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537 relations: Adolf Hitler, Adriatic Sea, Airborne forces, Aleksandar Ranković, Aleppo, Alexander Dubček, Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Alexander Kerensky, Alexander Kolchak, Alfredo Stroessner, Alija Alijagić, Allies of World War II, Aloysius Stepinac, Amsterdam, An Phoblacht, Anschluss, Anti-communism, Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, Antun Augustinčić, Apprenticeship, Athens, Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Army, Authoritarianism, Aviogenex, Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito, Axis powers, Čenkov, Škoda Works, Balance of payments, Balkan Air Force, Balkans, Belgians, Belgrade, Belgrade Observatory, Beli dvor, Benevolent dictatorship, Berkeley, California, Bihać, Bleiburg repatriations, Blic, Bolsheviks, Bolshoi Theatre, Bonn, Boris Kidrič, Borisav Ristić, Bosnia (region), Branko Horvat, Branko Mikulić, Brasília, ..., Brdo Castle near Kranj, Brijuni, Brno, Brussels, Budapest, Bukovina, Cambridge, Carlo Ponti, Catholic Church, Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše, Centralisation, Che Guevara, Chetniks, Chile, Cold War, Collaborationism, Cominform, Commander-in-chief, Communism, Communist International, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Conscription, Constitutional Court of Slovenia, Copenhagen, Croatia, Croatian language, Croatian Spring, Croats, Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France), Cyrillic script, Czech language, Czechoslovak Legion, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945, Czechoslovakia, Czechs, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, Dalmatia, Danube Swabians, Džemal Bijedić, Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Demonstration (protest), Draža Mihailović, Dragoljub Mićunović, Dragoslav Mihailović, Drvar, Dwight D. 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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula.
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Airborne forces
Airborne Military parachuting or gliding form of inserting personnel or supplies.
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Aleksandar Ranković
Aleksandar Ranković (nom de guerre Leka; Александар Ранковић Лека; 28 November 1909 – 19 August 1983) was a Yugoslav communist of Serb origin, considered to be the third most powerful man in Yugoslavia after Josip Broz Tito and Edvard Kardelj.
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Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.
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Alexander Dubček
Alexander Dubček (27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992) was a Slovak politician who served as the First secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) (de facto leader of Czechoslovakia) from January 1968 to April 1969.
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Alexander I of Yugoslavia
Alexander I (– 9 October 1934), also known as Alexander the Unifier, served as a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later became King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934 (prior to 1929 the state was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes).
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Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский,; Russian: Александръ Ѳедоровичъ Керенскій; 4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Alexander Kolchak
Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak CB (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Колча́к, – 7 February 1920) was an Imperial Russian admiral, military leader and polar explorer who served in the Imperial Russian Navy, who fought in the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War.
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Alfredo Stroessner
Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda (November 3, 1912 – August 16, 2006) was a Paraguayan military officer who served as President of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989.
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Alija Alijagić
Alija Alijagić (1896 – 8 March 1922) was a Bosnian communist and assassin known for murdering Milorad Drašković.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Aloysius Stepinac
Aloysius Viktor Stepinac (Alojzije Viktor Stepinac, 8 May 1898 – 10 February 1960) was a Croatian prelate of the Catholic Church and war criminal.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.
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An Phoblacht
An Phoblacht (Irish pronunciation:; The Republic) was a weekly, and later monthly, newspaper published by Sinn Féin in Ireland.
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Anschluss
Anschluss ('joining') refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.
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Anti-communism
Anti-communism is opposition to communism.
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Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia
The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, known more commonly by its Yugoslav abbreviation AVNOJ (Serbo-Croatian: Antifašističko veće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije – AVNOJ / Антифашистичко веће народног ослобођења Југославије – АВНОЈ), was the political umbrella organization for the national liberation councils of the Yugoslav resistance against the Axis occupation during World War II.
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Antun Augustinčić
Antun Augustinčić (4 May 1900 – 10 May 1979) was a prominent Croatian sculptor active in Yugoslavia.
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Apprenticeship
An apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading).
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Athens
Athens (Αθήνα, Athína; Ἀθῆναι, Athênai) is the capital and largest city of Greece.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Austro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army (Landstreitkräfte Österreich-Ungarns; Császári és Királyi Hadsereg) was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918.
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Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
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Aviogenex
Aviogenex (literary Serbian: Aviogeneks / Авиогенекс) washttp://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/AGX a Serbian and Yugoslavian charter airline based at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport.
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Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito
The following is a full list of awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav president and statesman, sorted by continents and Cold War bloc division.
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Axis powers
The Axis powers (Achsenmächte; Potenze dell'Asse; 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Axis and the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied forces.
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Čenkov
Čenkov is a village and municipality in Příbram District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
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Škoda Works
The Škoda Works (Škodovy závody) was one of the largest European industrial conglomerates of the 20th century, founded by Czech engineer Emil Škoda in 1859 in Plzeň, then in the Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian Empire.
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Balance of payments
The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated B.O.P. or BoP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year).
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Balkan Air Force
The Balkan Air Force (BAF) was an Allied air formation operating in the Balkans during World War II.
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Balkans
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
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Belgians
Belgians (Belgen, Belges, Belgier) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe.
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Belgrade
Belgrade (Beograd / Београд, meaning "White city",; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia.
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Belgrade Observatory
Belgrade Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia, in the natural environment of Zvezdara Forest.
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Beli dvor
The White Palace (Бели двор / Beli dvor) is a former royal residence of the Karađorđević dynasty.
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Benevolent dictatorship
A benevolent dictatorship is a form of government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state but does so for the benefit of the population as a whole.
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Berkeley, California
Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California.
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Bihać
Bihać is a city and the administrative center of Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bleiburg repatriations
Bleiburg repatriations (see terminology) is a term encompassing events that took place after the end of World War II in Europe, when tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians associated with the Axis fleeing Yugoslavia were repatriated to that country.
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Blic
Blic (Cyrillic: Блиц) is a daily middle-market tabloid newspaper in Serbia.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Bolshoi Theatre
The Bolshoi Theatre (p) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, originally designed by architect Joseph Bové, which holds ballet and opera performances.
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Bonn
The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000.
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Boris Kidrič
Boris Kidrič (10 April 1912 – 11 April 1953) was one of the chief organizers of the Slovene Partisans, the Slovene resistance against occupation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy after the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941.
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Borisav Ristić
Borisav "Bora" Ristić (Kragujevac, 31 December 1883 – Belgrade, 30 October 1967) was a high-ranking officer of the Serbian Army and a divisional general of the Royal Yugoslav Army.
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Bosnia (region)
Bosnia (Bosna/Босна) is the northern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, encompassing roughly 81% of the country; the other eponymous region, the southern part, is Herzegovina.
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Branko Horvat
Branko Horvat (24 July 1928 – 18 December 2003) was a Yugoslav and Croatian economist and politician born in Petrinja.
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Branko Mikulić
Branko Mikulić (10 June 1928 – 12 April 1994) was a Yugoslavian statesman.
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Brasília
Brasília is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District.
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Brdo Castle near Kranj
Brdo Castle near Kranj (grad Brdo pri Kranju, Egg) is an estate and a mansion in the Slovenian region of Upper Carniola west of the village of Predoslje (City Municipality of Kranj) northwest of Ljubljana.
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Brijuni
The Brijuni or the Brijuni Islands (also known as the Brionian Islands; Brioni) are a group of fourteen small islands in the Croatian part of the northern Adriatic Sea, separated from the west coast of the Istrian peninsula by the narrow Fažana Strait.
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Brno
Brno (Brünn) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic by population and area, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia.
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Brussels
Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.
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Budapest
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.
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Bukovina
Bukovina (Bucovina; Bukowina/Buchenland; Bukowina; Bukovina, Буковина Bukovyna; see also other languages) is a historical region in Central Europe,Klaus Peter Berger,, Kluwer Law International, 2010, p. 132 divided between Romania and Ukraine, located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains.
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Cambridge
Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.
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Carlo Ponti
Carlo Fortunaro Pietro Ponti Sr. (11 December 1912 – 10 January 2007) was an Italian film producer with more than 140 productions to his credit.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše covers the role of the Croatian Catholic Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a Nazi puppet state created on the territory of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia in 1941.
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Centralisation
Centralisation (British), or centralization (both British and American), is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location or group, keeping all of the important decision-making powers within the head office or the centre of the organisation.
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Che Guevara
Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967)The date of birth recorded on was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year.
