynasty, Suizhou, Suzhou, Tael, Taishang Huang, Taiyuan, Tang dynasty, Tanghe County, Tangut people, Tea, Tianxia, Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars, Tong Guan, Treaty of Shaoxing, Trebuchet, Tribute, Tungusic languages, Wang Anshi, Wanyan Liang, Wanyan Zonghan, Wenzhou, Western Xia, Working language, Wudu District, Wuzhu, Xi'an, Xiangqi, Xiangyang, Xihe County, Xuyi County, Yangtze, Yangzhou, Yellow River, Yoshinobu Shiba, Yu Yunwen, Yuan dynasty, Yue Fei, Zaoyang, Zhang Jun (general), Zhang Jun (Song chancellor), Zhang Zai, Zhejiang, Zhengzhou, Zhoushan, 1194 Yellow River flood. Expand index (141 more) »
Alliance Conducted at Sea
The Alliance Conducted at Sea (海上之盟) was a political alliance in Chinese history between the Song and Jurchen Jin dynasties in the early 12th century against the Liao dynasty.
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Anhui
Anhui is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the eastern region of the country.
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Anlu
Anlu is a county-level city in east-central Hubei province, China.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Battle of Caishi
The Battle of Caishi (Battle of Ts'ai-shih) was a major naval engagement of the Jin–Song Wars of China that took place on November 26–27, 1161.
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Battle of Fei River
The Battle of Fei River or “Feishui” was a battle in 383, where Fu Jiān of the Di Former Qin Empire was decisively defeated by the numerically inferior Jin (Han Chinese-led) army of Eastern Jin.
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Battle of Huangtiandang
Battle of Huangtiandang was an early battle in the Jin–Song Wars.
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Battle of Tangdao
The Battle of Tangdao (唐岛之战) was a naval engagement that took place in 1161 between the Jurchen Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty of China on the East China Sea.
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Battle of Yancheng
The Battle of Yancheng took place in 1140 near modern-day Luohe City in Henan Province, China between the main armies of China under the Song dynasty and the Jurchen or Jin invaders from the north.
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Battle of Zhongdu
The Battle of Zhongdu (present-day Beijing) was a battle in 1215 between the Mongols and the Jurchen Jin dynasty, which controlled northern China.
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Beijing
Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.
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Bohai Sea
The Bohai Sea or Bo Sea, also known as Bohai Gulf, Bo Gulf or Pohai Bay, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay on the coast of Northeastern and North China.
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Cast iron
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.
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Casus belli
Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").
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Cavalry
Cavalry (from the French cavalerie, cf. cheval 'horse') or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback.
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Censorate
The Censorate was a high-level supervisory agency in ancient China, first established during the Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE).
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Chanyuan Treaty
The Chanyuan Treaty in 1004-1005 was the pivotal point in the relations between the Northern Song (960-1127) and the Liao Dynasties (916-1125).
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Chinese classics
Chinese classic texts or canonical texts refers to the Chinese texts which originated before the imperial unification by the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, particularly the "Four Books and Five Classics" of the Neo-Confucian tradition, themselves a customary abridgment of the "Thirteen Classics".
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Chinese family of scripts
The Chinese family of scripts are writing systems descended from the Chinese Oracle Bone Script and used for a variety of languages in East Asia.
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Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty to entertain the masses of literate Chinese.
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Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year, usually known as the Spring Festival in modern China, is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar.
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Circuit (administrative division)
A circuit was a historical political division of China and is a historical and modern administrative unit in Japan.
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Co-belligerence
Co-belligerence is the waging of a war in cooperation against a common enemy without a formal treaty of military alliance.
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Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.
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Confucius
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.
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Conquest dynasty
A conquest dynasty in the history of imperial China refers to a dynasty established by non-Han peoples that ruled parts or all of the China proper, such as the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty.
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Coup d'état
A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.
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Da Chu
Da Chu was a short-lived Chinese dynasty in 1127 ruled by Zhang Bangchang (張邦昌; 1081–1127), a puppet emperor enthroned with the support of the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234).
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Daming County
Daming County is a county under the jurisdiction of Handan City in far southern Hebei Province, China.
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Datong
Datong is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi Province in the People's Republic of China.
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Dengzhou
Dengzhou, formerly Deng County, is a city in Nanyang, Henan, China.
