Table of Contents
586 relations: Aaron, Abbasid Caliphate, Abraham, Abraham ben David, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Abrahamic religions, Abu Isa, Achaemenid Empire, Adar, Age of Enlightenment, Agudat Yisrael, Aish HaTorah, Al-Andalus, Alexander Zaïd, Alhambra Decree, Almohad Caliphate, Alms, Amidah, Amoraim, Amphibian, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Judaism (book), Ancient Semitic religion, Ani Ma'amin, Animal slaughter, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Antisemitism, Apostasy, Arabian Peninsula, Arabs, Arba'ah Turim, Ariel Sharon, Asherah, Ashkenazi Hebrew, Ashkenazi Jews, Asser Levy, Atonement in Judaism, Av (month), Baal, Baal Shem Tov, Babylonian captivity, Baghdad, Bar and bat mitzvah, Bar Kokhba revolt, Bar-Ilan University, Baraita, Bereavement in Judaism, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, Beta Israel, ... Expand index (536 more) »
- Abraham
- Abrahamic religions
- Ethnic religions
- Jews and Judaism
- Religion in ancient Israel and Judah
Aaron
According to Abrahamic religions, Aaron was a Jewish prophet, a high priest, and the elder brother of Moses.
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Judaism and Abbasid Caliphate
Abraham
Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Abraham ben David
Abraham ben David (– 27 November 1198), also known by the abbreviation RABaD (for Rabbeinu Abraham ben David) Ravad or RABaD III, was a Provençal rabbi, an important commentator on the Talmud, Sefer Halachot of Rabbi Yitzhak Alfasi (known by the abbreviation RIF) and Mishne Torah of Maimonides, and is regarded as a father of Kabbalah and one of the key links in the chain of Jewish mystics.
See Judaism and Abraham ben David
Abraham Joshua Heschel
Abraham Joshua Heschel (January 11, 1907 – December 23, 1972) was a Polish-American rabbi and one of the leading Jewish theologians and Jewish philosophers of the 20th century.
See Judaism and Abraham Joshua Heschel
Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well). Judaism and Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions.
See Judaism and Abrahamic religions
Abu Isa
Abu Isa (also known as Ovadiah, Ishaq ibn Ya'qub al-Isfahani, Isaac ben Jacob al-Isfahani) was a self-proclaimed Jewish prophet sometime in the 8th century CE in Persia and the leader of a short-lived revolt.
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Judaism and Achaemenid Empire
Adar
Adar (Hebrew:,; from Akkadian adaru) is the sixth month of the civil year and the twelfth month of the religious year on the Hebrew calendar, roughly corresponding to the month of March in the Gregorian calendar.
See Judaism and Adar
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Judaism and Age of Enlightenment
Agudat Yisrael
Agudat Yisrael (lit, also transliterated Agudath Israel, or, in Yiddish, Agudas Yisroel) is a Haredi Jewish political party in Israel.
See Judaism and Agudat Yisrael
Aish HaTorah
Aish formerly known as Aish HaTorah (Hebrew: אש התורה, lit. "Fire of the Torah"), is a Jewish educational organization.
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
Alexander Zaïd
Alexander Zaïd (אלכסנדר זייד; Александр Зайд; 1886 – 10 July 1938) was one of the founders of the Jewish defense organizations Bar Giora and Hashomer, and a prominent figure of the Second Aliyah.
See Judaism and Alexander Zaïd
Alhambra Decree
The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.
See Judaism and Alhambra Decree
Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.
See Judaism and Almohad Caliphate
Alms
Alms are money, food, or other material goods donated to people living in poverty.
See Judaism and Alms
Amidah
The Amidah (תפילת העמידה, Tefilat HaAmidah, 'The Standing Prayer'), also called the Shemoneh Esreh (שמנה עשרה 'eighteen'), is the central prayer of the Jewish liturgy.
Amoraim
Amoraim (אמוראים, singular Amora אמורא; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah.
Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Judaism and Ancient Greece
Ancient Judaism (book)
Ancient Judaism (Das antike Judentum) is an essay written by the German economist and sociologist Max Weber in the early 20th century. Judaism and Ancient Judaism (book) are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
See Judaism and Ancient Judaism (book)
Ancient Semitic religion
Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from the ancient Near East and Northeast Africa.
See Judaism and Ancient Semitic religion
Ani Ma'amin
Ani Ma'amin (אני מאמין) "I believe" is a prosaic rendition of Maimonides' thirteen-point version of the Jewish principles of faith.
Animal slaughter
Animal slaughter is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock.
See Judaism and Animal slaughter
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (– November/December 164 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC.
See Judaism and Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.
Apostasy
Apostasy (defection, revolt) is the formal disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person.
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Judaism and Arabian Peninsula
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Arba'ah Turim
Arba'ah Turim (אַרְבָּעָה טוּרִים), often called simply the Tur, is an important Halakhic code composed by Yaakov ben Asher (Cologne, 1270 – Toledo, Spain c. 1340, also referred to as Ba'al Ha-Turim).
Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon (אֲרִיאֵל שָׁרוֹן; also known by his diminutive Arik, אָרִיק; 26 February 192811 January 2014) was an Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th prime minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006.
Asherah
Asherah (translit; translit; translit; Qatabanian: 𐩱𐩻𐩧𐩩) was a goddess in ancient Semitic religions.
Ashkenazi Hebrew
Ashkenazi Hebrew (hagiyoh ashkenazis, ashkenazishe havore) is the pronunciation system for Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for Jewish liturgical use and Torah study by Ashkenazi Jewish practice.
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Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.
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Asser Levy
Asser Levy (died early 1680s), also known as Asser Levy van Swellem and Asher Levy, was one of the first Jewish settlers of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
Atonement in Judaism
Atonement in Judaism is the process of causing a sin to be forgiven or pardoned.
See Judaism and Atonement in Judaism
Av (month)
Av (also Menachem Av) is the eleventh month of the civil year and the fifth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar.
Baal
Baal, or Baʻal (baʿal), was a title and honorific meaning 'owner' or 'lord' in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. Judaism and Baal are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
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Baal Shem Tov
Israel ben Eliezer or Yisroel ben Eliezer (1698 – 22 May 1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov (בעל שם טוב) or as the BeShT, was a Jewish mystic and healer who is regarded as the founder of Hasidic Judaism.
Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
See Judaism and Babylonian captivity
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Bar and bat mitzvah
A bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah, or b mitzvah (gender neutral), is a coming-of-age ritual in Judaism.
See Judaism and Bar and bat mitzvah
Bar Kokhba revolt
The Bar Kokhba revolt (מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.
See Judaism and Bar Kokhba revolt
Bar-Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel.
See Judaism and Bar-Ilan University
Baraita
Baraita (translit "external" or "outside"; pl. bārayāṯā or in Hebrew baraitot; also baraitha, beraita; Ashkenazi pronunciation: berayse) designates a tradition in the Oral Torah of Rabbinical Judaism that is not incorporated in the Mishnah.
Bereavement in Judaism
Bereavement in Judaism is a combination of minhag (traditions) and mitzvah (commandments) derived from the Torah and Judaism's classical rabbinic literature.
See Judaism and Bereavement in Judaism
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs is an academic research center at Georgetown University in Washington, DC dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of religion, ethics, and politics.
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Beta Israel
The Beta Israel, or Ethiopian Jews, are an African community of the Jewish diaspora.
Beth din
A beth din (house of judgment,, Ashkenazic: beis din, plural: batei din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism.
Biblical apocrypha
The biblical apocrypha denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books thought to have been written some time between 200 BC and 100 AD.
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Biblical Aramaic
Biblical Aramaic is the form of Aramaic that is used in the books of Daniel and Ezra in the Hebrew Bible.
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Biblical criticism
Biblical criticism is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural.
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Biblical Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.
See Judaism and Biblical Hebrew
Birkat Hamazon
Birkat Hamazon (translit "The Blessing of the Food"), known in English as the Grace After Meals (translit "to bless", Yinglish: Bentsching), is a set of Hebrew blessings that Jewish law prescribes following a meal that includes at least a kezayit (olive-sized) piece of bread.
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Black Hebrew Israelites
Black Hebrew Israelites (also called Hebrew Israelites, Black Hebrews, Black Israelites, and African Hebrew Israelites) are a new religious movement claiming that African Americans are descendants of the ancient Israelites. Judaism and Black Hebrew Israelites are monotheistic religions.
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Black Judaism
Black Judaism is Judaism that is practiced by communities of African descent, both within Africa and within the African diaspora, including North America, Europe, Israel, and elsewhere.
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Blood libel
Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.
Book of Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy (second law; Liber Deuteronomii) is the fifth book of the Torah (in Judaism), where it is called (דְּבָרִים|Dəḇārīm| words) and the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament.
See Judaism and Book of Deuteronomy
Book of Esther
The Book of Esther (Megillat Ester; Ἐσθήρ; Liber Esther), also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" ("the Megillah"), is a book in the third section (כְּתוּבִים "Writings") of the Hebrew Bible.
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Book of Exodus
The Book of Exodus (from translit; שְׁמוֹת Šəmōṯ, 'Names'; Liber Exodus) is the second book of the Bible.
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Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from Greek; בְּרֵאשִׁית|Bərēʾšīṯ|In beginning; Liber Genesis) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.
See Judaism and Book of Genesis
Book of Isaiah
The Book of Isaiah (ספר ישעיהו) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament.
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Book of Joshua (Samaritan)
The Book of Joshua, sometimes called the Samaritan Chronicle, is a Samaritan chronicle so called because the greater part of it is devoted to the history of Joshua.
See Judaism and Book of Joshua (Samaritan)
Book of Leviticus
The Book of Leviticus (from Λευιτικόν,; וַיִּקְרָא,, 'And He called'; Liber Leviticus) is the third book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and of the Old Testament, also known as the Third Book of Moses.