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Chetniks
The Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, also known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland or The Ravna Gora Movement, commonly known as the Chetniks (Četnici, Четници,; Četniki), was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović, an anti-Axis movement in their long-term goals which engaged in marginal resistance activities for limited periods.
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Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Collaborationism
Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country in wartime.
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Cominform
Founded on October 5, 1947, Cominform (from Communist Information Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties.
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Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief, also sometimes called supreme commander, or chief commander, is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Communist International
The Communist International (Comintern), known also as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism.
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Constitutional Court of Slovenia
The Constitutional Court of Slovenia (in Slovene: Ustavno sodišče Republike Slovenije, US RS) is a special court established by the Slovenian Constitution.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (København; Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark.
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Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.
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Croatian language
Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighboring countries.
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Croatian Spring
The Croatian Spring (Hrvatsko proljeće, also called masovni pokret or MASPOK, for "mass movement") was a cultural and political movement that emerged from the League of Communists of Croatia in the late 1960s which opposed the unitarisation and called for economic, cultural and political reforms in SFR Yugoslavia and therefore more rights for SR Croatia within Yugoslavia.
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Croats
Croats (Hrvati) or Croatians are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia.
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Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
The Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the Croix de guerre created on September 26, 1939, to honour people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.
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Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).
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Czech language
Czech (čeština), historically also Bohemian (lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group.
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Czechoslovak Legion
The Czechoslovak Legion (Československé legie in Czech and Slovak) were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs with a small number of Slovaks (approximately 8 percent) fighting together with the Entente powers during World War I. Their goal was to win the Allied Powers' support for the independence of Bohemia and Moravia from the Austrian Empire and of Slovak territories from the Kingdom of Hungary, which were then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czech/Slovak: Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR) ruled Czechoslovakia from 1948 until 23 April 1990, when the country was under Communist rule.
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Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945
The Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945 (Československý válečný kříž 1939–1945 in Czech, Československý vojnový kríž 1939–1945 in Slovak) is a military decoration of the former state of Czechoslovakia which was issued for those who had provided great service to the Czechoslovak state (in exile) during the years of World War II.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko), was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the:Czech Republic and:Slovakia on 1 January 1993.
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Czechs
The Czechs (Češi,; singular masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka) or the Czech people (Český národ), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and Czech language.
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Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) (Daimler Motors Corporation) was a German engineer and later automobile manufacturer, in operation from 1890 until 1926.
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Dalmacija; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia and Istria.
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Danube Swabians
The Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben) is a collective term for the German-speaking population who lived in various countries of southeastern Europe, especially in the Danube River valley.
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Džemal Bijedić
Džemal Bijedić (12 April 1917 – 18 January 1977) was a Yugoslav Communist politician from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito
The funeral of Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia, was held on 8 May 1980, four days after his death on 4 May.
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Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
The Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich) is a national honour awarded by the Republic of Austria.
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Demonstration (protest)
A demonstration or street protest is action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause; it normally consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, to hear speakers.
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Draža Mihailović
Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović (Драгољуб Дража Михаиловић, known to his supporters as Uncle Draža (Чича Дража / Čiča Draža; 27 April 1893 – 17 July 1946), was a Yugoslav Serb general during World War II. A staunch royalist, he retreated to the mountains near Belgrade when the Germans overran Yugoslavia in April 1941 and there he organized bands of guerrillas known as the Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army. The organisation is commonly known as the Chetniks, although the name of the organisation was later changed to the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (JVUO, ЈВУО). Founded as the first Yugoslav resistance movement, it was royalist and nationalist, as opposed to the other, Josip Broz Tito's Partisans who were communist. Initially, the two groups operated in parallel, but by late 1941 began fighting each other in the attempt to gain control of post-war Yugoslavia. Many Chetnik groups collaborated or established modus vivendi with the Axis powers. Mihailović himself collaborated with Milan Nedić and Dimitrije Ljotić at the end of the war. After the war, Mihailović was captured by the communists. He was tried and convicted of high treason and war crimes by the communist authorities of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, and executed by firing squad in Belgrade. The nature and extent of his responsibility for collaboration and ethnic massacres remains controversial. On 14 May 2015, Mihailović was rehabilitated after a ruling by the Supreme Court of Cassation, the highest appellate court in Serbia.
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Dragoljub Mićunović
Dragoljub Mićunović (Драгољуб Мићуновић; born 14 June 1930) is a Serbian politician and philosopher.
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Dragoslav Mihailović
Dragoslav Mihailović (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгослав Михаиловић; born 17 November 1930) is a Serbian writer.
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Drvar
Drvar (Cyrillic: Дрвар) is a town and municipality located in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
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Eastern Approaches
Eastern Approaches (1949) is an autobiographical account of the early career of Fitzroy Maclean.
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Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
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Eastern Front (World War I)
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front, sometimes called the Second Fatherland War or Second Patriotic War (Вторая Отечественная война, Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna) in Russian sources) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with "Western Front", which was being fought in Belgium and France. During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two Armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains. The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky. The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. Kerensky oversaw the July Offensive, which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian Army. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions. Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty, though both of the treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918.
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Economic Cooperation Administration
The Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) was a U.S. government agency set up in 1948 to administer the Marshall Plan.
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Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Despite common origins, the economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was significantly different from the economies of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist states, especially after the Yugoslav-Soviet break-up of 1948.
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Edvard Kardelj
Edvard Kardelj (27 January 1910 – 10 February 1979), also known under the pseudonyms Bevc, Sperans and Krištof, was a Yugoslav journalist from Ljubljana, Slovenia, and one of the leading members of the illegal Communist Party of Slovenia before World War II.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
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Elizabeth Taylor
Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-born American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian.
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Episcopal Conference of Yugoslavia
The Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia was an episcopal conference of the Catholic Church covering the territory of Yugoslavia.
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Erich Honecker
Erich Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German politician who, as the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. From 1976 onward he was also the country's official head of state as chairman of the State Council following Willi Stoph's relinquishment of the post. Honecker's political career began in the 1930s when he became an official of the Communist Party of Germany, a position for which he was imprisoned during the Nazi era. Following World War II, he was freed and soon relaunched his political activities, founding the youth organisation the Free German Youth in 1946 and serving as the group's chairman until 1955. As the Security Secretary of the Party’s Central Committee in the new East German state, he was the prime organiser of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and, in this function, bore responsibility for the "order to fire" along the Inner German border. In 1971, he initiated a political power struggle that led, with Soviet support, to his replacing Walter Ulbricht as First Secretary of the Central Committee and as chairman of the state's National Defense Council. Under his command, the country adopted a programme of "consumer socialism" and moved toward the international community by normalising relations with West Germany and also becoming a full member of the UN, in what is considered one of his greatest political successes. As Cold War tensions eased in the late 1980s under perestroika and glasnost, the liberal reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Honecker refused all but cosmetic changes to the East German political system, citing the continual hardliner attitudes of Kim Il-sung and Fidel Castro, whose respective regimes of North Korea and Cuba had been critical of reforms, leaders who ruthlessly suppressed opposition. As anticommunist protests grew, Honecker begged the USSR to intervene and suppress the protests to maintain communist rule in East Germany like the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956; Gorbachev refused. Honecker was forced to resign by his party in October 1989 in a bid to improve the government's image before the public. Honecker's eighteen years at the helm of the soon-to-collapse German Democratic Republic came to an end. Following German reunification, he sought asylum in the Chilean embassy in Moscow in 1991 but was extradited back to Germany a year later to stand trial for his role in the human rights abuses committed by the East German government. However, the proceedings were abandoned due to illness and he was freed from custody to travel to join his family in exile in Chile, where he died in May 1994 from liver cancer.
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Ethiopian Empire
The Ethiopian Empire (የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥተ), also known as Abyssinia (derived from the Arabic al-Habash), was a kingdom that spanned a geographical area in the current state of Ethiopia.
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.
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Exploitation of labour
Exploitation of labour is the act of treating one's workers unfairly for one's own benefit.
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Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
The Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (International Exposition of Art and Technology in Modern Life) was held from 25 May to 25 November 1937 in Paris, France.
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Extrajudicial punishment
Extrajudicial punishment is punishment for an alleged crime or offense carried out without legal process or supervision from a court or tribunal through a legal proceeding.
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February Revolution
The February Revolution (p), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
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Fencing
Fencing is a group of three related combat sports.
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Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.
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Finland
Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.
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Francisco Goya
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Frederick I of Sweden
Frederick I (Fredrik I; 28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751) was prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720, and King of Sweden from 1720 until his death and (as Frederick I) also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730.
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Free market
In economics, a free market is an idealized system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.