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Denis Twitchett
Denis Crispin Twitchett (23 September 192524 February 2006) was a British Sinologist and scholar who specialized in Chinese history, and is well known as one of the co-editors of The Cambridge History of China.
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Duke Yansheng
The Duke of Yansheng, literally "Duke Overflowing with Sagacity", sometimes translated as Holy Duke of Yen, was a Chinese title of nobility.
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Eastern Xia
The Eastern Xia, also known as Dongxia or Dongzhen, was a short-lived kingdom established in Manchuria (today's Northeast China) by Jurchen warlord Puxian Wannu in 1215 during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
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Emperor Aizong of Jin
Emperor Aizong of Jin (25 September 1198 – 9 February 1234), personal name Ningjiasu, sinicised names Wanyan Shouxu and Wanyan Shouli, was the ninth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled most of northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Emperor Gaozong of Song
Emperor Gaozong of Song (12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187), personal name Zhao Gou, courtesy name Deji, was the tenth emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the first emperor of the Southern Song dynasty.
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Emperor Huizong of Song
Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty in China.
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Emperor Lizong
Emperor Lizong of Song (26 January 1205 – 16 November 1264), personal name Zhao Yun, was the 14th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the fifth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty.
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Emperor Mo of Jin
Emperor Mo of Jin (died 9 February 1234), personal name Hudun, sinicised name Wanyan Chenglin, was the last emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Emperor Ningzong
Emperor Ningzong of Song (19 November 1168 – 17 September 1224), personal name Zhao Kuo, was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the fourth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty.
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Emperor Qinzong
Emperor Qinzong of Song (23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161), personal name Zhao Huan, was the ninth emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the last emperor of The Northern Song Dynasty.
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Emperor Shizong of Jin
Emperor Shizong of Jin (29 March 1123 – 20 January 1189), personal name Wulu, sinicised name Wanyan Yong (originally Wanyan Xiu), was the fifth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Emperor Taizong of Jin
Emperor Taizong of Jin (25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), personal name Wuqimai, sinicised name Wanyan Sheng, was the second emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Emperor Taizu of Jin
Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123), personal name Aguda, sinicised name Min, was the founder and first emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Emperor Taizu of Song
Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 – 14 November 976) personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty in China.
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Emperor Tianzuo of Liao
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao (5 June 1075 – 1128 or 1156), personal name Yelü Yanxi, courtesy name Yanning, was the ninth and last emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty.
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Emperor Xizong of Jin
Emperor Xizong of Jin (28 February 1119 – 9 January 1150), personal name Hela, sinicised name Wanyan Dan, was the third emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Emperor Zhangzong of Jin
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin (31 August 1168 – 29 December 1208), personal name Madage, sinicised name Wanyan Jing, was the sixth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Empress dowager
Empress dowager (also dowager empress or empress mother) (hiragana: こうたいごう) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Vietnamese emperor.
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Eunuch
The term eunuch (εὐνοῦχος) generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences.
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Fang La
Fang La (died 1121) was a Chinese rebel leader who led an uprising against the Song dynasty.
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Fire arrow
Fire arrows were one of the earliest forms of weaponized gunpowder.
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Fire lance
The fire lance was a very early gunpowder weapon that appeared in 10th century China during the Jin-Song Wars.
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Firearm
A firearm is a portable gun (a barreled ranged weapon) that inflicts damage on targets by launching one or more projectiles driven by rapidly expanding high-pressure gas produced by exothermic combustion (deflagration) of propellant within an ammunition cartridge.
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Four Books and Five Classics
The Four Books and Five Classics are the authoritative books of Confucianism in China written before 300 BC.
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Fuyang
() is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Anhui province, China.
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Gansu
Gansu (Tibetan: ཀན་སུའུ་ Kan su'u) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country.
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Goryeo
Goryeo (918–1392), also spelled as Koryŏ, was a Korean kingdom established in 918 by King Taejo.
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Grand Canal (China)
The Grand Canal, known to the Chinese as the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal (Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the longest as well as one of the oldest canal or artificial river in the world and a famous tourist destination.
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Grand chancellor (China)
The grand chancellor, also translated as counselor-in-chief, chancellor, chief councillor, chief minister, imperial chancellor, lieutenant chancellor and prime minister, was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government.
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Guangdong
Guangdong is a province in South China, located on the South China Sea coast.
