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141 relations: Académie des Beaux-Arts, Al-Husn, Syria, Alawite State, Alawites, Aleppo, Andrew II of Hungary, Antiquity (journal), Apse, Arabic, Armistice of Mudros, Arrowslit, Art of the Crusades, Artillery, Ashlar, Baarin, Baibars, Barrel vault, Battle of al-Buqaia, Battle of Hattin, Battle of Marj Dabiq, Bayt Jibrin, Belvoir Fortress, Bent entrance, Beqaa Valley, Burgus, Cairo, Castle, Castle chapel, Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria), Chapel, Chastel Blanc, Château Gaillard, Chemin de ronde, Cistern, Citadel of Aleppo, Citadel of Salah Ed-Din, Concentric castle, Cornice, County of Tripoli, Crusader states, Crusades, Curtain wall (fortification), Earthquake, Eighth Crusade, Emir, Enfilade and defilade, Esplanade, Excavation (archaeology), Fatimid Caliphate, Fifth Crusade, ..., First Crusade, Franc, Franks, French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Fresco, Fulk, King of Jerusalem, Geoffrey V of Joinville, Gibelacar, Glacis, Gothic architecture, Guy of Lusignan, Hama, Homs, Homs Gap, Homs Governorate, Hugh N. Kennedy, Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad, Jaroslav Folda, Jean de Joinville, Jerusalem, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller, Knights Templar, Kurds, Lebanon, Levant, Limestone, Lion Tower, List of castles in Syria, List of Crusader castles, List of World Heritage in Danger, Louis IX of France, Machicolation, Mamluk, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mangonel, Margat, Mark (currency), Maurice Gamelin, Mihrab, Military order (monastic society), Mirdasid dynasty, Mortar (masonry), Mosque, Murder-hole, Muslim, Nur ad-Din (died 1174), Ottoman Empire, Outwork, Palisade, Papal bull, Postern, Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, Principality of Antioch, Qutuz, Raphanea, Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, Religious order, Richard I of England, Shibl al-Dawla Nasr, Sidon, Siege engine, Siege of Homs, Siege of Jacob's Ford, Siege of Jerusalem (1099), Spur castle, Suba, Jerusalem, Syria, Syrian Air Force, Syrian Army, Syrian Civil War, Syrian Coastal Mountain Range, Syrian opposition, Syrian Republic (1946–63), T. E. Lawrence, Talkalakh District, Tancred, Prince of Galilee, Tartus, Tracery, Tribute, Tripoli, Lebanon, True Cross, Tunnel warfare, UNESCO, United Arab Republic, University of Wisconsin Press, Vault (architecture), World Heritage site, 1202 Syria earthquake. Expand index (91 more) »
Académie des Beaux-Arts
The Académie des Beaux-Arts (Academy of Fine Arts) is a French learned society.
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Al-Husn, Syria
Al-Husn (الحصن, also spelled al-Hisn) is a large village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located west of Homs and north of the border with Lebanon.
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Alawite State
The Alawite State (دولة جبل العلويين,, Alaouites, informally as État des Alaouites or Le territoire des Alaouites) and named after the locally-dominant Alawites, was a French mandate territory on the coast of present-day Syria after World War I.
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Alawites
The Alawis, also rendered as Alawites (علوية Alawiyyah/Alawīyah), are a syncretic sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, primarily centered in Syria.
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Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.
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Andrew II of Hungary
Andrew II (II., Andrija II., Ondrej II., Андрій II; 117721 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235.
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Antiquity (journal)
Antiquity is an academic journal dedicated to the subject of archaeology.
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Apse
In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin absis: "arch, vault" from Greek ἀψίς apsis "arch"; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an Exedra.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Armistice of Mudros
The Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Mütarekesi), concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It was signed by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and the British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, on board HMS ''Agamemnon'' in Moudros harbor on the Greek island of Lemnos.
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Arrowslit
An arrowslit (often also referred to as an arrow loop, loophole or loop hole, and sometimes a balistraria) is a narrow vertical aperture in a fortification through which an archer can launch arrows.