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Galeb (yacht)
Yugoslav Navy (JRM) training ship Galeb, also known as The Peace Ship Galeb (Brod Mira Galeb), was used as an official yacht by the late President of the Yugoslav Republic, Marshal Josip Broz Tito.
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Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.
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Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (جمال عبد الناصر حسين,; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death in 1970.
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Gangrene
Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply.
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Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 19112 April 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history—and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.
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Georgi Dimitrov
Georgi Dimitrov Mikhaylov (Гео̀рги Димитро̀в Миха̀йлов), also known as Georgi Mikhaylovich Dimitrov (Гео́ргий Миха́йлович Дими́тров; 18 June 1882 – 2 July 1949), was a Bulgarian communist politician.
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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German-occupied Europe
German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945 and administered by the Nazi regime.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gina Lollobrigida
Luigina "Gina" Lollobrigida (born 4 July 1927) is an Italian actress, photojournalist and sculptor.
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Goli otok
Goli otok (meaning "barren island"; Isola Calva) is a barren, uninhabited island that was the site of a political prison in use when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia.
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Government of Serbia
The Government of Serbia (Влада Србије / Vlada Srbije), formally the Government of the Republic of Serbia (Влада Републике Србије / Vlada Republike Srbije), commonly abbreviated to Serbian Government (Српска Влада / Srpska Vlada), is the executive branch of government in Serbia.
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Great Purge
The Great Purge or the Great Terror (Большо́й терро́р) was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938.
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Greater Serbia
The term Greater Serbia or Great Serbia (Велика Србија / Velika Srbija) describes the Serbian nationalist and irredentist ideology of the creation of a Serb state which would incorporate all regions of traditional significance to Serbs, including regions outside Serbia that are populated by Serbs.
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Greek Civil War
Τhe Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, o Emfýlios, "the Civil War") was fought in Greece from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army—backed by the United Kingdom and the United States—and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE)—the military branch of the Greek Communist Party (KKE).
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Gross national product
Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country.
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Guatemala
Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala (República de Guatemala), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast.
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Guinea
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea (République de Guinée), is a country on the western coast of Africa.
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Haile Selassie
Haile Selassie I (ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ, qädamawi haylä səllasé,;, born Ras Tafari Makonnen, was Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and emperor from 1930 to 1974.
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Heimwehr
The Heimwehr (Home Guard) or sometimes Heimatschutz (Homeland Protection) were a nationalist, initially paramilitary group operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s; they were similar in methods, organisation, and ideology to Germany's Freikorps.
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Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1974 to 1982.
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Herta Haas
Herta Haas (29 March 1914 – 5 March 2010) was a Yugoslav Partisan during World War II and the second wife of Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Partisans and a future President of Yugoslavia.
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High treason
Treason is criminal disloyalty.
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Historical revisionism
In historiography, the term historical revisionism identifies the re-interpretation of the historical record.
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History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire).
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Hotel Lux
The former Hotel Lux in Moscow. Hotel Lux (Люксъ) was a hotel in Moscow that, during the early years of the Soviet Union, housed many leading exiled Communists.
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House of Flowers (mausoleum)
House of Flowers (Kuća cveća or Kuća cvijeća, Кућа цвећа) is the resting place of Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980), the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and his wife Jovanka Broz (1924–2013).
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Hrvatsko Zagorje
Hrvatsko zagorje is a region north of Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hua Guofeng
Hua Guofeng (born Su Zhu; 16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008) was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Communist Party of China and Premier of the People's Republic of China.
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Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.
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Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada (2816 August 2003) was a Ugandan politician and military officer.
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Independent State of Croatia
The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Stato Indipendente di Croazia) was a World War II fascist puppet state of Germany and Italy.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress.
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Informbiro period
Informbiro (also the Informbiro period or the time of the Informbiro) was a period in the history of Yugoslavia which spanned from 1948 to 1955, characterised by conflict and schism with the Soviet Union.
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International Brigades
The International Brigades (Brigadas Internacionales) were paramilitary units set up by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War.
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976 in accordance with Article 49 of the covenant.
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International Workers' Day
International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day or Workers' Day in some countries and often referred to as May Day, is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement which occurs every year on May Day (1 May), an ancient European spring festival.
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Invasion of Yugoslavia
The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II.
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra; Istriot: Eîstria; Istria; Istrien), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.
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Ivan Šubašić
Ivan Šubašić (7 May 1892 – 22 March 1955) was a Croatian and Yugoslav politician, best known as the last Ban of Croatia.
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Ivan Gošnjak
Ivan Gošnjak (Иван Гошњак; 10 June 1909 – 8 February 1980) was a Croatian communist who held numerous important offices in Yugoslavia during and after World War II, serving as the Minister of Defence from 1953 to 1967.
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Ivan Ribar
Ivan Ribar (21 January 1881 - 2 February 1968) was a Yugoslav politician and soldier of Croatian descent.
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Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲeɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; September 3, 1883) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West.
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Ivo Banac
Ivo Banac (born March 1, 1947) is a Croatian historian, a long-time history professor at Yale University and was a politician of the former Liberal Party in Croatia.
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Jajce
Jajce is a town and municipality located in Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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James Callaghan
Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), often known as Jim Callaghan, served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980.
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Jaroslav Vanek
Jaroslav Vaněk (20 April 1930 – 15 November 2017) was an economist and Professor Emeritus of Cornell University known for his research on economics of participation (labour-managed firms, worker cooperatives) and, in his earlier career, on the theory of international trade.
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Jastrebarsko
Jastrebarsko (Jaska), colloquially known as Jaska, is a town in Zagreb County, Croatia.
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Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence.
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János Kádár
János Kádár (26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989) was a Hungarian communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, presiding over the country from 1956 until his retirement in 1988.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
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Joška Broz
Josip Broz (Јосип Броз; born 1947), commonly known as Joška Broz (Јошка Броз), is a politician in Serbia.
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Jože Plečnik
Jože Plečnik (23 January 1872 – 7 January 1957) was a Slovene architect who had a major impact on the modern identity of Vienna, Prague and of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, most notably by designing the iconic Triple Bridge and the Slovene National and University Library building, as well as the embankments along the Ljubljanica River, the Ljubljana open market buildings, the Ljubljana cemetery, parks, plazas etc.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.
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Jovanka Broz
Jovanka Broz (born Budisavljević, Јованка Будисављевић Броз; 7 December 1924 – 20 October 2013) was First Lady of Yugoslavia as the wife of Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito.
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July Days
The July Days refers to events that took place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 – 7 July 1917 (Julian calendar) (16 July – 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers, sailors, and industrial workers engaged in spontaneous armed demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government.
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Jutarnji list
Jutarnji list is a Croatian daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in Zagreb since April, 6, 1998, by EPH (Europapress holding, owned by Ninoslav Pavić) which eventually changed name in Hanza Media, when bought by Marijan Hanžeković.
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Kajkavian
Kajkavian (Kajkavian noun: kajkavščina; Shtokavian adjective: kajkavski, noun: kajkavica or kajkavština) is a South Slavic regiolect or language spoken primarily by Croats in much of Central Croatia, Gorski Kotar and northern Istria.
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Kamnik
Kamnik (SteinLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, pp. 26–27. or Stein in Oberkrain) is a town in northern Slovenia.
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Kamnik–Savinja Alps
The Kamnik–Savinja Alps (Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps.
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Karađorđevo (Bačka Palanka)
Karađorđevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Карађорђево) is a village located in the Bačka Palanka municipality, in the South Bačka District of Serbia.
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Kazan
Kazan (p; Казан) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.
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Kenneth Kaunda
Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991.
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Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
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Kharkiv
Kharkiv (Ха́рків), also known as Kharkov (Ха́рьков) from Russian, is the second-largest city in Ukraine.
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Khartoum
Khartoum is the capital and largest city of Sudan.
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Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung (or Kim Il Sung) (born Kim Sŏng-ju; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the first leader of North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.
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Kingdom of Bavaria
The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918.
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Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Horvát-Szlavón Királyság; Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien) was a nominally autonomous kingdom within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement.
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Kingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire).
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Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság), also known as the Regency, existed from 1920 to 1946 as a de facto country under Regent Miklós Horthy.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
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Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia (Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija), often rendered as Servia in English sources during the time of its existence, was created when Milan I, ruler of the Principality of Serbia, was proclaimed king in 1882.
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Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; Кралство Југославија) was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe, that existed from 1918 until 1941, during the interwar period and beginning of World War II.
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Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García
Brigadier General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García (January 24, 1930, Harris M. Lentz, Routledge, 4 Feb 2014, page 345 – December 9, 2009) was President of Guatemala from July 1, 1974 to July 1, 1978.