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Books of Kings
The Book of Kings (Sēfer Məlāḵīm) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1–2 Kings) in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.
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Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
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Brit milah
The brit milah (bərīṯ mīlā,,; "covenant of circumcision") or bris (ברית) is the ceremony of circumcision in Judaism and Samaritanism, during which the foreskin is surgically removed.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Cadaver
A cadaver or corpse is a dead human body.
Cambridge
Cambridge is a city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.
Canaan
Canaan (Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 –; כְּנַעַן –, in pausa כְּנָעַן –; Χανααν –;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes.
Canaanite religion
The Canaanite religion was the group of ancient Semitic religions practiced by the Canaanites living in the ancient Levant from at least the early Bronze Age to the first centuries CE. Judaism and Canaanite religion are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
See Judaism and Canaanite religion
Caste
A caste is a fixed social group into which an individual is born within a particular system of social stratification: a caste system.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Judaism and Catholic Church
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
See Judaism and Central Europe
Challah
Challah or hallah (ḥallā,; hallot, halloth or hallos, חַלּוֹת), also known as berches in Central Europe, is a special bread in Jewish cuisine, usually braided and typically eaten on ceremonial occasions such as Shabbat and major Jewish holidays (other than Passover).
Chametz
Chametz (also chometz,, ḥameṣ, ḥameç and other spellings transliterated from חָמֵץ / חמץ) are foods with leavening agents that are forbidden to Jews on the holiday of Passover.
Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area.
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Chesed
(חֶסֶד, also Romanized) is a Hebrew word that means 'kindness or love between people', specifically of the devotional piety of people towards God as well as of love or mercy of God towards humanity.
Chicken
The chicken (Gallus domesticus) is a large and round short-winged bird, domesticated from the red junglefowl of Southeast Asia around 8,000 years ago. Most chickens are raised for food, providing meat and eggs; others are kept as pets or for cockfighting. Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion, and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds.
Chief Rabbinate of Israel
The Chief Rabbinate of Israel (הָרַבָּנוּת הָרָאשִׁית לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, Ha-Rabbanut Ha-Rashit Li-Yisra'el) is recognized by law as the supreme rabbinic authority for Judaism in Israel.
See Judaism and Chief Rabbinate of Israel
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Judaism and Christianity are Abrahamic religions and monotheistic religions.
Christianity in the 1st century
Christianity in the 1st century covers the formative history of Christianity from the start of the ministry of Jesus (–29 AD) to the death of the last of the Twelve Apostles and is thus also known as the Apostolic Age.
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Christianity in the Middle Ages
Christianity in the Middle Ages covers the history of Christianity from the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
See Judaism and Christianity in the Middle Ages
Chuppah
A chuppah (canopy, covering, khupe~khipe) is a canopy under which a Jewish couple stand during their wedding ceremony.
Circumcision
Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis.
Civilization
A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).
Cleromancy
Cleromancy is a form of sortition (casting of lots) in which an outcome is determined by means that normally would be considered random, such as the rolling of dice (astragalomancy), but that are sometimes believed to reveal the will of a deity.
Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews (also known as Malabar Jews or Kochinim from) are the oldest group of Jews in India, with roots that are claimed to date back to the time of King Solomon.
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Confessing Church
The Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) was a movement within German Protestantism in Nazi Germany that arose in opposition to government-sponsored efforts to unify all of the Protestant churches into a single pro-Nazi German Evangelical Church.
See Judaism and Confessing Church
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism, also known as Masorti Judaism (translit), is a Jewish religious movement that regards the authority of Jewish law and tradition as emanating primarily from the assent of the people through the generations, more than from divine revelation.
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Continental Europe
Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.
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Continuum International Publishing Group
Continuum International Publishing Group was an academic publisher of books with editorial offices in London and New York City.
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Conversion to Judaism
Conversion to Judaism (translit or translit) is the process by which non-Jews adopt the Jewish religion and become members of the Jewish ethnoreligious community.
See Judaism and Conversion to Judaism
Covenant (biblical)
The Hebrew Bible makes reference to a number of covenants (בְּרִיתוֹת) with God (YHWH).
See Judaism and Covenant (biblical)
Creation myth
A creation myth or cosmogonic myth is a type of cosmogony, a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it.
Cremation
Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning.
Cruelty to animals
Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal neglect or animal cruelty, is the infliction of suffering or harm by humans upon animals, either by omission (neglect) or by commission.
See Judaism and Cruelty to animals
Crustacean
Crustaceans are a group of arthropods that are a part of the subphylum Crustacea, a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthropods including decapods (shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters and crayfish), seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, opossum shrimps, amphipods and mantis shrimp.
Daniel Boyarin
Daniel Boyarin (דניאל בויארין; born 1946) is an Israeli–American academic and historian of religion.
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David
David ("beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.
David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion (דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel as well as its first prime minister.
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David Philipson
David Philipson (August 9, 1862 – June 29, 1949) was an American Reform rabbi, orator, and author.
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Deborah Dash Moore
Deborah Dash Moore (born 1946, in New York City) is the former director of the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies and a Frederick G.L. Huetwell Professor of History and Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
See Judaism and Deborah Dash Moore
Deuterocanonical books
The deuterocanonical books, meaning "Of, pertaining to, or constituting a second canon," collectively known as the Deuterocanon (DC), are certain books and passages considered to be canonical books of the Old Testament by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Assyrian Church of the East, but which modern Jews and many Protestants regard as Apocrypha.
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Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
There is no scholarly consensus as to when the canon of the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) was fixed.
See Judaism and Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
Dhimmi
(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.
Divorce
Divorce (also known as dissolution of marriage) is the process of terminating a marriage or marital union.
Dotdash Meredith
Dotdash Meredith (formerly The Mining Company, About.com and Dotdash) is an American digital media company based in New York City.
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Dual-covenant theology
Dual-covenant or two-covenant theology is a school of thought in Christian theology regarding the relevance of the Hebrew Bible, which Christians call the Old Testament.
See Judaism and Dual-covenant theology
Early Christianity
Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
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Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Judaism and Eastern Orthodox Church
Edict of Expulsion
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.
See Judaism and Edict of Expulsion
Edwin G. Burrows
Edwin G. "Ted" Burrows (May 15, 1943 – May 4, 2018) was a Distinguished Professor of History at Brooklyn College.
See Judaism and Edwin G. Burrows
Eel
Eels are ray-finned fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes, which consists of eight suborders, 20 families, 164 genera, and about 1000 species.
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Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.
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Egon Mayer
Egon Mayer (19 August 1917 – 2 March 1944) was a Luftwaffe wing commander and fighter ace of Nazi Germany during World War II.
Egyptians
Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.
El (deity)
(also Il, 𐎛𐎍 ʾīlu; 𐤀𐤋 ʾīl; אֵל ʾēl; ܐܺܝܠ ʾīyl; إل or إله; cognate to ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning 'god' or 'deity', or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities.
Eliezer ben Jose
Eliezer ben Jose (Heb. Eliezer ben Yose HaGelili) was a Jewish rabbi who lived in Judea in the 2nd century CE.
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Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler
Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler (1892 – 31 December 1953) was an Orthodox rabbi, Talmudic scholar, and Jewish philosopher of the 20th century.
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Emmanuel Levinas
Emmanuel Levinas (12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology, focusing on the relationship of ethics to metaphysics and ontology.
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Encyclopaedia Judaica
The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a multi-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people, Judaism, and Israel.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopedia.com
Encyclopedia.com is an online encyclopedia.
See Judaism and Encyclopedia.com
Ephraim Avigdor Speiser
Ephraim Avigdor Speiser (January 24, 1902 – June 15, 1965) was a Polish-born American Assyriologist and translator of the Torah.
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Essenes
The Essenes (Hebrew:, Isiyim; Greek: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi) or Essenians were a mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE.
Ethical monotheism
Ethical monotheism is a form of exclusive monotheism in which God is believed to be the only god as well as the source for one's standards of morality, guiding humanity through ethical principles.
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Ethnic religion
In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with notions of heredity and a particular ethnic group. Judaism and ethnic religion are ethnic religions.
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Ethnoreligious group
An ethnoreligious group (or an ethno-religious group) is a grouping of people who are unified by a common religious and ethnic background.
See Judaism and Ethnoreligious group
Exegesis
Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις, from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text.
Expulsion of Jews from Spain
The Expulsion of Jews from Spain was the expulsion of practicing Jews following the Alhambra Decree in 1492, which was enacted to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converso population and to ensure its members did not revert to Judaism.
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Ezra
Ezra (fl. 480–440 BCE) was an important Jewish scribe (sofer) and priest (kohen) in the early Second Temple period.
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Fall of Babylon
The fall of Babylon was the decisive event that marked the total defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.
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Fast of Gedalia
The Fast of Gedalia (Tzom Gedalya), also transliterated from the Hebrew language as Gedaliah or Gedalya(h), is a minor Jewish fast day from dawn until dusk to lament the assassination of Gedaliah, the righteous governor of what was the Kingdom of Judah.
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Fat
In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
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Fin
A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure.
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First Aliyah
The First Aliyah (HaAliyah HaRishona), also known as the agriculture Aliyah, was a major wave of Jewish immigration (aliyah) to Ottoman Palestine between 1881 and 1903.
First Jewish–Roman War
The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt (ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire fought in the province of Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.
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Forced conversion
Forced conversion is the adoption of a religion or irreligion under duress.
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Franz Rosenzweig
Franz Rosenzweig (25 December 1886 – 10 December 1929) was a German theologian, philosopher, and translator.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
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Frum
Frum (religious', 'pious) is a word that describes Jewish religious devotion.
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Gabbai
A gabbai (גבאי), sometimes spelled gabay, is also known as shamash (sometimes spelled shamas) or warden (UK, similar to churchwarden) is a beadle or sexton, a person who assists in the running of synagogue services in some way.