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Gunpowder
Gunpowder, also known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive.
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Han Chinese
The Han Chinese,.
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Han dynasty
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the "Han Chinese" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC–9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD). The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD. The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including the process of papermaking, the nautical steering ship rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer for measuring earthquakes employing an inverted pendulum. The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC. After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty would eventually collapse and ceased to exist.
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Han River (Hubei)
The Han River, also known by its Chinese names Hanshui and Han Jiang, is a left tributary of the Yangtze in central China.
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Han Shizhong
Han Shizhong (韓世忠) (1089–1151) was a Chinese general of the late Northern Song Dynasty and the early Southern Song Dynasty.
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Han Tuozhou
Han Tuozhou (1152–1207) was a powerful Chinese statesman of the Southern Song dynasty, chancellor to Emperor Ningzong.
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Hangzhou
Hangzhou (Mandarin:; local dialect: /ɦɑŋ tseɪ/) formerly romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang Province in East China.
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Harbin
Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang province, and largest city in the northeastern region of the People's Republic of China.
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Hebei
Hebei (postal: Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region.
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Hefei
Hefei is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province in China.
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Hejian
Hejian (alternative romanizations: Ho Dsien, Ho-kien) is a county-level city of Cangzhou City, in east-central Hebei province, China.
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Henan
Henan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country.
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History of gunpowder
Gunpowder is the first physical explosive.
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History of the administrative divisions of China
The history of the administrative divisions of China is covered in the following articles.
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History of the firearm
After the Chinese invented black powder during the 9th century, these inventions were later transmitted to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.
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History of the Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝; pinyin: Sòng cháo; 960–1279) of China was a ruling dynasty that controlled China proper and southern China from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century.
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Huai River
The Huai River, formerly romanized as the Hwai, is a major river in China.
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Huainan
Huainan is a prefecture-level city with 2,334,000 inhabitants in central Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China.
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Hubei
Hubei is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the Central China region.
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Huining Prefecture
Huining Prefecture, or Shangjing Huiningfu, was a prefecture in the Shangjing region of Northeast China.
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Imperial examination
The Chinese imperial examinations were a civil service examination system in Imperial China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy.
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Indemnity
Indemnity is a contractual obligation of one party (indemnitor) to compensate the loss occurred to the other party (indemnitee) due to the act of the indemnitor or any other party.
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Inner Asia
Inner Asia refers to regions within East Asia and North Asia that are today part of western China, Mongolia and eastern Russia.
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Irredentism
Irredentism is any political or popular movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy a land that the movement's members consider to be a "lost" (or "unredeemed") territory from their nation's past.
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Jiangxi
Jiangxi, formerly spelled as Kiangsi Gan: Kongsi) is a province in the People's Republic of China, located in the southeast of the country. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest. The name "Jiangxi" derives from the circuit administrated under the Tang dynasty in 733, Jiangnanxidao (道, Circuit of Western Jiangnan; Gan: Kongnomsitau). The short name for Jiangxi is 赣 (pinyin: Gàn; Gan: Gōm), for the Gan River which runs across from the south to the north and flows into the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is also alternately called Ganpo Dadi (贛鄱大地) which literally means the "Great Land of Gan and Po".
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Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
The Jin dynasty, officially known as the Great Jin, lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the last dynasties in Chinese history to predate the Mongol invasion of China.
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Jinan
Jinan, formerly romanized as Tsinan, is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China.
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Jingkang incident
The Jingkang Incident, also known as the Humiliation of Jingkang and the Disorders of the Jingkang Period took place in 1127 during the Jin–Song Wars when the forces of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty besieged and sacked Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), the capital of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty.
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John K. Fairbank
John King Fairbank (May 24, 1907 – September 14, 1991), was a prominent American historian of China.
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Jurchen people
The Jurchen (Manchu: Jušen; 女真, Nǚzhēn), also known by many variant names, were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until around 1630, at which point they were reformed and combined with their neighbors as the Manchu.
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Jurchen script
Jurchen script (Jurchen) was the writing system used to write the Jurchen language, the language of the Jurchen people who created the Jin Empire in northeastern China in the 12th–13th centuries.
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Kaifeng
Kaifeng, known previously by several names, is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, China.
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Khitan people
The Khitan people were a nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.
