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232 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Abu Tahir Marwazi, Achaemenid Empire, Afghanistan, Afrasiab, Afrighids, Ahmad Sanjar, Ahura Mazda, Airyanem Vaejah, Akchakhan-Kala, Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Zamakhshari, Ala al-Din Tekish, Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky, Alexander II of Russia, Alexander III of Russia, Alexander the Great, Algorithm, Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda, Alphabet, Amu Darya, Anno Domini, Anushtegin dynasty, Anushtegin Gharchai, Anvari, Arabic, Arabs, Aral Sea, Archaeology, Artabanus (son of Hystaspes), Artabazos I of Phrygia, Artav of Khwarazm, Artyphius, Aryan, Astronomy, Atsiz, Atsiz ibn Uwaq, Avesta, Avestan, Ayaz-Kala, Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, Battle of Forbie, Battle of Qatwan, Battle of the Indus, Beruniy, Black Sea, Bolsheviks, British Empire, ... Expand index (182 more) »
- Aral Sea
- Empires and kingdoms of Iran
- Historical geography of Uzbekistan
- Historical regions of Iran
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Khwarazm and Abbasid Caliphate
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (Abulgʻozi Bahodirxon, Abulgazi, Ebulgazi, Abu-l-Ghazi, August 24, 1603 – 1664) was Khan of Khiva from 1643 to 1663.
See Khwarazm and Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
Abu Tahir Marwazi
Qotb al-Zaman Muhammad Abu Tahir Marwazi was a 12th-century prominent Persian philosopher from Khwarezmia.
See Khwarazm and Abu Tahir Marwazi
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Khwarazm and Achaemenid Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Achaemenid Empire
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.
Afrasiab
Afrasiab (fa afrāsiyāb; Fraŋrasyan; Middle-Persian: Frāsiyāv, Frāsiyāk) is the name of the mythical king and hero of Turan.
Afrighids
The Afrighids (Khwarazmian: ʾfryḡ) were a native Khwarezmian IranianClifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996.
Ahmad Sanjar
Ahmad Sanjar (احمد سنجر; full name: Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah) (6 November 1086 – 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until 1118, Encyclopædia Iranica when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157.
Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda (𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁|translit.
Airyanem Vaejah
Airyanem Vaejah ('Expanse of the Arya') is considered in Zoroastrianism to be the homeland of the early Iranians and the place where Zarathustra received the religion from Ahura Mazda.
See Khwarazm and Airyanem Vaejah
Akchakhan-Kala
Akchakhan-Kala, or Akcha-khan Kala, also named after the locality Kazakly-Yatkan/ Kazakl'i-Yatkan, in modern Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, was an ancient fortress in Chorasmia built in the 4th/ 3rd century BCE and occupied until it was despoiled in the 2nd century CE.
See Khwarazm and Akchakhan-Kala
Al-Biruni
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.
Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (محمد بن موسى خوارزمی), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.
Al-Zamakhshari
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari (1074 –1143) was a medieval Muslim scholar of Iranian descent.
See Khwarazm and Al-Zamakhshari
Ala al-Din Tekish
Ala al-Din Tekish (Persian: علاء الدين تكش; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul Muzaffar Tekish ibn Il-Arslan) or Tekesh or Takesh was the Shah of Khwarazmian Empire from 1172 to 1200.
See Khwarazm and Ala al-Din Tekish
Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky (Алекса́ндр Беко́вич-Черка́сский), born Devlet-Girei-mırza (Девлет-Гирей-мурза; died 1717), was a Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia.
See Khwarazm and Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
Alexander II of Russia
Alexander II (p; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.
See Khwarazm and Alexander II of Russia
Alexander III of Russia
Alexander III (r; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.
See Khwarazm and Alexander III of Russia
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Khwarazm and Alexander the Great
Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation.
Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
Allameh Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (علیاکبر دهخدا; 1879 – March 9, 1956) was a prominent Iranian literary writer, philologist, and lexicographer.
See Khwarazm and Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
Alphabet
An alphabet is a standard set of letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language.
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Anno Domini
The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
Anushtegin dynasty
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English:, خاندان انوشتکین), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty (خوارزمشاهیان) was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:.
See Khwarazm and Anushtegin dynasty
Anushtegin Gharchai
Anushtegin Gharchai (also spelled Anush-Tegin; نوشتکین غرچه|Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī; died 1097) was a Turkic slave commander (''ghulam'') of the Seljuks and the governor of Khwarazm from approximately 1077 until 1097.
See Khwarazm and Anushtegin Gharchai
Anvari
Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (اوحدالدین علی ابن محمد انوری) was a Persian poet.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (that is, without an outlet) lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and largely dried up by the 2010s.
Archaeology
Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
Artabanus (son of Hystaspes)
Artabanus was a son of Hystaspes, and therefore brother of Darius I as well as uncle of Xerxes I. Artabanus had a reputation for great wisdom.
See Khwarazm and Artabanus (son of Hystaspes)
Artabazos I of Phrygia
Artabazos (Ἀρτάβαζος; 480 BC - 455 BC) was a Persian general in the army of Xerxes I, and later satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia (now northwest Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty, founder of the Pharnacid dynasty of satraps.
See Khwarazm and Artabazos I of Phrygia
Artav of Khwarazm
Artav (’rt’w “the just”, also spelled Artabanus) was a Khwarazmian king who ruled the Khwarazm region of Central Asia in the second half of the 2nd-century.
See Khwarazm and Artav of Khwarazm
Artyphius
Artyphius (Old Persian: Ardufya) was a general of the Achaemenid Army during the Second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BCE).
Aryan
Aryan or Arya (Indo-Iranian arya) is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (an-arya).
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Atsiz
Ala al-Din wa-l-Dawla Abu'l-Muzaffar Atsiz ibn Muhammad ibn Anushtegin (علاءالدين و الدوله ابوالمظفر اتسز بن محمد بن انوشتگین; 1098 – 1156), better known as Atsiz (اتسز) was the second Khwarazmshah from 1127 to 1156.
Atsiz ibn Uwaq
Atsiz ibn Uwaq al-Khwarizmi, also known as al-Aqsis, Atsiz ibn Uvaq, Atsiz ibn Oq and Atsiz ibn Abaq (died October 1079), was a Turkoman mercenary commander who established a principality in Palestine and southern Syria after seizing these from the Fatimid Caliphate in 1071.
See Khwarazm and Atsiz ibn Uwaq
Avesta
The Avesta is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism from at least the late Sassanid period (ca. 6th century CE).
Avestan
Avestan is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages, Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd to 1st millennium BC) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BC).
Ayaz-Kala
Ayaz-Kala is an archaeological site in Ellikqala District, Karakalpakstan, in northern Uzbekistan, built between the 4th century BCE and the 7th century CE.
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) is the modern archaeological designation for a particular Middle Bronze Age civilisation of southern Central Asia, also known as the Oxus Civilization.
See Khwarazm and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
Battle of Forbie
The Battle of Forbie, also known as the Battle of La Forbie or the Battle of Hiribya, was fought October 17, 1244 – October 18, 1244 between the allied armies (drawn from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the crusading orders, the breakaway Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs, and Kerak) and the Egyptian army of the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub, reinforced with Khwarezmian mercenaries.
See Khwarazm and Battle of Forbie
Battle of Qatwan
The Battle of Qatwan was fought in September 1141 between the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) and the Seljuk Empire and its vassal-state the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
See Khwarazm and Battle of Qatwan
Battle of the Indus
The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the Indus River, on 24 November 1221, by two armies commanded by Shah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire.
See Khwarazm and Battle of the Indus
Beruniy
Beruniy (Beruniy/Беруний; Biruniy/Бируний; Беруни) is a city in the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
See Khwarazm and British Empire
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Bukhara
Bukhara (Uzbek; بخارا) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents.
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate, or Chagatai Ulus was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors.
See Khwarazm and Chagatai Khanate
Chorasmian era
The Chorasmian era was a calendar era (year numbering) used in Chorasmia (Khwarazm) between the 1st and 8th centuries AD.
See Khwarazm and Chorasmian era
Clément Huart
Clément Huart (16 February 1854 – 30 December 1926) was a French orientalist, publisher and translator of Persian, Turkish and Arabic writings.
See Khwarazm and Clément Huart
Clifford Edmund Bosworth
Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA (29 December 1928 – 28 February 2015) was an English historian and Orientalist, specialising in Arabic and Iranian studies.
See Khwarazm and Clifford Edmund Bosworth
Colchis
In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi (ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia.
Darius III
Darius III (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC.
Darius the Great
Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.
See Khwarazm and Darius the Great
Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years (1206–1526).
See Khwarazm and Delhi Sultanate
Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
The Desert castles of ancient Khorezm, traditionally known as Elliq Qala (Uzbek and Karakalpak fifty fortresses), are a collection of desert fortresses in Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
Eastern Iranian languages
The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, having emerged during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD).
See Khwarazm and Eastern Iranian languages
Elton L. Daniel
Elton L. Daniel (born 1948) is an American historian and Iranologist.
See Khwarazm and Elton L. Daniel
Emir
Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
See Khwarazm and Encyclopædia Iranica
Epistolography
Epistolography, or the art of writing letters, is a genre of Byzantine literature similar to rhetoric that was popular with the intellectual elite of the Byzantine age.
See Khwarazm and Epistolography
Eucratides I
Eucratides I (Εὐκρατίδης, Eukratídēs, reigned 172/171–145 BC), also called Eucratides the Great, and Evukratida in Indian sources, was one of the most important Greco-Bactrian kings.
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (فخر الدين الرازي) or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازی) (1149 or 1150 – 1209), often known by the sobriquet Sultan of the Theologians, was an influential Iranian and Muslim polymath, scientist and one of the pioneers of inductive logic.
See Khwarazm and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Ferdowsi
Abul-Qâsem Ferdowsi Tusi (ابوالقاسمفردوسی توسی; 940 – 1019/1025), also Firdawsi or Ferdowsi (فردوسی), was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries.
First Anglo-Afghan War
The First Anglo-Afghan War (ده انګريز افغان اولني جګړه) was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Kabul from 1838 to 1842.
See Khwarazm and First Anglo-Afghan War
Gandhara
Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan.
Göktürks
The Göktürks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks (Türük Bodun) were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia.
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.
Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان Ġaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent from the Oxus to the Indus Valley from 977 to 1186. Khwarazm and Ghaznavids are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
Ghurid dynasty
The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; translit; self-designation: شنسبانی, Šansabānī) was a Persianate dynasty of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215. Khwarazm and Ghurid dynasty are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Ghurid dynasty
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
Great Game
The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.
Greater Khorasan
Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Khwarazm and Greater Khorasan are historical geography of Uzbekistan and historical regions of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Greater Khorasan
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia.
See Khwarazm and Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Greco-Buddhist art
The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism.
See Khwarazm and Greco-Buddhist art
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Khwarazm and Greek language
Gyzylarbat
Gyzylarbat (formerly Serdar and Kyzyl-Arvat or Gyzylarbat and Farāva) is a city subordinate to a district in Turkmenistan, located north-west of the capital, Ashgabat on the M37 highway to the Caspian Sea.
Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi
Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi (766d. after 869 in Samarra, modern Iraq) was a Persian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician from Merv in Khorasan, who was the first to describe the trigonometric ratios tangent, and cotangent.
See Khwarazm and Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi
Habib Borjian
Habib Borjian is a linguist who specializes in a wide variety of matters, including historical linguistics, language documentation, philology and Iranian languages and literature.
See Khwarazm and Habib Borjian
Hazorasp
Hazorasp (Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp (هزار اسپ, meaning "thousand horses"), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative centre of the Hazorasp District.
Hellenistic art
Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the Romans, a process well underway by 146 BC, when the Greek mainland was taken, and essentially ending in 30 BC with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of Actium.
See Khwarazm and Hellenistic art
Hephthalites
The Hephthalites (translit), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns.
Heraios
Heraios (Bactrian: ΗλουĒlou, sometimes Heraus, Heraos, Miaos) was apparently a king or clan chief of the Kushans (reign: c. 1 –30 CE), one of the five constituent tribes of the Yuezhi, in Bactria, in the early 1st century CE.
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
Ibn Khordadbeh
Abu'l-Qasim Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh (ابوالقاسمعبیدالله ابن خرداذبه; 820/825–913), commonly known as Ibn Khordadbeh (also spelled Ibn Khurradadhbih; ابن خرددة), was a high-ranking bureaucrat and geographer of Persian descent in the Abbasid Caliphate.
See Khwarazm and Ibn Khordadbeh
Indo-Scythians
The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India.
See Khwarazm and Indo-Scythians
Infobase
Infobase is an American publisher of databases, reference book titles and textbooks geared towards the North American library, secondary school, and university-level curriculum markets.
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Khwarazm and Iranian languages
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See Khwarazm and Iranian peoples
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Istakhri
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri (آبو إسحاق إبراهيمبن محمد الفارسي الإصطخري) (also Estakhri, استخری, i.e. from the Iranian city of Istakhr, b. - d. 346 AH/AD 957) was a 10th-century travel author and Islamic geographer who wrote valuable accounts in Arabic of the many Muslim territories he visited during the Abbasid era of the Islamic Golden Age.
Jalal al-Din Mangburni
Jalal al-Din Mangburni (جلال الدین مِنکُبِرنی), also known as Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah (جلال الدین خوارزمشاه), was the last Khwarazmshah of the Anushteginid dynasty.
See Khwarazm and Jalal al-Din Mangburni
Kaaba
The Kaaba, sometimes referred to as al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa, is a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Kanishka
Kanishka I, also known as Kanishka the Great, was an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, under whose reign (–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith.
Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Karakalpak ASSR; Karakalpak: Қарақалпақстан АССР, Qaraqalpaqstan ASSR; Қорақалпоғистон АССР, Qoraqalpog‘iston ASSR; Каракалпакская АССР, Karakalpakskaya ASSR), also known as Soviet Karakalpakstan or simply Karakalpakstan, was an autonomous republic within the Soviet Union.
See Khwarazm and Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Karakalpaks
The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs (Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر), are a Kipchak-Nogai Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan.
Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Karakalpakstan
Karakum Desert
The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara-Gum (Garagum,, from gara ("black") and gum ("sand"); kərɐˈkumɨ), is a desert in Central Asia.
See Khwarazm and Karakum Desert
Kay Khosrow
Kay Khosrow (کیخسرو) is a legendary king of Iran of Kayanian dynasty and a character in the Persian epic book, Shahnameh.
Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (Казахская Автономная Социалистическая Советская Республика; Qazaq Aptanom Sotsijalijstik Soвettik Respuvвlijkasь), abbreviated as Kazak ASSR (Казакская АССР; Qazaq ASSR) and simply Kazakhstan (Казахстан; Qazaƣьstan), was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) within the Soviet Union (from 1922) which existed from 1920 until 1936.
See Khwarazm and Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.
See Khwarazm and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: қазақ, qazaq,, қазақтар, qazaqtar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, mainly Kazakhstan, but also parts of northern Uzbekistan and the border regions of Russia, as well as northwestern China (specifically Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) and western Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province).
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
Kelteminar culture
The Kelteminar culture (5500–3500 BCE) was a Neolithic archaeological culture of sedentary fishermen occupying the semi-desert and desert areas of the Karakum and Kyzyl Kum deserts and the deltas of the Amu Darya and Zeravshan rivers in the territories of ancient Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Kelteminar culture
Keraites
The Keraites (also Kerait, Kereit, Khereid) were one of the five dominant Mongol or Turkic tribal confederations (khanates) in the Altai-Sayan region during the 12th century.
Khanate of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva (خیوه خانلیگی|translit. Khwarazm and Khanate of Khiva are historical geography of Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Khanate of Khiva
Khaqani
Afzal al-Dīn Badīl ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿOthmān, commonly known as Khāqānī (خاقانی,, – 1199), was a major Persian poet and prose-writer.
Khawr Abd Allah
The Khawr Abd Allah is today an estuary, but once was the point where the Shatt al-Arab emptied into the Persian Gulf.
See Khwarazm and Khawr Abd Allah
Khiva
Khiva (Хива, خیوه; خیوه,; alternative or historical names include Orgunje, Kheeva, Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chorezm, خوارزمand خوارزم) is a district-level city of approximately 93,000 people in Khorazm Region, Uzbekistan.
Khorazm Region
Khorazm Region, also known as the Khorezm or Xorazm Region, is a viloyat (region) of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River.
See Khwarazm and Khorazm Region
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (Xorazm Xalq Sovet Respublikasi; Khorezmskaya Narodnaya Sovetskaya Respublika) was the state created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the Khan abdicated in response to pressure.
See Khwarazm and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
Khormusan
Khormusan industry was a Paleolithic archeological industry in Nubia dated at 42,000 to 18,000 BP.
Khosrow (word)
Khosrow is a male given name of Iranian origin, most notably held by Khosrow I of Sassanid Persia, but also by other people in various locations and languages.
See Khwarazm and Khosrow (word)
Khosrow II
Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.
Khwarazm
Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau. Khwarazm and Khwarazm are Aral Sea, empires and kingdoms of Iran, historical geography of Uzbekistan and historical regions of Iran.
Khwarazmian Empire
The Khwarazmian Empire, also called the Empire of the Khwarazmshahs or simply Khwarazm, was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin.
See Khwarazm and Khwarazmian Empire
Khwarazmshah
Khwarazmshah was an ancient title used regularly by the rulers of the Central Asian region of Khwarazm starting from the Late Antiquity until the advent of the Mongols in the early 13th-century, after which it was used infrequently.
Khwarezmian language
Khwārezmian (Khwarezmian: transl, zβ'k 'y xw'rzm; also transliterated Khwarazmian, Chorasmian, Khorezmian) is an extinct Eastern Iranian language closely related to Sogdian.
See Khwarazm and Khwarezmian language
Kingdom of Iberia
In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: Ἰβηρία Iberia; Hiberia; Parthian:; Middle Persian) was an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli (ႵႠႰႧႪႨ), known after its core province, which during Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages was a significant monarchy in the Caucasus, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the Sassanid and Roman empires.
See Khwarazm and Kingdom of Iberia
Koi Krylgan Kala
Koi Krylgan Kala (Uzbek: Qoʻyqirilgan qalʼa; Russian: Кой-Крылган-Кала) is an archaeological site located outside the village of Taza-Kel'timinar in the Ellikqal'a District (Uzbek: Ellikqalʼa tumani; Russian: Элликкалинский район) in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Koi Krylgan Kala
Konye-Urgench
Konye-Urgench (Köneürgenç / کؤنهاۆرگنچ; کهنه گرگانج, Kuhna Gurgānj, literally "Old Gurgānj"), also known as Old Urgench or Urganj, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants in north Turkmenistan, just south from its border with Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Konye-Urgench
Kushan Empire
The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century.
See Khwarazm and Kushan Empire
Kyzyl-Kala
Kyzyl-Kala, also Qyzyl Qala ("Red fortress"), in modern Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, was an ancient fortress in Chorasmia built in the 1st-4th century AD.
Kyzylkum Desert
The Kyzylkum Desert (Qizilqum, Қизилқум, قِیزِیلقُوم; Qyzylqūm, قىزىلقۇم) is the 15th largest desert in the world.
See Khwarazm and Kyzylkum Desert
Ma'mun II
Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun ibn Ma'mun (died March 1017) was the Ma'munid ruler of Khwarazm from 1009 until his death in 1017, having succeeded his brother Abu al-Hasan Ali in that post.
Ma'munids
The Maʾmunids (مأمونیان) were an independent dynasty of Iranian rulers in Khwarazm.
Madrasa
Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.
See Khwarazm and Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud Yalavach
Mahmud Yalavach was a Muslim administrator in the Mongol Empire who ruled over Turkestan as governor and eventually went on to be mayor of Taidu (now Beijing).
See Khwarazm and Mahmud Yalavach
Michael Witzel
Michael Witzel (born July 18, 1943) is a German-American philologist, comparative mythologist and Indologist.
See Khwarazm and Michael Witzel
Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.
See Khwarazm and Middle Persian
Mongol campaigns in Central Asia
Mongol campaigns in Central Asia occurred after the unification of the Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian plateau in 1206.
See Khwarazm and Mongol campaigns in Central Asia
Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
Between 1219 and 1221, the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia.
See Khwarazm and Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
Mount Imeon
Mount Imeon is an ancient name for the Central Asian complex of mountain ranges comprising the present Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan, extending from the Zagros Mountains in the southwest to the Altay Mountains in the northeast, and linked to the Kunlun, Karakoram and Himalayas to the southeast.
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi
Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAbbās Abū Bakr al-Khwārazmī, better simply known as Abu Bakr al-Khwarazmi was a 10-th century Persian poet born in Khwarazm (region in Central Asia conquered by Achaemenids in the 6th century BC), who throughout his long career served in the court of the Hamdanids, Samanids, Saffarids and Buyids.
See Khwarazm and Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad II of Khwarazm
'Alā' al-Din Muhammad (Persian: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish) was the Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1200 to 1220.
See Khwarazm and Muhammad II of Khwarazm
Najm al-Din Kubra
Najm ad-Din Kubra (نجمالدین کبری) was a 13th-century Khwarezmian Sufi from Khwarezm and the founder of the Kubrawiya, influential in the Ilkhanate and Timurid dynasty.
See Khwarazm and Najm al-Din Kubra
Nasser Takmil Homayoun
Nasser Takmil Homayoun (ناصر تکمیل همایون; 23 November 1936 – 16 November 2022) was an Iranian historian.
See Khwarazm and Nasser Takmil Homayoun
Nike (mythology)
In Greek mythology and ancient religion, Nike (lit;, modern) is the goddess who personifies victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics.
See Khwarazm and Nike (mythology)
Oasis
In ecology, an oasis (oases) is a fertile area of a desert or semi-desert environment.
October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
See Khwarazm and October Revolution
Old Chinese
Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese.
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).
Pahlavi scripts
Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.
See Khwarazm and Pahlavi scripts
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
Panegyric
A panegyric is a formal public speech or written verse, delivered in high praise of a person or thing.
Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.
See Khwarazm and Pannonian Avars
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Khwarazm and Parthian Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Parthian Empire
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Khwarazm and Persian language
Persian literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
See Khwarazm and Persian literature
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
See Khwarazm and Peter the Great
Protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.
Qara Khitai
The Qara Khitai, or Kara Khitai, also known as the Western Liao, officially the Great Liao, was a dynastic regime based in Central Asia ruled by the Yelü clan of the Khitan people.
Rashid al-Din Vatvat
Rashid al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Jalil al-Umari (رشیدالدین محمد بن محمد بن عبد جلیل العمری; 1088/9 – 1182/3), better known by his nickname of Vatvat (وطواط; "the swallow"), was a secretary, poet, philologist in the Khwarazmian Empire.
See Khwarazm and Rashid al-Din Vatvat
River delta
A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle, created by the deposition of sediment that is carried by a river and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.
Rumi
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمّد رومی), or simply Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century poet, Hanafi faqih (jurist), Islamic scholar, Maturidi theologian (mutakallim), and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan in Greater Iran.
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.
See Khwarazm and Russian Empire
Saadi Shirazi
Saadi Shīrāzī, better known by his pen name Saadi (help), also known as Sadi of Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی, Saʿdī Shīrāzī; born 1210; died 1291 or 1292), was a Persian poet and prose writer of the medieval period.
See Khwarazm and Saadi Shirazi
Saka
The Saka were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin.
Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin. Khwarazm and Samanid Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Samanid Empire
Samarkand
Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. Khwarazm and Sasanian Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Sasanian Empire
Satrap
A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
Second Persian invasion of Greece
The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.
See Khwarazm and Second Persian invasion of Greece
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. Khwarazm and Seleucid Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Seleucid Empire
Seleucid era
The Seleucid era ("SE") or Anno Graecorum (literally "year of the Greeks" or "Greek year"), sometimes denoted "AG," was a system of numbering years in use by the Seleucid Empire and other countries among the ancient Hellenistic civilizations, and later by the Parthians.
Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.
See Khwarazm and Seljuk dynasty
Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. Khwarazm and Seljuk Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Seljuk Empire
Shah
Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh (lit), also transliterated Shahnama, is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran.
Shapur I
Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; Šābuhr) was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran.
Sibawayh
Sibawayh (سِيبَوَيْهِي or; سِیبُویه), whose full name is Abu Bishr Amr ibn Uthman ibn Qanbar al-Basri (أَبُو بِشْر عَمْرو بْن عُثْمَان بْن قَنْبَر ٱلْبَصْرِيّ), was a Persian leading grammarian of Basra and author of the earliest book on Arabic grammar.
Siege of Jerusalem (1244)
The Siege of Jerusalem of 1244 took place after the Sixth Crusade, when a Khwarazmian army conquered the city on July 15, 1244.
See Khwarazm and Siege of Jerusalem (1244)
Siyâvash
Siyâvash (سیاوش, via Middle Persian Siyâwaxš, from Avestan Syâvaršan) or Siyâvoš or Siavash (سياووش) is a major figure in Ferdowsi's epic, the Shahnameh.
Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Sogdian language
The Sogdian language was an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in the Central Asian region of Sogdia (capital: Samarkand; other chief cities: Panjakent, Fergana, Khujand, and Bukhara), located in modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan; it was also spoken by some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China.
See Khwarazm and Sogdian language
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Standard Chinese
Standard Chinese is a modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the republican era (1912‒1949).
See Khwarazm and Standard Chinese
Sufi dynasty
The Sufid dynasty was a Turkic dynasty of Mongolic origin that ruled in Khwarazm within the realm of the Golden Horde in the Amu Darya river delta.
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
Sultanate of Rum
The Sultanate of Rûm was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071).
See Khwarazm and Sultanate of Rum
Suyarganovo culture
The Suyarganovo culture was an archaeological culture of the late Bronze Age, appearing at the beginning of the second millennium BC, extending to around 1000 BC.
See Khwarazm and Suyarganovo culture
Suzerainty
Suzerainty includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other polity which controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state but allows the tributary state internal autonomy.
Tajiks
Tajiks (Tājīk, Tājek; Tojik) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Tamga
A tamga or tamgha (from lit; damga; tamga) was an abstract seal or stamp or Brand used by Eurasian nomads initially as a Livestock branding, and by cultures influenced by them.
Tashkent
Tashkent, or Toshkent in Uzbek, is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan.
Tatars
The Tatars, in the Collins English Dictionary formerly also spelt Tartars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
Tazabagyab culture
The Tazabagyab culture is from the late Bronze Age, ca.
See Khwarazm and Tazabagyab culture
Timur
Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.
Toghrul III
Toghrul III (طغرل سوم) (died 1194) was the last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire and the last Seljuk Sultan of Iraq.
Toprak-Kala
Toprak-Kala, in modern Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, was an ancient palace city and the capital of in Chorasmia in the 2nd/3rd century CE, where wall paintings, coins and archives were discovered.
Transoxiana
Transoxiana or Transoxania is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.
Turan
Turan (Tūiriiānəm; Tūrān; Turân) is a historical region in Central Asia.
Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan (from Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang).
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Khwarazm and Turkic languages
Turkic migration
The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 4th and 11th centuries.
See Khwarazm and Turkic migration
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See Khwarazm and Turkic peoples
Turkification
Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity.
See Khwarazm and Turkification
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы, Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991.
See Khwarazm and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmens
Turkmens (Türkmenler, italic,,; historically "the Turkmen") are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-western Afghanistan.
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. Khwarazm and Umayyad Caliphate are empires and kingdoms of Iran.
See Khwarazm and Umayyad Caliphate
University of Hawaiʻi
The University of Hawaiʻi System (University of Hawaiʻi and popularly known as UH) is a public college and university system.
See Khwarazm and University of Hawaiʻi
Urgench
Urgench (Urganch/Урганч/اورگنج,; Urgench; گرگانج, Gorgånch/Gorgānč/Gorgânc/Gurganj) is a district-level city in western Uzbekistan.
Ustyurt Plateau
The Ustyurt or Ust-Yurt (from Үстірт; Ustyurt; Üstyurt; — flat hill, plateau) is a transboundary clay desert shared by Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
See Khwarazm and Ustyurt Plateau
Uzbek khanates
Uzbek khanates is a general name for the three states that existed in Transoxiana (modern Uzbekistan) at the time of its subjugation by the Russian Empire in the 19th century, namely the Khanates of Bukhara (1500-1920), Khiva (1512-1920) and Kokand (c. 1710-1876).
See Khwarazm and Uzbek khanates
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, the Uzbek SSR, UzSSR, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party, the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation.
See Khwarazm and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.
Vendidad
The Vendidad /ˈvendi'dæd/ or Videvdat or Videvdad is a collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta.
Vima Kadphises
Vima Kadphises (Greek: Οοημο Καδφιϲηϲ Ooēmo Kadphisēs (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨁𐨨 𐨐𐨫𐨿𐨤𐨁𐨭) was a Kushan emperor from approximately 113 to 127 CE.
See Khwarazm and Vima Kadphises
White Horde
The White Horde (lang, label; translit), or more appropriately, the Left wing of the Jochid Ulus was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1225, after the death of Jochi when his son, Orda-Ichen (lit), inherited his father's appanage by the Jaxartes.
Xerxes I
Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.
Xiao'erjing
Xiao'erjing, often shortened to Xiaojing (the 'original script' being the Perso-Arabic script), is a Perso-Arabic script used to write Sinitic languages, including Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Northeastern Mandarin, and Dungan.
Yaqut al-Hamawi
Yāqūt Shihāb al-Dīn ibn-ʿAbdullāh al-Rūmī al-Ḥamawī (1179–1229) (ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was a Muslim scholar of Byzantine ancestry active during the late Abbasid period (12th–13th centuries).
See Khwarazm and Yaqut al-Hamawi
Yelü Dashi
Yelü Dashi (alternatively), courtesy name Zhongde (重德), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Dezong of Western Liao (西遼德宗), was the founder of the Western Liao dynasty (Qara Khitai).
Yuri Bregel
Yuri Enohovich Bregel (Юрий Энохович Брегель; 13 November 1925 – 7 August 2016) was one of the world's leading historians of Islamic Central Asia.
Zoroaster
Zarathushtra Spitama more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
See Khwarazm and Zoroastrianism
See also
Aral Sea
- 1971 Aral smallpox incident
- Akespe
- Aral Sea
- Aral–Caspian Depression
- Aralkum Desert
- Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve
- Barsakelmes Lake
- Bastard sturgeon
- Delta Blues (film)
- Dike Kokaral
- Kerderi
- Khwarazm
- North Aral Sea
- Public health problems in the Aral Sea region
- South Aral Sea
- Zhalanash
Empires and kingdoms of Iran
- Achaemenid Empire
- Afsharid Iran
- Aq Qoyunlu
- Atropatene
- Ganja Khanate
- Ghaznavid Empire
- Ghaznavids
- Ghurid dynasty
- Ilkhanate
- Khanate of Karganrud
- Khwarazm
- Margiana
- Medes
- Median kingdom
- Nakhichevan Khanate
- Pahlavi Iran
- Parthian Empire
- Qajar Iran
- Qara Bayat Amirdom
- Qara Qoyunlu
- Safavid Iran
- Samanid Empire
- Sasanian Empire
- Seleucid Empire
- Seljuk Empire
- Timurid Empire
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Zand dynasty
Historical geography of Uzbekistan
- Chaghaniyan
- Greater Khorasan
- Ilaq
- Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast
- Khanate of Khiva
- Khanate of Kokand
- Khwarazm
Historical regions of Iran
- Alamut
- Ariana
- Arran (Caucasus)
- Azerbaijan (Iran)
- Bactria
- Balochistan
- Carmania (region)
- Caspiane
- Chaghaniyan
- Daylam
- Elam
- Gharchistan
- Greater Iran
- Greater Khorasan
- Haasa
- Hyrcania
- Izmukshir
- Jibal
- Khorasan
- Khwarazm
- Little Lorestan
- Makran
- Media (region)
- Mesopotamia
- Mihrajanqadhaq
- Parthia
- Persian Iraq
- Persis
- Quhistan
- Qumis (region)
- Saparda
- Shirvan
- Sistan
- Tabaristan
- Tabasayn
- Tagh-e Tavileh
- Torshiz
References
Also known as Chorasmia, Chorasmii, Choresm, Huala Zimo, Khaurism, Khawarizm, Khorasm, Khorasmii, Khorazm, Khoresmia, Khorezm, Khorezm Oasis, Khwarazem, Khwarazmia, Khwaresm, Khwarezem, Khwarezm, Khwarezmia, Khwarism, Khwarizm, Khwārazm, Khwārezm, Khwārizm, Kwaresm, Kwarezm, Kwarizm, State of Khorazm, Xorazm.
, Bronze Age, Bukhara, Bureaucracy, Caliphate, Caspian Sea, Central Asia, Chagatai Khanate, Chorasmian era, Clément Huart, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Colchis, Darius III, Darius the Great, Delhi Sultanate, Desert castles of ancient Khorezm, Eastern Iranian languages, Elton L. Daniel, Emir, Encyclopædia Iranica, Epistolography, Eucratides I, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Ferdowsi, First Anglo-Afghan War, Gandhara, Göktürks, Genghis Khan, Ghaznavids, Ghurid dynasty, Gold, Golden Horde, Great Game, Greater Khorasan, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Buddhist art, Greek language, Gyzylarbat, Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, Habib Borjian, Hazorasp, Hellenistic art, Hephthalites, Heraios, Herodotus, Ibn Khordadbeh, Indo-Scythians, Infobase, Iranian languages, Iranian peoples, Iron Age, Islam, Istakhri, Jalal al-Din Mangburni, Kaaba, Kanishka, Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Karakalpaks, Karakalpakstan, Karakum Desert, Kay Khosrow, Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhs, Kazakhstan, Kelteminar culture, Keraites, Khanate of Khiva, Khaqani, Khawr Abd Allah, Khiva, Khorazm Region, Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, Khormusan, Khosrow (word), Khosrow II, Khwarazm, Khwarazmian Empire, Khwarazmshah, Khwarezmian language, Kingdom of Iberia, Koi Krylgan Kala, Konye-Urgench, Kushan Empire, Kyzyl-Kala, Kyzylkum Desert, Ma'mun II, Ma'munids, Madrasa, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mahmud Yalavach, Michael Witzel, Middle Persian, Mongol campaigns in Central Asia, Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, Mount Imeon, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad II of Khwarazm, Najm al-Din Kubra, Nasser Takmil Homayoun, Nike (mythology), Oasis, October Revolution, Old Chinese, Old Persian, Pahlavi scripts, Pakistan, Panegyric, Pannonian Avars, Parthian Empire, Persian Gulf, Persian language, Persian literature, Persians, Peter the Great, Protectorate, Qara Khitai, Rashid al-Din Vatvat, River delta, Rumi, Russian Empire, Saadi Shirazi, Saka, Samanid Empire, Samarkand, Sasanian Empire, Satrap, Second Persian invasion of Greece, Seleucid Empire, Seleucid era, Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Empire, Shah, Shahnameh, Shapur I, Sibawayh, Siege of Jerusalem (1244), Siyâvash, Sogdia, Sogdian language, Soviet Union, Standard Chinese, Sufi dynasty, Sufism, Sultanate of Rum, Suyarganovo culture, Suzerainty, Tajiks, Tamga, Tashkent, Tatars, Tazabagyab culture, Timur, Toghrul III, Toprak-Kala, Transoxiana, Turan, Turkestan, Turkic languages, Turkic migration, Turkic peoples, Turkification, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmenistan, Turkmens, Umayyad Caliphate, University of Hawaiʻi, Urgench, Ustyurt Plateau, Uzbek khanates, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, Vendidad, Vima Kadphises, White Horde, Xerxes I, Xiao'erjing, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Yelü Dashi, Yuri Bregel, Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism.