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660 relations: ABA Rule of Law Initiative, Abai Qunanbaiuly, Ablai Khan, Abul Khair Khan, Academy, Achaemenid Empire, Afanasievo culture, Agip, Agriculture in Kazakhstan, Ahmadiyya, Air Astana, Akim, Akmol, Aktobe, Akzhayik Sports Club, Alash Autonomy, Alatau (Almaty Metro), Aleksandr Zatayevich, Alexander the Great, Allium, Allium karataviense, Almaty, Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics, Alpamysh, Alstom, Altai Mountains, Alzhan Zharmukhamedov, Amanat (political party), American Association for the Advancement of Science, Ancient Macedonians, Ancient North Eurasian, Andronovo culture, Anglo-Russian Convention, Angola, Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan, Aqyn, Arabs, Aral Sea, Argali, Argentina, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Armenia, Asar (political party), Association football, Astana, Astana Light Metro, Astana-Nurly Zhol station, Asteroid, Astragalus (plant), Atheism, ... Expand index (610 more) »
- 1991 establishments in Asia
- 1991 establishments in Europe
- Central Asian countries
- Eurasian Steppe
- Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
- Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
- Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
- Member states of the Organization of Turkic States
- Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture
ABA Rule of Law Initiative
The ABA Rule of Law Initiative was established in 2007 by the American Bar Association to consolidate its five overseas rule of law programs, including the Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative (ABA CEELI), which was created in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
See Kazakhstan and ABA Rule of Law Initiative
Abai Qunanbaiuly
Ibrahim (Abai) Qunanbaiūly (Ибраһим (Абай) Құнанбайұлы,; Абай Кунанбаев) was a Kazakh poet, composer and Hanafi Maturidi theologian philosopher.
See Kazakhstan and Abai Qunanbaiuly
Ablai Khan
Wāli-ūllah Abū'l-Mansūr Khan (Уәлиұллаh Әбілмансұр хан, ولي الله أبو المنصور خان, romanized: Uäliūllah Äbılmansūr Han), better known as Abylai Khan or Ablai Khan (May 23, 1711 — May 23, 1781) was Khan of the Middle Jüz (central region) and was the last independent Kazakh Khan of the Kazakh Khanate before the Khanate was absorbed into the Russian Empire.
Abul Khair Khan
Mirza Abū'l-Khair Mūhammed Khan bin Qājı Abdūllah Sultan (Мырза Әбілқайыр Мұхаммед хан бин Қажы Абдұллаh Сұлтан, ميرزا أبو الخير محمد خان بن حاجي عبد الله سلطان, romanized: Myrza Äbılqaiyr Mūhammed Han bin Qajy Abdūllah Sūltan), more commonly known by his short name Abū'l-Khair Khan (1693–1748) was leader of the Kazakh Little jüz in present-day western and central Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Abul Khair Khan
Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership).
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
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Afanasievo culture
The Afanasievo culture, or Afanasevo culture (Afanasevan culture) (Афанасьевская культура Afanas'yevskaya kul'tura), is an early archaeological culture of south Siberia, occupying the Minusinsk Basin and the Altai Mountains during the eneolithic era, 3300 to 2500 BCE.
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Agip
Agip S.p.A., acronym for Azienda generale italiana petroli, was an Italian automotive gasoline, diesel, LPG, lubricants, fuel oil, and bitumen retailer established in 1926 and subsidiary of Eni S.p.A. In 2013 Agip merged into Eni, creating the Refining and Marketing Division (R&M).
Agriculture in Kazakhstan
Agriculture in Kazakhstan remains a small scale sector of Kazakhstan's economy.
See Kazakhstan and Agriculture in Kazakhstan
Ahmadiyya
Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ) is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam; as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.
Air Astana
Air Astana (Эйр Астана) is an airline and the flag carrier of Kazakhstan.
Akim
An akim (әкім,, әкімдер / äkimder; аким; аким) is the head of a local government in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Akmol
Akmol (Ақмол, Aqmol), formerly Malīnovka until 2007, is a rural locality (selo) and the administrative center of Tselinograd District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan, roughly west of Astana.
Aktobe
Aktobe (Aqtöbe,; Актобе) is a city on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan.
Akzhayik Sports Club
Akzhayik Sports Club (Aqjаi'yq spоrt kly'by) is a bandy team in Kazakhstan, which is the only professional team in the country and plays in the second highest division of Russia, the Russian Bandy Supreme League.
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Alash Autonomy
The Alash Autonomy, also known as Alash Orda, was an unrecognized Kazakh provisional government, or proto-state, located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after the Bolsheviks banned the ruling Alash party.
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Alatau (Almaty Metro)
Alatau (Алатау, Alataý) is a metro station located in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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Aleksandr Zatayevich
Aleksandr Viktorovich Zatayevich (Алекса́ндр Ви́кторович Затае́вич; 6 December 1936) was a Russian music ethnographer and exponent of Central Asian folk music.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
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Allium
Allium is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants with hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives.
Allium karataviense
Allium karataviense is an Asian species of onion in the Amaryllis family.
See Kazakhstan and Allium karataviense
Almaty
Almaty, formerly Alma-Ata, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of over two million.
Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics
Almaty 2014 (Алматы 2014) was one of the seven original bids for the 2014 Games, presented by the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics
Alpamysh
Alpamysh, also spelled as Alpamish or Alpamis (Alpomish, Alpamıs, Alpamış, Алпамыша, Алпамыш, Alpamış, Kazan Tatar: Аlpamşa, Altay: Аlıp Мanaş), is an ancient Turkic epic or dastan, an ornate oral history, generally set in verse, and one of the most important examples of the Turkic oral literature of Central Asia, mainly the Kipchak Turks.
Alstom
Alstom SA is a French multinational rolling stock manufacturer which operates worldwide in rail transport markets.
Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains, also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia and Eastern Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.
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Alzhan Zharmukhamedov
Alzhan Musurbekuly Zharmukhamedov (alternate spelling: Alzan Zarmuhamedov) (Әлжан Мүсірбекұлы Жармұхамедов, Áljan Músirbekuly Jarmuhamedov; Алжан Мусурбекович Жармухамедов; 2 October 1944 – 3 December 2022) was a Kazakh professional basketball player and coach.
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Amanat (political party)
Amanat (officially styled as AMANAT), previously known as Nur Otan until 2022, is a political party in Kazakhstan.
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.
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Ancient Macedonians
The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece.
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Ancient North Eurasian
In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and populations closely related to them, such as the Upper Paleolithic individuals from Afontova Gora in Siberia.
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Andronovo culture
The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Late Bronze Age cultures that flourished 2000–1150 BC,Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). Kazakhstan and Andronovo culture are Eurasian Steppe.
See Kazakhstan and Andronovo culture
Anglo-Russian Convention
The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 (g.), or Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet (Конвенция между Соединенным Королевством и Россией относительно Персии, Афганистана, и Тибета; Konventsiya mezhdu Soyedinennym Korolevstvom i Rossiyey otnositel'no Persii, Afghanistana, i Tibeta), was signed on August 31, 1907, in Saint Petersburg.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-central coast of Southern Africa. Kazakhstan and Angola are member states of the United Nations and republics.
Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan
The anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan, commonly known as Nevada-Semipalatinsk, was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear movements in the former Soviet Union.
See Kazakhstan and Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan
Aqyn
Aqyn or akyn (ақын, акын,; both transcribed as aqın or اقىن), is an improvisational poet and singer within the Kazakh and Kyrgyz cultures.
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (that is, without an outlet) lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and largely dried up by the 2010s.
Argali
The argali (Ovis ammon), also known as the mountain sheep, is a wild sheep that roams the highlands of western East Asia, the Himalayas, Tibet, and the Altai Mountains.
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Kazakhstan and Argentina are member states of the United Nations and republics.
Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Qaruly Küşterı, Вооружённые силы Республики Казахстан) is the unified armed forces of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. Kazakhstan and Armenia are countries in Asia, countries in Europe, landlocked countries, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Asar (political party)
Asar was a political party in Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Asar (political party)
Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
See Kazakhstan and Association football
Astana
Astana, formerly known as Nur-Sultan, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Akmola, is the capital city of Kazakhstan.
Astana Light Metro
The Astana Metro is a light rail rapid transit system under construction located in Astana, Kazakhstan, which is the capital of the country with a population of over 1,000,000.
See Kazakhstan and Astana Light Metro
Astana-Nurly Zhol station
Astana-Nurly Zhol (Acтана-Нұрлы жол, Astana-Nurly Jol) is a main train station and bus station in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan.
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Asteroid
An asteroid is a minor planet—an object that is neither a true planet nor an identified comet— that orbits within the inner Solar System.
Astragalus (plant)
Astragalus is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae.
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Atheism
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.
Atyrau
Atyrau (Атырау,; Атырау), known until 1991 as Guryev (Гурьев), is a city in Kazakhstan and the capital of Atyrau Region.
Aurora Minerals Group
Aurora Minerals Group is an Australian-Kazakhstan company that provides exploration services for the mining industry, including geophysical surveys.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Kazakhstan and Australia are member states of the United Nations.
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
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Ay Qap
Ay Qap (آی قاپ, Айқап, Aıqap in modern scripts) was a Kazakh journal of opinion and debate published in Troitsk from January 1911 until September 1915 under the editorship of Mūhammedjan Seralin.
Ayran
Ayran or Doogh and/or dhallë, dew, Jaree'a, leben, avamast, çiqilmast, mastaw, shaneena, or xynogala is a cold savory yogurt-based beverage popular across Central Asia, West Asia, Southeastern Europe, South Asia, North Asia and Eastern Europe.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, landlocked countries, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the Organization of Turkic States, member states of the United Nations, members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture and republics.
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
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Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline).
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Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan
The Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan began during the policy of oppression of religion in the former Soviet Union.
See Kazakhstan and Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan
Baikonur
Baikonur (Байқоңыр, Baiqoñyr,; translit), formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kazakhstan on the northern bank of the Syr Darya river.
Baikonur Cosmodrome
The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan.
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Bakhtiyar Artayev
Bakhtiyar Garifollauly Artayev (Бақтияр Ғарифоллаұлы Артаев, Baqtiiar Ğarifollaūly Artaev; born 14 March 1983) is a Kazakh amateur boxer who won the gold medal for Kazakhstan at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
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Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games was held at Medeu in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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Bandy World Championship
The Bandy World Championship is a competition for the men's teams of bandy-playing nations.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.
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Bard
In Celtic cultures, a bard is a professional story teller, verse-maker, music composer, oral historian and genealogist, employed by a patron (such as a monarch or chieftain) to commemorate one or more of the patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own activities.
Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.
Barys Astana
Hockey Club Barys (translit), also referred to as Barys Astana or HC Barys, is a professional ice hockey team based in Astana, Kazakhstan.
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Basketball at the 2002 Asian Games – Men
Men's basketball at the 2002 Asian Games was held in Geumjeong Gymnasium and Sajik Arena, Busan from September 28 to October 14, 2002.
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Battle of Añyraqai
The Battle of Añyraqai was a legendary battle that took place during the Kazakh-Dzungar Wars from December 1729 until January 1730.
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Battle of Jaxartes
The Battle of Jaxartes was fought in 329 BC by Alexander the Great and his Hellenic (Greek) army against the Saka at the River Jaxartes, now known as the Syr Darya River.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Beef
Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (Bos taurus).
Bekzat Sattarkhanov
Bekzat Seilkhanovich Sattarkhanov (Бекзат Сеилханович Саттарханов; 4 April 1980 – 31 December 2000) was a Kazakh boxer who competed in the men's featherweight division (57 kg) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won the gold medal.
See Kazakhstan and Bekzat Sattarkhanov
Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan and Belarus are countries in Europe, landlocked countries, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Belt and Road Initiative
--> The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI or B&R), known in China as the One Belt One Road and sometimes referred to as the New Silk Road, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in more than 150 countries and international organizations.