Gemara
The Gemara (also transliterated Gemarah, or in Yiddish Gemore) is an essential component of the Talmud, comprising a collection of rabbinical analyses and commentaries on the Mishnah and presented in 63 books.
Genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.
Gentile
Gentile is a word that today usually means someone who is not Jewish.
German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.
Gershom Scholem
Gershom Scholem (5 December 1897 – 21 February 1982) was a German-born Israeli philosopher and historian.
See Judaism and Gershom Scholem
Gersonides
Levi ben Gershon (1288 – 20 April 1344), better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides, or by his Latinized name Magister Leo Hebraeus, or in Hebrew by the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG, was a medieval French Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, physician and astronomer/astrologer.
Get (divorce document)
A get, ghet, or gett (plural gittin גטין) is a document in Jewish religious law which effectuates a divorce between a Jewish couple.
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Ghetto
A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.
Gnosticism
Gnosticism (from Ancient Greek:, romanized: gnōstikós, Koine Greek: ɣnostiˈkos, 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems that coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects. Judaism and Gnosticism are Abrahamic religions.
God
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.
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God in Christianity
In Christianity, God is the eternal, supreme being who created and preserves all things.
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God in Judaism
In Judaism, God has been conceived in a variety of ways.
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Goddess movement
The Goddess movement is a revivalistic Neopagan religious movement which includes spiritual beliefs and practices that emerged predominantly in the Western world (North America, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand) during the 1970s.
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Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, which coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, was a period of Muslim rule during which Jews were accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life flourished.
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Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 is a non-fiction book by historians Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace.
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Grand Rapids, Michigan
Grand Rapids is a city in and county seat of Kent County, Michigan, United States.
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Grape
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis.
Grave
A grave is a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried or interred after a funeral.
Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.
See Judaism and Greek mythology
Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.
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Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
Hadrian
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.
Haftara
The haftara or (in Ashkenazic pronunciation) haftorah (alt. haftarah, haphtara, הפטרה) "parting," "taking leave" (plural form: haftarot or haftoros), is a series of selections from the books of Nevi'im ("Prophets") of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) that is publicly read in synagogue as part of Jewish religious practice.
Halakha
Halakha (translit), also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, and halocho, is the collective body of Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Written and Oral Torah.
Haman
Haman (also known as Haman the Agagite) is the main antagonist in the Book of Esther, who according to the Hebrew Bible was an official in the court of the Persian empire under King Ahasuerus, commonly identified as Xerxes I (died 465 BCE) but traditionally equated with Artaxerxes I or Artaxerxes II.
Hamantash
A hamantash (hamantashen; also spelled hamantasch, hamantaschen; המן־טאַש homentash,: המן־טאַשן homentashn, 'Haman pockets') is an Ashkenazi Jewish triangular filled-pocket pastry associated with the Jewish holiday of Purim.
Hamas
Hamas, an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (lit), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant resistance movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.
Handwashing in Judaism
Jewish law and custom prescribe ritual hand washing in a number of situations.
See Judaism and Handwashing in Judaism
Hanukkah
Hanukkah (Ḥănukkā) is a Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE.
Hardal
Hardal (also spelled Chardal; חרד״ל, acronym for,, plural) usually refers to the portion of the Religious Zionist Jewish community in Israel which inclines significantly toward Haredi ideology (in terms of outlook on the secular world, or in their stringent khumra approach to Halakha).
Haredi Judaism
Haredi Judaism (translit,; plural Haredim) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating or modern values and practices.
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Hasdai Crescas
Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas (חסדאי קרשקש; c. 1340 in Barcelona – 1410/11 in Zaragoza) was a Spanish-Jewish philosopher and a renowned halakhist (teacher of Jewish law).
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Hasidic Judaism
Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.
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Haskalah
The Haskalah (הַשְׂכָּלָה; literally, "wisdom", "erudition" or "education"), often termed the Jewish Enlightenment, was an intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with a certain influence on those in Western Europe and the Muslim world.
Hazzan
A hazzan (lit. Hazan) or chazzan (translit, plural; translit; translit) is a Jewish musician or precentor trained in the vocal arts who leads the congregation in songful prayer.
Heaven in Judaism
In Jewish cosmology, Shamayim (שָׁמַיִם šāmayīm, "heavens") is the dwelling place of God and other heavenly beings according to the Hebrew Bible (not to be confused with the Christian Bible).
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Hebraism
Hebraism is a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language.
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar (translit), also called the Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observance and as an official calendar of Israel.
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Hebrew cantillation
Hebrew cantillation, trope, trop, or te'amim is the manner of chanting ritual readings from the Hebrew Bible in synagogue services.
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Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
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Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion
The Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion (also known as HUC, HUC-JIR, and The College-Institute) is a Jewish seminary with three locations in the United States and one location in Jerusalem.
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Hebrews
The Hebrews were an ancient Semitic-speaking people.
Hellenism (modern religion)
Hellenism (Ἑλληνισμός) in a religious context refers to the modern pluralistic religion practiced in Greece and around the world by several communities derived from the beliefs, mythology and rituals from antiquity through and up to today.
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Hellenistic Judaism
Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in classical antiquity that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Hellenistic culture.
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Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
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Hellenistic religion
The concept of Hellenistic religion as the late form of Ancient Greek religion covers any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire (300 BCE to 300 CE).
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Hermeneutics
Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
Hezbollah
Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.
High Holy Days
In Judaism, the High Holy Days, also known as High Holidays or Days of Awe (Yamim Noraim; יָמִים נוֹרָאִים, Yāmīm Nōrāʾīm) consist of.
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Hillel the Elder
Hillel (הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim.
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Hiloni
Hiloni (חִלּוֹנִי), plural hilonim (חִלּוֹנִים; "secular"), is a social category in Israel, designating the least religious segment among the Jewish public.
Historical revisionism
In historiography, historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of a historical account.
See Judaism and Historical revisionism
History of ancient Israel and Judah
The history of ancient Israel and Judah spans from the early appearance of the Israelites in Canaan's hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE.
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History of religion
The history of religion refers to the written record of human religious feelings, thoughts, and ideas.
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History of the Jews in France
The history of the Jews in France deals with Jews and Jewish communities in France since at least the Early Middle Ages.
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History of the Jews in Iraq
The history of the Jews in Iraq (יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים,,; اليهود العراقيون) is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity.
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Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that asserts that the Nazi genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, is a fabrication or exaggeration.
See Judaism and Holocaust denial
Holon
Holon (חוֹלוֹן) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located south of Tel Aviv.
Holy Land
The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. Judaism and Holy Land are Abrahamic religions.
Holy See
The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.
Hoof
The hoof (hooves) is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, which is covered and strengthened with a thick and horny keratin covering.
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Humanistic Judaism
Humanistic Judaism is a Jewish movement that offers a nontheistic alternative to contemporary branches of Judaism.
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Husband
A husband is a man involved in a marital relationship, commonly referred to as a spouse.
Immanence
The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world.
Independence Day (Israel)
Yom Ha'atzmaut (יוֹם הָעַצְמָאוּת) is Israel's national day, commemorating the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948.
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Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
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Insect
Insects (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta.
Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for its normative problems.
Interfaith marriage in Judaism
Interfaith marriage in Judaism (also called mixed marriage or intermarriage) was historically looked upon with very strong disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains a controversial issue among them today.
See Judaism and Interfaith marriage in Judaism
Ioudaios
Ioudaios (Ἰουδαῖος; pl. Ἰουδαῖοι Ioudaioi). is an Ancient Greek ethnonym used in classical and biblical literature which commonly translates to "Jew" or "Judean". The choice of translation is the subject of frequent scholarly debate, given its central importance to passages in the Bible (both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament) as well as works of other writers such as Josephus and Philo.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
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Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Isaac
Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Isaac Goldsmid
Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet (13 January 1778 – 27 April 1859) was a financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom, who became the first British Jew to receive a hereditary title.
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Isaiah
Isaiah (or; יְשַׁעְיָהוּ, Yəšaʿyāhū, "Yahweh is salvation"; also known as Isaias or Esaias from Ἠσαΐας) was the 8th-century BC Israelite prophet after whom the Book of Isaiah is named.
Ishmael
Ishmael was the first son of Abraham, according to the Abrahamic religions.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder. Judaism and Islam are Abrahamic religions and monotheistic religions.
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
Israel Finkelstein
Israel Finkelstein (ישראל פינקלשטיין; born March 29, 1949) is an Israeli archaeologist, professor emeritus at Tel Aviv University and the head of the School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures at the University of Haifa.
See Judaism and Israel Finkelstein
Israeli Jews
Israeli Jews or Jewish Israelis (יהודים ישראלים) comprise Israel's largest ethnic and religious community.
Israelites
The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan.
Italian Jews
Italian Jews (ebrei italiani; yehudim italkim) or Roman Jews (ebrei romani; yehudim romim) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living in or with roots in Italy, or, in a narrower sense, to mean the Italkim, an ancient community living in Italy since the Ancient Roman era, who use the Italian liturgy (or "Italian Rite") as distinct from those Jewish communities in Italy dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardic liturgy or the Nusach Ashkenaz.
J. Gordon Melton
John Gordon Melton (born September 19, 1942) is an American religious scholar who was the founding director of the Institute for the Study of American Religion and is currently the Distinguished Professor of American Religious History with the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor University in Waco, Texas where he resides.
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Jacob
Jacob (Yaʿqūb; Iakṓb), later given the name Israel, is regarded as a patriarch of the Israelites and is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.
See Judaism and Jehovah's Witnesses
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (JCPA) is an Israeli think tank specializing in public diplomacy and foreign policy founded in 1976.
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Jerusalem Talmud
The Jerusalem Talmud (translit, often for short) or Palestinian Talmud, also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah.
See Judaism and Jerusalem Talmud
Jesus
Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
Jesus in Islam
In Islam, Jesus (translit) is believed to be the penultimate prophet and messenger of God and the Messiah sent to guide the Children of Israel with a book called the (Evangel or Gospel).