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Khitan scripts
The Khitan scripts were the writing systems for the now-extinct Para-Mongolic Khitan language used in the 10th-12th century by the Khitan people who had established the Liao dynasty in Northeast China.
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Korea
Korea is a region in East Asia; since 1945 it has been divided into two distinctive sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.
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Laohekou
Laohekou is a county-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
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Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
The Later Jìn (936–947), also called Shi Jin (石晉), was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China.
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Li Gang (Song dynasty)
Li Gang (Traditional Chinese: 李綱; pinyin: Lĭ Gāng; 1083–1140) was a regional commander serving the newly formed Southern Song dynasty in the 1130s.
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Li Quan (general)
Li Quan (Simplified Chinese:李全; ?-1231 AD) was a Chinese general who served in the Jin dynasty.
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Liao dynasty
The Liao dynasty (Khitan: Mos Jælud), also known as the Liao Empire, officially the Great Liao, or the Khitan (Qidan) State (Khitan: Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur), was an empire in East Asia that ruled from 907 to 1125 over present-day Mongolia and portions of the Russian Far East, northern China, and northeastern Korea.
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Lime (material)
Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral in which oxides, and hydroxides predominate.
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Lulong County
Lulong County, formerly Yongping, is a county of Qinhuangdao City, in northeastern Hebei Province, China.
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Luoyang
Luoyang, formerly romanized as Loyang, is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province.
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Ma'anshan
Ma'anshan, also colloquially written as Maanshan, is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of Anhui province in Eastern China.
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Mandate of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China.
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Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254January 8–9, 1324) was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer, born in the Republic of Venice.
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Militia
A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a nation, or subjects of a state, who can be called upon for military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of a warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai).
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Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, also known as the Mongol–Jin War, was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and north China.
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Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) was the final step for the Mongols to rule the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty.
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Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн;; also Орда ("Horde") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.
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Mongol siege of Kaifeng
In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233, the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng, the capital of the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (Monggol Ulus in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia.
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Mongols
The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
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Nanchang
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi Province in southeastern China.
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Nanjing
Nanjing, formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region, with an administrative area of and a total population of 8,270,500.
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Nanjing (Liao dynasty)
Nanjing was the name for modern Beijing during the Liao dynasty, when Khitan rulers made the city the southern capital.
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National Palace Museum
The National Palace Museum, located in Taipei and Taibao, Taiwan, has a permanent collection of nearly 700,000 pieces of ancient Chinese imperial artifacts and artworks, making it one of the largest of its type in the world.
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Ningbo
Ningbo, formerly written Ningpo, is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province in China. It comprises the urban districts of Ningbo proper, three satellite cities, and a number of rural counties including islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Its port, spread across several locations, is among the busiest in the world and the municipality possesses a separate state-planning status. As of the 2010 census, the entire administrated area had a population of 7.6 million, with 3.5 million in the six urban districts of Ningbo proper. To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively.
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North China
North China (literally "China's north") is a geographical region of China, lying North of the Qinling Huaihe Line.
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Northeast China
Northeast China or Dongbei is a geographical region of China.
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Northern and southern China
Northern China and southern China are two approximate regions within China. The exact boundary between these two regions are not precisely defined. Nevertheless, the self-perception of Chinese people, especially regional stereotypes, has often been dominated by these two concepts, given that regional differences in culture and language have historically fostered strong regional identities of the Chinese people.
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Northern Song Dynasty
The Northern Song Dynasty (2.4.960-3.20.1127) is an era of Song Dynasty.
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Ordos Desert
The Ordos Desert, also known as the Muu-us or Bad Water Desert,Donovan Webster.
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Puppet state
A puppet state is a state that is supposedly independent but is in fact dependent upon an outside power.
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Qin Hui
Qin Hui or Qin Kuai (January 17, 1090 – November 18, 1155) was a Chancellor of the Song dynasty in Chinese history.
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Qufu
Qufu is a city in southwestern Shandong Province, China.
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Revanchism
Revanchism (from revanche, "revenge") is the political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement.
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Runan County
Runan County (Traditional: 汝南縣; Simplified: 汝南县; Pinyin: Rǔnán Xiàn) is a county in Zhumadian, Henan, China.
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Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (p) comprises the Russian part of the Far East - the extreme eastern territory of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean.
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi is a province of the People's Republic of China.
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Shandong
Shandong (formerly romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.