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Beshbarmak
Beshbarmak (бешбармак; bişbarmaq) is a dish in Central Asian cuisine.
BG Group
BG Group plc was a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Reading, United Kingdom.
Bicameralism
Bicameralism is a type of legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature.
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Bigach crater
Bigach (from қиғаш, Qiğaş – curved) is an impact crater in Kazakhstan.
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Blacklisting
Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy.
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Bolivia
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. Kazakhstan and Bolivia are landlocked countries, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
Bond (finance)
In finance, a bond is a type of security under which the issuer (debtor) owes the holder (creditor) a debt, and is obliged – depending on the terms – to provide cash flow to the creditor (e.g. repay the principal (i.e. amount borrowed) of the bond at the maturity date as well as interest (called the coupon) over a specified amount of time).
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Book of Dede Korkut
The Book of Dede Korkut or Book of Korkut Ata (کتاب دده قورقود; Kitaby Dädem Gorkut; Dede Korkut Kitabı) is the most famous among the dastans or epic stories of the Oghuz Turks.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula. Kazakhstan and Bosnia and Herzegovina are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
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Botai culture
The Botai culture is an archaeological culture (c. 3700–3100 BC) of prehistoric northern Central Asia.
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Boxing
Boxing is a combat sport and martial art.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America. Kazakhstan and Brazil are member states of the United Nations.
Bribery
Bribery is the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official, or other person, in charge of a public or legal duty and to incline the individual to act contrary to their duty and the known rules of honesty and integrity.
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Brookings Institution
The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.
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BTA Bank
BTA Bank (БТА; БТА Банкі; BTA Banki) (BTA Bank Joint-Stock Company in full) is a Kazakhstan bank with headquarters in Almaty.
Buddhism in Central Asia
Buddhism in Central Asia mainly existed in Mahayana forms and was historically especially prevalent along the Silk Road.
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Bulat Zhumadilov
Bolat Zhumadilov (Болат Жумадилов; born April 22, 1973) is a Kazakh boxer who competed in the Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg) at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics and won silver medals on both occasions.
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Bumin Qaghan
Bumin Qaghan (Bumïn qaγan, also known as Illig Qaghan (Chinese: 伊利可汗, Pinyin: Yīlì Kèhán, Wade–Giles: i-li k'o-han) or Yamï Qaghan (Yаmï qaγan, died 552 AD) was the founder of the Turkic Khaganate. He was the eldest son of Ashina Tuwu (吐務 / 吐务).
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Buran (spacecraft)
Buran (Буран,, meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: 11F35 1K, construction number: 1.01) was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran program.
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Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL) is a bureau within the United States Department of State.
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Candidate of Sciences
A Candidate of Sciences or Candidate of Science (translit, translit, translit) is the first of two doctoral level scientific degrees in Russia, some of the Commonwealth of Independent States and was the first of two doctoral level degrees in some other countries (Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, etc.). It is formally classified as UNESCO's ISCED level 8, "doctoral or equivalent." It may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy, usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries.
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Carex
Carex is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books).
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.
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Catholic Church in Kazakhstan
The Catholic Church in Kazakhstan is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the pope in Rome.
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Caucasian race
The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid, Europid, or Europoid) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race.
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Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
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Central Asian revolt of 1916
The Central Asian revolt of 1916, also known as the Semirechye Revolt and as Urkun (translit) in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, was an anti-Russian uprising by the indigenous inhabitants of Russian Turkestan sparked by the conscription of Muslims into the Russian military for service on the Eastern Front during World War I.
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Central Asian Survey
Central Asian Survey is an academic journal first published in 1982 concerning Caucasus and Central Asian studies.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Chagatai Khan
Chagatai Khan (Mongolian script:; Čaɣatay; translit; چغتای, Čaġatāy; چاغاتاي خان, Chaghatay-Xan; 察合台, Chágětái; جغتای, Joghatây; 22 December 1183 – 1 July 1242) was the second son of Genghis Khan and Börte.
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Chal
Chal, also shubat or khoormog (шұбат, şūbat,, хоормог, khoormog), is a Turkic (especially Turkmen, Uzbek and Kazakh) and Mongolic beverage of fermented camel milk, sparkling white with a sour flavor, popular in Central Asia — particularly in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
Charyn Canyon
Charyn Canyon (Чарынский каньон), also known as the Sharyn Canyon (Шарын шатқалы) is a canyon on the Charyn River in Kazakhstan.
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Chechens
The Chechens (Нохчий,, Old Chechen: Нахчой, Naxçoy), historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus.
Chevron Corporation
Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation predominantly specializing in oil and gas.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. Kazakhstan and China are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and republics.
China–Kazakhstan border
The China–Kazakhstan border or the Sino-Kazakhstan border (Қазақстан-Қытай мемлекеттiк шекарасы, Казахстанско-китайская государственная граница, p), is the international border between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and China–Kazakhstan border
Christianity in Kazakhstan
Christianity in Kazakhstan is the second most practiced religion after Islam and one of the major religions of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Christianity in Kazakhstan
Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
Citibank
Citibank, N.A. ("N. A." stands for "National Association"; stylized as citibank) is the primary U.S. banking subsidiary of financial services multinational Citigroup.
Classical music
Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions.
See Kazakhstan and Classical music
Collective farming
Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise".
See Kazakhstan and Collective farming
Collective Security Treaty Organization
The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia consisting of six post-Soviet states: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, formed in 2002.
See Kazakhstan and Collective Security Treaty Organization
Colonization
independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism.
See Kazakhstan and Colonization
Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch.
See Kazakhstan and Commander-in-chief
Commonwealth of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. Kazakhstan and Commonwealth of Independent States are 1991 establishments in Asia and 1991 establishments in Europe.
See Kazakhstan and Commonwealth of Independent States
Communist Party of Kazakhstan
The Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Коммунистік партиясы, Qazaqstan Kommunistık Partiasy, KPK; Коммунистическая партия Казахстана) is a banned Marxist–Leninist political party in Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Communist Party of Kazakhstan
Conservancy areas of Kazakhstan
In Kazakhstan, there are 25 specially protected areas, including 10 nature reserves and 11 national parks.
See Kazakhstan and Conservancy areas of Kazakhstan
Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
See Kazakhstan and Constantinople
Constitution of Kazakhstan
The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Konstitutsiasy) is the highest law of Kazakhstan, as stated in Article 4.
See Kazakhstan and Constitution of Kazakhstan
Continental climate
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters).
See Kazakhstan and Continental climate
Convertibility
Convertibility is the quality that allows money or other financial instruments to be converted into other liquid stores of value.
See Kazakhstan and Convertibility
Corruption Perceptions Index
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.
See Kazakhstan and Corruption Perceptions Index
Corsac fox
The corsac fox (Vulpes corsac), also known simply as a corsac, is a medium-sized fox found in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts in Central Asia, ranging into Mongolia and northern China.
Cossacks
The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia.
Court order
A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings.
See Kazakhstan and Court order
COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan
The COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
See Kazakhstan and COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan
Credit rating
A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor (an individual, a business, company or a government), predicting their ability to pay back the debt, and an implicit forecast of the likelihood of the debtor defaulting.
See Kazakhstan and Credit rating
Credit rating agency
A credit rating agency (CRA, also called a ratings service) is a company that assigns credit ratings, which rate a debtor's ability to pay back debt by making timely principal and interest payments and the likelihood of default.
See Kazakhstan and Credit rating agency
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island. Kazakhstan and Cuba are member states of the United Nations and republics.
Cumania
The name Cumania originated as the Latin exonym for the Cuman–Kipchak confederation, which was a tribal confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries.
Cumans
The Cumans or Kumans (kumani; Kumanen;; Połowcy; cumani; polovtsy; polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language.
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.
See Kazakhstan and Cyrillic script
Dairy product
Dairy products or milk products, also known as lacticinia, are food products made from (or containing) milk.
See Kazakhstan and Dairy product
Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
The deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union was the forced transfer of nearly 172,000 Soviet Koreans (Koryo-saram) from the Russian Far East to unpopulated areas of the Kazakh SSR and the Uzbek SSR in 1937 by the NKVD on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Molotov.
See Kazakhstan and Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
The deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar halqınıñ sürgünligi, Cyrillic: Къырымтатар халкъынынъ сюргюнлиги) or the Sürgünlik ('exile') was the ethnic cleansing and the cultural genocide of at least 191,044 Crimean Tatars which was carried out by Soviet Union authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944, supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, chief of Soviet state security and the secret police, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
See Kazakhstan and Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
Didacticism
Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature, art, and design.
See Kazakhstan and Didacticism
Dinmukhamed Kunaev
Dinmukhamed Akhmetuly "Dimash" Kunaev (also spelled Kunayev; Dınmūhammed (Dimaş) Ahmetūly Qonaev, Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich (Minliakhmedovich) Kunaev; – 22 August 1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politicianVronskaya, Jeanne (24 August 1993).
See Kazakhstan and Dinmukhamed Kunaev
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
See Kazakhstan and Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Districts of Kazakhstan
The regions of Kazakhstan are divided into 170 districts (pl. аудандар, audandar).
See Kazakhstan and Districts of Kazakhstan
Division of the Mongol Empire
The division of the Mongol Empire began after Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu Castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of khagan that escalated into the Toluid Civil War.
See Kazakhstan and Division of the Mongol Empire
Dmitriy Karpov
Dmitriy Vasilyevich Karpov (Дмитрий Васильевич Карпов; born 23 July 1981 in Karaganda) is an athlete from Kazakhstan who competes in decathlon and heptathlon (the latter during the winter season).
See Kazakhstan and Dmitriy Karpov
Domestication of the horse
How and when horses became domesticated has been disputed.
See Kazakhstan and Domestication of the horse
Dry port
A dry port (sometimes referred to as an inland port) is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport, operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.
Dungan people
Dungan is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a group of Muslim people of Hui origin.
See Kazakhstan and Dungan people
Dzungar people
The Dzungar people (also written as Zunghar or Junggar; from the Mongolian words, meaning 'left hand') are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries.
See Kazakhstan and Dzungar people
East Kazakhstan Region
East Kazakhstan Region (translit; Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya oblast) is a region of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan Region
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
See Kazakhstan and Eastern Europe
Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.
See Kazakhstan and Eastern Front (World War II)
Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan
The Eastern Orthodox Church in Kazakhstan is a metropolitan district or metropolia of the Russian Orthodox Church.
See Kazakhstan and Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two polities – one in the east and the other in the west.
See Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Economic Cooperation Organization
The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is a Eurasian political and economic intergovernmental organization that was founded in 1985 in Tehran by the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.
See Kazakhstan and Economic Cooperation Organization
Economist Intelligence Unit
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) is the research and analysis division of the Economist Group, providing forecasting and advisory services through research and analysis, such as monthly country reports, five-year country economic forecasts, country risk service reports, and industry reports.
See Kazakhstan and Economist Intelligence Unit
Economy of Kazakhstan
The economy of Kazakhstan is the largest in Central Asia in both absolute and per capita terms.
See Kazakhstan and Economy of Kazakhstan
Ecuador
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Kazakhstan and Ecuador are member states of the United Nations and republics.
Eid al-Adha
Eid al-Adha is the second of the two main holidays in Islam alongside Eid al-Fitr.
See Kazakhstan and Eid al-Adha
Elections in Kazakhstan
Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies, the Majilis (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House).
See Kazakhstan and Elections in Kazakhstan
Elegiac
The adjective elegiac has two possible meanings.
Emir
Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara (امارت بخارا|Imārat-i Bukhārā, بخارا امیرلیگی|Bukhārā Amirligi) was a Muslim polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Emirate of Bukhara
Endeavor Business Media
Endeavor Business Media is an American business-to-business media company founded by Chris Ferrell and others in December 2017.
See Kazakhstan and Endeavor Business Media
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.
See Kazakhstan and Energy Information Administration
Epic (genre)
Epic is a narrative genre characterised by its length, scope, and subject matter.
See Kazakhstan and Epic (genre)
Equity (finance)
In finance, equity is an ownership interest in property that may be offset by debts or other liabilities.
See Kazakhstan and Equity (finance)
Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country where the indigenous ethnic group, the Kazakhs, comprise the majority of the population.
See Kazakhstan and Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan
Ethnography
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.
See Kazakhstan and Ethnography
Eurasia International Film Festival
Eurasia International Film Festival is an international film festival held in Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Eurasia International Film Festival
Eurasian Economic Community
The Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC or EurAsEC) was a regional organisation between 2000 and 2014 which aimed for the economic integration of its member states.
See Kazakhstan and Eurasian Economic Community
Eurasian Economic Union
The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU or EEU)EAEU is the acronym used on the.
See Kazakhstan and Eurasian Economic Union
Eurasian lynx
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx.
See Kazakhstan and Eurasian lynx
Eurasian nomads
The Eurasian nomads were groups of nomadic peoples living throughout the Eurasian Steppe, who are largely known from frontier historical sources from Europe and Asia.
See Kazakhstan and Eurasian nomads
Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.
See Kazakhstan and Eurasian Steppe
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a post–Cold War, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) institution.
See Kazakhstan and Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD; French: Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement, BERD) is an international financial institution founded in 1991. Kazakhstan and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are 1991 establishments in Europe.
See Kazakhstan and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU).
See Kazakhstan and European Commission
European Cup (bandy)
The European Cup was an annual bandy club competition between teams from Europe.
See Kazakhstan and European Cup (bandy)
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Kazakhstan and European Union
Evgeni Nabokov
Yevgeni Viktorovich Nabokov (Евге́ний Ви́кторович Набо́ков; born July 25, 1975) is a Kazakhstani-Russian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Tampa Bay Lightning of National Hockey League (NHL) and for Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk, Dynamo Moscow, Metallurg Magnitogorsk and SKA Saint Petersburg of the Russian Super League (RSL) and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) from 1991 to 2015.
See Kazakhstan and Evgeni Nabokov
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a Norwegian-based organization that seeks to establish a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and mineral resources.
See Kazakhstan and Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil Corporation (commonly shortened to Exxon) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation and the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil.
Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.
See Kazakhstan and Federal Bureau of Investigation
FIBA Asia Cup
The FIBA Asia Cup (formerly the FIBA Asia Championship and ABC Championship) is an international basketball tournament which takes place every four years between the men's national teams of Asia and Oceania.
See Kazakhstan and FIBA Asia Cup
Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.
See Kazakhstan and Financial Times
First Turkic Khaganate
The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, Göktürk Khaganate, or the Turkic Khaganate (𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰆𐰴𐰽𐰔:𐰰𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰), was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d.
See Kazakhstan and First Turkic Khaganate
Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014.
Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).
See Kazakhstan and Foreign direct investment
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.
See Kazakhstan and Forest Landscape Integrity Index
Fraxinus
Fraxinus, commonly called ash, is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae, and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees, most of which are deciduous trees, although some subtropical species are evergreen trees.
Free and fair election
A free and fair election is defined by political scientist Robert Dahl as an election in which "coercion is comparatively uncommon".
See Kazakhstan and Free and fair election
Freedom House
Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights.
See Kazakhstan and Freedom House
Freedom of information
Freedom of information is freedom of a person or people to publish and have access to information.
See Kazakhstan and Freedom of information
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.
See Kazakhstan and Freedom of speech
Fret
A fret is any of the thin strips of material, usually metal wire, inserted laterally at specific positions along the neck or fretboard of a stringed instrument.
Futsal
Futsal is a football-based game played on a hardcourt like a basketball court, smaller than a football pitch, and mainly indoors.
Gabit Musirepov
Gabit Makhmutuli Musirepov (Ğabit Mahmūtūly Müsırepov, Ғабит Махмұтұлы Мүсірепов; Габит Махмутович Мусрепов; 22 March 1902 – 31 December 1985) was a Soviet Kazakh writer, playwright and author of libretto to Kazakh opera Kyz-Zhibek.
See Kazakhstan and Gabit Musirepov
Gagea
Gagea is a large genus of spring flowers in the lily family.
Göktürks
The Göktürks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks (Türük Bodun) were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia.
Genetic history of East Asians
This article summarizes the genetic makeup and population history of East Asian peoples and their connection to genetically related populations such as Southeast Asians and North Asians, as well as Oceanians, and partly, Central Asians, South Asians, and Native Americans.
See Kazakhstan and Genetic history of East Asians
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.
See Kazakhstan and Genetically modified crops
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.
See Kazakhstan and Genghis Khan
Gennady Golovkin
Gennadiy Gennadyevich Golovkin (Cyrillic: Генна́дий Генна́дьевич Голо́вкин; also spelled Gennady; born 8 April 1982), often known by his nickname "GGG" or "Triple G", is a Kazakhstani professional boxer.
See Kazakhstan and Gennady Golovkin
Gennady Kolbin
Gennady Vasilyevich Kolbin (7 May 1927 – 15 January 1998) was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR from 16 December 1986 to 22 June 1989.
See Kazakhstan and Gennady Kolbin
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See Kazakhstan and German language
Germans
Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.
Germans of Kazakhstan
The Germans of Kazakhstan (Kasachstandeutsche; Қазақстандық немістер) are a minority in Kazakhstan, and make up a small percentage of the population.
See Kazakhstan and Germans of Kazakhstan
Glasnost
Glasnost (гласность) is a concept relating to openness and transparency.
Global Competitiveness Report
The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) was a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum.
See Kazakhstan and Global Competitiveness Report
Global Innovation Index
The Global Innovation Index is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
See Kazakhstan and Global Innovation Index
GoEast
GoEast, styled goEast, is an international film festival which has been held annually in the Hessian state capital of Wiesbaden, Germany, since its inception in 2001.
Gold medal
A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field.
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
See Kazakhstan and Golden Horde
Grassland
A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae).
Great Game
The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.
Greek Catholic Church
Greek Catholic Church may refer to.
See Kazakhstan and Greek Catholic Church
Greeks in Kazakhstan
The Greeks in Kazakhstan are mainly the descendants of Pontic Greeks who were deported there by Joseph Stalin, from southern Russia and the Caucasus region, at first the Crimean Greeks on 1944, under the resolution 5984 of June 2, 1944.
See Kazakhstan and Greeks in Kazakhstan
Green tea
Green tea is a type of tea that is made from Camellia sinensis leaves and buds that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process which is used to make oolong teas and black teas.
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.
See Kazakhstan and Gross domestic product
Gulag
The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.
Gymnasium (school)
Gymnasium (and variations of the word) is a term in various European languages for a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university.
See Kazakhstan and Gymnasium (school)
Hanafi school
The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
See Kazakhstan and Hanafi school
Hard currency
In macroeconomics, hard currency, safe-haven currency, or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value.
See Kazakhstan and Hard currency
Harmony Lessons
Harmony Lessons (Асланның сабақтары, Aslannyñ sabaqtary; Уроки гармонии) is a 2013 Kazakh-German drama film directed by Emir Baigazin.
See Kazakhstan and Harmony Lessons
Hasim Rahman
Hasim Sharif Rahman (born November 7, 1972) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2014.
See Kazakhstan and Hasim Rahman
Hinduism in Kazakhstan
Hinduism in Kazakhstan is represented mainly by the ISKCON followers and by expatriate Hindus from India.
See Kazakhstan and Hinduism in Kazakhstan
History of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical crossroads and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history.
See Kazakhstan and History of Kazakhstan
History of the Jews in Kazakhstan
The history of the Jews in Kazakhstan connects back to the history of Bukharan and Juhuro Mountain Jews.
See Kazakhstan and History of the Jews in Kazakhstan
Horse meat
Horse meat forms a significant part of the culinary traditions of many countries, particularly in Eurasia.
HSBC
HSBC Holdings plc (滙豐; acronym from its founding member The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) is a British universal bank and financial services group headquartered in London, England, with historical and business links to East Asia and a multinational footprint.
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
See Kazakhstan and Human Rights Watch
Ice hockey
Ice hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport.
Ili River
The Ili River (ئىلى دەرياسى, Или Дәряси,; Ile; Или; 伊犁河,; Йили хә, اِلِ حْ; Или мөрөн) is a river in Northwest China and Southeastern Kazakhstan.
Impact crater
An impact crater is a depression in the surface of a solid astronomical body formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller object.
See Kazakhstan and Impact crater
Income tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income).
Independence Day (Kazakhstan)
Independence Day of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Тәуелсіздік күні), is the main national holiday in the Republic of Kazakhstan, celebrated annually on 16 December.
See Kazakhstan and Independence Day (Kazakhstan)
Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
Below is the list of Kazakhstan-related articles.
See Kazakhstan and Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
Individual Partnership Action Plan
Individual Partnership Action Plans (IPAP) are plans developed between NATO and different countries which outline the objectives and the communication framework for dialogue and cooperation between both parties.
See Kazakhstan and Individual Partnership Action Plan
Indo-Iranians
The Indo-Iranian peoples, also known as Ā́rya or Aryans from their self-designation, were a group of Indo-European speaking peoples who brought the Indo-Iranian languages to major parts of Eurasia in waves from the first part of the 2nd millennium BC onwards.
See Kazakhstan and Indo-Iranians
International Astana Action Film Festival
International Astana Action Film Festival (Международный кинофестиваль экшн-фильмов "Astana", translit. Mezhdunarodniy kinofestival action filmov «Astana») is significant as the only festival of the action film genre.
See Kazakhstan and International Astana Action Film Festival
International Boxing Organization
The International Boxing Organization (IBO) is a US based corporation that sanctions professional boxing matches and awards world and regional championships.
See Kazakhstan and International Boxing Organization
International Futures
International Futures (IFs) is a global integrated assessment model designed to help with thinking strategically and systematically about key global systems (economic, demographic, education, health, environment, technology, domestic governance, infrastructure, agriculture, energy and environment).
See Kazakhstan and International Futures
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Kazakhstan and International Monetary Fund
International Organization of Turkic Culture
The International Organization of Turkic Culture or TÜRKSOY is an international cultural organization of countries with Turkic populations, speaking languages belonging to the Turkic language family.
See Kazakhstan and International Organization of Turkic Culture
International trade
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services.
See Kazakhstan and International trade
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Kazakhstan and Iranian languages
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See Kazakhstan and Iranian peoples
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. Kazakhstan and Iraq are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Iris willmottiana
Iris willmottiana is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus ''Scorpiris''.
See Kazakhstan and Iris willmottiana
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Irreligion in Kazakhstan
According to the 2021 census, only 2.25% of the population said they were Atheist, a decrease from the 2009 Census.
See Kazakhstan and Irreligion in Kazakhstan
Irtysh
The Irtysh is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan.
Ishim (river)
The Ishim (Ishim; Esil) is a river running through Kazakhstan and Russia.
See Kazakhstan and Ishim (river)
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islam in Kazakhstan
Islam is the largest religion practiced in Kazakhstan, with estimates of about 74% of the country's population being Muslim.
See Kazakhstan and Islam in Kazakhstan
Janibek Khan
Abū Saʿīd Janibek Bahadur Khan bin Barak Sultan (Äbu Saïd Jänıbek Bahadür Han bïn Baraq Sultan, أبو سعيد جانيبك خان بن براك سلطان), otherwise known by his shortened regal name Janibek Khan, was a co-founder and second Khan of the Kazakh Khanate from 1473 to 1480.
See Kazakhstan and Janibek Khan
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland. Kazakhstan and Japan are countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
Jüz
A jüz (also spelled zhuz; translit,, also translated as "horde") is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan.
Jeltoqsan
The Jeltoqsan (lit), also spelled Zheltoksan, or December of 1986 were protests that took place in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, in response to CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his replacement with Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian from the Russian SFSR.
Jochi
Jochi (Mongolian:, also; –) was a Mongol army commander who was the eldest son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan), and presumably one of the four sons by his principal wife Börte, though issues concerning his paternity followed him throughout his life.
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.
See Kazakhstan and Joseph Stalin
Judicial independence
Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary should be independent from the other branches of government.
See Kazakhstan and Judicial independence
Kalmyks
Kalmyks (Kalmyk: Хальмгуд,; Halimaguud; translit; archaically anglicised as Calmucks) are the only Mongolic-speaking people living in Europe, residing in the easternmost part of the European Plain.
Kanysh Satbayev
Kanysh Imantayuli Satbayev (Қаныш Имантайұлы Сәтбаев, Qanyş İmantaiūly Sätbaev; Каны́ш Иманта́евич Сатпа́ев, Kanysh Imantaevich Satpaev) (April 11, 1899 – January 31, 1964) was a Kazakh professor, geologist and one of the founders of Soviet metallogeny (specifically the Kazakhstani school) and the principal advocate and first president of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences.
See Kazakhstan and Kanysh Satbayev
Karachaganak Field
Karachaganak Field (Qarashyǵanaq munaı-gaz kondensat ken orny) is a gas condensate field about east of Aksay (Ақсай) in northwest Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Karachaganak Field
Karaganda
Karaganda, also known as Qaraghandy or Karagandy, (Қарағанды/Qarağandy,; Караганда) is the capital of Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan.
Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan.
See Kazakhstan and Karakalpakstan
Kashagan Field
Kashagan Field (Қашаған кен орны, Qaşağan ken orny) is an offshore oil field in Kazakhstan's zone of the Caspian Sea.
See Kazakhstan and Kashagan Field
Kashmir
Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokayev (Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев; Qasym-Jomart Kemelūly Toqaev; Касым-Жомарт Кемелевич Токаев; born 17 May 1953) is a Kazakh politician and diplomat who has served as the President of Kazakhstan since 2019.
See Kazakhstan and Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (Казахская Автономная Социалистическая Советская Республика; Qazaq Aptanom Sotsijalijstik Soвettik Respuvвlijkasь), abbreviated as Kazak ASSR (Казакская АССР; Qazaq ASSR) and simply Kazakhstan (Казахстан; Qazaƣьstan), was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) within the Soviet Union (from 1922) which existed from 1920 until 1936.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
Kazakh famine of 1930–1933
The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, also known as the Asharshylyk, was a famine during which approximately 1.5 million people died in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, then part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union, of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh famine of 1930–1933
Kazakh Khanate
The Kazakh Khanate (Қазақ Хандығы, Qazaq Handyğy), in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to the 19th century, centered on the eastern parts of the Desht-i Qipchaq.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh Khanate
Kazakh language
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh language
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Kazakh Steppe
The Kazakh Steppe (Qazaq dalasy, also Uly dala, Ұлы дала "Great Steppe"), also called the Great Dala, is a vast region of open grassland in Central Asia, covering areas in northern Kazakhstan and adjacent areas of Russia. Kazakhstan and Kazakh Steppe are Eurasian Steppe.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh Steppe
Kazakh War of Independence
The Kazakh War of Independence (1468–1500) was a conflict fought in Central Asia between the Kazakh Khanate and the Uzbek Khanate, which attempted to maintain its control over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, which at the time was under Uzbek rule.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh War of Independence
Kazakh wine
Kazakh wine is wine made in Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh wine
Kazakh–Dzungar Wars
The Kazakh–Dzungar Wars (1643–1756) were a series of long conflicts between the Kazakh Juzes and Dzungar Khanate.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakh–Dzungar Wars
Kazakhfilm
Kazakhfilm (Қазақфильм, Qazaqfilm, pronounced) is a Kazakh film studio located in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: қазақ, qazaq,, қазақтар, qazaqtar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, mainly Kazakhstan, but also parts of northern Uzbekistan and the border regions of Russia, as well as northwestern China (specifically Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) and western Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province).
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, central Asian countries, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, Eurasian Steppe, landlocked countries, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the Organization of Turkic States, member states of the United Nations, members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture and republics.
Kazakhstan Football Federation
The Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF, Қазақстанның Футбол Федерациясы, Qazaqstannyñ Futbol Federatsıiasy; r) is the governing body of football in Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan Football Federation
Kazakhstan Hockey Championship
The Pro Hokei Ligasy. formerly known as The Republic of Kazakhstan Open Ice Hockey Championship (Шайбалық хоккей бойынша Қазақстан Республикасының ашық чемпионаты, Открытый Чемпионат Республики Казахстан по хоккею с шайбой), commonly referred to as Kazakh Hockey Championship, is an annual ice hockey award and national title, bestowed to the winning ice hockey team in Kazakhstan, founded in 1992.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan Hockey Championship
Kazakhstan men's national basketball team
The Kazakhstan national basketball team represents Kazakhstan in basketball international competitions.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan men's national basketball team
Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team
The Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team is controlled by Kazakhstan Ice Hockey Federation.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team
Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes
Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes represents Kazakhstan in regional, continental and world boxing tournaments and matches sanctioned by the International Boxing Association (AIBA).
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes
Kazakhstan national bandy team
The Kazakh national bandy team has been representing Kazakhstan in the Bandy World Championships since 1995.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan national bandy team
Kazakhstan national football team
The Kazakhstan national football team (Қазақстан Ұлттық футбол құрамасы, Qazaqstan Ūlttyq Futbol qūramasy) represents Kazakhstan in men's international football and it is governed by the Kazakhstan Football Federation.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan national football team
Kazakhstan Temir Joly
Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ; Qazaqstan Temır Joly (QTJ),; Казахстанские железные дороги), also National Company Kazakhstan Temir Zholy, is the national railway company of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan Temir Joly
Kazakhstan women's national football team
Kazakhstan women's national football team represent Kazakhstan in international women football and it is governed by the Kazakhstan Football Federation.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan women's national football team
Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border
The Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border is and runs from the tripoint with Uzbekistan to the tripoint with China.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border
Kazakhstan–Russia border
The Kazakhstan–Russia border (Казахстанско-российская граница, Қазақстан-Ресей шекарасы) is the international border between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan–Russia border
Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
The Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border is in length and runs from the Caspian Sea to the tripoint with Uzbekistan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border
The Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border is long and runs from the tripoint with Turkmenistan to the tripoint with Kyrgyzstan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border
Kazakhstani tenge
The tenge (or; translit,; translit; sign: ₸; code: KZT) is the currency of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazakhstani tenge
KAZBAT
KAZBAT refers to a peacekeeping military unit in the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan.
KazMunayGas
KazMunayGas (KMG) (QazMūnaiGaz, ҚазМұнайГаз) is the state-owned oil and gas company of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and KazMunayGas
Kazzinc-Torpedo
Torpedo Hockey Club («Торпедо» хоккей клубы, «Torpedo» hokkeı klýby; Хоккейный клуб «Торпедо»), commonly referred to as Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk, formerly known as Kazzinc-Torpedo (1999–2015), is a professional ice hockey team based in Oskemen, Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Kazzinc-Torpedo
Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya (Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in East Africa. Kazakhstan and Kenya are member states of the United Nations and republics.
Kerei Khan
Kerei Khan (Kerei han) (1424, White Horde - 1473/4, Kazakh Khanate) was a co-founder and the first Khan of the Kazakh Khanate from c. 1465 to 1473.
Khanate of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva (خیوه خانلیگی|translit.
See Kazakhstan and Khanate of Khiva
Khanate of Kokand
The Khanate of Kokand (خاننشین خوقند; Khānneshin-e Khoqand, خوقند خانليغى Khoqand Khānliği) was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876.
See Kazakhstan and Khanate of Kokand
Khorgos
Khorgos (from Хоргос), officially known as KorgasThe official spelling according to Zhōngguó dìmínglù, 中国地名录 (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997); (from Kazakh: قورعاس), is a county-level city in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
Kipchak languages
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China.
See Kazakhstan and Kipchak languages
Kipchaks
The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR), also known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz SSR) or Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirgiz SSR), was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.
See Kazakhstan and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
Kontinental Hockey League
The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL; Kontinental'naya khokkeynaya liga) is an international professional ice hockey league founded in 2008.
See Kazakhstan and Kontinental Hockey League
Kookmin Bank
Kookmin Bank or KB Kookmin Bank is among four of the largest banks ranked by asset value in South Korea, as of the end of March 2014.
See Kazakhstan and Kookmin Bank
Koreans
Koreans are an East Asian ethnic group native to Korea.
Koryo-saram
Koryo-saram (label; Корё сарам) or Koryoin (고려인) are ethnic Koreans of the former Soviet Union, who descend from Koreans that were living in the Russian Far East.
See Kazakhstan and Koryo-saram
Kumis
Kumis (also spelled kumiss or koumiss or kumys, see other transliterations and cognate words below under terminology and etymology – airag қымыз, qymyz айраг, äärаg) is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare milk or donkey milk.
Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev
Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev (Құрманғазы Сағырбайұлы, Qūrmanğazy Sağyrbaiūly; 1823–1896) was a Kazakh composer, instrumentalist (kobyz, dombra), and folk artist.
See Kazakhstan and Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia.
See Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are 1991 establishments in Asia, central Asian countries, countries in Asia, landlocked countries, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the Organization of Turkic States, member states of the United Nations, members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture and republics.
Kyzylorda
Kyzylorda (translit), formerly known as Kzyl-Orda (Кзыл-Орда), Ak-Mechet (Ак-Мечеть), Perovsk (Перовск), Leninsk (Ленинск), and Fort-Perovsky (Форт-Перовский), is a city in south-central Kazakhstan, capital of Kyzylorda Region and former capital of the Kazakh ASSR from 1925 to 1927.
Labor camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment.
Lake Balkhash
Lake Balkhash (Балқаш көлі, Balqaş kölı,; ozero Balkhash) is a lake in southeastern Kazakhstan, one of the largest lakes in Asia and the 15th largest in the world.
See Kazakhstan and Lake Balkhash
Lake Zaysan
Lake Zaysan or Zaisan, also known by other names in other languages, is a freshwater lake in Tarbagatay District, East Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Lake Zaysan
Landlocked country
A landlocked country is a country that does not have any territory connected to an ocean or whose coastlines lie solely on endorheic basins. Kazakhstan and landlocked country are landlocked countries.
See Kazakhstan and Landlocked country
Last Glacial Period
The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.
See Kazakhstan and Last Glacial Period
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
See Kazakhstan and Latin alphabet
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (19 December 1906– 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1977 to 1982.
See Kazakhstan and Leonid Brezhnev
LGBT rights in Kazakhstan
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Kazakhstan face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.
See Kazakhstan and LGBT rights in Kazakhstan
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C. that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States.
See Kazakhstan and Library of Congress
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Kazakhstan and Libya are member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Kazakhstan and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of countries and dependencies by population density
This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile.
See Kazakhstan and List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries by Human Development Index
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compiles the Human Development Index (HDI) of 193 nations in the annual Human Development Report.
See Kazakhstan and List of countries by Human Development Index
List of countries by literacy rate
This is a list of countries by literacy rate.
See Kazakhstan and List of countries by literacy rate
List of countries by tax rates
A comparison of tax rates by countries is difficult and somewhat subjective, as tax laws in most countries are extremely complex and the tax burden falls differently on different groups in each country and sub-national unit.
See Kazakhstan and List of countries by tax rates
List of protected areas of Kazakhstan
This is a list of protected areas of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and List of protected areas of Kazakhstan
List of Russian bandy champions
Russian bandy champion is a title held by the winners of the final of the highest Russian bandy league played each year, currently the Bandy Super League.
See Kazakhstan and List of Russian bandy champions
List of transcontinental countries
This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.
See Kazakhstan and List of transcontinental countries
List of universities in Kazakhstan
The following is a list of universities in Kazakhstan by cities.
See Kazakhstan and List of universities in Kazakhstan
List of Val Barker Trophy winners
The Val Barker Trophy is presented every four years to the most "outstanding boxer" at the Olympic Games.
See Kazakhstan and List of Val Barker Trophy winners
List of world middleweight boxing champions
Champions were recognized by public acclamation.
See Kazakhstan and List of world middleweight boxing champions
Lithuanians
Lithuanians (lietuviai) are a Baltic ethnic group.
See Kazakhstan and Lithuanians
Lower house
A lower house is the lower chamber of a bicameral legislature, where second chamber is the upper house.
See Kazakhstan and Lower house
LukArco
LukArco B.V. is a subsidiary of the Russian oil company Lukoil.
Lukoil
The PJSC Lukoil Oil Company (stylized as LUKOIL or ЛУКОЙЛ in Cyrillic script) is a Russian multinational energy corporation headquartered in Moscow, specializing in the business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of petroleum, natural gas, petroleum products, and electricity.
Malus sieversii
Malus sieversii is a wild apple native to the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Malus sieversii
Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
Mangyshlak Peninsula
Mangyshlak or Mangghyshlaq Peninsula (translit; translit) is a large peninsula located in western Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Mangyshlak Peninsula
Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
See Kazakhstan and Market economy
Massagetae
The Massagetae or Massageteans, also known as Sakā tigraxaudā or Orthocorybantians, were an ancient Eastern Iranian Saka people who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia and were part of the wider Scythian cultures.
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
The Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi (Қожа Ахмет Яссауи кесенесі, Qoja Ahmet İassaui kesenesı; Мавзолей Ходжи Ахмеда Ясави, Mavzoley khodzhi Akhmeda Yasavi) is a mausoleum in the city of Turkestan, in southern Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Mäjilis
The Mäjilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (translit), commonly referred to as Mäjilis or Mazhilis (translit) is the lower house of the Parliament of Kazakhstan, alongside the upper house Senate.
Mäslihat
A Maslikhat is a local representative body (parliament) in Kazakhstan that is elected by a population of a region, district and city.
Menıñ Qazaqstanym
Menıñ Qazaqstanym is the national anthem of Kazakhstan since 7 January 2006, replacing the "Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan", which was in use since its independence in 1991, but had the same melody as the anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
See Kazakhstan and Menıñ Qazaqstanym
Meskhetian Turks
Meskhetian Turks, also referred to as Turkish Meskhetians, Ahiska Turks, and Turkish Ahiskans, (მესხეთის თურქები Meskhetis turk'ebi) are a subgroup of ethnic Turkish people formerly inhabiting the Meskheti region of Georgia, along the border with Turkey.
See Kazakhstan and Meskhetian Turks
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. Kazakhstan and Mexico are member states of the United Nations.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.
See Kazakhstan and Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikoyan MiG-29
The Mikoyan MiG-29 (Микоян МиГ-29; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a twin-engine fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union.
See Kazakhstan and Mikoyan MiG-29
Mikoyan MiG-31
The Mikoyan MiG-31 (Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for the Soviet Air Forces by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG-25.
See Kazakhstan and Mikoyan MiG-31
Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth.
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
Mir
Mir (Мир) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by the Russian Federation.
Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Beg (Persian: میرزا محمد حیدر دولت بیگ c. 1499/1500 – 1551) was a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general, governor of Kashmir, and a historian.
See Kazakhstan and Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
Misinformation
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information.
See Kazakhstan and Misinformation
Moldova
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans. Kazakhstan and Moldova are 1991 establishments in Europe, countries in Europe, landlocked countries, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.
See Kazakhstan and Mongol Empire
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Kazakhstan and Mongolia are countries in Asia, Eurasian Steppe, landlocked countries, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.
Montenegro
Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula. Kazakhstan and Montenegro are countries in Europe, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Moose
The moose ('moose'; used in North America) or elk ('elk' or 'elks'; used in Eurasia) (Alces alces) is the world's tallest, largest and heaviest extant species of deer and the only species in the genus Alces.
Mufti
A mufti (مفتي) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion (fatwa) on a point of Islamic law (sharia).
Mukhtar Auezov
Mukhtar Omarkhanuli Auezov (Mūhtar Omarhanūly Äuezov, Мұхтар Омарханұлы Әуезов, مۇحتار ومارحانۇلى اۋەزوۆ,; Мухта́р Омарха́нович Ауэ́зов, Mukhtar Omarkhanovich Auezov; 28 September 1897 – 27 June 1961) was a Kazakh writer, a social activist, a Doctor of Philology, and an honored academician of the Soviet Union (1946).
See Kazakhstan and Mukhtar Auezov
Mukhtar Shakhanov
Mukhtar Shakhanov (Мұхтар Шаханов, Mūhtar Şahanov) (born 2 July 1942) is a prominent Kazakh writer, lawmaker, and the Kazakh ambassador to Kyrgyzstan.
See Kazakhstan and Mukhtar Shakhanov
Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov
Mukhtarkhan Qabylanbekuly Dildabekov (Мұхтархан Қабыланбекұлы Ділдәбеков, Mūhtarhan Qabylanbekūly Dıldäbekov; born March 19, 1976) is a Kazakh boxer, best known to win the silver medal in the Super Heavyweight division (+91 kg) at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
See Kazakhstan and Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov
Music school
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music.
See Kazakhstan and Music school
Musical notation
Musical notation is any system used to visually represent music.
See Kazakhstan and Musical notation
Musicology
Musicology (from Greek μουσική 'music' and -λογια, 'domain of study') is the scholarly study of music.
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
See Kazakhstan and Muslim world
Myn Bala
Myn Bala (Жаужүрек мың бала, Jaujürek myñ bala) is a 2011 Kazakh historical dramatic film depicting the eighteenth century war fought between the Kazakhs and the Dzungar Khanate.
Mynjylky mountain plateau
The Mynjylky Plateau is a plateau in an elevated plain in the Almaty Region of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Mynjylky mountain plateau
Natascha Ragosina
Natalia Yurievna Ragozina (Наталья Юрьевна Рагозина; born 5 April 1976), better known as Natascha Ragosina, is an undefeated retired Russian professional boxer who spent much of her career ranked as the top female super middleweight in the world.
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National Bank of Kazakhstan
The National Bank of Kazakhstan is the central bank of Kazakhstan.
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National Security Committee (Kazakhstan)
The National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NSC,;, КНБ) is an intelligence agency in Kazakhstan founded on 13 July 1992.
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
Natural-gas condensate
Natural-gas condensate, also called natural gas liquids, is a low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids that are present as gaseous components in the raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
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Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Kazakhstan and New Zealand are member states of the United Nations.
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Nik Antropov
Nikolai Alexandrovich Antropov (Николай Александрович Антропов; born February 18, 1980) is a Kazakhstani-Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers and Winnipeg Jets.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.
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Nomad
Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.
Non-denominational Muslim
Non-denominational Muslims are Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches.
See Kazakhstan and Non-denominational Muslim
Novorossiya (confederation)
Novorossiya or New Russia (Новороссия,; Novorosiia, novoroˈsijɐ), also referred to as the Union of People's Republics (sɐˈjuz nɐˈroːdnɨx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk; translit, soˈjuz nɐˈrodnɪx resˈpublik), was a project for a confederation between the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) in Eastern Ukraine, both of which were under the control of pro-Russian separatists.
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Nuclear Suppliers Group
The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.
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Nursultan Nazarbayev
Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев; Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев, Nūrsūltan Äbışūly Nazarbaev,; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan, from the country's independence in 1991 until his formal resignation in 2019, and as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2022.
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Nurtai Abykayev
Nurtai Abykayev (translit; born 15 May 1947) is a Kazakh politician who was the chairman of the National Security Committee of Kazakhstan from August 2010 to December 2015 and from September 1998 to August 1999.
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Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)
The Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) was characterized by a large United States military deployment on Iraqi territory, beginning with the US-led invasion of the country in March 2003 which overthrew the Ba'ath Party government of Saddam Hussein and ending with the departure of US troops from the country in 2011.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
Oghuz Khagan
Oghuz Khagan or Oghuz Khan (Oğuz Kağan or Oğuz Han; Oğuz Xan or Oğuz Xaqan; Oguz Han or Oguz Kagan) is a legendary khan of the Turkic people and an eponymous ancestor of Oghuz Turks.
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Oil & Gas Journal
The Oil & Gas Journal is a leading petroleum industry weekly publication with a worldwide coverage.
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Oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan
The oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan can be grouped into four revealed or prospective oil and gas provinces in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
Oil and gas reserves denote discovered quantities of crude oil and natural gas (oil or gas '''fields''') that can be profitably produced/recovered from an approved development.
See Kazakhstan and Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
Oil refinery
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.
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Oirats
Oirats (Ойрад, Oirad) or Oirds (Ойрд, Oird; Өөрд; 瓦剌, Wǎlà/Wǎlā), also formerly Eluts and Eleuths (厄魯特, Èlǔtè), are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and western Mongolia.
Old Great Bulgaria
Old Great Bulgaria (Medieval Greek: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, Palaiá Megálē Voulgaría), also often known by the Latin names Magna Bulgaria and Patria Onoguria ("Onogur land"), was a 7th-century Turkic nomadic empire formed by the Onogur-Bulgars on the western Pontic–Caspian steppe (modern southern Ukraine and southwest Russia).
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Old Turkic script
The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.
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Oleg Maskaev
Oleg Alexandrovich Maskaev (Олег Александрович Маскаев; born 2 March 1969) is a Russian-American former professional boxer who competed from 1995 to 2013, and held the WBC heavyweight title from 2006 to 2008.
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Olga Rypakova
Olga Rypakova Alekseyeva; 30 November 1984) is a former Kazakhstani track and field athlete. Originally a heptathlete, she switched to focus on the long jump and began to compete in the triple jump after 2007. Her first successes came in the combined events at Asian competitions – she won the women's pentathlon at the 2005 Asian Indoor Games and took the heptathlon gold at the 2006 Asian Games the following year.
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Oljas Bektenov
Oljas Abaiūly Bektenov (born 13 December 1980) is a Kazakh politician who is currently serving as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan since February 2024.
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Omsk
Omsk (Омск) is the administrative center and largest city of Omsk Oblast, Russia.
Onogurs
The Onoghurs, Onoğurs, or Oğurs (Ὀνόγουροι, Οὔρωγοι, Οὔγωροι; Onογurs, Ογurs; "ten tribes", "tribes") were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between 5th and 7th century, and spoke the Oghuric language.
Oral literature
Oral literature, orature, or folk literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed.
See Kazakhstan and Oral literature
Oral, Kazakhstan
Oral (Орал), known in Russian as Uralsk (Уральск), is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan, at the confluence of the Ural and Chagan rivers close to the Russian border.
See Kazakhstan and Oral, Kazakhstan
Oralman
Oralman (Оралман) is a term used by Kazakh authorities to describe ethnic Kazakhs who have re-immigrated to Kazakhstan since the country gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Orenburg
Orenburg (Оренбу́рг), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia and former capital of Kazak ASSR.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia.
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Organization of Turkic States
The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), formerly called the Turkic Council or the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States, is an intergovernmental organization comprising all but one of the internationally recognized Turkic sovereign states: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan; while Hungary and Turkmenistan are observers.
See Kazakhstan and Organization of Turkic States
Orsk
Orsk (Орск) is the second largest city in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the steppe about southeast of the southern tip of the Ural Mountains.
Oskemen
Oskemen (translit) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Усть-Каменого́рск) is the largest city in the east of Kazakhstan and the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan.
Outline of Kazakhstan
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Kazakhstan: The Republic of Kazakhstan is a landlocked sovereign country located across both Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
See Kazakhstan and Outline of Kazakhstan
Oxytropis
Oxytropis is a genus of plants in the legume family.
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. Kazakhstan and Pakistan are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.
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Pallas's cat
The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), also known as the manul, is a small wild cat with long and dense light grey fur, and rounded ears set low on the sides of the head.
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Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.
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Parliament of Kazakhstan
The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Parlamentı; r) is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan.
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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) is the parliamentary arm of the Council of Europe, a 46-nation international organisation dedicated to upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
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Partnership for Peace
The Partnership for Peace (PfP; Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 18 states are members.
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Pastoralism
Pastoralism is a form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals (known as "livestock") are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing, historically by nomadic people who moved around with their herds.
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Pasture
Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.
Pavlodar
Pavlodar is a city in northeastern Kazakhstan and the capital of Pavlodar Region. It is located northeast of the national capital Astana and southeast of the Russian city of Omsk along the Irtysh River. In 2010, the city had a population of 331,710. The population of Pavlodar is composed predominantly of ethnic Kazakhs and Russians, with significant Ukrainian, German and Tatar minorities.
PBC CSKA Moscow
PBC CSKA Moscow (ПБК ЦСКА Москва) is a Russian professional basketball team based in Moscow, Russia.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
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Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Petropavl
Petropavl (Петропавл; Petropavlovsk) is a city on the Ishim River in northern Kazakhstan close to the border with Russia. It is the capital of the North Kazakhstan Region. Population: 218,956. The city is also known colloquially in Kazakh as Qyzyljar (lit). Petropavlovsk is about from Kökşetau, northwest of the national capital Astana along the A1, from Omsk.
Philippines men's national basketball team
The Philippines men's national basketball team (Pambansang koponan ng basketbol ng Pilipinas), commonly known as Gilas Pilipinas, is the basketball team representing the Philippines.
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Phosphorite
Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock that contains high amounts of phosphate minerals.
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Pilaf
Pilaf, pilav or pilau is a rice dish, usually sautéed, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or meat, and employing some technique for achieving cooked grains that do not adhere to each other.
Plaintiff
A plaintiff (Π in legal shorthand) is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court.
Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.
Poles in the Soviet Union
The Polish minority in the Soviet Union are Polish diaspora who used to reside near or within the borders of the Soviet Union before its dissolution.
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Political repression in the Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution.
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Politics of Kazakhstan
The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates the head of government.
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Pontic Greek
Pontic Greek (translit, translit; Rumca or Romeika) is a variety of Modern Greek indigenous to the Pontus region on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Turkish and Caucasus region.
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Population transfer in the Soviet Union
From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.
See Kazakhstan and Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.
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President of Kazakhstan
The president of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Prezidentı; Cyrillic: Қазақстан Республикасының Президенті) is the head of state of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Price of oil
The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus, and Western Canadian Select (WCS).
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Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
The prime minister of Kazakhstan (translit,; translit) is the head of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the holder of its fourth highest office, after the president of Kazakhstan, Chairman of Senate and Chairman of Majilis.
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Privatization
Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
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Przewalski's horse
Przewalski's horse ((Пржевальский);; Equus ferus przewalskii or Equus przewalskii), also called the takhi (Тахь), Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered subspecies of horse originally native to the steppes of Central Asia.
See Kazakhstan and Przewalski's horse
Pugachev's Rebellion
Pugachev's Rebellion (also called the Peasants' War 1773–1775 or Cossack Rebellion) of 1773–1775 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762.
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Rapid transit
Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), commonly referred to as metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport that is generally built in urban areas.
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RDS-1
The RDS-1 (РДС-1), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning, was the nuclear bomb used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test.
Red fox
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe and Asia, plus parts of North Africa.
Regions of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is divided into 17 regions (oblystar; label; oblasti; label).
See Kazakhstan and Regions of Kazakhstan
Religion
Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.
Religion in Kazakhstan
According to various polls, the majority of Kazakhstan's citizens, primarily ethnic Kazakhs, identify as Sunni Muslims.
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Religion in the Soviet Union
Religion in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was dominated by the fact that it became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of existing religion, and the prevention of future implanting of religious belief, with the goal of establishing state atheism (gosateizm).
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Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
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Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
See Kazakhstan and Republics of the Soviet Union
Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)
Respublika (Russian: Республика – деловое оброзение) or Golos Respubliki (Voice of the Republic) was a weekly Russian-language Kazakhstani newspaper.
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Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
Right to counsel
In criminal law, the right to counsel means a defendant has a legal right to have the assistance of counsel (i.e., lawyers) and, if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, requires that the government appoint one or pay the defendant's legal expenses.
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Royal Bank of Scotland
The Royal Bank of Scotland (Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba) is a major retail and commercial bank in Scotland.
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Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. Kazakhstan and Russia are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and member states of the United Nations.
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.
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Russian folk music
Russian folk music specifically deals with the folk music traditions of the ethnic Russian people.
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Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
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Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..
See Kazakhstan and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Russians in Kazakhstan
There has been a substantial population of Russians in Kazakhstan since the 19th century.
See Kazakhstan and Russians in Kazakhstan
Russo-Ukrainian War
The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.
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Saka
The Saka were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin.
Saken Seifullin
Saken Seifullin (Сәкен (Сәдуақас) Сейфуллин, Säken (Säduaqas) Seifullin; 15 October 1894 – 25 April 1938) was a pioneer of modern Kazakh literature, poet, writer, and a national activist.
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Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.
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Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains, cemented together by another mineral.
Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan
Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan is a part of the Kazakh Uplands (known in Kazakh as saryarka, or "yellow range") which has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
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Saryarka Karagandy
Hockey Club Saryarka (Saryarqa Hokei Kluby, «Сарыарқа» хоккей клубы; Russian), commonly referred as Saryarka Karagandy, is a professional ice hockey team based in Karagandy, Kazakhstan.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.
Scytho-Siberian world
The Scytho-Siberian world was an archaeological horizon that flourished across the entire Eurasian Steppe during the Iron Age, from approximately the 9th century BC to the 2nd century AD.
See Kazakhstan and Scytho-Siberian world
Secondary education
Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale.
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Secretary (title)
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization.
See Kazakhstan and Secretary (title)
Secular state
A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.
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Security (finance)
A security is a tradable financial asset.
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Semey
Semey (Семей / Semei,; Семей), until 2007 known as Semipalatinsk (Семипала́тинск) and between 1917 and 1920 as Alash-Qala (Алаш-қала / Alaş-qala), is a city in eastern Kazakhstan, in the Kazakh part of Siberia. When Abai Region was created in 2022, Semey became its administrative centre.
Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.
See Kazakhstan and Semi-arid climate
Semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.
See Kazakhstan and Semi-presidential republic
Semipalatinsk Test Site
The Semipalatinsk Test Site or Semipalatinsk-21, also known as "The Polygon", was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons.
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Senate of Kazakhstan
The Senate of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Parlamentınıñ Senaty, Қазақстан Парламентінің Сенаты) is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan's legislature, known as the Parliament (Parlamenti).
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Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain. Kazakhstan and Serbia are countries in Europe, landlocked countries, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Serik Sapiyev
Serik Zhumangaliyevich Sapiyev (Серік Жұманғалиұлы Сәпиев, born 16 November 1983) is an amateur boxer from Kazakhstan who won the world title in the light welterweight (-64 kg) division in 2005 and 2007 and Olympic Gold 2012 at welterweight.
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Shafi'i school
The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization established by China and Russia in 2001.
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Shaybanids
The Shibanids or Shaybanids (Шайбонийлар, ShayboniylarShiban Han divani., دودمان شیبانیان) or more accurately the Abu'l-Khayrid-Shibanids, were a dynasty of Turko-Mongol origin, who ruled over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, much of Uzbekistan, and parts of southern Russia (including Siberia) in the 15th century.
Shymkent
Shymkent (Шымкент, Şymkent) is a city in Kazakhstan, near the border with Uzbekistan.
Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. Kazakhstan and Siberia are Eurasian Steppe.
Silk Road
The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.
Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor
Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Chang'an-Tian Shan Corridor is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which covers the Chang'an-Tianshan portion of the ancient Silk Road and historical sites along the route.
See Kazakhstan and Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor
Silver medal
A silver medal, in sports and other similar areas involving competition, is a medal made of, or plated with, silver awarded to the second-place finisher, or runner-up, of contests or competitions such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel and revenue numbers fall below certain limits.
See Kazakhstan and Small and medium-sized enterprises
Snow leopard
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), occasionally called ounce, is a species of large cat in the genus Panthera of the family Felidae.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. Kazakhstan and South Korea are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and republics.
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.
See Kazakhstan and Sovereignty
Soviet Armed Forces
The Soviet Armed Forces, also known as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991), were the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union (1922–1991) from their beginnings in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
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Soviet atomic bomb project
The Soviet atomic bomb project was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II.
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Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the state space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
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Soviet Union men's national basketball team
The Soviet Union men's national basketball team (r) was the national basketball team that represented the Soviet Union in international competitions.
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Special settlements in the Soviet Union
Special settlements in the Soviet Union were the result of population transfers and were performed in a series of operations organized according to social class or nationality of the deported.
See Kazakhstan and Special settlements in the Soviet Union
Srubnaya culture
The Srubnaya culture (Srubnaya kul'tura, Zrubna kul'tura), also known as Timber-grave culture, was a Late Bronze Age 1900–1200 BC culture in the eastern part of the Pontic–Caspian steppe.
See Kazakhstan and Srubnaya culture
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Steppe Route
The Steppe Route was an ancient overland route through the Eurasian Steppe that was an active precursor of the Silk Road. Kazakhstan and Steppe Route are Eurasian Steppe.
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String (music)
In music, strings are long flexible structures on string instruments that produce sound through vibration.
See Kazakhstan and String (music)
Sukhoi Su-24
The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, all-weather tactical bomber developed in the Soviet Union.
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Sukhoi Su-27
The Sukhoi Su-27 (Сухой Су-27; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a Soviet-origin twin-engine supersonic supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi.
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Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
See Kazakhstan and Sunni Islam
Supreme Hockey League
The All-Russian Hockey League (VHL) (Всероссийская хоккейная лига (ВХЛ), Vserossiyskaya hokkeinaya liga (VHL)), also known as the Major Hockey League or Higher Hockey League (HHL), is a professional ice hockey league in Eurasia, and the second highest level of Russian hockey.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. Kazakhstan and Switzerland are countries in Europe, landlocked countries and member states of the United Nations.
See Kazakhstan and Switzerland
Syr Darya
The Syr Darya, historically known as the Jaxartes (Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in Central Asia.
Tajikistan
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kazakhstan and Tajikistan are 1991 establishments in Asia, central Asian countries, countries in Asia, landlocked countries, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Tanbaly
Tamgaly is a petroglyph site in the Zhetysu of Kazakhstan.
Taraz
Taraz (Тараз; also historically known as Talas) is a city and the administrative center of Jambyl Region in Kazakhstan, located on the Talas (Taraz) River in the south of the country near the border with Kyrgyzstan. It had a population of 330,100 as of the 1999 census, up 9% from 1989, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, after Astana and Turkistan.
Tashkent
Tashkent, or Toshkent in Uzbek, is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan.
Tatar language
Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.
See Kazakhstan and Tatar language
Tatars
The Tatars, in the Collins English Dictionary formerly also spelt Tartars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
Tengiz Field
Tengiz field (Теңіз мұнай кен орны, Teñız mūnai ken orny) is an oil field located in Zhylyoi District, Atyrau Region, northwestern Kazakhstan.
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Tengizchevroil
Tengizchevroil is a joint venture between Chevron (50% share in the consortium), ExxonMobil (25% share), KazMunayGas (20% share) and LukArco (5% share).
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is the largest Latter Day Saint denomination, tracing its roots to its founding by Joseph Smith during the Second Great Awakening.
See Kazakhstan and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.
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The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
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The Economist Democracy Index
The Democracy Index published by the Economist Group is an index measuring the quality of democracy across the world.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
See Kazakhstan and The Guardian
The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation, sometimes referred to simply as "Heritage", is an activist American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1973, it took a leading role in the conservative movement in the 1980s during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage Foundation studies, including its Mandate for Leadership.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Kazakhstan and The World Factbook
Tian Shan
The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, meaning the "Mountains of God/Heaven", is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia.
Time in Kazakhstan
Time in Kazakhstan is regulated by the Decree «О порядке исчисления времени на территории Республики Казахстан» (in English: "On the Procedure for Calculating Time on the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan"), according to which time zone is applied: UTC+05:00 (from March 1, 2024) and Daylight Saving Time is not observed since it was abolished in 2005.
See Kazakhstan and Time in Kazakhstan
Timur Bekmambetov
Timur Nuruakhitovich Bekmambetov (born 25 June 1961) is a Russian-Kazakh film director, producer, screenwriter, and tech entrepreneur.
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Tokarevskoye gas condensate field
The Tokarevskoye gas condensate field, 80 km west of Oral, consists of four individual accumulations whose productivity is proved by several wells.
See Kazakhstan and Tokarevskoye gas condensate field
Trade Act of 2002
The Trade Act of 2002 (U.S. Trade Promotion Authority Act) granted the President of the United States the authority to negotiate trade deals with other countries and gives Congress the approval to only vote up or down on the agreement, not to amend it.
See Kazakhstan and Trade Act of 2002
Trans-Aral Railway
The broad gauge Trans-Aral Railway (also known as the Tashkent Railway) was built in 1906 connecting Kinel and Tashkent, then both in the Russian Empire.
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Transparency International
Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.
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Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report was first published in 2007 by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
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Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry.
See Kazakhstan and Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their total elimination.
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Triple jump
The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to long jump.
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Tsar
Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.
Tulip
Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the Tulipa genus.
Tulipa greigii
Tulipa greigii, (Greig's tulip) is a species of tulip native to Central Asia and Iran.
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Tulipa kaufmanniana
Tulipa kaufmanniana, the water lily tulip, is a species of tulip native to Central Asia.
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Turco-Persian tradition
The composite Turko-Persian, Turco-Persian,, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991 or Turco-Iranian (فرهنگ ایرانی-ترکی) is the distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries AD in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan).
See Kazakhstan and Turco-Persian tradition
Turco–Mongol tradition
The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.
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Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan (from Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang).
Turkestan Military District
The Turkestan Military District (Туркестанский военный округ (ТуркВО), Turkestansky voyenyi okrug (TurkVO)) was a military district of both the Imperial Russian Army and the Soviet Armed Forces, with its headquarters at Tashkent.
See Kazakhstan and Turkestan Military District
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. Kazakhstan and Turkey are countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the Organization of Turkic States, member states of the United Nations, members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture and republics.
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
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Turkic migration
The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 4th and 11th centuries.
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See Kazakhstan and Turkic peoples
Turkification
Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity.
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Turkistan (city)
Turkistan (Türkıstan) is a city and the administrative center of Turkistan Region of Kazakhstan, near the Syr Darya river.
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Turkistan Region
Turkistan Region, formerly South Kazakhstan Region (translit) (Южно-Казахстанская область) from 1992 to 2018 and Chimkent Region (Чимкентская область.) from 1963 to 1991 is the southernmost region of Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and Turkistan Region
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are 1991 establishments in Asia, central Asian countries, countries in Asia, landlocked countries, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture and republics.
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Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan and Ukraine are countries in Europe, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.
Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
Ukrainian Kazakhstanis (Қазақстандағы украиндар, Qazaqstandağy ukraindar; Ukrayintsi v Kazakhstani) are an ethnic minority in Kazakhstan that according to the 1989 census numbered 896,000 people, or 5.4% of the population.
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Ulaanbaatar
Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар,, "Red Hero"), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia.
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UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
UniCredit
UniCredit S.p.A. (formerly UniCredito Italiano S.p.A.) is an international banking group headquartered in Milan.
Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Kazakhstan and United Arab Emirates are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
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United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
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United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system.
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United Nations Human Rights Council
The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. Kazakhstan and United States are member states of the United Nations.
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United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.
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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is a U.S. federal government commission created by the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998.
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United States Department of Commerce
The United States Department of Commerce (DOC) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth and opportunity.
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United States Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.
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Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house.
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Ural (river)
The Ural (Урал), known before 1775 as the Yaik, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia.
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92.
UTC+05:00
UTC+05:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:00.
Uyghur language
Uyghur or Uighur (ئۇيغۇر تىلى, Уйғур тили, Uyghur tili, Uyƣur tili, or ئۇيغۇرچە, Уйғурчә, Uyghurche, Uyƣurqə,, CTA: Uyğurçä; formerly known as Eastern Turki) is a Turkic language written in a Uyghur Perso-Arabic script with 8–13 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.
See Kazakhstan and Uyghur language
Uyghurs
The Uyghurs, alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia.
Uyghurs in Kazakhstan
Uyghurs in Kazakhstan (Qazaqstandağy ūiğyrlar), or Uyghur Kazakhstanis (italic), form the country's fifth-largest ethnic group, according to the 2009 census.
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Uzbek language
Uzbek (pronounced), formerly known as Turki, is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks.
See Kazakhstan and Uzbek language
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are 1991 establishments in Asia, central Asian countries, countries in Asia, landlocked countries, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the Organization of Turkic States, member states of the United Nations, members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture and republics.
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.
Value-added tax
A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)), is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution.
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Vasily Bartold
Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold (Васи́лий Влади́мирович Барто́льд; – 19 August 1930), who published in the West under his German baptism name, Wilhelm Barthold, was a Russian orientalist who specialized in the history of Islam and the Turkic peoples (Turkology).
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Vassiliy Jirov
Vassiliy Valeryevich Jirov (Васи́лий Вале́рьевич Жи́ров; born 4 April 1974), sometimes known as Vasily Zhirov, is a Kazakhstani former professional boxer who competed from 1997 to 2009, and held the IBF cruiserweight title from 1999 to 2003.
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Vassily Balabanov
Vasily Vasilyevich Balabanov (Василий Васильевич Балабанов; 30 January 1873 – 27 January 1947) was a former governor of Turkestan in Imperial Russia, a governor of Semirechye, an SR and a commissar of the Russian Provisional Government.
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Virgin Lands campaign
The Virgin Lands campaign (translit; Тың игеру) was Nikita Khrushchev's 1953 plan to dramatically boost the Soviet Union's agricultural production in order to alleviate the food shortages plaguing the Soviet populace.
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Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of flowering plant, native to the Mediterranean region, Central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran.
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Vladimir Kozlov (politician)
Vladimir Ivanovich Kozlov (Russian and Kazakh: Владимир Иванович Козлов) is a Kazakh journalist and politician who has been a leader of the democratic opposition in Kazakhstan and a candidate for his country's presidency.
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Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik der Wolgadeutschen; Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika Nemtsev Povolzh'ya), abbreviated as the Volga German ASSR, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR.
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Volga Germans
The Volga Germans (Wolgadeutsche,; povolzhskiye nemtsy) are ethnic Germans who settled and historically lived along the Volga River in the region of southeastern European Russia around Saratov and close to Ukraine nearer to the south.
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Vostok 1
Vostok 1 (Восток, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human orbital spaceflight in history.
West Kazakhstan Region
West Kazakhstan Region (translit; translit) is a region of Kazakhstan.
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Western Steppe Herders
In archaeogenetics, the term Western Steppe Herders (WSH), or Western Steppe Pastoralists, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component first identified in individuals from the Chalcolithic steppe around the turn of the 5th millennium BC, subsequently detected in several genetically similar or directly related ancient populations including the Khvalynsk, Repin, Sredny Stog, and Yamnaya cultures, and found in substantial levels in contemporary European, Central Asian, South Asian and West Asian populations.
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Western Turkic Khaganate
The Western Turkic Khaganate or Onoq Khaganate (Ten arrow people) was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan), into a western and an eastern Khaganate.
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Winter Olympic Games
The Winter Olympic Games (Jeux olympiques d'hiver) is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice.
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Wolf
The wolf (Canis lupus;: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America.
Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids.
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Boxing Association
The World Boxing Association (WBA), formerly known as the National Boxing Association (NBA), is the oldest and one of four major organizations which sanction professional boxing bouts, alongside the World Boxing Council (WBC), International Boxing Federation (IBF) and World Boxing Organization (WBO).
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World Boxing Council
The World Boxing Council (WBC) is an international professional boxing organization.
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World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental organization, think tank, and lobbying organisation based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.
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World Heritage Committee
The World Heritage Committee is a committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties.
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World Justice Project
The World Justice Project (WJP) is an international civil society organization with the stated mission of "working to advance the rule of law around the world".
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World Press Freedom Index
The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the organization's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia.
Xionites
Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyōn) were a nomadic people in the Central Asian regions of Transoxiana and Bactria.
Yamnaya culture
The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.
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Yermakhan Ibraimov
Yermakhan Ibraimov (born 1 January 1972 in Jambyl Region) is a Kazakh boxer who competed in the Light Middleweight (71 kg) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won the gold medal.
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Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who, aboard the first successful crewed spaceflight, became the first human to journey into outer space.
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Zhambyl Zhabayuly
Zhambyl Zhabaev (Жамбыл Жабайұлы; 28 February 1846 — 22 June 1945) was a Soviet and Kazakh traditional folksinger (italic).
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Zhetysu
Zhetysu (Jetısu,; meaning "seven rivers" or more literally, "seven waters") or Jeti-Suu (Жети-Суу|Jeti-Suu), also transcribed Zhetisu, Jetisuw, Jetysu, Jeti-su or Jity-su,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Джетысу etc.
Zhibek Joly (Almaty Metro)
Jibek Joly (Жібек Жолы, Jibek Joly; Жибек Жолы) is a station of Line 1 of the Almaty Metro.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
.kz
.kz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kazakhstan.
.қаз
.қаз (abbreviation of translit) is the Internet internationalized country code top-level domain (iccTLD) for Kazakhstan.
1991 Soviet coup attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the CPSU at the time.
See Kazakhstan and 1991 Soviet coup attempt
2000 Summer Olympics
The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, officially branded as Sydney 2000, and also known as the Games of the New Millennium, were an international multi-sport event held from 15 September to 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
See Kazakhstan and 2000 Summer Olympics
2003 World Championships in Athletics
The 9th World Championships in Athletics, under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held from 23 August to 31 August 2003 in the streets of Paris and the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.
See Kazakhstan and 2003 World Championships in Athletics
2004 Summer Olympics
The 2004 Summer Olympics (Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004), officially the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad (label) and officially branded as Athens 2004 (Αθήνα 2004), were an international multi-sport event held from 13 to 29 August 2004 in Athens, Greece.
See Kazakhstan and 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships
The 2006 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships was the 70th such event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation.
See Kazakhstan and 2006 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships
2006 Winter Olympics
The 2006 Winter Olympics (2006 Olimpiadi invernali), officially the XX Olympic Winter Games (XX Giochi olimpici invernali) and also known as Torino 2006, were a winter multi-sport event held from 10 to 26 February in Turin, Italy.
See Kazakhstan and 2006 Winter Olympics
2007 World Championships in Athletics
The 11th World Championships in Athletics, under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), were held at Nagai Stadium in Osaka, Japan from 24 August to 2 September 2007.
See Kazakhstan and 2007 World Championships in Athletics
2007–2008 financial crisis
The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or the global financial crisis (GFC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression.
See Kazakhstan and 2007–2008 financial crisis
2011 Asian Winter Games
The 2011 Asian Winter Games (2011 jılğı qısqı Azïya oyındarı) was a multi-sport event that was held in Astana and Almaty, Kazakhstan, that began on January 30, 2011, and ended on February 6, 2011.
See Kazakhstan and 2011 Asian Winter Games
2011 World Championships in Athletics
The 13th IAAF World Championships in Athletics (제13회 세계육상선수권대회) was an international athletics competition that was held in Daegu, South Korea.
See Kazakhstan and 2011 World Championships in Athletics
2012 Bandy World Championship
The 2012 Bandy World Championship was an edition of the top annual event in international bandy, held between January 29 and February 5, 2012, in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
See Kazakhstan and 2012 Bandy World Championship
2012 Summer Olympics
The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012, were an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom.
See Kazakhstan and 2012 Summer Olympics
2019 Kazakh presidential election
Snap presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 9 June 2019 to elect the President of Kazakhstan following the resignation of long-term President Nursultan Nazarbayev in March 2019.
See Kazakhstan and 2019 Kazakh presidential election
2022 Kazakh unrest
The 2022 Kazakh unrest, also known as January Events (translit), Bloody January (Кровавый январь), or the January Tragedy, was a series of mass protests and civil unrest that began in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied petroleum gas prices following the lifting of a government-enforced price cap on 1 January.
See Kazakhstan and 2022 Kazakh unrest
2022 Winter Olympics
The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Beijing 2022 (北京2022), were an international winter multi-sport event held from 4 to 20 February 2022 in Beijing, China, and surrounding areas with competition in selected events beginning 2 February 2022.
See Kazakhstan and 2022 Winter Olympics
40th Army (Soviet Union)
The 40th Army (40-ya obshchevoyskovaya armiya, "40th Combined Arms Army") of the Soviet Ground Forces was an army-level command that participated in World War II from 1941 to 1945 and was reformed specifically for the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979 to circa 1990.
See Kazakhstan and 40th Army (Soviet Union)
40th parallel north
The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Kazakhstan and 40th parallel north
46th meridian east
The meridian 46° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
See Kazakhstan and 46th meridian east
56th parallel north
The 56th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 56 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Kazakhstan and 56th parallel north
88th meridian east
The meridian 88° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
See Kazakhstan and 88th meridian east
See also
1991 establishments in Asia
- Azerbaijan
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Georgia (country)
- Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- Islamic Emirate of Kunar
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Nationalist Democratic Assembly
- Russia
- South Ossetia
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Unified Korean sporting teams
- Uzbekistan
1991 establishments in Europe
- ARC Europe
- Alpenliga
- Aromanian National Day
- Azerbaijan
- Balkan Masters Athletics Championships
- Cartoon d'or
- Chaillot Papers
- Comité International du Ski-Alpinisme de Compétition
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- European Cockpit Association
- European Concert Hall Organisation
- European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations
- European Council for Business Education
- European Dance Radio Chart
- European Federation of Neurological Societies
- European Fencing Confederation
- European Film Award for Best Editor
- European Journal of Cancer Prevention
- European Kings Club
- European Medical Students' Association
- European Optical Society
- European Society for Analytic Philosophy
- European Wound Management Association
- Formula Renault Eurocup
- Georgia (country)
- Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- Guadiana International Bridge
- Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
- Kazakhstan
- Moldova
- NFL Europe
- Russia
- Russia–NATO relations
- SAO Western Slavonia
- Slovenia
- South Ossetia
- Statewatch
- Ternopil Regional Art Museum
- ULEB
- Visegrád Group
Central Asian countries
- Afghanistan
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
Eurasian Steppe
- Andronovo culture
- Dzungarian Gate
- Emin Valley
- Eurasian Steppe
- Great Hungarian Plain
- History of the central steppe
- History of the eastern steppe
- History of the western steppe
- Ishim Steppe
- Kalmyk Steppe
- Kazakh Steppe
- Kazakh Uplands
- Kazakhstan
- Kurumbel Steppe
- Leymus akmolinensis
- Mongolia
- Pannonian Steppe
- Pontic–Caspian steppe
- Puszta
- Siberia
- Steppe Route
- West Siberian Plain
Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
- Armenia
- Belarus
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Russia
- Tajikistan
Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Moldova
- Russia
- Tajikistan
- Uzbekistan
Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
- Armenia
- Belarus
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Russia
Member states of the Organization of Turkic States
- Azerbaijan
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Turkey
- Uzbekistan
Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture
- Azerbaijan
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
References
Also known as Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan, Corruption in Kazakhstan, Day of the Capital, Etymology of Kazakhstan, First President Day, ISO 3166-1:KZ, Infrastructure in Kazakhstan, KA3AKCTAH, KA3AXCTAH, Kasakhstan, Kazachstan, Kazacstan, Kazahastan, Kazahkstan, Kazahstan, Kazajastan, Kazajistan, Kazakh Eli, Kazakh Republic, Kazakh Yeli, Kazakhia, Kazakhistan, Kazakistan, Kazakstan, Kazaqhstan, Kazaqstan, Kazastan, Kazaxstan, Kazhakstan, Khazakastan, Khazakhstan, Khazakstan, Khazakstani, Name of Kazakhstan, Natural resources of Kazakhstan, Qazakhstan, Qazakstan, Qazaqhstan, Qazaqstan, Qazaqstan Respublïkası, Qazaqstan Respwblïkası, Qaziqistan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Respublika Kazakhstan, The Republic of Kazakhstan, ГІазакхстане, Казакстан, Республика Казахстан, ҚР, Қазақстан Республикасы, قازاقستان رەسپۋبلىيكاسى.
, Atyrau, Aurora Minerals Group, Australia, Authoritarianism, Ay Qap, Ayran, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, Bachelor's degree, Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan, Baikonur, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Bakhtiyar Artayev, Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, Bandy World Championship, Barack Obama, Bard, Barley, Barys Astana, Basketball at the 2002 Asian Games – Men, Battle of Añyraqai, Battle of Jaxartes, BBC News, Beef, Bekzat Sattarkhanov, Belarus, Belt and Road Initiative, Beshbarmak, BG Group, Bicameralism, Bigach crater, Blacklisting, Bolivia, Bolsheviks, Bond (finance), Book of Dede Korkut, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botai culture, Boxing, Brazil, Bribery, Brill Publishers, British Empire, Bronze Age, Brookings Institution, BTA Bank, Buddhism in Central Asia, Bulat Zhumadilov, Bumin Qaghan, Buran (spacecraft), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Candidate of Sciences, Carex, Caspian Sea, Catholic Church in Kazakhstan, Caucasian race, Central Asia, Central Asian revolt of 1916, Central Asian Survey, Central Intelligence Agency, Chagatai Khan, Chal, Charyn Canyon, Chechens, Chevron Corporation, China, China–Kazakhstan border, Christianity in Kazakhstan, Chromium, Citibank, Classical music, Collective farming, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Colonization, Commander-in-chief, Commonwealth of Independent States, Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Conservancy areas of Kazakhstan, Constantinople, Constitution of Kazakhstan, Continental climate, Convertibility, Corruption Perceptions Index, Corsac fox, Cossacks, Court order, COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan, Credit rating, Credit rating agency, Cuba, Cumania, Cumans, Cyrillic script, Dairy product, Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, Deportation of the Crimean Tatars, Didacticism, Dinmukhamed Kunaev, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Districts of Kazakhstan, Division of the Mongol Empire, Dmitriy Karpov, Domestication of the horse, Dry port, Dungan people, Dzungar people, East Kazakhstan Region, Eastern Europe, Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Economic Cooperation Organization, Economist Intelligence Unit, Economy of Kazakhstan, Ecuador, Eid al-Adha, Elections in Kazakhstan, Elegiac, Emir, Emirate of Bukhara, Endeavor Business Media, Energy Information Administration, Epic (genre), Equity (finance), Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan, Ethnography, Eurasia International Film Festival, Eurasian Economic Community, Eurasian Economic Union, Eurasian lynx, Eurasian nomads, Eurasian Steppe, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Commission, European Cup (bandy), European Union, Evgeni Nabokov, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, ExxonMobil, Famine, Federal Bureau of Investigation, FIBA Asia Cup, Financial Times, First Turkic Khaganate, Forbes, Foreign direct investment, Forest Landscape Integrity Index, Fraxinus, Free and fair election, Freedom House, Freedom of information, Freedom of speech, Fret, Futsal, Gabit Musirepov, Gagea, Göktürks, Genetic history of East Asians, Genetically modified crops, Genghis Khan, Gennady Golovkin, Gennady Kolbin, German language, Germans, Germans of Kazakhstan, Glasnost, Global Competitiveness Report, Global Innovation Index, GoEast, Gold medal, Golden Horde, Grassland, Great Game, Greek Catholic Church, Greeks in Kazakhstan, Green tea, Gross domestic product, Gulag, Gymnasium (school), Hanafi school, Hard currency, Harmony Lessons, Hasim Rahman, Hinduism in Kazakhstan, History of Kazakhstan, History of the Jews in Kazakhstan, Horse meat, HSBC, Human Rights Watch, Ice hockey, Ili River, Impact crater, Income tax, Independence Day (Kazakhstan), Index of Kazakhstan-related articles, Individual Partnership Action Plan, Indo-Iranians, International Astana Action Film Festival, International Boxing Organization, International Futures, International Monetary Fund, International Organization of Turkic Culture, International trade, Iranian 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Lukoil, Malus sieversii, Manganese, Mangyshlak Peninsula, Market economy, Massagetae, Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Mäjilis, Mäslihat, Menıñ Qazaqstanym, Meskhetian Turks, Mexico, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikoyan MiG-29, Mikoyan MiG-31, Mining, Miocene, Mir, Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, Misinformation, Moldova, Mongol Empire, Mongolia, Mongols, Montenegro, Moose, Mufti, Mukhtar Auezov, Mukhtar Shakhanov, Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov, Music school, Musical notation, Musicology, Muslim world, Myn Bala, Mynjylky mountain plateau, Natascha Ragosina, National Bank of Kazakhstan, National Security Committee (Kazakhstan), NATO, Natural-gas condensate, Nature (journal), Neolithic, New Zealand, Nik Antropov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nomad, Non-denominational Muslim, Novorossiya (confederation), Nuclear Suppliers Group, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Nurtai Abykayev, Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011), October Revolution, OECD, Oghuz Khagan, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan, Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification, Oil refinery, Oirats, Old Great Bulgaria, Old Turkic script, Oleg Maskaev, Olga Rypakova, Oljas Bektenov, Omsk, Onogurs, Oral literature, Oral, Kazakhstan, Oralman, Orenburg, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organization of Turkic States, Orsk, Oskemen, Outline of Kazakhstan, Oxytropis, Pakistan, Paleolithic, Pallas's cat, Pannonian Avars, Parliament of Kazakhstan, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Partnership for Peace, Pastoralism, Pasture, Pavlodar, PBC CSKA Moscow, Persian language, Petroleum, Petropavl, Philippines men's national basketball team, Phosphorite, Pilaf, Plaintiff, Pliocene, Poles in the Soviet Union, Political repression in the Soviet Union, Politics of Kazakhstan, Pontic Greek, Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Precipitation, President of Kazakhstan, Price of oil, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, Privatization, Protestantism, Przewalski's horse, Pugachev's Rebellion, Rapid transit, RDS-1, Red fox, Regions of Kazakhstan, Religion, Religion in Kazakhstan, Religion in the Soviet Union, Reporters Without Borders, Republics of the Soviet Union, Respublika (Kazakh newspaper), Reuters, Right to counsel, Royal Bank of Scotland, Russia, Russian Civil War, Russian Empire, Russian folk music, Russian language, Russian Revolution, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russians, Russians in Kazakhstan, Russo-Ukrainian War, Saint Petersburg, Saka, Saken Seifullin, Samanid Empire, Sandstone, Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan, Saryarka Karagandy, Science (journal), Scythians, Scytho-Siberian world, Secondary education, Secretary (title), Secular state, Security (finance), Semey, Semi-arid climate, Semi-presidential republic, Semipalatinsk Test Site, Senate of Kazakhstan, Serbia, Serik Sapiyev, Shafi'i school, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Shaybanids, Shymkent, Siberia, Silk Road, Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan 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parallel north, 46th meridian east, 56th parallel north, 88th meridian east.