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Koča Popović
Konstantin "Koča" Popović (Константин Коча Поповић; 14 March 1908 – 20 October 1992) was a Yugoslav communist volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, 1937–1939 and Divisional Commander of the First Proletarian Division of the Yugoslav Partisans.
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Koper
Koper (Capodistria) is a city in southwestern Slovenia, with the other Slovenian coastal towns Ankaran, Izola, Piran, and Portorož, situated along the country's 47-kilometre coastline, in the Istrian Region, approximately five kilometres from its border with Italy.
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Korenica
Korenica is a small town in Lika, Croatia, located in the municipality of Plitvička Jezera, on the road between Plitvice and Udbina.
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Kraljevica
Kraljevica (known as Porto Re in Italian and literally translated as "King's cove" in English) is a town in the Kvarner region of Croatia, located between Rijeka and Crikvenica, approximately thirty kilometers from Opatija and near the entrance to the bridge to the island of Krk.
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Ksaver Šandor Gjalski
Ksaver Šandor Gjalski (26 October 1854 – 6 February 1935) was a Croatian writer and civil servant.
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Kumrovec
Kumrovec is a village in the northern part Croatia, part of Krapina-Zagorje County.
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Kungur
Kungur (Кунгу́р) is a town in the southeast of Perm Krai, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains at the confluence of the Iren and Shakhva Rivers into the Sylva River (Kama's basin).
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Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah PC (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and revolutionary.
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Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz (natively кыргызча, قىرعىزچه, kyrgyzcha or кыргыз тили, قىرعىز تيلى, kyrgyz tili) is a Turkic language spoken by about four million people in Kyrgyzstan as well as China, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia.
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Kyrgyz people
The Kyrgyz people (also spelled Kyrghyz and Kirghiz) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily Kyrgyzstan.
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Lake Bled
Lake Bled (Blejsko jezero; Bleder See, Veldeser See) is a lake in the Julian Alps of the Upper Carniolan region of northwestern Slovenia, where it adjoins the town of Bled.
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Lazar Koliševski
Lazar Koliševski (Лазар Колишевски; 12 February 1914 – 6 July 2000) was Yugoslav communist political leader in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia and briefly in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Leader of Sinn Féin
The leader of Sinn Féin (alternatively known as the Uachtarán Shinn Féin or President of Sinn Féin) is the most senior politician within the Sinn Féin political party in Ireland.
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League of Communists of Croatia
League of Communists of Croatia (Savez komunista Hrvatske or SKH) was the Croatian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ).
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League of Communists of Yugoslavia
The League of Communists of Yugoslavia, before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, was the country's largest communist party, and the ruling party of SFR Yugoslavia.
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Legion of Honour
The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.
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Leo Tolstoy
Count Lyov (also Lev) Nikolayevich Tolstoy (also Лев) Николаевич ТолстойIn Tolstoy's day, his name was written Левъ Николаевичъ Толстой.
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Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (a; Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death and funeral in 1982.
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Lepoglava prison
Lepoglava prison (officially Lepoglava penitentiary, Kaznionica u Lepoglavi) is the oldest prison in Croatia.
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Liberia
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.
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Libya
Libya (ليبيا), officially the State of Libya (دولة ليبيا), is a sovereign state in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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List of awards
A list of orders, medals, prizes, and other awards, of military, civil, and ecclesiastical conferees.
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List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II
This is a list of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
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List of dignitaries at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela
This is a list of dignitaries at the state memorial service of Nelson Mandela.
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List of monarchs of the Netherlands
This is a list of monarchs of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koningen der Nederlanden).
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List of places named after Josip Broz Tito
During Josip Broz Tito's presidency and in the years following his death in 1980, several places in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and elsewhere were named or renamed in honor of him as part of his cult of personality.
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List of Presidents of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia
This article lists the Presidents of the Federal Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Ljubljana
Ljubljana (locally also; also known by other, historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia.
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Ljubljana University Medical Centre
The Ljubljana University Medical Centre (Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana, abb. UKC Ljubljana) or Ljubljana UMC is the largest hospital centre in Slovenia based in Ljubljana.
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Lock (security device)
A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is released by a physical object (such as a key, keycard, fingerprint, RFID card, security token, coin etc.), by supplying secret information (such as a keycode or password), or by a combination thereof.
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Los caprichos
Los caprichos are a set of 80 prints in aquatint and etching created by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya in 1797 and 1798, and published as an album in 1799.
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Machinist
A machinist is a person who machines using hand tools and machine tools to prototype, fabricate or make modifications to a part that is made of metal, plastics, or wood.
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Mannheim
Mannheim (Palatine German: Monnem or Mannem) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany, the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe with a 2015 population of approximately 305,000 inhabitants.
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Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.
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Maribor
Maribor (German: Marburg an der Drau) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria.
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Marijin Dvor (Sarajevo)
Marijin Dvor (Cyrillic: Маријин Двор, "Maria's Yard") or Marindvor (Cyrillic: Мариндвор), is a neighborhood in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Market socialism
Market socialism is a type of economic system involving the public, cooperative or social ownership of the means of production in the framework of a market economy.
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Marshal of Yugoslavia
Marshal of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene: Maršal Jugoslavije, Cyrillic script: Маршал Југославије; Macedonian: Маршал на Југославија) was the highest rank of Yugoslav People's Army (equivalent to field marshal), and, simultaneously, a Yugoslav honorific title.
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Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $ billion in US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Marxists Internet Archive
Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit website that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of Marxist, communist, socialist, and anarchist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, Che Guevara, Mikhail Bakunin, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu and Adam Smith).
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Mauritania
Mauritania (موريتانيا; Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwestern Africa.
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Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is a global automobile marque and a division of the German company Daimler AG.
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Mišo Broz
Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz (born May 1941) is a Croatian retired diplomat.
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Mika Špiljak
Mika Špiljak (or; 28 November 1916 – 18 May 2007) was a Croatian politician in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Milan Gorkić
Milan Gorkić or Josip Čižinski (born as Josef Čižinský, Јосип Чижински; 19 February 1904 – 1 November 1937) was a high-ranking Yugoslav communist.
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Milan Stojadinović
Milan Stojadinović (Милан Стојадиновић; 4 August 1888 – 26 October 1961) was a Serbian and Yugoslav political figure and a noted economist.
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Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)
The military dictatorship of Chile (dictadura militar de Chile) was an authoritarian military government that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990.
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Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) is a Portuguese order of chivalry.
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Military Order of the White Lion
The Military Order of the White Lion (Vojenský řád Bílého lva „Za vítězství“), also known as the Military Order of the White Lion "For Victory", was an award established on 9 February 1945 to reward military merit, either personal acts of bravery or leadership.
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Milorad B. Protić
Milorad B. Protić (Милорад Б. Протић; 6 August 1911, Belgrade – 29 October 2001, Belgrade) was a Serbian astronomer, discoverer of comets and minor planets, and three times director of the Belgrade Observatory.
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Milorad Drašković
Milorad Drašković (Милорад Драшковић; 10 April 1873 – 21 July 1921) was a Serbian politician who was the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
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Milovan Djilas
Milovan Djilas (Milovan Đilas/Милован Ђилас; 12 June 1911 – 20 April 1995) was a Yugoslav communist politician, theorist and author.
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Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)
Through the history of Yugoslavia, the defence ministry which was responsible for defence of the country was known under several different names.
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yugoslavia)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia refers to the foreign affairs ministry which was responsible for representing internationally the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1945 and the communist SFR Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1992.
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Mitja Ribičič
Mitja Ribičič (19 May 1919 – 28 November 2013) was a Slovenian Communist official and Yugoslav politician.
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Mitrovica, Kosovo
Mitrovica (Mitrovicë) or Kosovska Mitrovica (Serbian Cyrillic: Косовска Митровица) is a city and municipality located in the Mitrovica District of Kosovo.
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Moša Pijade
Moša Pijade (Мoшa Пиjaдe; 4 January 1890 – 15 March 1957), nicknamed Čiča Janko (Чича Јанко, lit. "Uncle Janko") was a prominent Serbian and Yugoslav communist, a close collaborator of Josip Broz Tito, former President of Yugoslavia, and full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
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Monarchism
Monarchism is the advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule.
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Monrovia
Monrovia is the capital city of the West African country of Liberia.
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Montenegrins
Montenegrins (Montenegrin: Црногорци/Crnogorci, or), literally "People of the Black Mountain", are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Montenegro.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Morović
Morović is a village in northwestern Serbia in the Šid municipality, Srem District, autonomous province of Vojvodina.