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Art of the Crusades
Crusader Art is mainly viewed as a mixture of western and eastern art traditions which is due primarily to many different backgrounds of the artists.
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Artillery
Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms.
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Ashlar
Ashlar is finely dressed (cut, worked) stone, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared or the structure built of it.
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Baarin
Baarin (بعرين, Baʿrīn or Biʿrīn) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located in Homs Gap roughly southwest of Hama.
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Baibars
Baibars or Baybars (الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī) (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak origin — nicknamed Abu al-Futuh and Abu l-Futuhat (Arabic: أبو الفتوح; English: Father of Conquest, referring to his victories) — was the fourth Sultan of Egypt in the Mamluk Bahri dynasty.
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Barrel vault
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance.
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Battle of al-Buqaia
In the Battle of al-Buqaia (Al-Buqai'a al-Hosn) in 1163, the Crusaders and their allies inflicted a rare defeat on Nur ad-Din Zangi, the Emir of Aleppo and Damascus.
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Battle of Hattin
The Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Salah ad-Din, known in the West as Saladin.
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Battle of Marj Dabiq
The Battle of Marj Dābiq (مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Mercidabık Muharebesi) was a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria).
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Bayt Jibrin
Bayt Jibrin (بيت جبرين, also transliterated Beit Jibrin; בית גוברין, Beit Gubrin), was a Palestinian Arab village located northwest of the city of Hebron.
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Belvoir Fortress
Belvoir Fortress (כוכב הירדן, Kochav HaYarden "Star of the Jordan"; كوكب الهوا, Kawkab al-Hawa "Star of the Wind") is a Crusader fortress in northern Israel, on a hill south of the Sea of Galilee.
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Bent entrance
A bent entrance is a defensive feature in mediaeval fortification.
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Beqaa Valley
The Beqaa Valley (وادي البقاع,, Lebanese; Բեքայի դաշտավայր), also transliterated as Bekaa, Biqâ and Becaa and known in Classical antiquity as Coele-Syria, is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon.
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Burgus
A burgus (Latin, plural burgi) or turris ("tower") is a small, tower-like fort of the Late Antiquity, which was sometimes protected by an outwork and surrounding ditches.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Castle
A castle (from castellum) is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages by predominantly the nobility or royalty and by military orders.
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Castle chapel
Castle chapels (Burgkapellen) in European architecture are chapels that were built within a castle.
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Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)
The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (المكتب المركزي للإحصاء) is the statistical agency responsible for the gathering of "information relating to economic, social and general activities and conditions" in the Syrian Arab Republic.
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Chapel
The term chapel usually refers to a Christian place of prayer and worship that is attached to a larger, often nonreligious institution or that is considered an extension of a primary religious institution.
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Chastel Blanc
Chastel Blanc (برج صافيتا, Burj Safita or Safita Tower) was built by the Knights Templar during the Crusades upon prior fortifications.
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Château Gaillard
Château Gaillard ("Strong Castle") is a ruined medieval castle, located above the commune of Les Andelys overlooking the River Seine, in the Eure département of Normandy, France.
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Chemin de ronde
A chemin de ronde (French, "round path"' or "patrol path")—also called an allure, alure or, more prosaically, a wall-walk—is a raised protected walkway behind a castle battlement.
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Cistern
A cistern (Middle English cisterne, from Latin cisterna, from cista, "box", from Greek κίστη, "basket") is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water.
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Citadel of Aleppo
The Citadel of Aleppo (قلعة حلب) is a large medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city of Aleppo, northern Syria.
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Citadel of Salah Ed-Din
The Citadel of Salah Ed-Din (قلعة صلاح الدين, Qal'at Salah al-Din), also known as Sahyun or Saladin Castle, is a medieval castle in northwestern Syria.
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Concentric castle
A concentric castle is a castle with two or more concentric curtain walls, such that the inner wall is higher than the outer and can be defended from it.
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Cornice
A cornice (from the Italian cornice meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element – the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.
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County of Tripoli
The County of Tripoli (1109–1289) was the last of the Crusader states.
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Crusader states
The Crusader states, also known as Outremer, were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal Christian states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land, and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Curtain wall (fortification)
A curtain wall is a defensive wall between two towers (bastions) of a castle, fortress, or town.
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Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
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Eighth Crusade
The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270.
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Emir
An emir (أمير), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is an aristocratic or noble and military title of high office used in a variety of places in the Arab countries, West African, and Afghanistan.
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Enfilade and defilade
Enfilade and defilade are concepts in military tactics used to describe a military formation's exposure to enemy fire.
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Esplanade
An esplanade or promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk.
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Excavation (archaeology)
In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains.
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt.
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First Crusade
The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.
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Franc
The franc (₣) is the name of several currency units.
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Franks
The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.
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French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (Mandat français pour la Syrie et le Liban; الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان) (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning Syria and Lebanon.
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Fresco
Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, or wet lime plaster.
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Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Fulk (Fulco, Foulque or Foulques; c. 1089/92 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death.
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Geoffrey V of Joinville
Geoffrey V (Geoffroy), nicknamed le Trouillard, was the Lord of Joinville from 1190 until his death in late 1203 or early 1204.
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Gibelacar
Gibelacar, also known by its original Arabic name Hisn Ibn Akkar or its modern Arabic names Qal'at Akkar and Akkar al-Atiqa, is a medieval fortress in the Akkar District in northern Lebanon.
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Glacis
A glacis in military engineering is an artificial slope as part of a medieval castle or in early modern fortresses.
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Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.
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Guy of Lusignan
Guy of Lusignan (c. 1150 – 18 July 1194) was a French Poitevin knight, son of Hugh VIII of the Lusignan dynasty.
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Hama
Hama (حماة,; ܚܡܬ Ḥmṭ, "fortress"; Biblical Hebrew: חֲמָת Ḥamāth) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria.
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Homs
Homs (حمص / ALA-LC: Ḥimṣ), previously known as Emesa or Emisa (Greek: Ἔμεσα Emesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.
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Homs Gap
The Homs Gap (فتحة حمص) (also called the Akkar Gap) is a relatively flat passage in the Orontes River Valley of southern Syria.
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Homs Governorate
Homs Governorate (مُحافظة حمص / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥimṣ) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
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Hugh N. Kennedy
Hugh Nigel Kennedy, FRSE, FRAS, FBA (born 22 October 1947) is a British medieval historian and academic.
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Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad
Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad (1217–1285) was an Arab scholar and official for the Ayyubids from Aleppo.
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Jaroslav Folda
Jaroslav Thayer Folda III (b. 25 July 1940 Baltimore, Md.) is a medievalist, in which field he is a Haskins Medal winner; he is a scholar in the history of the art of the Crusades and the N. Ferebee Taylor Professor of the History of Art at the University of North Carolina.
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Jean de Joinville
Jean de Joinville (c. May 1, 1224 – 24 December 1317) was one of the great chroniclers of medieval France.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Jonathan Riley-Smith
Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith, (27 June 1938 – 13 September 2016) was a historian of the Crusades, and, between 1994 and 2005, Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge.
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Kingdom of Jerusalem
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.
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Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), also known as the Order of Saint John, Order of Hospitallers, Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitalier or Hospitallers, was a medieval Catholic military order.
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Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply as Templars, were a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See.
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Kurds
The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).
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Lebanon
Lebanon (لبنان; Lebanese pronunciation:; Liban), officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies.
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Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Lion Tower
The Lion Tower (برج السبع, Burj es-Sabaa) is a small fortress located at the far eastern end of the Tripoli harbor in North Lebanon.
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List of castles in Syria
This is a list of castles in Syria.
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List of Crusader castles
This is a list of castles in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, founded or occupied during the Crusades.