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Shangqiu
Shangqiu, formerly romanized as Shangkiu, is a city in eastern Henan province, Central China.
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Shanxi
Shanxi (postal: Shansi) is a province of China, located in the North China region.
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Shaoxing
Shaoxing is a prefecture-level city on the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay in eastern Zhejiang province, China.
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Shatuo
The Shatuo (or, also: Shato, Sha-t'o, Sanskrit Sart Zuev Yu.A., "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries)", Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 127 (In Russian)) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century.
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Shi Miyuan
Shi Miyuan; 1164–1233) was a Chinese government official during the Southern Song Dynasty. He was instrumental in installing Emperor Lizong on the throne, despite the fact that Lizong was not in the line of succession. Under Lizong's rule, Shi was appointed Grand Chancellor. Shi was from a family of bureaucrats and was skilled in politics. He took the Imperial examinations at the age of only seventeen, and placed first in his class. After the dismissal of Han Tuozhou as Chief Councillor, Shi was appointed to the position in 1208 (a number of histories accuse Shi of orchestrating Han's murder). Once in power, he reversed many of Han's policies, making peace with the Jin and revoking proscriptions against the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi, although he still did not allow adherents of Zhu Xi's theories any great political power. He generally promoted officials on merit and was able to restore a degree of stability to government.
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Sichuan
Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan, is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south.
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Siege engine
A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare.
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Siege of Caizhou
The siege of Caizhou between 1233 and 1234 was fought between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the allied forces of the Mongol Empire and Southern Song dynasty.
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Siege of De'an
The Siege of De'an (德安之戰) was fought as part of the Jin-Song Wars of China in 1132, during the Jin invasion of Hubei and Shaanxi.
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Siege tower
A siege tower or breaching tower (or in the Middle Ages, a belfryCastle: Stephen Biesty'sSections. Dorling Kindersley Pub (T); 1st American edition (September 1994). Siege towers were invented in 300 BC.) is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders while approaching the defensive walls of a fortification.
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Sinicization
Sinicization, sinicisation, sinofication, or sinification is a process whereby non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly Han Chinese culture and societal norms.
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SinoMaps Press
SinoMaps Press, previously known as China Cartographic Publishing House, is a publisher in Beijing, China, specializing in professional map publishing.
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Sixteen Prefectures
The Sixteen Prefectures, more specifically the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun or the Sixteen Prefectures of You and Ji, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938.
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Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.
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Suizhou
Suizhou, formerly Sui County, is a prefecture-level city in northern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan province to the north and east.
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Suzhou
Suzhou (Wu Chinese), formerly romanized as Soochow, is a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China, about northwest of Shanghai.
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Tael
Tael (at the OED Online.) or tahil can refer to any one of several weight measures of the Far East.
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Taishang Huang
In Chinese history, a Taishang Huang or Taishang Huangdi, is a retired emperor who had, at least in name, abdicated in favour of someone else.
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Taiyuan
Taiyuan (also known as Bīng (并), Jìnyáng (晋阳)) is the capital and largest city of Shanxi province in North China.
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Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
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Tanghe County
Tanghe County is administered by Nanyang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Tangut people
The Tangut first appeared as a tribal union living under Tuyuhun authority and moved to Northwest China sometime before the 10th century to found the Western Xia or Tangut Empire (1038–1227).
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Tea
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to Asia.
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Tianxia
Tianxia is a Chinese term for an ancient Chinese cultural concept that denoted either the entire geographical world or the metaphysical realm of mortals, and later became associated with political sovereignty.
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Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars
The Jin–Song Wars were a series of armed conflicts conducted by the Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Song dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Tong Guan
Tong Guan (1054–1126), courtesy name Daofu (道夫), was a court eunuch, military general, political adviser, and state councillor to Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty.
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Treaty of Shaoxing
The Treaty of Shaoxing was the agreement that ended the military conflicts between the Jin dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty.
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Trebuchet
A trebuchet (French trébuchet) is a type of siege engine.
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Tribute
A tribute (/ˈtrɪbjuːt/) (from Latin tributum, contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance.
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Tungusic languages
The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and northeast China by Tungusic peoples.
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Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086) was a Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies.
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Wanyan Liang
Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Liang and his formal title Prince of Hailing (or Hailing Wang), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Wanyan Zonghan
Nianhan (1080–1136), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Zonghan, was a Jurchen noble and military general who lived in the founding and early years of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115-1234), which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Wenzhou
Wenzhou (pronounced; Wenzhounese) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Zhejiang province in the People's Republic of China.