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Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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Munich
Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.
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Munich Agreement
The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the "Sudetenland", was coined.
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Museum of Yugoslavia
The Museum of Yugoslavia (Muzej Jugoslavije) is a public history museum in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.
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Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia.
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Nairobi
Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya.
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Narva
Narva (Нарва) is the third largest city in Estonia.
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National Order of Merit (France)
The National Order of Merit (Ordre national du Mérite) is a French order of merit with membership awarded by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle.
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National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Ne Win
Ne Win (နေဝင်း; 10 July 1910, or 14 or 24 May 1911 – 5 December 2002), sometimes known honorifically as U Ne Win was a Burmese politician and military commander.
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Neo-fascism
Neo-fascism is a post–World War II ideology that includes significant elements of fascism.
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Neo-Nazism
Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism.
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Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu (26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.
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Nikolai Bulganin
Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (– 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defense minister under Joseph Stalin.
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Nishan-e-Pakistan
The Nishan-e-Pakistan (نشان پاکستان, English: Order of Pakistan) is the highest of civil awards and decorations given by the Government of Pakistan for the highest degree of service to the country and nation of Pakistan.
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NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.
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Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
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Non-commissioned officer
A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who has not earned a commission.
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Novi Sad
Novi Sad (Нови Сад,; Újvidék; Nový Sad; see below for other names) is the second largest city of Serbia, the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina and the administrative center of the South Bačka District.
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Ogulin
Ogulin is a town in north-western Croatia, in Karlovac County.
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Omsk
Omsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, Russia, located in southwestern Siberia from Moscow.
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Opatija
Opatija (Abbazia, German: Sankt Jakobi) is a town in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia.
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Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
Operation Rösselsprung (Knight's move) was a combined airborne and ground assault by the German XV Mountain Corps and their allies on the Supreme Headquarters of the Yugoslav Partisans located in the Bosnian town of Drvar in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.
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Order (distinction)
An order is a visible honour awarded by a sovereign state, monarch, dynastic royal house or organisation to a recipient, typically in recognition of individual merit, that often comes with distinctive insignia such as collars, medals, badges, and sashes worn by recipients.
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Order of Carol I
The Order of Carol I (Romanian: Ordinul Carol I) was the highest ranking of the Romanian honours of the Kingdom of Romania until the abolition of the monarchy in 1947.
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Order of chivalry
A chivalric order, order of chivalry, order of knighthood or equestrian order is an order, confraternity or society of knights typically founded during or in inspiration of the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (circa 1099-1291), paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.
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Order of Freedom (Yugoslavia)
Order of Freedom (Orden slobode, Red svobode Орден на слободата) was the highest military decoration awarded in Yugoslavia, by Lukasz Gaszewski 2000, 2003Standard magazin:, br.133, 05.12.2008.
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Order of Georgi Dimitrov
The Order of Georgi Dimitrov (or Order of Georgy Dimitrov, Bul: Орден Георги Димитров) was the highest award of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.
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Order of Independence
Order of Independence (or Independence Order) (Huân chương Độc lập) shall be conferred or posthumously conferred on individuals who have recorded exceptionally outstanding achievements in one of the political, economic, social, literature, art, scientific, technological, defense, security, diplomatic or other domains.
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Order of Karl Marx
The Order of Karl Marx was the most important order in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
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Order of Lenin
The Order of Lenin (Orden Lenina), named after the leader of the Russian October Revolution, was established by the Central Executive Committee on April 6, 1930.
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Order of Leopold (Belgium)
The Order of Leopold (Leopoldsorde, Ordre de Léopold) is one of the three current Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood.
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Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero
The Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero (Orden de Manuel Amador Guerrero) is the highest honour of Panama.
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Order of Merit (Cameroon)
The Order of Merit is an order of knighthood of the Cameroon.
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Order of Merit (Chile)
The Order of Merit (Orden del Mérito) is a Chilean military order and was created in 1929.
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Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the only federal decoration of Germany.
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Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana) was founded as the senior order of knighthood by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi in 1951.
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Order of Michael the Brave
The Order of Michael the Brave (Ordinul Mihai Viteazul) is Romania's highest military decoration, instituted by King Ferdinand I during the early stages of the Romanian Campaign of the First World War, and was again awarded in the Second World War.
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Order of Mono
The Order of Mono is the highest Togolese order of chivalry, established on September 2, 1961 by President Sylvanus Olympio.
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Order of National Liberation
The Order of National Liberation (Orden narodnog oslobođenja) was a decoration of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, the fifth-highest decoration in the series of Yugoslav decorations.
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Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
The Most Glorious Order of the Ojaswi Rajanya (Ojaswi Rajanyako Manapadvi) was an order of knighthood of Nepal.
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Order of Pahlavi
The Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran, in Persian: "Neshan-e Pahlavi" was the highest order of the former Imperial State of Iran.
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Order of Polonia Restituta
The Order of Polonia Restituta (Order Odrodzenia Polski, Order of the Rebirth of Poland) is a Polish state order established 4 February 1921.
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Order of Prince Henry
The Order of Prince Henry the Navigator (Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique) is a Portuguese National Order of Knighthood created on 2 June 1960, to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of the Infante Henry the Navigator (known in Portuguese as Henrique), third son of King John I of Portugal and his queen, Philippa of Lancaster.
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Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on August 21, 1847.
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Order of Sukhbaatar
The Order of Sukhbaatar (or Order of Suche Bator) was an award of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR), instituted on 16 May 1941.
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Order of Suvorov
The Order of Suvorov (Russian Орден Суворова) is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named in honor of Russian Field Marshal Count Alexander Suvorov (1729–1800).
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Order of the Aztec Eagle
The Order of the Aztec Eagle (Orden Mexicana del Águila Azteca) forms part of the Mexican Honours System and is the highest Mexican order awarded to foreigners in the country.
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Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.
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Order of the Chrysanthemum
is Japan's highest order.
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Order of the Condor of the Andes
The Order of the Condor of the Andes (La Orden del Cóndor de los Andes) is a state decoration of the Plurinational State of Bolivia instituted on 12 April 1925.
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Order of the Cross of Grunwald
The Order of the Cross of Grunwald was a military decoration created in Poland in November 1943 by the High Command of Gwardia Ludowa, a World War II Polish resistance movement organised by the Polish Workers Party.
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Order of the Elephant
The Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen) is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour.
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Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
The Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Ordre du Lion d'Or de la Maison de Nassau, Huisorde van de Gouden Leeuw van Nassau) is a chivalric order shared by the two branches of the House of Nassau (the Ottonian and Walramian lines).
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Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour
Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour (Orden junaka socijalističkog rada, Red junaka socialističnega dela, Орден на јунак на социјалистичката работа) was the fourth highest state decoration awarded in Yugoslavia.
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Order of the Liberator
The Order of the Liberator was the highest distinction of Venezuela and was appointed for services to the country, outstanding merit and benefits made to the community.
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Order of the Netherlands Lion
The Order of the Netherlands Lion, also referred to as the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands (De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw, L'Ordre du Lion Néerlandais) is a Dutch order of chivalry founded by King William I of the Netherlands on 29 September 1815.
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Order of the Nile
The Order of the Nile (Kiladat El Nil) was established in 1915 and served as one of the Kingdom of Egypt’s principal orders until the monarchy was abolished in 1953.
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Order of the October Revolution
The Order of the October Revolution (Орден Октябрьской Революции, Orden Oktyabr'skoy Revolyutsii) was instituted on October 31, 1967, in time for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.
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Order of the People's Hero
The Order of the People's Hero or the Order of the National Hero (depending on the translation; Orden narodnog heroja/Oрден народног хероја; Red narodnega heroja, Oрден на народен херој) was a Yugoslav gallantry medal, the second highest military award, and third overall Yugoslav decoration.
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Order of the Pioneers of Liberia
The Order of the Pioneers of Liberia or more formally Grand Order of the Most Venerable Order of the Knighthood of the Pioneers of the Republic of Liberia is an order presented by the government of Liberia.
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Order of the Queen of Sheba
The Order of the Queen of Sheba was originally instituted as a ladies' order in 1922 in the Ethiopian Empire by Empress Zawditu.
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Order of the Redeemer
The Order of the Redeemer (translit), also known as the Order of the Saviour, is an order of merit of Greece.
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Order of the Southern Cross
The National Order of the Southern Cross (Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822.
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Order of the Star of Romania
The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the defunct Order of Michael the Brave.
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Order of the Two Rivers
The Order of the Two Rivers (Wisam Al Rafidain) was an Order awarded by the Kings of Iraq and then the Presidents of Iraq.