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Jewish Buddhist
A Jewish Buddhist is a person with a Jewish background who believes in the tenets of a form of Buddhism.
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Jewish Christianity
Jewish Christians were the followers of a Jewish religious sect that emerged in Judea during the late Second Temple period (first century AD).
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Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people, from its formation in ancient times until the current age. Judaism and Jewish culture are Jews and Judaism.
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Jewish diaspora
The Jewish diaspora (təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת; Yiddish) is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.
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Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights.
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Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom
Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom was the culmination in the 19th century of efforts over several hundred years to loosen the legal restrictions set in place on England's Jewish population.
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Jewish ethics
Jewish ethics is the ethics of the Jewish religion or the Jewish people.
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
In the 20th century, approximately Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia.
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Jewish Federations of North America
The Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA), formerly the United Jewish Communities (UJC), is an American Jewish umbrella organization for the Jewish Federations system, representing over 350 independent Jewish communities across North America that raise and distribute over $2 billion annually, including through planned giving and endowment programs, to support social welfare, social services and educational needs.
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Jewish ghettos in Europe
In the early modern era, European Jews were confined to ghettos and placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities.
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Jewish hat
The Jewish hat, also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut (German) or Latin pileus cornutus ("horned skullcap"), was a cone-shaped pointed hat, often white or yellow, worn by Jews in Medieval Europe.
Jewish history
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Judaism and Jewish history are Jews and Judaism.
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Jewish holidays
Jewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or Yamim Tovim (Good Days, or singular יום טוב, in transliterated Hebrew), are holidays observed by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar.
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Jewish identity
Jewish identity is the objective or subjective state of perceiving oneself as a Jew and as relating to being Jewish.
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Jewish mysticism
Academic study of Jewish mysticism, especially since Gershom Scholem's Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1941), draws distinctions between different forms of mysticism which were practiced in different eras of Jewish history.
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Jewish philosophy
Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.
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Jewish prayer
Jewish prayer (תְּפִילָּה,; plural; tfile, plural תּפֿלות; Yinglish: davening from Yiddish דאַוון 'pray') is the prayer recitation that forms part of the observance of Rabbinic Judaism.
Jewish principles of faith
Judaism does not centralize authority in any single individual or group.
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Jewish Publication Society
The Jewish Publication Society (JPS), originally known as the Jewish Publication Society of America, is the oldest nonprofit, nondenominational publisher of Jewish works in English.
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Jewish religious movements
Jewish religious movements, sometimes called "denominations", include diverse groups within Judaism which have developed among Jews from ancient times.
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Jewish Renewal
Jewish Renewal is a Jewish religious movement originating in the 20th century that endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with Kabbalistic, Hasidic, and musical practices.
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Jewish secularism
Jewish secularism refers to secularism in a Jewish context, denoting the definition of Jewish identity with little or no attention given to its religious aspects.
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Jewish views on marriage
Marriage in Judaism is the documentation of a contract between a Jewish man and a Jewish woman in which God is involved.
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Jewish views on sin
Judaism regards the violation of any of the 613 commandments as a sin.
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Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism. Judaism and Jews are Jews and Judaism.
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Jews Relief Act 1858
The Jews Relief Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. c. 49), also called the Jewish Disabilities Act, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which removed previous barriers to Jews entering Parliament, a step in Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom.
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Jizya
Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.
John Bright (biblical scholar)
John Bright (1908–1995) was an American biblical scholar and the author of several books, including the influential A History of Israel (1959), currently in its fourth edition (2000).
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John Day (biblical scholar)
John Day (born 13 September 1948) is an English Old Testament scholar.
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Joseph Albo
Joseph Albo (יוסף אלבו; c. 1380–1444) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived in Spain during the fifteenth century, known chiefly as the author of Sefer ha-Ikkarim ("Book of Principles"), the classic work on the fundamentals of Judaism.
Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Joseph Ber Soloveitchik (יוסף דב הלוי סולובייצ׳יק Yosef Dov ha-Levi Soloveychik; February 27, 1903 – April 9, 1993) was a major American Orthodox rabbi, Talmudist, and modern Jewish philosopher.
See Judaism and Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
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Judah ha-Nasi
Judah ha-Nasi (יְהוּדָה הַנָּשִׂיא, Yəhūḏā hanNāsīʾ; Yehudah HaNasi or Judah the President) or Judah I, known simply as Rebbi or Rabbi, was a second-century rabbi (a tanna of the fifth generation) and chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah.
Judah Hadassi
Judah ben Elijah Hadassi (in Hebrew, Yehuda ben Eliyahu) was a Karaite Jewish scholar, controversialist, and liturgist who flourished at Constantinople in the middle of the twelfth century.
Judah Halevi
Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi; Yahūḏa al-Lāwī; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Sephardic Jewish poet, physician and philosopher.
Judaism as a Civilization
Judaism as a Civilization: Toward a Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life is a 1934 work on Judaism and American Jewish life by Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan, the founder of Reconstructionist Judaism.
See Judaism and Judaism as a Civilization
Judaism by country
This article deals with the practice of Judaism and the living arrangement of Jews in the listed countries.
See Judaism and Judaism by country
Judaizers
The Judaizers were a faction of the Jewish Christians, both of Jewish and non-Jewish origins, who regarded the Levitical laws of the Old Testament as still binding on all Christians.
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the philosophy and theory of law.
Kabbalah
Kabbalah or Qabalah (קַבָּלָה|Qabbālā|reception, tradition) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism.
Kabbalah Centre
The Kabbalah Centre International is a non-profit organizationworldwide located in Los Angeles, California that provides courses on the Zohar and Kabbalistic teachings online as well as through its regional and city-based centers and study groups worldwide.
See Judaism and Kabbalah Centre
Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (Holy Congregation House of God, also known as K. K. Beth Elohim, or more simply Congregation Beth Elohim) is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located in Charleston, South Carolina, in the United States.
See Judaism and Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
Karaite Judaism
Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a non-Rabbinical Jewish sect and, in Eastern Europe, a separate Judaic ethno-religion characterized by the recognition of the written Tanakh alone as its supreme authority in halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology. Karaites believe that all of the divine commandments which were handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without any additional Oral Law or explanation.
See Judaism and Karaite Judaism
Kashrut
(also or, כַּשְׁרוּת) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law.
Ketuvim
The (כְּתוּבִים, Modern: Ktuvim, Tiberian: Kăṯūḇīm "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after ("instruction") and ("prophets").
Khabur (Euphrates)
The Khabur River is the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates in Syria.
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Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
The Kingdom of Israel, or the Kingdom of Samaria, was an Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age, whose beginnings can be dated back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.
See Judaism and Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
According to the Deuteronomistic history in the Hebrew Bible, a United Monarchy or United Kingdom of Israel existed under the reigns of Saul, Eshbaal, David, and Solomon, encompassing the territories of both the later kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
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Kingdom of Judah
The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.
See Judaism and Kingdom of Judah
Kippah
A (plural: kippot),, yamaka, bullcap, or is a brimless cap, usually made of cloth, traditionally worn by Jewish males to fulfill the customary requirement that the head be covered.
Kirchenkampf
Kirchenkampf (lit. 'church struggle') is a German term which pertains to the situation of the Christian churches in Germany during the Nazi period (1933–1945).
Kislev
Kislev or Chislev (Hebrew:, Standard Kīslev Tiberian Kīslēw), also 'Chisleu' in the King James (authorized English) Bible, is the third month of the civil year and the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar.
Kittel
A kittel A kittel (קיטל) is a white linen or cotton robe worn by some religious Ashkenazi Jews on holidays, in the synagogue or at home when leading the Passover seder.
Kohen
Kohen (כֹּהֵן, kōhēn,, "priest", pl., kōhănīm,, "priests") is the Hebrew word for "priest", used in reference to the Aaronic priesthood, also called Aaronites or Aaronides.
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
Kosher foods
Kosher foods are foods that conform to the Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut (dietary law).
Land of Israel
The Land of Israel is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Judaism and Land of Israel are Jews and Judaism.
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Lashon hara
Lashon hara (or loshon horo, or loshon hora) (לשון הרע; "evil tongue") is the halakhic term for speech about a person or persons that is negative or harmful to them, even though it is true.
Leavening agent
In cooking, a leavening agent or raising agent, also called a leaven or leavener, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture.
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Leiden
Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands.
Levi
Levi was, according to the Book of Genesis, the third of the six sons of Jacob and Leah (Jacob's third son), and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Levi (the Levites, including the Kohanim) and the great-grandfather of Aaron, Moses and Miriam.
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Levite
Levites (Lǝvīyyīm) or Levi are Jewish males who claim patrilineal descent from the Tribe of Levi.
List of Jewish prayers and blessings
Listed below are some Hebrew prayers and blessings that are part of Judaism that are recited by many Jews.
See Judaism and List of Jewish prayers and blessings
Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning.
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
Maariv
Maariv or Maʿariv, also known as Arvit, or Arbit, is a Jewish prayer service held in the evening or night.
Maccabean Revolt
The Maccabean Revolt (מרד החשמונאים) was a Jewish rebellion led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and against Hellenistic influence on Jewish life.
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Maccabees
The Maccabees, also spelled Machabees (מַכַּבִּים, or מַקַבִּים,; Machabaei or Maccabaei; Μακκαβαῖοι), were a group of Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire.
Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
Malbim
Meir Leibush ben Yehiel Michel Wisser (March 7, 1809 – September 18, 1879), better known as the Malbim (מלבי"ם), was a rabbi, master of Hebrew grammar, and Bible commentator.
Maliki school
The Maliki school or Malikism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
Mandaeism
Mandaeism (Classical Mandaic), sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Greek, Iranian, and Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet. Judaism and Mandaeism are Abrahamic religions, ethnic religions and monotheistic religions.
Martin Buber
Martin Buber (מרטין בובר; Martin Buber,; מארטין בובער; February 8, 1878 – June 13, 1965) was an Austrian-Jewish and Israeli philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism centered on the distinction between the I–Thou relationship and the I–It relationship.
Mashgiach
A mashgiach (משגיח, "supervisor";, mashgichim) or mashgicha (pl. mashgichot) is a Jew who supervises the kashrut status of a kosher establishment.
Mashgiach ruchani
A mashgiach ruchani (משגיח רוחני; pl., mashgichim ruchani'im), sometimes mashgiach for short, is a spiritual supervisor or guide.
See Judaism and Mashgiach ruchani
Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; Nūssāḥ hamMāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism.
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Masortim
Masortim (מסורתיים, Masortiim lit. "traditional ", also known as Shomrei Masoret lit. "upholders of tradition") is an Israeli Hebrew term for Jews who perceive and define themselves as neither strictly religious (dati) nor secular (hiloni).
Massacre
A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless.
Matzah
Matzah, matzo, or maẓẓah (translit,: matzot or Ashk. matzos) is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival, during which chametz (leaven and five grains that, per Jewish law, are self-leavening) is forbidden.
Mawza Exile
The Mawza Exile (גלות מוזע, ğalūt mawzaʻ;‎ 1679–1680) is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the Jews of Yemen, in which Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named Mawzaʻ to withstand their fate or to die.
Max Kadushin
Max Kadushin (Макс Кадушын; December 6, 1895 – July 23, 1980) was a Conservative rabbi best known for his organic philosophy of rabbinics.
Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sciences more generally.
Media (region)
Media (Māda, Middle Persian: Mād) is a region of north-western Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes.
See Judaism and Media (region)
Mellah
A mellah (or 'saline area'; and מלאח) is the place of residence historically assigned to Jewish communities in Morocco.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.
See Judaism and Menstrual cycle
Menstruation
Menstruation (also known as a period, among other colloquial terms) is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina.
Messiah in Judaism
The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews.
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Messianic Judaism
Messianic Judaism (יַהֲדוּת מְשִׁיחִית or יהדות משיחית|rtl.
See Judaism and Messianic Judaism
Mezuzah
A mezuzah (מְזוּזָה "doorpost"; plural: mezuzot) is a piece of parchment inscribed with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah, which Jews fix to the doorposts of their homes.
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Midrash
Midrash (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. מִדְרָשׁ; מִדְרָשִׁים or midrashot) is expansive Jewish Biblical exegesis using a rabbinic mode of interpretation prominent in the Talmud.
Midrash halakha
Midrash halakha (הֲלָכָה) was the ancient Judaic rabbinic method of Torah study that expounded upon the traditionally received 613 Mitzvot (commandments) by identifying their sources in the Hebrew Bible, and by interpreting these passages as proofs of the laws' authenticity.
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Mike Wallace (historian)
Mike Wallace (born July 22, 1942) is an American historian.
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Mikraot Gedolot
A Mikraot Gedolot (Great Scriptures), often called a "Rabbinic Bible" in English, is an edition of the Hebrew Bible that generally includes three distinct elements.
See Judaism and Mikraot Gedolot
Mikveh
A mikveh or mikvah (miqva'ot, mikvoth, mikvot, or (Yiddish) mikves, lit., "a collection") is a bath used for ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity.
Mincha
Mincha (מִנחַה, pronounced as; sometimes spelled Minchah, Minhah or Minchuh) is the afternoon prayer service in Judaism.
Minhag
Minhag (מנהג "custom", classical pl. מנהגות, modern pl. מנהגים, minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.
Minor tractate
The minor tractates (מסכתות קטנות, masechtot qetanot) are essays from the Talmudic period or later dealing with topics about which no formal tractate exists in the Mishnah.
See Judaism and Minor tractate
Minyan
In Judaism, a minyan (מניין \ מִנְיָן mīnyān, lit. (noun) count, number; pl. mīnyānīm) is the quorum of ten Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations.
Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb shanah, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah.
Mishneh Torah
The Mishneh Torah (repetition of the Torah), also known as Sefer Yad ha-Hazaka (label), is a code of Rabbinic Jewish religious law (halakha) authored by Maimonides (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon/Rambam).
Misnagdim
Misnagdim ("Opponents"; Sephardi pronunciation: Mitnagdim; singular misnaged/mitnaged) was a religious movement among the Jews of Eastern Europe which resisted the rise of Hasidism in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Mitzvah
In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (מִצְוָה, mīṣvā, plural מִצְווֹת mīṣvōt; "commandment") refers to a commandment from God to be performed as a religious duty.
Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews (יהודי המִזְרָח), also known as Mizrahim (מִזְרָחִים) or Mizrachi (מִזְרָחִי) and alternatively referred to as Oriental Jews or Edot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת־הַמִּזְרָח), are terms used in Israeli discourse to refer to a grouping of Jewish communities that lived in the Muslim world.
Modeh Ani
Modeh Ani (מודה אני; "I give thanks") is a Jewish prayer that observant Jews recite daily upon waking, while still in bed.
Modern Orthodox Judaism
Modern Orthodox Judaism (also Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize Jewish values and the observance of Jewish law with the modern world.
See Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism
Mohel
A (מוֹהֵל, Ashkenazi pronunciation, plural: מוֹהֲלִים, מוֹהֲלָא, "circumciser") is a Jewish man trained in the practice of, the "covenant of male circumcision".
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief that one god is the only deity. Judaism and Monotheism are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
Mordecai Kaplan
Mordecai Menahem Kaplan (June 11, 1881 – November 8, 1983) was an American Modern Orthodox rabbi, writer, Jewish educator, professor, theologian, philosopher, activist, and religious leader who founded the Reconstructionist movement of Judaism along with his son-in-law Ira Eisenstein.
See Judaism and Mordecai Kaplan
Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
Mosaic covenant
Abrahamic religions believe in the Mosaic covenant (named after Moses), also known as the Sinaitic covenant (after the biblical Mount Sinai), which refers to a covenant between the Israelite tribes and their God, including their proselytes, not limited to the ten commandments, nor the event when they were given, but including the entirety of laws that their patriarch Moses delivered from God in the five books of Torah.
See Judaism and Mosaic covenant
Moses
Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.
Mount Gerizim
Mount Gerizim (Samaritan Hebrew: ʾĀ̊rgā̊rīzem; Hebrew: Har Gərīzīm; جَبَل جَرِزِيمJabal Jarizīm or جَبَلُ ٱلطُّورِ Jabal at-Ṭūr) is one of two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the Palestinian city of Nablus and the biblical city of Shechem.
Mount Sinai (Bible)
Mount Sinai (Har Sīnay) is the mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God, according to the Book of Exodus in the Hebrew Bible.
See Judaism and Mount Sinai (Bible)
Mourning
Mourning is the expression of an experience that is the consequence of an event in life involving loss, causing grief.
Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
Musar literature
Musar literature is didactic Jewish ethical literature which describes virtues and vices and the path towards character improvement.
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Musar movement
The Musar movement (also Mussar movement) is a Jewish ethical, educational and cultural movement that developed in 19th century Lithuania, particularly among Orthodox Lithuanian Jews.
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Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Mussaf
Mussaf (also spelled Musaf or Musof) is an additional service that is recited on Shabbat, Yom Tov, Chol Hamoed, and Rosh Chodesh.
Nablus
Nablus (Nāblus; Šəḵem, ISO 259-3:,; Samaritan Hebrew: script, romanized:; Νeápolis) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank, located approximately north of Jerusalem, with a population of 156,906.
National Jewish Population Survey
The National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS), most recently performed in 2000-01, is a representative survey of the Jewish population in the United States sponsored by United Jewish Communities and the Jewish Federation system.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
Native American religions
Native American religions are the spiritual practices of the Native Americans in the United States.
See Judaism and Native American religions
Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; Biblical Hebrew: Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar), also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II, was the second king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from the death of his father Nabopolassar in 605 BC to his own death in 562 BC.
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Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.
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Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
See Judaism and Neo-Babylonian Empire
Neturei Karta
Neturei Karta is a fringeSources describing the group as fringe.
Nevi'im
The (נְבִיאִים Nəvīʾīm, Tiberian: Năḇīʾīm 'Prophets') is the second major division of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh), lying between the and.
New Age
New Age is a range of spiritual or religious practices and beliefs which rapidly grew in Western society during the early 1970s.
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland.
New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States.
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New religious movement
A new religious movement (NRM), also known as alternative spirituality or a new religion, is a religious or spiritual group that has modern origins and is peripheral to its society's dominant religious culture.
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Niddah
A niddah (or nidah; נִדָּה), in traditional Judaism, is a woman who has experienced a uterine discharge of blood (most commonly during menstruation), or a woman who has menstruated and not yet completed the associated requirement of immersion in a mikveh (ritual bath).
Nisan
Nisan (or Nissan; Nīsān from translit) in the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars is the month of the barley ripening and first month of spring.
Noahidism
Noahidism or Noachidism is a monotheistic Jewish religious movement aimed at non-Jews, based upon the Seven Laws of Noah and their traditional interpretations within Orthodox Judaism.
Nontheism
Nontheism or non-theism is a range of both religious and non-religious attitudes characterized by the absence of espoused belief in the existence of God or gods.
Nova Religio
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering religious studies, focusing on the academic study of new religious movements.
Novum Testamentum
Novum Testamentum is an academic journal covering various aspects of "the New Testament and related studies".
See Judaism and Novum Testamentum
Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.
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Nusach (Jewish custom)
In Judaism, Nusach (translit, Modern Hebrew pronunciation nusakh, plural (nusaḥim, also nuskhóes)) is the exact text of a prayer service; sometimes the English word "rite" is used to refer to the same thing.
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Old Testament
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.
Oral Torah
According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah or Oral Law (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה.|Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe|) are statutes and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five Books of Moses, the Written Torah (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב|Tōrā šebbīḵṯāv|"Written Law"|label.