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Western Xia
The Western Xia, also known as the Xi Xia Empire, to the Mongols as the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak,Stein (1972), pp.
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Working language
A working language (also procedural language) is a language that is given a unique legal status in a supranational company, society, state or other body or organization as its primary means of communication.
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Wudu District
Wudu District is a district of the city of Longnan, Gansu province, China.
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Wuzhu
Wuzhu (died 1148), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Zongbi, or Jin Wuzhu, was a prince, military general and civil minister of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Xi'an
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province, China.
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Xiangqi
Xiangqi, also called Chinese chess, is a strategy board game for two players.
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Xiangyang
Xiangyang is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
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Xihe County
Xihe County (Chinese: 西和县; Pinyin: Xīhé Xiàn) is a county under charge of Longnan City, Gansu Province of China.
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Xuyi County
Xuyi County is under the administration of Huai'an, Jiangsu province, China.
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Yangtze
The Yangtze, which is 6,380 km (3,964 miles) long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world.
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Yangzhou
Yangzhou, formerly romanized as Yangchow, is a prefecture-level city in central Jiangsu Province, China.
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Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He is the second longest river in Asia, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth longest river system in the world at the estimated length of.
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Yoshinobu Shiba
(born 20 October 1930) is a retired Japanese historian of China and professor emeritus of Osaka University, who specializes in Song dynasty history.
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Yu Yunwen
Yu Yunwen was a Chinese official and general who lived during the Song dynasty.
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Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan (Yehe Yuan Ulus), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan.
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Yue Fei
Yue Fei (24 March 1103 – 27 January 1142), courtesy name Pengju, was a Han Chinese military general who lived during the Southern Song dynasty.
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Zaoyang
Zaoyang is a city in northern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, near the border with Henan province.
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Zhang Jun (general)
Zhang Jun (1086–1154), was a Chinese general and official who fought during the Jin–Song Wars.
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Zhang Jun (Song chancellor)
Zhang Jun (1097–1164), style name Deyuan, was a Chinese chancellor between 1135 and 1137, military commissioner, and general of the Song dynasty.
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Zhang Zai
Zhang Zai (1020–1077) was a Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist.
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Zhejiang
, formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China.
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Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou is the capital of Henan Province in the central part of the People's Republic of China.
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Zhoushan
, formerly romanized as Chusan, is a prefecture-level "city" in northeastern Zhejiang Province in eastern China.
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1194 Yellow River flood
The 1194 Yellow River flood was a series of natural disasters along the Yellow River in China during the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
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Redirects here:
Decline of the Northern Song Dynasty, Fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty campaign against Song, Jin Dynasty campaign against Song China, Jin Dynasty campaign against the Song, Jin Dynasty campaign against the Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty campaigns against China, Jin Dynasty campaigns against the Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty conquest of northern China, Jin Dynasty invasion of the Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty invasions of the Song Dynasty, Jin campaign against the Song Dynasty, Jin campaigns against China, Jin campaigns against Song, Jin campaigns against Song Dynasty, Jin campaigns against the Song Dynasty, Jin campaigns against the Song dynasty, Jin conquest of China, Jin conquest of Song, Jin conquest of northern China, Jin invasion of China, Jin invasion of Song, Jin-Song War, Jin-Song Wars, Jin-Song wars, Jin-song, Jin-song wars, Jin–Song War, Jin–Song wars, Jurchen campaign against Song, Jurchen campaign against Song China, Jurchen campaign against Song Dynasty, Jurchen campaigns against China, Jurchen campaigns against Song, Jurchen campaigns against Song China, Jurchen campaigns against Song Dynasty, Jurchen campaigns against the Song Dynasty, Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty, Jurchen conquest of northern China, Jurchen invasion of China, Jurchen invasions of China, Jurchen invasions of Song China, Jurchen invasions of Song Dynasty China, Jurchen-Song Wars, Jurchen–Song Wars, Siege of De An, Siege of Dean, Siege of Te An, Siege of Te'an, Siege of Tean, Song-Jin War, Song-Jin Wars, Song-Jin wars, Song-Jurchen Wars, Song–Jin War, Song–Jin Wars, Song–Jurchen Wars.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin–Song_Wars