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Order of the White Lion
The Order of the White Lion (Řád Bílého lva) is the highest order of the Czech Republic.
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Order of the White Rose of Finland
The Order of the White Rose of Finland (Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunta; Finlands Vita Ros’ orden) is one of three official orders in Finland, along with the Order of the Cross of Liberty, and the Order of the Lion of Finland.
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Order of the Yugoslav Star
Order of the Yugoslav Star (Orden jugoslavenske zvijezde; Орден југословенске звезде; Red jugoslovanske zvezde; Орден југословенска ѕвезда) was the highest National order of merit awarded in Yugoslavia.
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Order of Victory
The Order of Victory (translit) was the highest military decoration awarded for World War II service in the Soviet Union, and one of the rarest orders in the world.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy
The Italian honours system is a means to reward achievements or service to the Italian Republic, formerly the Kingdom of Italy including the Italian Social Republic.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal
The Republic of Senegal awards the following orders, decorations and medals.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of the Netherlands
In the Dutch honours system, most orders are the responsibility of ministers of the Netherlands Government.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union
Awards and decorations of the Soviet Union are decorations from the former Soviet Union that recognised achievements and personal accomplishments, both military and civilian.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery, achievement, or service to the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories.
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Orson Welles
George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film.
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Oslo
Oslo (rarely) is the capital and most populous city of Norway.
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OZNA
The Department for People's Protection or OZNA (Odjeljenje za zaštitu naroda or Odeljenje za zaštitu naroda, Одељење за заштиту нaрода; Одделение за заштита на народот; Oddelek za zaščito naroda) was the security agency of Yugoslavia that existed between 1944 and 1946.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (Paraguái), officially the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay; Tetã Paraguái), is a landlocked country in central South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest.
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Partisan Cross
The Partisan Cross was a Polish military decoration awarded to World War II partisans (part of resistance movement fighting in the countryside).
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Penza
Penza (p) is a city and the administrative center of Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Sura River, southeast of Moscow.
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People's Radical Party
The People's Radical Party (Народна радикална странка; Narodna radikalna stranka, NRS) was a political party in the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) formed on 8 January 1881.
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Peripheral artery disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or the brain.
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Perm
Perm (p;Gramota.ru.) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains.
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Petar Stambolić
Petar Stambolić (12 July 1912 – 21 September 2007) was a Yugoslav communist politician who served as the President of the Federal Executive Council (prime minister) of Yugoslavia from 1963 to 1967 and President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia from 1982 until 1983.
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Peter and Paul Fortress
The Peter and Paul Fortress is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress.
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Peter II of Yugoslavia
Peter II (Petar/Петар; 6 September 1923 – 3 November 1970) was the last King of Yugoslavia, and the last reigning member of the Karađorđević dynasty which came to prominence in the early 19th century.
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Petrovaradin Fortress
Petrovaradin Fortress (Петроварадинска тврђава/Petrovaradinska tvrđava,, Péterváradi vár), nicknamed "Gibraltar on/of the Danube" is a fortress in the town of Petrovaradin, itself part of the City of Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Platoon
A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two or more squads/sections/patrols.
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Plzeň
Plzeň, also called Pilsen in English and German, is a city in western Bohemia in the Czech Republic.
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Podgorica
Podgorica (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Подгорица,, lit. " below Gorica ") is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.
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Podsreda
Podsreda (Hörberg) is a village in the Municipality of Kozje in eastern Slovenia.
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Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.
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Politburo
A politburo or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties.
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Political prisoner
A political prisoner is someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment.
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Politician
A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government.
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Prague
Prague (Praha, Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and also the historical capital of Bohemia.
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President for Life
President for Life is a title assumed by or granted to some leaders to remove their term limit irrevocably as a way of removing future challenges to their authority and legitimacy.
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President of France
The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française) is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic.
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President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
The President of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, formerly the General Secretary of the Central Committee, was the head of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Central Committee.
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President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
The office of the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia existed from the death of the President of the Republic for life Josip Broz Tito on 4 May 1980 until the dissolution of the country by 1992.
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President of Yugoslavia
The President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, or the President of the Republic for short, was the head of state of that country from 14 January 1953 to 4 May 1980.
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Primary school
A primary school (or elementary school in American English and often in Canadian English) is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about seven to twelve, coming after preschool, infant school and before secondary school.
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Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
The Prime Minister of Yugoslavia was the head of government of the Yugoslav state, from the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 until the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Profit sharing
Profit sharing refers to various incentive plans introduced by businesses that provide direct or indirect payments to employees that depend on company's profitability in addition to employees' regular salary and bonuses.
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Provisional All-Russian Government
The Provisional All-Russian Government (PA-RG) was a short-lived government (1918–1920) centred in Omsk during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922.
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Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk)
Provisional Siberian Government - government for Siberia created by the White movement.
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Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.
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Rabat
Rabat (الرِّبَاط,; ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ) is the capital city of Morocco and its third largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million.
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Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is a large American dictionary, first published in 1966 as The Random House Dictionary of the English Language: The Unabridged Edition.
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Reconnaissance
In military operations, reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and other activities in the area.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Red Cross parcel
Red Cross parcel refers to packages containing mostly food, tobacco and personal hygiene items sent by the International Association of the Red Cross to prisoners of war during the First and Second World Wars, as well as at other times.
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Red Guards (Russia)
Red Guards (Красная гвардия) were paramilitary volunteer formations consisting mainly of factory workers, peasants, cossacks and partially of soldiers and sailors for "protection of the soviet power".
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Relay of Youth
The Relay of Youth (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian Štafeta mladosti, Serbian Cyrillic Штафета младости, Macedonian Штафета на младоста, Albanian Stafeta e Rinise) was a symbolic relay race held in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia every year.
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Republic of Croatia Square
Republic of Croatia Square (Trg Republike Hrvatske) is one of the biggest squares in Zagreb, Croatia.
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Republic of Užice
The Republic of Užice (Užička republika / Ужичка република) was a short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory and the first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organized as a military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in occupied Yugoslavia, more specifically the western part of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia.
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Resistance during World War II
Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns.
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Resistance movement
A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.
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Revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates revolution.
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Richard Burton
Richard Burton, CBE (born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr.; 10 November 19255 August 1984) was a Welsh actor.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.
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Richard West (journalist)
Richard West (18 July 1930 – 25 April 2015) was a British journalist and author best known for his reporting of the Vietnam War and Yugoslavia.
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Rijeka
Rijeka (Fiume; Reka; Sankt Veit am Flaum; see other names) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split).
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana
|jurisdiction.
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Room and board
Room and board describes a situation where, in exchange for money, labor or other considerations, a person is provided with a place to live as well as meals on a comprehensive basis.
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Royal Order of Cambodia
The Royal Order of Cambodia (គ្រឿងឥស្សរិយយសព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា; Ordre royal du Cambodge) was a French colonial chivalric order in French Cambodia, and is still in use in the present-day Cambodia.
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Royal Order of the Seraphim
The Royal Order of the Seraphim (Swedish: Kungliga Serafimerorden; Seraphim being a category of Angels) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star.
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Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh (born Peter Roger Casement Brady; 2 October 1932 – 5 June 2013) was an Irish republican political and military leader.
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Ruhr
The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War (Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi; November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government (Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of Russia established immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire on 2 March 1917.
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Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
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Saša Broz
Saša Broz (born 19 October 1968) is a Croatian theatre and television director.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Samara Governorate
Samara Governorate (Самарская губерния) was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Russian Empire, located in the Volga Region.
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Samobor
Samobor is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (see names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits.
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Second Vatican Council
The Second Vatican Council, fully the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican and informally known as addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world.
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Secretary (title)
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization.
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Security agency
A security agency is a governmental organization which conducts intelligence activities for the internal security of a nation.
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Sedition
Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that tends toward insurrection against the established order.
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Senegal
Senegal (Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa.
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Serbia
Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.
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Serbian Army
The Serbian Army (Копнена Војска / Kopnena Vojska, lit.) is the land-based component of the Serbian Armed Forces, responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Serbia from foreign hostiles; participating in peacekeeping operations; and providing humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
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Serbian Campaign of World War I
The Serbian Campaign of World War I was fought from late July 1914, when Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia at the outset of World War I, until the war's conclusion in November 1918.
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Serbian Orthodox Church
The Serbian Orthodox Church (Српска православна црква / Srpska pravoslavna crkva) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches.
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Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian, also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), or Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
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Serbs
The Serbs (Срби / Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans.
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Sergeant major
Sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned rank or appointment in many militaries around the world.
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Seventh World Congress of the Comintern
The 7th World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) was a multinational conference held in Moscow from July 25 through August 20, 1935 by delegated representatives of ruling and non-ruling communist parties from around the world and invited guests representing other political and organized labor organizations.
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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান);; (17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975), shortened as Sheikh Mujib or just Mujib, was a Bengali politician and statesman.
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Shrine
A shrine (scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case") is a holy or sacred place, which is dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of awe and respect, at which they are venerated or worshipped.
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Siberia
Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.
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Sisak
Sisak (Sziszek; also known by other alternative names) is a city and episcopal see in central Croatia, located at the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers, southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m. The city's total population in 2011 was 47,768 of which 33,322 live in the urban settlement (naselje).
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Slavko Kvaternik
Slavko Kvaternik (25 August 1878 – 7 June 1947) was a Croatian politician who, alongside Ante Pavelić, founded the Croatian nationalist movement known as the Ustaše and a direct perpetrator of the Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia.
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Slánský trial
The Slánský trial (officially Proces s protistátním spikleneckým centrem Rudolfa Slánského meaning "Trial of anti-state conspiracy centered around Rudolf Slánský") was a show trial against elements of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) who were thought to have adopted the line of the maverick Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito.
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Slovene language
Slovene or Slovenian (slovenski jezik or slovenščina) belongs to the group of South Slavic languages.
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Slovenes
The Slovenes, also called as Slovenians (Slovenci), are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovenian as their first language.
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Slovenia
Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene:, abbr.: RS), is a country in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes.
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Smederevska Palanka
Smederevska Palanka (Смедеревска Паланка) is a town and municipality located in the Podunavlje District of the eastern Serbia.
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Social ownership
Social ownership is any of various forms of ownership for the means of production in socialist economic systems, encompassing public ownership, employee ownership, cooperative ownership, citizen ownership of equity, common ownership and collective ownership.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Косово / Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo, Krahina Socialiste Autonome e Kosovës; often abbreviated SAP Kosovo), comprising the Kosovo region, was one of the two autonomous provinces of Serbia within Yugoslavia (the other being Vojvodina), between 1945 and 1990, when it was renamed Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.
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Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
The Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina, Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Војводина; often abbreviated SAP Vojvodina) was one of political entities formed in Yugoslavia after World War II and one of the two autonomous provinces of Serbia within Yugoslavia (the other being Kosovo), between 1945 and the breakup of Yugoslavia.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia or SFRY) was a socialist state led by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars.
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Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina/ Социјалистичка Pепублика Босна и Херцеговина) was one of the six constituent federal units forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Socialist Republic of Croatia
The Socialist Republic of Croatia (Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska; Serbian: Социјалистичка Република Хрватска; Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska/Социјалистичка Република Хрватска) was a constituent republic and federated state of Yugoslavia. By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation. Along with five other Yugoslav republics, it was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence (see below). By territory and population, it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia. In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government - installed by the Communist Party - and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence, formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution.
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Socialist Republic of Macedonia
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија, Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was one of the six constituent countries of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and a socialist nation state of the Macedonians.
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Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Socialist Republic of Montenegro (Socijalistička republika Crna Gora/Социјалистичка република Црна Гора), was one of the 6 republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Socialist Republic of Serbia
The Socialist Republic of Serbia (Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Република Србија/Socijalistička Republika Srbija) was one of the six constitutional republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Socialist Republic of Slovenia
The Socialist Republic of Slovenia (Socialistična republika Slovenija) was one of the six republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia.
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Socialist state
A socialist state, socialist republic or socialist country (sometimes workers' state or workers' republic) is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.
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Socialist Thought and Practice
Socialist Thought and Practice was a Marxist monthly theoretical magazine published in English by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia from 1961 through 1989.
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Somali Democratic Republic
The Somali Democratic Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliya, الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية al-Jumhūrīyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah aṣ-Ṣūmālīyah, Repubblica Democratica Somala) was the name that the Marxist–Leninist military dictatorship government of former President of Somalia Major General Mohamed Siad Barre gave to Somalia during its rule, after having seized power in a bloodless 1969 coup d'état.
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Somalia
Somalia (Soomaaliya; aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe Federal Republic of Somalia is the country's name per Article 1 of the.
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Sophia Loren
Sofia Villani Scicolone, known as Sophia Loren, Dame of the Grand Cross, O.M.R.I. (born 20 September 1934) is an Italian film actress and singer.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.
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Split, Croatia
Split (see other names) is the second-largest city of Croatia and the largest city of the region of Dalmatia. It lies on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings. An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination, the city is linked to the Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula. Home to Diocletian's Palace, built for the Roman emperor in 305 CE, the city was founded as the Greek colony of Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. It became a prominent settlement around 650 CE when it succeeded the ancient capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, Salona. After the Sack of Salona by the Avars and Slavs, the fortified Palace of Diocletian was settled by the Roman refugees. Split became a Byzantine city, to later gradually drift into the sphere of the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia, with the Byzantines retaining nominal suzerainty. For much of the High and Late Middle Ages, Split enjoyed autonomy as a free city, caught in the middle of a struggle between Venice and the King of Hungary for control over the Dalmatian cities. Venice eventually prevailed and during the early modern period Split remained a Venetian city, a heavily fortified outpost surrounded by Ottoman territory. Its hinterland was won from the Ottomans in the Morean War of 1699, and in 1797, as Venice fell to Napoleon, the Treaty of Campo Formio rendered the city to the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1805, the Peace of Pressburg added it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and in 1806 it was included in the French Empire, becoming part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1809. After being occupied in 1813, it was eventually granted to the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna, where the city remained a part of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia until the fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the formation of Yugoslavia. In World War II, the city was annexed by Italy, then liberated by the Partisans after the Italian capitulation in 1943. It was then re-occupied by Germany, which granted it to its puppet Independent State of Croatia. The city was liberated again by the Partisans in 1944, and was included in the post-war Socialist Yugoslavia, as part of its republic of Croatia. In 1991, Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia amid the Croatian War of Independence.
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Star of People's Friendship
The Star of People's Friendship (Stern der Völkerfreundschaft), Star of Nations' Friendship, was an order awarded by the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
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State decoration
A state decoration is an object, such as a medal or the insignia of an order, that is awarded by a sovereign state to honor the recipient.
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State Security Administration
The State Security ServiceSlužba državne sigurnosti, Служба државне безбедности; Служба за државна безбедност; Služba državne varnosti (SDB or SDS), more commonly known by its original name as the State Security AdministrationUprava državne sigurnosti, Управа државне безбедности; Управа за државна безбедност; Uprava državne varnosti (UDBA or UDSA), was the secret police organization of Yugoslavia.
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Stjepan Mesić
Stjepan "Stipe" Mesić (born 24 December 1934) is a Croatian politician who served as the President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010.
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Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.
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Strike action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.
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Sudan
The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.
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Sudetenland
The Sudetenland (Czech and Sudety; Kraj Sudecki) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans.
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Suharto
Muhammad Suharto (also written Soeharto;, or Muhammad Soeharto; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian military leader and politician who served as the second President of Indonesia, holding the office for 31 years from the ousting of Sukarno in 1967 until his resignation in 1998.
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Sukarno
Sukarno (born Kusno Sosrodihardjo; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia, serving in office from 1945 to 1967.
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Svetlana Broz
Svetlana Broz (born 7 July 1955) is a Bosnian author and physician who specializes in cardiology.
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Sviyazhsk
Sviyazhsk (Свия́жск) is a rural locality (a selo) in the Russia, located at the confluence of the Volga and Sviyaga Rivers.
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Szczecin
Szczecin (German and Swedish Stettin), known also by other alternative names) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport and Poland's seventh-largest city. As of June 2011, the population was 407,811. Szczecin is located on the Oder, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration, an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The city's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of the Ducal castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, the Duchy of Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized. After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630, the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire. Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland, resulting in expulsion of the German population. Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University, Maritime University, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Art Academy, and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese. From 1999 onwards, Szczecin has served as the site of the headquarters of NATO's Multinational Corps Northeast. Szczecin was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016.
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TASS
Russian News Agency TASS (Informatsionnoye agentstvo Rossii TASS), abbr.
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Tehran Conference
The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Third World
The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc.
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Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha
The Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha or the Order of Thiri Thudhamma (သီရိသုဓမ္မာသင်္ဂဟ; lit. the Most Glorious Order of Truth) was the highest Burmese commendation during the AFPFL era.