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism.
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Outline of Judaism
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Judaism.
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Oven
A double oven A ceramic oven An oven is a tool which is used to expose materials to a hot environment.
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Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Paganism
Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.
Parochet
A parochet (translit; translit), meaning "curtain" or "screen",Sonne Isaiah (1962) 'Synagogue' in The Interpreter's dictionary of the Bible vol 4, New York: Abingdon Press pp 476-491 is the curtain that covers the Torah ark (Aron Kodesh) containing the Torah scrolls in a synagogue.
Passover
Passover, also called Pesach, is a major Jewish holidayand one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
Passover Seder
The Passover Seder is a ritual feast at the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover.
See Judaism and Passover Seder
Patriarchs (Bible)
The patriarchs (אבות ʾAvot, "fathers") of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites.
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Paul Johnson (writer)
Paul Bede Johnson (2 November 1928 – 12 January 2023) was an English journalist, popular historian, speechwriter and author.
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Pauline Christianity
Pauline Christianity or Pauline theology (also Paulism or Paulanity), otherwise referred to as Gentile Christianity, is the theology and form of Christianity which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the Hellenistic-Jewish Apostle Paul through his writings and those New Testament writings traditionally attributed to him.
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Persian Jews
Persian Jews or Iranian Jews (یهودیان ایرانی; יהודים פרסים) constitute one of the oldest communities of the Jewish diaspora.
Peshat
Peshat (also P'shat) is one of the two classic methods of Jewish biblical exegesis, the other being Derash.
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.
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Pharisees
The Pharisees (lit) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism.
Philistines
The Philistines (Pəlīštīm; LXX: Phulistieím; Philistaei) were an ancient people who lived on the south coast of Canaan during the Iron Age in a confederation of city-states generally referred to as Philistia.
Philo
Philo of Alexandria (Phílōn; Yəḏīḏyāh), also called italics, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.
Pig
The pig (Sus domesticus), also called swine (swine) or hog, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal.
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Piyyut
A piyyut or piyut (plural piyyutim or piyutim, פִּיּוּטִים / פיוטים, פִּיּוּט / פיוט; from Greek ποιητής poiētḗs "poet") is a Jewish liturgical poem, usually designated to be sung, chanted, or recited during religious services.
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Pogrom
A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.
Politics of Israel
Politics in Israel are dominated by Zionist parties.
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Polity (publisher)
Polity is an academic publisher in the social sciences and humanities.
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Polygamy
Polygamy (from Late Greek πολυγαμία, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses.
Polymath
A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Jan Paweł II; Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła,; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005.
See Judaism and Pope John Paul II
Priest
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities.
Priestly Blessing
The Priestly Blessing or priestly benediction (ברכת כהנים; translit. birkat kohanim), also known in rabbinic literature as raising of the hands (Hebrew nesiat kapayim), rising to the platform (Hebrew aliyah ledukhan), dukhenen (Yiddish from the Hebrew word dukhan – platform – because the blessing is given from a raised rostrum), or duchening, is a Hebrew prayer recited by Kohanim (the Hebrew Priests, descendants of Aaron).
See Judaism and Priestly Blessing
Project Muse
Project MUSE (Museums Uniting with Schools in Education), a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books.
Prophet
In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the supernatural source to other people.
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
Prussia
Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.
Psalms
The Book of Psalms (תְּהִלִּים|Tehillīm|praises; Psalmós; Liber Psalmorum; Zabūr), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called ("Writings"), and a book of the Old Testament.
Ptolemaic Kingdom
The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.
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Purim
Purim (see Name below) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from annihilation at the hands of an official of the Achaemenid Empire named Haman, as it is recounted in the Book of Esther (usually dated to the 5th century BCE).
Quakers
Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations.
Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting.
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
Rabbi
A rabbi (רַבִּי|translit.
Rabbi Ishmael
Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha Nachmani (Hebrew: רבי ישמעאל בן אלישע), often known as Rabbi Yishmael and sometimes given the title "Ba'al HaBaraita" (Hebrew: בעל הברייתא, “Master of the Outside Teaching”), was a rabbi of the 1st and 2nd centuries (third generation of tannaim) CE.
Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism (יהדות רבנית|Yahadut Rabanit), also called Rabbinism, Rabbinicism, or Rabbanite Judaism, has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud.
See Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic literature
Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire spectrum of works authored by rabbis throughout Jewish history.
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Rate of natural increase
In Demography, the rate of natural increase (RNI), also known as natural population change, is defined as the birth rate minus the death rate of a particular population, over a particular time period.
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Rebbe
A Rebbe (translit) or Admor (אדמו״ר) is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities of its dynasties.
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism is a Jewish movement based on the concepts developed by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983) that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization rather than just a religion.
See Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism, is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of Judaism, the superiority of its ethical aspects to its ceremonial ones, and belief in a continuous revelation which is closely intertwined with human reason and not limited to the Theophany at Mount Sinai.
See Judaism and Reform Judaism
Religio licita
Religio licita ("permitted religion", also translated as "approved religion") is a phrase used in the Apologeticum of Tertullian to describe the special status of the Jews in the Roman Empire.
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Religious Zionism
Religious Zionism (Tziyonut Datit) is an ideology that views Zionism as a fundamental component of Orthodox Judaism.
See Judaism and Religious Zionism
Reptile
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.
Responsa
Responsa (plural of Latin responsum, 'answer') comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them.
Return to Zion
The return to Zion (שִׁיבָת צִיּוֹן or שבי ציון) is an event recorded in Ezra–Nehemiah of the Hebrew Bible, in which the Jews of the Kingdom of Judah—subjugated by the Neo-Babylonian Empire—were freed from the Babylonian captivity following the Persian conquest of Babylon.
See Judaism and Return to Zion
Revelation
In religion and theology, revelation (or divine revelation) is the disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities.
Rite of passage
A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another.
See Judaism and Rite of passage
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Romaniote Jews
The Romaniote Jews or the Romaniotes (Ῥωμανιῶτες, Rhomaniótes; Romanyotim) are a Greek-speaking ethnic Jewish community native to the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Judaism and Romaniote Jews
Rosh Hashanah
Rosh HaShanah (רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה,, literally "head of the year") is the New Year in Judaism.
Rosh yeshiva
Rosh yeshiva (ראש ישיבה, pl. ראשי ישיבה,; Anglicized pl. rosh yeshivas) is the title given to the dean of a yeshiva, a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and the Torah, and halakha (Jewish law).
Rowman & Littlefield
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.
See Judaism and Rowman & Littlefield
Ruminant
Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Saadia Gaon
Saʿadia ben Yosef Gaon (882/892 – 942) was a prominent rabbi, gaon, Jewish philosopher, and exegete who was active in the Abbasid Caliphate.
Sadducees
The Sadducees (lit) were a sect of Jews active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.
Salvation
Salvation (from Latin: salvatio, from salva, 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation.
Salvation in Christianity
In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences—which include death and separation from God—by Christ's death and resurrection, and the justification entailed by this salvation.
See Judaism and Salvation in Christianity
Samaria (ancient city)
Samaria (שֹׁמְרוֹן; 𒊓𒈨𒊑𒈾; Greek; السامرة) was the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel between and.
See Judaism and Samaria (ancient city)
Samaritanism
Samaritanism is an Abrahamic monotheistic ethnic religion. Judaism and Samaritanism are Abraham, Abrahamic religions, ethnic religions, monotheistic religions and religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
Samaritans
The Samaritans (שומרונים; السامريون), often prefering to be called Israelite Samaritans, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Hebrews and Israelites of the ancient Near East. Judaism and Samaritans are Abrahamic religions.
Samuel
Samuel is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In addition to his role in the Bible, Samuel is mentioned in Jewish rabbinical literature, in the Christian New Testament, and in the second chapter of the Quran (although the text does not mention him by name).
Sanctuary lamp
Sanctuary Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Malta A sanctuary lamp, chancel lamp, altar lamp, everlasting light, or eternal flame is a light that shines before the altar of sanctuaries in many Jewish and Christian places of worship.
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Saul
Saul (שָׁאוּל) was a monarch of ancient Israel and Judah and the first king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.
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Scale (zoology)
In zoology, a scale (lepís; squāma) is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection.
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Schism
A schism (or, less commonly) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination.
Sciatic nerve
The sciatic nerve, also called the ischiadic nerve, is a large nerve in humans and other vertebrate animals.
Seafood
Seafood is the culinary name for food that comes from any form of sea life, prominently including fish and shellfish.
Second Temple
The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in use between and its destruction in 70 CE. Judaism and Second Temple are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
Second Temple Judaism
Second Temple Judaism is the Jewish religion as it developed during the Second Temple period, which began with the construction of the Second Temple around 516 BCE and ended with the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70CE.
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Second Temple period
The Second Temple period or post-exilic period in Jewish history denotes the approximately 600 years (516 BCE – 70 CE) during which the Second Temple stood in the city of Jerusalem.
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Secularity
Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin saeculum, "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
See Judaism and Seleucid Empire
Semitic neopaganism
Semitic neopaganism is a group of religions based on or attempting to reconstruct the ancient Semitic religions, mostly practiced among Jews in the United States.
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Sephardic Haredim
Sephardic Haredim are Jews of Sephardi and Mizrahi descent who are adherents of Haredi Judaism.
See Judaism and Sephardic Haredim
Sephardic Jews
Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
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Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
The community of Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, was of major importance in the seventeenth century.
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Seudat mitzvah
A seudat mitzvah (סעודת מצוה, "commanded meal"), in Judaism, is an obligatory festive meal, usually referring to the celebratory meal following the fulfillment of a mitzvah (commandment), such as a bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah, a wedding, a brit milah (ritual circumcision), or a siyum (completing a tractate of Talmud or Mishnah).
See Judaism and Seudat mitzvah
Seven Laws of Noah
In Judaism, the Seven Laws of Noah (שבע מצוות בני נח, Sheva Mitzvot B'nei Noach), otherwise referred to as the Noahide Laws or the Noachian Laws (from the Hebrew pronunciation of "Noah"), are a set of universal moral laws which, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a covenant with Noah and with the "sons of Noah"—that is, all of humanity.
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Seventeenth of Tammuz
The Seventeenth of Tammuz (translit) is a Jewish fast day commemorating the breach of the walls of Jerusalem before the destruction of the Second Temple.
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Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse (also coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity involving the insertion and thrusting of the male penis inside the female vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both.
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Seymour Martin Lipset
Seymour Martin Lipset (March 18, 1922 – December 31, 2006) was an American sociologist and political scientist.
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Shabbat
Shabbat (or; Šabbāṯ) or the Sabbath, also called Shabbos by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Saturday.
Shacharit
Shacharit (שַחֲרִית šaḥăriṯ), or Shacharis in Ashkenazi Hebrew, is the morning tefillah (prayer) of Judaism, one of the three daily prayers.
Shavuot
Shavuot (from Weeks), or Shvues (in some Ashkenazi usage), is a Jewish holiday, one of the biblically ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
Shawl
A shawl (from شال shāl) is a simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, and sometimes also over the head.
Shaye J. D. Cohen
Shaye J. D. Cohen (born October 21, 1948) is an American Hebraist, historian, and rabbi.
See Judaism and Shaye J. D. Cohen
Shechem
Shechem (Šəḵem; Samaritan Hebrew: script), also spelled Sichem (Sykhém) was an ancient city in the southern Levant.
Shechita
In Judaism, shechita (anglicized:; שחיטה;; also transliterated shehitah, shechitah, shehita) is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to kashrut.
Shellfish
Shellfish is a colloquial and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
Shema
Shema Yisrael (Shema Israel or Sh'ma Yisrael; שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל Šəmaʿ Yīsrāʾēl, "Hear, O Israel") is a Jewish prayer (known as the Shema) that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services.
Shemini Atzeret
Shemini Atzeret (—"Eighth Assembly") is a Jewish holiday.
See Judaism and Shemini Atzeret
Shiloh (biblical city)
Shiloh (Šīlō) was an ancient city and sanctuary in ancient Israel located in the region of Samaria.
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Shituf
(שִׁתּוּף; also transliterated as or; literally "association") is a term used in Jewish sources for the worship of God in a manner which Judaism does not deem to be purely monotheistic.
Shiva (Judaism)
(שִׁבְעָה|šīvʿā|seven) is the week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives.
See Judaism and Shiva (Judaism)
Shofar
A shofar (from) is an ancient musical horn typically made of a ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes.
Shtiebel
A shtiebel (pl. שטיבעלעך shtibelekh) is a place used for communal Jewish prayer.
Shulchan Aruch
The Shulchan Aruch (שֻׁלְחָן עָרוּך, literally: "Set Table"), sometimes dubbed in English as the Code of Jewish Law, is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Judaism.
See Judaism and Shulchan Aruch
Sicut Judaeis
Sicut Judaeis ('As the Jews') were papal bulls which set out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews.
Siddur
A siddur (סִדּוּר sīddūr,; plural siddurim סִדּוּרִים) is a Jewish prayer book containing a set order of daily prayers.
Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)
The siege of Jerusalem (circa 589–587 BC) was the final event of the Judahite revolts against Babylon, in which Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, the capital city of the Kingdom of Judah.
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Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.
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Sifra
Sifra (document) is the Midrash halakha to the Book of Leviticus.
Sigd
Sigd (ስግድ, 'Prostration', סיגד, also romanized Sig'd), also Mehlella (Supplication) or Amata Saww (ዐመተ ሰወ, 'Grouping Day'), is one of the unique holidays of the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) community, and is celebrated on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Marcheshvan.
See Judaism and Sigd
Simchat Torah
Simchat Torah (lit., "Torah celebration", Ashkenazi: Simchas Torah), also spelled Simhat Torah, is a Jewish holiday that celebrates and marks the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings, and the beginning of a new cycle.
Society (journal)
Society is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in the social sciences and public policy.
See Judaism and Society (journal)
Sofer
A sofer, sopher, sofer SeTaM, or sofer ST"M (סופר סת״ם, "scribe"; plural, סופרים) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe Sifrei Kodesh (holy scrolls), tefillin (phylacteries), mezuzot (ST"M, סת״ם, is an abbreviation of these three terms) and other religious writings.
Solomon
Solomon, also called Jedidiah, was a monarch of ancient Israel and the son and successor of King David, according to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.
Solomon ibn Gabirol
Solomon ibn Gabirol or Solomon ben Judah (Shlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol,; ’Abū ’Ayyūb Sulaymān bin Yaḥyá bin Jabīrūl) was an 11th-century Jewish poet and philosopher in the Neo-Platonic tradition in Al-Andalus.
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Solomon Schechter
Solomon Schechter (שניאור זלמן הכהן שכטר‎; 7 December 1847 – 19 November 1915) was a Moldavian-born British-American rabbi, academic scholar and educator, most famous for his roles as founder and President of the United Synagogue of America, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and architect of American Conservative Judaism.
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Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was a biblical Temple in Jerusalem believed to have existed between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE. Judaism and Solomon's Temple are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
See Judaism and Solomon's Temple
Split of Christianity and Judaism
Christianity began as a movement within Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the Christian Era, and the Christian movement perceived itself as distinct from the Jews by the fourth century.
See Judaism and Split of Christianity and Judaism
Subbotniks
Subbotniks (p, "Sabbatarians") is a common name for adherents of Russian religious movements that split from Sabbatarian sects in the late 18th century.
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
Sukkah
A or succah (סוכה; plural, סוכות or sukkos or sukkoth, often translated as "booth") is a temporary hut constructed for use during the week-long Jewish festival of Sukkot.
Sukkot
Sukkot is a Torah-commanded holiday celebrated for seven days, beginning on the 15th day of the month of Tishrei.
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.
Synagogue
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.
Syncretism
Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.
Tabernacle
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle (residence, dwelling place), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (ʔōhel mōʕēḏ, also Tent of Meeting), was the portable earthly dwelling of God used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan.
Tableware
Tableware items are the dishware and utensils used for setting a table, serving food, and dining.
Tachrichim
Tachrichim (Hebrew: תכריכים) are traditional simple white burial furnishings, usually made from 100% pure linen, in which the bodies of deceased Jews are dressed by the Chevra Kadisha, or other burial group, for interment after undergoing a taharah (ritual purification).
Tallit
A tallit is a fringed garment worn as a prayer shawl by religious Jews.
Talmud
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.
Talmudic academies in Babylonia
The Talmudic academies in Babylonia, also known as the Geonic academies, were the center for Jewish scholarship and the development of Halakha from roughly 589 to 1038 CE (Hebrew dates: 4349 AM to 4798 AM) in what is called "Babylonia" in Jewish sources, at the time otherwise known as Asōristān (under the Sasanian Empire) or Iraq (under the Muslim caliphate until the 11th century).
See Judaism and Talmudic academies in Babylonia
Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina
The Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina were yeshivot that served as centers for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Syria Palaestina (under the Romans), and later Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda.
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Tannaim
Tannaim (Amoraic Hebrew: תנאים "repeaters", "teachers", singular tanna תנא, borrowed from Aramaic) were the rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10–220 CE.
Targum
A targum (תרגום 'interpretation, translation, version') was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the Tanakh) that a professional translator (מְתוּרגְמָן mǝturgǝmān) would give in the common language of the listeners when that was not Biblical Hebrew.
Tefillin
Tefillin (Israeli Hebrew: /; Ashkenazic pronunciation:; Modern Hebrew pronunciation), or phylacteries, are a set of small black leather boxes with leather straps containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah.
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (translit,; translit), usually referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel.
Temple
A temple (from the Latin templum) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice.
Temple in Jerusalem
The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple, refers to the two religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.
See Judaism and Temple in Jerusalem
Temple menorah
The menorah (מְנוֹרָה mənōrā) is a seven-branched candelabrum that is described in the Hebrew Bible and in later ancient sources as having been used in the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem.
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Temple Mount
The Temple Mount (lit), also known as Haram al-Sharif (Arabic: الحرمالشريف, lit. 'The Noble Sanctuary'), al-Aqsa Mosque compound, or simply al-Aqsa (المسجد الأقصى, al-Masjid al-Aqṣā, lit. 'The Furthest Mosque'),* Where Heaven and Earth Meet, p. 13: "Nowadays, while oral usage of the term Haram persists, Palestinians tend to use in formal texts the name Masjid al-Aqsa, habitually rendered into English as 'the Aqsa Mosque'.".
Tenth of Tevet
Tenth of Tevet (עשרה בטבת, Asarah BeTevet), the tenth day of the Hebrew month of Tevet, is a fast day in Judaism.
See Judaism and Tenth of Tevet
Terumah (offering)
A terumah (תְּרוּמָה), the priestly dues or heave offering, is a type of offering in Judaism.
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The Exodus
The Exodus (Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, Yəṣīʾat Mīṣrayīm) is the founding myth of the Israelites whose narrative is spread over four of the five books of the Pentateuch (specifically, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy).
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.
The Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Judaism and The New York Times
Theurgy
Theurgy, also known as divine magic, is one of two major branches of the magical arts,Pierre A. Riffard, Dictionnaire de l'ésotérisme, Paris: Payot, 1983, 340.
Third Temple
The "Third Temple" (בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁי) refers to a hypothetical rebuilt Temple in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av
Tisha B'Av (תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tishrei
Tishrei or Tishri (תִּשְׁרֵי tīšrē or tīšrī; from Akkadian tašrītu "beginning", from šurrû "to begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar.
Torah
The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
Torah ark
A Torah ark (also known as the hekhal, היכל, or aron qodesh, אֲרוֹן קׄדֶש) is an ornamental chamber in the synagogue that houses the Torah scrolls.
Torah database
A Torah database (מאגר תורני or מאגר יהדות) is a collection of classic Jewish texts in electronic form, the kinds of texts which, especially in Israel, are often called "The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf" (ארון הספרים היהודי); the texts are in their original languages (Hebrew or Aramaic).
See Judaism and Torah database
Torah reading
Torah reading is a Jewish religious tradition that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll.
Tosefta
The Tosefta (translit "supplement, addition") is a compilation of Jewish Oral Law from the late second century, the period of the Mishnah and the Jewish sages known as the Tannaim.
Tradition
A tradition is a system of beliefs or behaviors (folk custom) passed down within a group of people or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.
Transcendence (religion)
In religion, transcendence is the aspect of existence that is completely independent of the material universe, beyond all known physical laws.
See Judaism and Transcendence (religion)
Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).
Turkey (bird)
The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, native to North America.
Types of Zionism
The common definition of Zionism was principally the endorsement of the Jewish people to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine, secondarily the claim that due to a lack of self-determination, this territory must be re-established as a Jewish state.
See Judaism and Types of Zionism
Tzadik
Tzadik (צַדִּיק ṣaddīq, "righteous "; also zadik or sadiq; pl. tzadikim ṣadīqīm) is a title in Judaism given to people considered righteous, such as biblical figures and later spiritual masters.
Tzedakah
Tzedakah (צְדָקָה ṣədāqā) is a Hebrew word meaning "righteousness", but commonly used to signify charity.
Tzitzit
Tzitzit (צִיצִית ṣīṣīṯ,; plural ṣīṣiyyōṯ, Ashkenazi:; and Samaritan) are specially knotted ritual fringes, or tassels, worn in antiquity by Israelites and today by observant Jews and Samaritans.
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See Judaism and Umayyad Caliphate
Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations
The Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC) is an international Messianic Jewish organization which supports Messianic Jewish congregations.
See Judaism and Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations
United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ) is the major congregational organization of Conservative Judaism in North America, and the largest Conservative Jewish communal body in the world.
See Judaism and United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Judaism and Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
Welfare Party
The Welfare Party (Refah Partisi, RP) was an Islamist political party in Turkey.
West Bank
The West Bank (aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; HaGadáh HaMaʽarávit), so called due to its location relative to the Jordan River, is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip).
Western Wall
The Western Wall (the western wall, often shortened to the Kotel or Kosel), known in the West as the Wailing Wall, and in Islam as the Buraq Wall (Arabic: حَائِط ٱلْبُرَاق, Ḥā'iṭ al-Burāq), is a portion of ancient limestone wall in the Old City of Jerusalem that forms part of the larger retaining wall of the hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount.
Wicca
Wicca, also known as "The Craft", is a modern pagan, syncretic, earth-centered religion.
Will Herberg
William Herberg (June 30, 1901 – March 26, 1977) was an American writer, intellectual, and scholar.
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company is a religious publishing house based in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
See Judaism and William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
William G. Dever
William Gwinn Dever (born November 27, 1933, Louisville, Kentucky) is an American archaeologist, scholar, historian, semiticist, and theologian.
See Judaism and William G. Dever
Woman
A woman is an adult female human.
World to come
The world to come, age to come, heaven on Earth, and the Kingdom of God are eschatological phrases reflecting the belief that the current world or current age is flawed or cursed and will be replaced in the future by a better world, age, or paradise.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Yahweh
Yahweh was an ancient Levantine deity, and the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, later the god of Judaism and its other descendant Abrahamic religions. Judaism and Yahweh are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
Yahwism
Yahwism, as it is called by modern scholars, was the religion of ancient Israel and Judah. Judaism and Yahwism are religion in ancient Israel and Judah.
Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.
See Judaism and Yale University Press
Yellow badge
The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (Judenstern), was a special accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history.
Yemenite Jews
Yemenite Jews, also known as Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from; اليهود اليمنيون), are Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen, and their descendants maintaining their customs.
Yeshayahu Leibowitz
Yeshayahu Leibowitz (ישעיהו ליבוביץ; 29 January 1903 – 18 August 1994) was an Israeli Orthodox Jewish public intellectual and polymath.
See Judaism and Yeshayahu Leibowitz
Yeshiva
A yeshiva or jeshibah (ישיבה||sitting; pl. ישיבות, or) is a traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature, primarily the Talmud and halacha (Jewish law), while Torah and Jewish philosophy are studied in parallel.
Yiddish
Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.
Yigdal
Yigdal (יִגְדַּל|rtl.
Yitzchak Hutner
Yitzchak Hutner (יצחק הוטנר; 1906November 28, 1980), also known as Isaac Hutner, was an American Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva (dean).
See Judaism and Yitzchak Hutner
Yom HaShoah
Yom HaZikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah (lit), known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah (יום השואה, יום השואה) and in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day, or Holocaust Day, is observed as Israel's day of commemoration for the approximately six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, and for the Jewish resistance in that period.
Yom HaZikaron
Yom HaZikaron (יוֹם הַזִּכָּרוֹן|lit.
Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר) is the holiest day of the year in Judaism.
Yoreh De'ah
Yoreh De'ah (יורה דעה) is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation of halakha (Jewish law), Arba'ah Turim around 1300.
Zavah
In Jewish ritual law, a zavah (Hebrew זבה, lit. "one who flows") is a woman who has had vaginal blood discharges not during the usually anticipated menstrual cycle, and thus entered a state of ritual impurity.
Zealots
The Zealots were a political movement in 1st-century Second Temple Judaism which sought to incite the people of Judea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the Holy Land by force of arms, most notably during the First Jewish–Roman War (66–70).
Zeved habat
Zeved habat (- Gift of the Daughter) or Simchat Bat (Hebrew: - Celebration of the Daughter) is the Jewish naming ceremony for newborn girls.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion. Judaism and Zoroastrianism are monotheistic religions.
See Judaism and Zoroastrianism
2 Maccabees
2 Maccabees,translit also known as the Second Book of Maccabees, Second Maccabees, and abbreviated as 2 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which recounts the persecution of Jews under King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the Maccabean Revolt against him.
39 Melakhot
The 39 Melakhot (ל״ט אבות מלאכה, lamed-tet avot melakhah, "39 categories of work") are thirty-nine categories of activity which Jewish law identifies as prohibited by biblical law on Shabbat.
613 commandments
According to Jewish tradition, the Torah contains 613 commandments (mitsvót).
See Judaism and 613 commandments
See also
Abraham
- Abraham
- Abraham Accords
- Abraham Path
- Abraham and Lot's conflict
- Abraham and the Idol Shop
- Abraham in History and Tradition
- Abraham's Well
- Abraham's family tree
- Apocalypse of Abraham
- Balıklıgöl
- Battle of Siddim
- Binding of Isaac
- Book of Abraham
- Bosom of Abraham
- Cave of the Patriarchs
- Chayei Sarah
- Covenant of the pieces
- Ishmaelites
- John 8
- Judaism
- Lech-Lecha
- Legend of Keret
- Melchizedek
- Moriah
- Promised Land
- Rich man and Lazarus
- Samaritanism
- Sefer Yetzirah
- Tall Asur
- Testament of Abraham
- Vayeira
- Zadkiel
Abrahamic religions
- Abrahamic religions
- Abrahamic world
- Abrahamites
- Abrahamization
- Bábism
- Baháʼí Faith
- Christianity
- Druze
- False god
- Gnosticism
- God in Abrahamic religions
- Holy Land
- Islam
- Judaism
- Mandaeism
- Milah Abraham
- Mormonism
- Pai Mārire
- Raëlism
- Rastafari
- Sabians
- Samaritanism
- Samaritans
- Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions
- Yazdânism
Ethnic religions
- Afro-American religion
- Amamikyu
- Ancient Celtic religion
- Ancient Greek religion
- Ancient Semitic religions
- Chinese American church
- Dinka religion
- Druze
- El Tío
- Ethnic religion
- Ethnoreligious groups
- Folk religions
- Germanic religion
- Judaism
- Kongo religion
- Kurdish Alevism
- List of ethnic religions
- Lydian religion
- Mandaeism
- Minoan religion
- National church
- National god
- Native American religion
- Polynesian religion
- Proto-Indo-European mythology
- Religion in the Inca Empire
- Religious nationalism
- Ryukyuan religion
- Samaritanism
- Scythian religion
- Tongan religion
- Traditional African religions
- Yazidis
- Yazidism
Jews and Judaism
- History of Judaism
- Jewish culture
- Jewish education
- Jewish history
- Jewish languages
- Jewish movements
- Jewish nationalism
- Jewish society
- Jews
- Judaic studies
- Judaism
- Land of Israel
Religion in ancient Israel and Judah
- Ancient Judaism (book)
- Ancient Mesopotamian religion
- Baal
- Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
- Canaanite religion
- Cyrus the Great in the Bible
- Henotheism
- High Priests of Israel
- History of religions school
- Judaism
- Kenite hypothesis
- Monolatry
- Monotheism
- Origins of Judaism
- Priesthood (ancient Israel)
- Queen of Heaven (antiquity)
- Samaritanism
- Second Temple
- Solomon's Temple
- Ta'anakh cult stand
- Tel Motza
- The Bible Unearthed
- The Hebrew Goddess
- Two House theology
- Yahweh
- Yahwism
References
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Eerdmans Publishing Company, William G. Dever, Woman, World to come, World War II, Yahweh, Yahwism, Yale University Press, Yellow badge, Yemenite Jews, Yeshayahu Leibowitz, Yeshiva, Yiddish, Yigdal, Yitzchak Hutner, Yom HaShoah, Yom HaZikaron, Yom Kippur, Yoreh De'ah, Zavah, Zealots, Zeved habat, Zoroastrianism, 2 Maccabees, 39 Melakhot, 613 commandments.