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List of World Heritage in Danger
The List of World Heritage in Danger is compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) through the World Heritage Committee according to Article 11.4 of the World Heritage Convention,Full title: Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage which was established in 1972 to designate and manage World Heritage Sites.
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Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint.
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Machicolation
A machicolation (mâchicoulis) is a floor opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement, through which stones or other material, such as boiling water or boiling cooking oil, could be dropped on attackers at the base of a defensive wall.
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Mamluk
Mamluk (Arabic: مملوك mamlūk (singular), مماليك mamālīk (plural), meaning "property", also transliterated as mamlouk, mamluq, mamluke, mameluk, mameluke, mamaluke or marmeluke) is an Arabic designation for slaves.
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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
The Mamluk Sultanate (سلطنة المماليك Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz.
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Mangonel
A mangonel, also called the traction trebuchet, was a type of catapult or siege engine used in China starting from the Warring States period, and later across Eurasia in the 6th century AD.
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Margat
Margat, also known as Marqab from the Arabic Qalaat al-Marqab (قلعة المرقب, "Castle of the Watchtower") is a castle near Baniyas, Syria, which was a Crusader fortress and one of the major strongholds of the Knights Hospitaller.
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Mark (currency)
The mark was a currency or unit of account in many nations.
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Maurice Gamelin
Maurice Gustave Gamelin (20 September 1872 – 18 April 1958) was a senior French Army general.
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Mihrab
Mihrab (محراب, pl. محاريب) is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying.
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Military order (monastic society)
A military order (Militaris ordinis) is a chivalric order with military elements.
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Mirdasid dynasty
The Mirdasid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that controlled the Emirate of Aleppo more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.
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Mortar (masonry)
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.
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Mosque
A mosque (from masjid) is a place of worship for Muslims.
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Murder-hole
A murder hole or meurtrière is a hole in the ceiling of a gateway or passageway in a fortification through which the defenders could fire, throw or pour harmful substances or objects, such as rocks, arrows, scalding water, hot sand, quicklime, tar, or boiling oil, down on attackers.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Nur ad-Din (died 1174)
Nūr ad-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿImād ad-Dīn Zengī (February 1118 – 15 May 1174), often shortened to his laqab Nur ad-Din (نور الدين, "Light of the Faith"), was a member of the Oghuz Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Outwork
An outwork is a minor fortification built or established outside the principal fortification limits, detached or semidetached.
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Palisade
A palisade—sometimes called a stakewall or a paling—is typically a fence or wall made from wooden stakes or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure or enclosure.
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Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Postern
A postern is a secondary door or gate in a fortification such as a city wall or castle curtain wall.
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Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple is an early episode in the life of Jesus, describing his presentation at the Temple in Jerusalem in order to officially induct him into Judaism, that is celebrated by many Christian Churches on the holiday of Candlemas.
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Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria.
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Qutuz
Saif ad-Din Qutuz (سيف الدين قطز; 24 October 1260), also romanized as Kutuz, Kotuz, and fully al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz (الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز), was the third or fourth of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the Turkic line.
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Raphanea
Raphanea or Raphaneae (present-day (Rafniye)) was a city of the late Roman province of Syria Secunda.
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Raymond II, Count of Tripoli
Raymond II (Raimundus; 1116 – 1152) was count of Tripoli from 1137 to 1152.
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Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
Raymond IV (1041 – 28 February 1105), sometimes called Raymond of Saint-Gilles or Raymond I of Tripoli, was a powerful noble in southern France and one of the leaders of the First Crusade (1096–99).
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Religious order
A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious practice.
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Richard I of England
Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death.
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Shibl al-Dawla Nasr
Abu Kamil Nasr ibn Salih ibn Mirdas (died 22 May 1038), also known by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Shibl al-Dawla ("Lion cub of the Dynasty"), was the second Mirdasid emir of Aleppo, ruling between 1029/30 until his death.
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Sidon
Sidon (صيدا, صيدون,; French: Saida; Phoenician: 𐤑𐤃𐤍, Ṣīdūn; Biblical Hebrew:, Ṣīḏōn; Σιδών), translated to 'fishery' or 'fishing-town', is the third-largest city in Lebanon.
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Siege engine
A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare.
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Siege of Homs
The Siege of Homs was a military confrontation between the Syrian military and the Syrian opposition in the city of Homs as a part of the Syrian Civil War.
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Siege of Jacob's Ford
The Siege of Jacob's Ford was a victory of the Muslim sultan Saladin over the Christian King of Jerusalem, Baldwin IV.
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Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099, during the First Crusade.
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Spur castle
A spur castle is a type of medieval fortification that uses its location as a defensive feature.
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Suba, Jerusalem
Suba (صوبا) was a Palestinian Arab village west of Jerusalem that was depopulated and destroyed in 1948.
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Syrian Air Force
The Syrian Air Force, officially the Syrian Arab Air Force (القوات الجوية العربية السورية, Al Quwwat al-Jawwiyah al Arabiya as-Souriya), is the air force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.
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Syrian Army
The Syrian Army, officially the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) (al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.
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Syrian Civil War
The Syrian Civil War (الحرب الأهلية السورية, Al-ḥarb al-ʼahliyyah as-sūriyyah) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations.
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Syrian Coastal Mountain Range
The Coastal Mountain Range (سلسلة الجبال الساحلية Silsilat al-Jibāl as-Sāḥilīyah) is a mountain range in northwestern Syria running north-south, parallel to the coastal plain.
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Syrian opposition
The Syrian opposition (المعارضة السورية) is an umbrella term for the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated anti-government Syrian groups with certain territorial control in the form of a proto-state as an alternative Syrian government, claiming to be the legitimate Syrian Arab Republic and also sometimes known just as the Republic of Syria.
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Syrian Republic (1946–63)
The Syrian Republic (الجمهورية السورية; République syrienne) was recognized as a sovereign state in 1945 and became de-facto independent in April 1946 from the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon.
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T. E. Lawrence
Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence, (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, military officer, diplomat, and writer.
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Talkalakh District
Talkalakh District (manṭiqat Talkalaḫ) is a district of the Homs Governorate in central Syria.
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Tancred, Prince of Galilee
Tancred (1075 – December 5 or December 12, 1112) was an Italo-Norman leader of the First Crusade who later became Prince of Galilee and regent of the Principality of Antioch.
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Tartus
Tartus (طرطوس / ALA-LC: Ṭarṭūs; also transliterated Tartous) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria.
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Tracery
In architecture, tracery is the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window.
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Tribute
A tribute (/ˈtrɪbjuːt/) (from Latin tributum, contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance.
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Tripoli, Lebanon
Tripoli (طرابلس / ALA-LC: Ṭarābulus; Lebanese Arabic: Ṭrāblos; Trablusşam) is the largest city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country.
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True Cross
The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which, by a Christian Church tradition, are said to be from the cross upon which Jesus was crucified.
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Tunnel warfare
Tunnel warfare is a general name for war being conducted in tunnels and other underground cavities.
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UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.
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United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; الجمهورية العربية المتحدة) was, between 1958 and 1971, a sovereign state in the Middle East, and between 1958 and 1961, a short-lived political union consisting of Egypt (including the occupied Gaza Strip) and Syria.
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University of Wisconsin Press
The University of Wisconsin Press (sometimes abbreviated as UW Press) is a non-profit university press publishing peer-reviewed books and journals.
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Vault (architecture)
Vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.
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World Heritage site
A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.
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1202 Syria earthquake
The 1202 Syria earthquake struck at about dawn on 20 May 1202 (598 AH) with an epicenter in southwestern Syria.
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Redirects here:
Crac des Chevaliers, Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din, Hisn al-Akrad, Hisn al-Safh, Hosn al-Safh, Husn al-Safh, Krac des Chevaliers, Krak Des Chevaliers, Krak de chevalliers, Krak des Chevallier, Krak des chevaliers, Krak of Chevaliers.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers