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Tito street decision in Slovenia
The Tito Street decision refers to a landmark October 2011 Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruling U–I–109/10, in which the court found that the April 2009 naming of a street in Slovenia's capital Ljubljana after Josip Broz Tito was unconstitutional.
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Tito–Šubašić Agreements
The Tito–Šubašić Agreements (sporazumi Tito-Šubašić) was an attempt by the Western Powers to merge the royal Yugoslav government-in-exile with the Communist-led Partisans who were fighting the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia in the Second World War and were de facto rulers on the liberated territories.
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Tito–Stalin Split
The Tito–Stalin Split, or Yugoslav–Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders of SFR Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, which resulted in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1948.
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Titoism
Titoism is described as the post-World War II policies and practices associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War, characterized by an opposition to the Soviet Union.
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Tituš Brezovački
Tituš Brezovački (January 4, 1757 – October 29, 1805) was a Croatian writer.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic (République Togolaise), is a sovereign state in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.
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Torpedo boat
A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval ship designed to carry torpedoes into battle.
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Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR, p) is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East.
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Trbovlje
Trbovlje (TrifailLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 4: Štajersko. 1904. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 58.) is Slovenia's ninth largest town, and the seat of the Municipality of Trbovlje.
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Trieste
Trieste (Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy.
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Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tunis
Tunis (تونس) is the capital and the largest city of Tunisia.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.
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Tverskaya Street
Tverskaya Street (p), known between 1935 and 1990 as Gorky Street (улица Горького), is the main radial street in Moscow.
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U Nu
Nu (နု;; 25 May 1907 – 14 February 1995), known honorifically as U Nu (ဦးနု) or Thakin Nu, was a leading Burmese statesman, politician, nationalist, and political figure of the 20th century.
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Užice
Užice (Ужице) is a city and the administrative center of the Zlatibor District in western Serbia.
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Union representative
A union representative, union steward, or shop steward is an employee of an organization or company who represents and defends the interests of her/his fellow employees as a labor union member and official.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée Générale AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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University of Sarajevo
The University of Sarajevo (Bosnian: Univerzitet u Sarajevu / Универзитет у Сарајеву) is a public university located in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.
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Urho Kekkonen
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (3 September 1900 – 31 August 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as the eighth and longest-serving President of Finland (1956–82).
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Ustashe
The Ustasha – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret), commonly known as Ustashe (Ustaše), was a Croatian fascist, racist, ultranationalist and terrorist organization, active, in its original form, between 1929 and 1945.
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Velenje
Velenje (WöllanLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 4: Štajersko. 1904. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 272.) is Slovenia's fifth-largest city, and the seat of the Municipality of Velenje.
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Veles, Macedonia
Veles (Велес) is a city in the central part of the Republic of Macedonia on the Vardar river.
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Veliko Trojstvo
Veliko Trojstvo is a municipality in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, Croatia.
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Venko Markovski
Venko Markovski (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Венко Марковски), born Veniamin Milanov Toshev (March 5, 1915 in Skopje – January 7, 1988 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian and Macedonian writer, poet, partisan and Communist politician.
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Veselin Đuranović
Veselin Đuranović (Serbian Cyrillic: Веселин Ђурановић) (17 May 1925 – 30 August 1997) was a communist politician from Montenegro.
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Vienna
Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.
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Virtuti Militari
The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: "For Military Virtue", Polish: Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war.
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Vis (island)
Vis (Latin: Issa, Lissa) is a small Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea.
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Vladan Dinić
Vladan Dinić (Serbian Cyrillic: Владан Динић; born May 25, 1949) is a Serbian journalist, TV-host and editor-in-chief of "Svedok" magazine.
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Vladimir Ćopić
Vladimir "Senjko" Ćopić (8 March 1891 – 19 April 1939) was a Croatian communist, one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
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Vladimir Dedijer
Vladimir Dedijer (4 February 1914 – 30 November 1990) was a Yugoslav partisan fighter, politician, human rights activist, and historian.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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Vlado Dapčević
Vladimir "Vlado" Dapčević (14 June 1917 – 12 July 2001) was a Montenegrin and Yugoslav communist and revolutionary who fought as a Partisan against Axis occupation troops and forces of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.
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Vojvodina
Vojvodina (Serbian and Croatian: Vojvodina; Војводина; Pannonian Rusyn: Войводина; Vajdaság; Slovak and Czech: Vojvodina; Voivodina), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; see Names in other languages), is an autonomous province of Serbia, located in the northern part of the country, in the Pannonian Plain.
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Volga River
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe.
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Vrbas, Serbia
Vrbas (Врбас, Verbász) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.
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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, officially known as Operation Danube, was a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations – the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland – on the night of 20–21 August 1968.
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West Germany
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.
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Western Bloc
The Western Bloc during the Cold War refers to the countries allied with the United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.
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White movement
The White movement (p) and its military arm the White Army (Бѣлая Армія/Белая Армия, Belaya Armiya), also known as the White Guard (Бѣлая Гвардія/Белая Гвардия, Belaya Gvardiya), the White Guardsmen (Белогвардейцы, Belogvardeytsi) or simply the Whites (Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War (1917–1922/3) and, to a lesser extent, continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly the Second World War.
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Wiener Neustadt
Wiener Neustadt is a city located south of Vienna, in the state of Lower Austria, in north-east Austria.
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William I of the Netherlands
William I (Willem Frederik, Prince of Orange-Nassau; 24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843) was a Prince of Orange and the first King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
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Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1969 to 1974.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.
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Workers' self-management
Self-management or workers' self-management (also referred to as labor management, autogestión, workers' control, industrial democracy, democratic management and producer cooperatives) is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce.
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Workplace democracy
Workplace democracy is the application of democracy in all its forms (including voting systems, debates, democratic structuring, due process, adversarial process, systems of appeal) to the workplace.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yasser Arafat
Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات; 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat (ياسر عرفات) or by his kunya Abu Ammar (أبو عمار), was a Palestinian political leader.
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Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (p), alternatively romanized Ekaterinburg, is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains, in the middle of the Eurasian continent, at the boundary between Asia and Europe.
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Yugoslav government-in-exile
The Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Exile (Владе Краљевине Југославије у егзилу; Vlada Kraljevine Jugoslavije u egzilu) was an official government of Yugoslavia, headed by King Peter II.
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Yugoslav Partisans
The Yugoslav Partisans,Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani, Партизани or the National Liberation Army,Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV), Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ); Народноослободителна војска (НОВ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska (NOV) officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia,Narodnooslobodilačka vojska i partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV i POJ), Народноослободилачка војска и партизански одреди Југославије (НОВ и ПОЈ); Народноослободителна војска и партизански одреди на Југославија (НОВ и ПОЈ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska in partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV in POJ) was the Communist-led resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
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Yugoslav People's Army
The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija / Југословенска народна армија / Jugoslavenska narodna armija; also Yugoslav National Army), often referred-to simply by the initialism JNA, was the military of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party
Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party (Jugoslovanska socialdemokratska stranka, Jugoslavenska socijaldemokratska stranka) or JSDS was a political party in Slovenia and Istria during the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
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Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
The Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, known as Spanish fighters (Španjolski borci, Španski borci, Шпански борци/Španski borci) and Yugoslav brigadistas (brigadistas yugoslavos), was a contingent of volunteers from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that fought beside the Republican side (in support of the Second Spanish Republic) in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39).
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Zadar
Zadar (see other names) is the oldest continuously inhabited Croatian city.
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Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of Croatia.
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Zinka Milanov
Zinka Milanov (May 17, 1906 – May 30, 1989) was a Croatian-born operatic spinto soprano who had a major career centered on the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
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1550 Tito
1550 Tito, provisional designation, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.
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1973 Chilean coup d'état
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War.
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1974 Yugoslav Constitution
The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution was the fourth and final constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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Redirects here:
Broz Tito, Drug Tito, Josef Broz Tito, Josep Broz Tito, Josep Tito, Joseph Broz Tito, Joseph Tito, Joseph brozovic, Josip Broz, Josip Broz - Tito, Josip Broz – Tito, Josip Broz, Marshal Tito, Josip Broz-Tito, Josip Brozovic, Josip Brozovich, Josip Brozović, Josip Tito, Josip Tito Broz, Josip broz, Marsal Tito, Marshal Josip Broz Tito, Marshal Tito, Marshall Josip Broz Tito, Marshall Tito, Maršal Josip Broz Tito, Maršal Tito, President Tito, TITO Josip Broz, Јосип Броз, Јосип Броз Тито, Тито.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito
