Table of Contents
504 relations: A language is a dialect with an army and navy, Accusative case, Acoustics, Adjective, Adposition, Affix, Africa, Afroasiatic languages, Age of Enlightenment, Agglutinative language, Agreement (linguistics), Ainu language, Akkadian language, Alfred Tarski, Algonquian languages, Allophone, Alveolar process, American Civil War, American Sign Language, Americas, Ancient Greece, Animal cognition, Animal communication, Animal language, Anthropological linguistics, Aphorism, Approximant, Arabic, Arabic script, Arawakan languages, Areal feature, Argument (linguistics), Article (grammar), Aspirated consonant, Attitude (psychology), Australian Aboriginal languages, Australian Aboriginal sign languages, Australopithecine, Austroasiatic languages, Austronesian languages, Babbling, Balkan sprachbund, Basque language, Bee, Bee learning and communication, Behavioral modernity, Bengali language, Berber languages, Berlin, Bertrand Russell, ... Expand index (454 more) »
- Main topic articles
A language is a dialect with an army and navy
"A language is a dialect with an army and navy", sometimes called the Weinreich witticism, is a quip about the arbitrariness of the distinction between a dialect and a language.
See Language and A language is a dialect with an army and navy
Accusative case
In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.
See Language and Accusative case
Acoustics
Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.
Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated adj.) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.
Adposition
Adpositions are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, behind, ago, etc.) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.
Afroasiatic languages
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic, sometimes Afrasian), also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.
See Language and Afroasiatic languages
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Language and Age of Enlightenment
Agglutinative language
An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination.
See Language and Agglutinative language
Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.
See Language and Agreement (linguistics)
Ainu language
Ainu (アイヌ・イタㇰ), or more precisely Hokkaido Ainu (北海道アイヌ語), is a language spoken by a few elderly members of the Ainu people on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.
See Language and Ainu language
Akkadian language
Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
See Language and Akkadian language
Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (born Alfred Teitelbaum;School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews,, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish-American logician and mathematician.
See Language and Alfred Tarski
Algonquian languages
The Algonquian languages (also Algonkian) are a subfamily of the Indigenous languages of the Americas and most of the languages in the Algic language family are included in the group.
See Language and Algonquian languages
Allophone
In phonology, an allophone (from the Greek ἄλλος,, 'other' and φωνή,, 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken soundsor phonesused to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.
Alveolar process
The alveolar process is the portion of bone containing the tooth sockets on the jaw bones (in humans, the maxilla and the mandible).
See Language and Alveolar process
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.
See Language and American Civil War
American Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada.
See Language and American Sign Language
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Language and Ancient Greece
Animal cognition
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals including insect cognition.
See Language and Animal cognition
Animal communication
Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers.
See Language and Animal communication
Animal language
Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language.
See Language and Animal language
Anthropological linguistics
Anthropological linguistics is the subfield of linguistics and anthropology which deals with the place of language in its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and maintaining cultural practices and societal structures.
See Language and Anthropological linguistics
Aphorism
An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle.
Approximant
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arabic script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa.
See Language and Arabic script
Arawakan languages
Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America.
See Language and Arawakan languages
Areal feature
In geolinguistics, areal features are elements shared by languages or dialects in a geographic area, particularly when such features are not descended from a proto-language, i.e. a common ancestor language.
See Language and Areal feature
Argument (linguistics)
In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries.
See Language and Argument (linguistics)
Article (grammar)
In grammar, an article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.
See Language and Article (grammar)
Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
See Language and Aspirated consonant
Attitude (psychology)
An attitude "is a summary evaluation of an object of thought.
See Language and Attitude (psychology)
Australian Aboriginal languages
The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363.
See Language and Australian Aboriginal languages
Australian Aboriginal sign languages
Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had a manually coded language, a signed counterpart of their oral language.
See Language and Australian Aboriginal sign languages
Australopithecine
The australopithecines, formally Australopithecina or Hominina, are generally any species in the related genera of Australopithecus and Paranthropus.
See Language and Australopithecine
Austroasiatic languages
The Austroasiatic languages are a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.
See Language and Austroasiatic languages
Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples).
See Language and Austronesian languages
Babbling
A babbling infant, age 6 months, making ''ba'' and ''ma'' sounds Babbling is a stage in child development and a state in language acquisition during which an infant appears to be experimenting with uttering articulate sounds, but does not yet produce any recognizable words.
Balkan sprachbund
The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is an ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.
See Language and Balkan sprachbund
Basque language
Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.
See Language and Basque language
Bee
Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey.
See Language and Bee
Bee learning and communication
Bee learning and communication includes cognitive and sensory processes in all kinds of bees, that is the insects in the seven families making up the clade Anthophila.
See Language and Bee learning and communication
Behavioral modernity
Behavioral modernity is a suite of behavioral and cognitive traits believed to distinguish current Homo sapiens from other anatomically modern humans, hominins, and primates.
See Language and Behavioral modernity
Bengali language
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia.
See Language and Bengali language
Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Language and Berber languages
Berlin
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.
See Language and Bertrand Russell
Body language
Body language is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information.
See Language and Body language
Bonobo
The bonobo (Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes).
Brahmi script
Brahmi (ISO: Brāhmī) is a writing system of ancient India.
See Language and Brahmi script
Braille
Braille is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired.
Broca's area
Broca's area, or the Broca area (also), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Burmese language
Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar, where it is the official language, lingua franca, and the native language of the Bamar, the country's principal ethnic group.
See Language and Burmese language
Burushaski
Burushaski is a language isolate, spoken by the Burusho people, who predominantly reside in northern Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Language and Cambridge University Press
Cantonese
Cantonese is the traditional prestige variety of Yue Chinese, a Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta, with over 82.4 million native speakers.
Caribbean Spanish
* Caribbean Spanish (español caribeño) is the general name of the Spanish dialects spoken in the Caribbean region.
See Language and Caribbean Spanish
Carl Croneberg
Carl Gustav Arvid Olof Croneberg (April 26, 1930 – August 7, 2022) was a Swedish-American Deaf linguist known for his work on American Sign Language (ASL).
See Language and Carl Croneberg
Chain shift
In historical linguistics, a chain shift is a set of sound changes in which the change in pronunciation of one speech sound (typically, a phoneme) is linked to, and presumably causes, a change in pronunciation of other sounds.
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
See Language and Charles Darwin
Charles F. Hockett
Charles Francis Hockett (January 17, 1916 – November 3, 2000) was an American linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics.
See Language and Charles F. Hockett
Chestnut-crowned babbler
The chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps) is a medium-sized bird that is endemic to arid and semi-arid areas of south-eastern Australia.
See Language and Chestnut-crowned babbler
Child of deaf adult
A child of deaf adult, often known by the acronym CODA, is a person who was raised by one or more deaf parents or legal guardians.
See Language and Child of deaf adult
Chinese characters
Chinese characters are logographs used to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture.
See Language and Chinese characters
Christian mythology
Christian mythology is the body of myths associated with Christianity.
See Language and Christian mythology
Cipher
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.
Classifier (linguistics)
A classifier (abbreviated or) is a word or affix that accompanies nouns and can be considered to "classify" a noun depending on some characteristics (e.g. humanness, animacy, sex, shape, social status) of its referent.
See Language and Classifier (linguistics)
Close vowel
A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.
Code
In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium.
Code (semiotics)
In the broadest sense, a code is a (learnt, or arbitrary, or conventional) correspondence or rule between patterns.
See Language and Code (semiotics)
Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and linguistics.
See Language and Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.
See Language and Cognitive science
Communication
Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information. Language and Communication are main topic articles.
See Language and Communication
Communicative competence
The concept of communicative competence, as developed in linguistics, originated in response to perceived inadequacy of the notion of linguistic competence.
See Language and Communicative competence
Comparative linguistics
Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.
See Language and Comparative linguistics
Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor.
See Language and Comparative method
Computational linguistics
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions.
See Language and Computational linguistics
Conjunction (grammar)
In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions.
See Language and Conjunction (grammar)
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract, except for the h, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
Constructed language
A constructed language (shortened to conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction. Language and constructed language are linguistics.
See Language and Constructed language
Convention (norm)
A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom.
See Language and Convention (norm)
Cree language
Cree (also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador.
See Language and Cree language
Creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form (often a pidgin), and then that form expanding and elaborating into a full-fledged language with native speakers, all within a fairly brief period.
See Language and Creole language
Croatian language
Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats.
See Language and Croatian language
Cultural diffusion
In cultural anthropology and cultural geography, cultural diffusion, as conceptualized by Leo Frobenius in his 1897/98 publication Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis, is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.
See Language and Cultural diffusion
Cuneiform
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.
Damin
Damin (Demiin in the practical orthography of Lardil) was a ceremonial language register used by the advanced initiated men of the aboriginal Lardil (Leerdil in the practical orthography) and Yangkaal peoples of northern Australia.
Danish language
Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.
See Language and Danish language
Deixis
In linguistics, deixis is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. then), place (e.g. here), or person (e.g. you) relative to the context of the utterance.
Development of the human body
Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity.
See Language and Development of the human body
Developmental verbal dyspraxia
Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), also known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), is a condition in which an individual has problems saying sounds, syllables and words.
See Language and Developmental verbal dyspraxia
Diachrony and synchrony
Synchrony and diachrony are two complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis.
See Language and Diachrony and synchrony
Dialect
Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Displacement (linguistics)
In linguistics, displacement is the capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present (spatially or temporally); i.e., things that are either not here or are not here now. Language and displacement (linguistics) are linguistics.
See Language and Displacement (linguistics)
Distinctive feature
In linguistics, a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structure that distinguishes one sound from another within a language.
See Language and Distinctive feature
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf.
See Language and Dog
Dorothy Casterline
Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline (April 27, 1928 – August 8, 2023) was an American deaf linguist known for her contribution to A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles, considered a foundational work of sign language linguistics.
See Language and Dorothy Casterline
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian languages (sometimes called Dravidic) are a family of languages spoken by 250 million people, mainly in southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan, with pockets elsewhere in South Asia.
See Language and Dravidian languages
Drift (linguistics)
Two types of language change can be characterized as linguistic drift: a unidirectional short-term and cyclic long-term drift.
See Language and Drift (linguistics)
Dyirbal language
Dyirbal (also Djirubal) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by the Dyirbal people.
See Language and Dyirbal language
Eardrum
In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
Early modern human
Early modern human (EMH), or anatomically modern human (AMH), are terms used to distinguish Homo sapiens (the only extant Hominina species) that are anatomically consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans, from extinct archaic human species.
See Language and Early modern human
Education
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms. Language and Education are main topic articles.
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.
See Language and Egyptian hieroglyphs
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτ, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
See Language and Electrophysiology
Encoding (semiotics)
Encoding, in semiotics, is the process of creating a message for transmission by an addresser to an addressee.
See Language and Encoding (semiotics)
Endangered language
An endangered language or moribund language is a language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages.
See Language and Endangered language
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
See Language and English language
Entertainment
Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. Language and Entertainment are main topic articles.
See Language and Entertainment
Ergative–absolutive alignment
In linguistic typology, ergative–absolutive alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which the single argument ("subject") of an intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and differently from the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb.
See Language and Ergative–absolutive alignment
Ethiopian language area
The Ethiopian language area is a hypothesized linguistic area that was first proposed by Charles A. Ferguson (1970, 1976), who posited a number of phonological and morphosyntactic features that were found widely across Ethiopia and Eritrea, including the Ethio-Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic languages but not the Nilo-Saharan languages.
See Language and Ethiopian language area
Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Expressive aphasia
Expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia) is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.
See Language and Expressive aphasia
Extinct language
An extinct language is a language with no living descendants that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers.
See Language and Extinct language
Father tongue hypothesis
The father tongue hypothesis proposes the idea that humans tend to speak their father's language.
See Language and Father tongue hypothesis
Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 185722 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist, semiotician and philosopher.
See Language and Ferdinand de Saussure
Fetus
A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.
First language
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
See Language and First language
Focus (linguistics)
In linguistics, focus (abbreviated) is a grammatical category that conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.
See Language and Focus (linguistics)
Formal grammar
A formal grammar describes which strings from an alphabet of a formal language are valid according to the language's syntax.
See Language and Formal grammar
Formal language
In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules called a formal grammar.
See Language and Formal language
Formal linguistics
Formal linguistics is the branch of linguistics which uses applied mathematical methods for the analysis of natural languages. Language and Formal linguistics are linguistics.
See Language and Formal linguistics
Formal system
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for inferring theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules.
See Language and Formal system
Formant
In speech science and phonetics, a formant is the broad spectral maximum that results from an acoustic resonance of the human vocal tract.
Formosan languages
The Formosan languages are a geographic grouping comprising the languages of the indigenous peoples of Taiwan, all of which are Austronesian.
See Language and Formosan languages
FOXP2
Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene.
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
See Language and French language
Fricative
A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
Front rounded vowel
A front rounded vowel is a particular type of vowel that is both front and rounded.
See Language and Front rounded vowel
Functional linguistics
Functional linguistics is an approach to the study of language characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker's and the hearer's side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community.
See Language and Functional linguistics
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
See Language and Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fusional language
Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use single inflectional morphemes to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.
See Language and Fusional language
Gamilaraay language
The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia.
See Language and Gamilaraay language
General American English
General American English, known in linguistics simply as General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm), is the umbrella accent of American English spoken by a majority of Americans, encompassing a continuum rather than a single unified accent.
See Language and General American English
Generative grammar
Generative grammar is a research tradition in linguistics that aims to explain the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge.
See Language and Generative grammar
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See Language and German language
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
See Language and Germanic languages
Globalization
Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.
See Language and Globalization
Glottis
The glottis (glottises or glottides) is the opening between the vocal folds (the rima glottidis).
Gorgias
Gorgias (Γοργίας; 483–375 BC) was an ancient Greek sophist, pre-Socratic philosopher, and rhetorician who was a native of Leontinoi in Sicily.
Grammar
In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Language and grammar are linguistics.
Grammatical case
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.
See Language and Grammatical case
Grammatical category
In linguistics, a grammatical category or grammatical feature is a property of items within the grammar of a language.
See Language and Grammatical category
Grammatical person
In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).
See Language and Grammatical person
Grammatical tense
In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference.
See Language and Grammatical tense
Grammaticalization
In historical linguistics, grammaticalization (also known as grammatization or grammaticization) is a process of language change by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) become grammatical markers (such as affixes or prepositions).
See Language and Grammaticalization
Great ape language
Research into great ape language has involved teaching chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans to communicate with humans and each other using sign language, physical tokens, lexigrams, and imitative human speech.
See Language and Great ape language
Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English.
See Language and Great Vowel Shift
Grimm's law
Grimm's law, also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift, is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the first millennium BC, first discovered by Rasmus Rask but systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm.
Haiti
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas.
Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen,; créole haïtien), or simply Creole (kreyòl), is a French-based creole language spoken by 10 to 12million people worldwide, and is one of the two official languages of Haiti (the other being French), where it is the native language of the vast majority of the population.
See Language and Haitian Creole
Hakka Chinese
Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:,; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ) forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people in parts of Southern China, Taiwan, some diaspora areas of Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around the world.
See Language and Hakka Chinese
Handshape
In sign languages, handshape, or dez, refers to the distinctive configurations that the hands take as they are used to form words.
Hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Hangeul in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern writing system for the Korean language.
Hausa language
Hausa (Harshen/Halshen Hausa; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا) is a Chadic language that is spoken by the Hausa people in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo, and the southern parts of Niger, and Chad, with significant minorities in Ivory Coast.
See Language and Hausa language
Hawaiian language
Hawaiian (Ōlelo Hawaii) is a Polynesian language and critically endangered language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Hawaiokinai, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.
See Language and Hawaiian language
Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
See Language and Hebrew language
Hindi
Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.
Hindustani language
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic).
See Language and Hindustani language
Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.
See Language and Historical linguistics
History of colonialism
independence. The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time.
See Language and History of colonialism
Hockett's design features
Hockett's Design Features are a set of features that characterize human language and set it apart from animal communication. Language and Hockett's design features are human communication and linguistics.
See Language and Hockett's design features
Holophrasis
In the study of language acquisition, holophrasis is the prelinguistic use of a single word to express a complex idea.
Hominidae
The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (''Homo sapiens'') remain.
Hominini
The Hominini (hominins) form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae (hominines).
Homo
Homo is a genus of great ape that emerged from the genus Australopithecus and encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans) and a number of extinct species (collectively called archaic humans) classified as either ancestral or closely related to modern humans.
Homo erectus
Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.
Homo habilis
Homo habilis ('handy man') is an extinct species of archaic human from the Early Pleistocene of East and South Africa about 2.3 million years ago to 1.65 million years ago (mya).
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo heidelbergensis (also H. erectus heidelbergensis, H. sapiens heidelbergensis) is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human which existed during the Middle Pleistocene.
See Language and Homo heidelbergensis
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human brain
The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
Human communication
Human communication, or anthroposemiotics, is a field of study dedicated to understanding how humans communicate.
See Language and Human communication
Human history
Human history is the development of humankind from prehistory to the present.
See Language and Human history
Humour
Humour (Commonwealth English) or humor (American English) is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement.
Identity (social science)
Identity is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a group.
See Language and Identity (social science)
Ideophone
An ideophone is any word in a certain word class evoking ideas in sound imitation (onomatopoeia) to express an action, manner, or property.
Idiom
An idiom is a phrase or expression that usually presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase.
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.
See Language and Immanuel Kant
Implicature
In pragmatics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, an implicature is something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally expressed.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
Indo-European ablaut
In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (from German Ablaut) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).
See Language and Indo-European ablaut
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Language and Indo-European languages
Indo-European migrations
The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which took place approx.
See Language and Indo-European migrations
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
Inferior frontal gyrus
The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), (gyrus frontalis inferior), is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex.
See Language and Inferior frontal gyrus
Infix
An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words).
Inflection
In linguistic morphology, inflection (less commonly, inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.
Information
Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform. Language and Information are main topic articles.
Innatism
In the philosophy of mind, innatism is the view that the mind is born with already-formed ideas, knowledge, and beliefs.
Intentionality
Intentionality is the mental ability to refer to or represent something.
See Language and Intentionality
Interjection
An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.
International auxiliary language
An international auxiliary language (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication between people from all different nations, who do not share a common first language. Language and international auxiliary language are human communication.
See Language and International auxiliary language
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.
See Language and International Phonetic Alphabet
Intonation (linguistics)
In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow of discourse.
See Language and Intonation (linguistics)
Inuktitut
Inuktitut (syllabics ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ; from, 'person' + -titut, 'like', 'in the manner of'), also known as Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada.
Iroquoian languages
The Iroquoian languages are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America.
See Language and Iroquoian languages
Isolating language
An isolating language is a type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one, and with no inflectional morphology whatsoever.
See Language and Isolating language
Italic languages
The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC.
See Language and Italic languages
Iwaidja language
Iwaidja, in phonemic spelling Iwaja, is an Australian aboriginal language of the Iwaidja people with about 150 native, and an extra 20 to 30 L2 speakers in northernmost Australia.
See Language and Iwaidja language
J. L. Austin
John Langshaw Austin, OBE, FBA (26 March 1911 – 8 February 1960) was a British philosopher of language and leading proponent of ordinary language philosophy, best known for developing the theory of speech acts.
Japanese language
is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people.
See Language and Japanese language
Javanese language
Javanese (basa Jawa, Javanese script: ꦧꦱꦗꦮ, Pegon: باسا جاوا, IPA) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia.
See Language and Javanese language
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher (philosophe), writer, and composer.
See Language and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of many crucial works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science.
Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder (25 August 174418 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic.
See Language and Johann Gottfried Herder
John Searle
John Rogers Searle (American English pronunciation:; born July 31, 1932) is an American philosopher widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy.
Jutlandic
Jutlandic, or Jutish (Danish: jysk), is the western variety of Danish, spoken on the peninsula of Jutland in Denmark.
Kannada
Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), formerly also known as Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states.
Kanzi
Kanzi (born October 28, 1980), also known by the lexigram (from the character 太), is a male bonobo who has been the subject of several studies on great ape language.
Khmer language
Khmer (ខ្មែរ, UNGEGN) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Khmer people and the official and national language of Cambodia.
See Language and Khmer language
Koko (gorilla)
Hanabiko, nicknamed "Koko" (July 4, 1971 – June 19, 2018) was a female western lowland gorilla.
See Language and Koko (gorilla)
Korean language
Korean (South Korean: 한국어, Hangugeo; North Korean: 조선말, Chosŏnmal) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent.
See Language and Korean language
Korean manual alphabet
The Korean manual alphabet is used by the Deaf in South Korea who speak Korean Sign Language.
See Language and Korean manual alphabet
Korean Sign Language
Korean Sign Language or KSL (or short name) is a sign language used for deaf communities of South Korea.
See Language and Korean Sign Language
Kra–Dai languages
The Kra–Dai languages (also known as Tai–Kadai and Daic), are a language family in mainland Southeast Asia, southern China, and northeastern India.
See Language and Kra–Dai languages
Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.
See Language and Language acquisition
Language and thought
The study of how language influences thought, and vice-versa, has a long history in a variety of fields.
See Language and Language and thought
Language attrition
Language attrition is the process of decreasing proficiency in or losing a language.
See Language and Language attrition
Language change
Language change is the process of alteration in the features of a single language, or of languages in general, across a period of time.
See Language and Language change
Language contact
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other. Language and language contact are linguistics.
See Language and Language contact
Language convergence
Language convergence is a type of linguistic change in which languages come to resemble one another structurally as a result of prolonged language contact and mutual interference, regardless of whether those languages belong to the same language family, i.e. stem from a common genealogical proto-language.
See Language and Language convergence
Language death
In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker.
See Language and Language death
Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
See Language and Language family
Language ideology
Language ideology (also known as linguistic ideology) is, within anthropology (especially linguistic anthropology), sociolinguistics, and cross-cultural studies, any set of beliefs about languages as they are used in their social worlds.
See Language and Language ideology
Language isolate
A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages.
See Language and Language isolate
Language policy
Language policy is both an interdisciplinary academic field and implementation of ideas about language use.
See Language and Language policy
Language revitalization
Language revitalization, also referred to as language revival or reversing language shift, is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one.
See Language and Language revitalization
Language shift
Language shift, also known as language transfer or language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time.
See Language and Language shift
Langue and parole
Langue and parole is a theoretical linguistic dichotomy distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics.
See Language and Langue and parole
Larynx
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
Lateral consonant
A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.
See Language and Lateral consonant
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
See Language and Latin alphabet
Lexeme
A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection.
Lexicon
A lexicon (plural: lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical). Language and lexicon are linguistics.
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
See Language and Lingua franca
Linguistic anthropology
Linguistic anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life.
See Language and Linguistic anthropology
Linguistic description
In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a speech community. Language and linguistic description are linguistics.
See Language and Linguistic description
Linguistic diversity index
Linguistic diversity index (LDI) may refer to either Greenberg's (language) Diversity Index or the related Index of Linguistic Diversity (ILD) from Terralingua, which measures changes in the underlying LDI over time.
See Language and Linguistic diversity index
Linguistic rights
Linguistic rights are the human and civil rights concerning the individual and collective right to choose the language or languages for communication in a private or public atmosphere.
See Language and Linguistic rights
Linguistic turn
The linguistic turn was a major development in Western philosophy during the early 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy primarily on the relations between language, language users, and the world.
See Language and Linguistic turn
Linguistic typology
Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison.
See Language and Linguistic typology
Linguistic universal
A linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them.
See Language and Linguistic universal
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Lip reading
Lip reading, also known as speechreading, is a technique of understanding a limited range of speech by visually interpreting the movements of the lips, face and tongue without sound. Language and lip reading are human communication.
List of language regulators
This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies.
See Language and List of language regulators
List of languages by number of native speakers
Human languages ranked by their number of native speakers are as follows.
See Language and List of languages by number of native speakers
List of official languages
This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions.
See Language and List of official languages
Listening
Listening is giving attention to a sound.
Lists of languages
This page is a list of lists of languages.
See Language and Lists of languages
Loanword
A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing.
Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning.
Logogram
In a written language, a logogram (from Ancient Greek 'word', and 'that which is drawn or written'), also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
See Language and Ludwig Wittgenstein
Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar and the Fourth Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body.
See Language and Magnetic resonance imaging
Malagasy language
Malagasy (Sorabe: مَلَغَسِ) is an Austronesian language and dialect continuum spoken in Madagascar.
See Language and Malagasy language
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin is a group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.
See Language and Mandarin Chinese
Manner of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound.
See Language and Manner of articulation
Manually coded language
Manually coded languages (MCLs) are a family of gestural communication methods which include gestural spelling as well as constructed languages which directly interpolate the grammar and syntax of oral languages in a gestural-visual form—that is, signed versions of oral languages.
See Language and Manually coded language
Maritime Southeast Asia
Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor.
See Language and Maritime Southeast Asia
Max Weinreich
Max Weinreich (מאַקס ווײַנרײַך Maks Vaynraych; Мейер Лазаревич Вайнрайх, Meyer Lazarevich Vaynraykh; 22 April 1894 – 29 January 1969) was a Russian-American-Jewish linguist, specializing in sociolinguistics and Yiddish, and the father of the linguist Uriel Weinreich, who, a sociolinguistic innovator, edited the Modern Yiddish-English English-Yiddish Dictionary.
See Language and Max Weinreich
Maya script
Maya script, also known as Maya glyphs, is historically the native writing system of the Maya civilization of Mesoamerica and is the only Mesoamerican writing system that has been substantially deciphered.
Mayan languages
The Mayan languagesIn linguistics, it is conventional to use Mayan when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language.
See Language and Mayan languages
Māori language
Māori, or te reo Māori ('the Māori language'), commonly shortened to te reo, is an Eastern Polynesian language and the language of the Māori people, the indigenous population of mainland New Zealand.
See Language and Māori language
Meaning (semiotics)
In semiotics, the study of sign processes (semiosis), the meaning of a sign is its place in a sign relation, in other words, the set of roles that the sign occupies within a given sign relation.
See Language and Meaning (semiotics)
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the lands of central and southern Mexico, all of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Mesoamerican language area
The Mesoamerican language area is a sprachbund containing many of the languages natively spoken in the cultural area of Mesoamerica.
See Language and Mesoamerican language area
Mesoamerican writing systems
Mesoamerica, along with Mesopotamia and China, is one of three known places in the world where writing is thought to have developed independently.
See Language and Mesoamerican writing systems
Michael Tomasello
Michael Tomasello (born January 18, 1950) is an American developmental and comparative psychologist, as well as a linguist.
See Language and Michael Tomasello
Michif
Michif (also Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, French Cree) is one of the languages of the Métis people of Canada and the United States, who are the descendants of First Nations (mainly Cree, Nakota, and Ojibwe) and fur trade workers of white ancestry (mainly French).
Mind
The mind is what thinks, feels, perceives, imagines, remembers, and wills, encompassing the totality of mental phenomena.
Minimal pair
In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, spoken or signed, that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme, and have distinct meanings.
Mixed language
A mixed language, also referred to as a hybrid language, contact language, or fusion language, is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language.
See Language and Mixed language
Modality (semiotics)
In semiotics, a modality is a particular way in which information is to be encoded for presentation to humans, i.e. to the type of sign and to the status of reality ascribed to or claimed by a sign, text, or genre.
See Language and Modality (semiotics)
Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression.
Morphological derivation
Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy. It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.
See Language and Morphological derivation
Morphology (linguistics)
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language.
See Language and Morphology (linguistics)
Morphosyntactic alignment
In linguistics, morphosyntactic alignment is the grammatical relationship between arguments—specifically, between the two arguments (in English, subject and object) of transitive verbs like the dog chased the cat, and the single argument of intransitive verbs like the cat ran away.
See Language and Morphosyntactic alignment
Morse code
Morse code is a telecommunications method which encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs.
Mouthing
In sign language, mouthing is the production of visual syllables with the mouth while signing.
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.
See Language and Multilingualism
Music
Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Mutual intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
See Language and Mutual intelligibility
Na-Dene languages
Na-Dene (also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages.
See Language and Na-Dene languages
Nant Gwrtheyrn
Nant Gwrtheyrn is a Welsh Language and Heritage Centre, located near the village of Llithfaen on the northern coast of the Llŷn Peninsula, Gwynedd, in northwest Wales.
See Language and Nant Gwrtheyrn
Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
See Language and Nasal consonant
Nasalization
In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.
Nation state
A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.
Natural language
In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation.
See Language and Natural language
Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means.
See Language and Neocolonialism
Neurolinguistics
Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.
See Language and Neurolinguistics
New Mexico
New Mexico (Nuevo MéxicoIn Peninsular Spanish, a spelling variant, Méjico, is also used alongside México. According to the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the spelling version with J is correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one that is used in Mexican Spanish.; Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States.
Nicaraguan Sign Language
Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN; Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua) is a form of sign language developed by deaf children in several schools in Nicaragua.
See Language and Nicaraguan Sign Language
Nicholas Evans
Nicholas Benbow Evans (26 July 1950 – 9 August 2022) was a British journalist, screenwriter, television and film producer and novelist.
See Language and Nicholas Evans
Niger–Congo languages
Niger–Congo is a hypothetical language family spoken over the majority of sub-Saharan Africa.
See Language and Niger–Congo languages
Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism.
Nominative case
In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.
See Language and Nominative case
Nominative–accusative alignment
In linguistic typology, nominative–accusative alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which subjects of intransitive verbs are treated like subjects of transitive verbs, and are distinguished from objects of transitive verbs in basic clause constructions.
See Language and Nominative–accusative alignment
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
See Language and North America
North Wales
North Wales (Gogledd Cymru) is a region of Wales, encompassing its northernmost areas.
Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas.
Object (grammar)
In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments.
See Language and Object (grammar)
Occlusive
In phonetics, an occlusive, sometimes known as a stop, is a consonant sound produced by occluding (i.e. blocking) airflow in the vocal tract, but not necessarily in the nasal tract.
Oceania
Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
Old French
Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.
Old Javanese
Old Javanese or Kawi is the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language.
Old Testament
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.
See Language and Old Testament
Olmecs
The Olmecs were the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization.
One Standard German Axiom
The One Standard German Axiom is a concept by Austrian-Canadian UBC linguist Stefan Dollinger in his 2019 monograph The Pluricentricity Debate, used to describe what he believes is scepticism in German dialectology and linguistics towards the idea of multiple standard varieties.
See Language and One Standard German Axiom
Open vowel
An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli.
See Language and Operant conditioning
Oto-Manguean languages
The Oto-Manguean or Otomanguean languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of indigenous languages of the Americas.
See Language and Oto-Manguean languages
Outline of linguistics
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Language and outline of linguistics are linguistics.
See Language and Outline of linguistics
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
Palate
The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals.
Pama–Nyungan languages
The Pama–Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian Aboriginal languages, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia.
See Language and Pama–Nyungan languages
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia).
See Language and Papua New Guinea
Paradigmatic analysis
Paradigmatic analysis is the analysis of paradigms embedded in the text rather than of the surface structure (syntax) of the text which is termed syntagmatic analysis.
See Language and Paradigmatic analysis
Part of speech
In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties.
See Language and Part of speech
Paul Grice
Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language who created the theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics.
Pāṇini
(पाणिनि.) was a logician, Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, variously dated between the 7th and 4th century BCE.
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Language and Persian language
Philology
Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources.
Philosophy of language
In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world.
See Language and Philosophy of language
Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.
Phone (phonetics)
In phonetics (a branch of linguistics), a phone is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words.
See Language and Phone (phonetics)
Phoneme
In linguistics and specifically phonology, a phoneme is any set of similar phones (speech sounds) that is perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single distinct unit, a single basic sound, which helps distinguish one word from another.
Phonological change
In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language.
See Language and Phonological change
Phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.
Phrase
In grammar, a phrasecalled expression in some contextsis a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit.
Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.
See Language and Phylogenetic tree
Pidgin
A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder (– 9 September 1569) was among the most significant artists of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so-called genre painting); he was a pioneer in presenting both types of subject as large paintings.
See Language and Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Pirahã language
Pirahã (also spelled Pirahá, Pirahán), or Múra-Pirahã, is the indigenous language of the Pirahã people of Amazonas, Brazil.
See Language and Pirahã language
Pitch-accent language
A pitch-accent language is a type of language that, when spoken, has certain syllables in words or morphemes that are prominent, as indicated by a distinct contrasting pitch (linguistic tone) rather than by loudness or length, as in some other languages like English.
See Language and Pitch-accent language
Plains Indian Sign Language
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), also known as Hand Talk or Plains Sign Language, is an endangered language common to various Plains Nations across what is now central Canada, the central and western United States and northern Mexico.
See Language and Plains Indian Sign Language
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Plosive
In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
Pluricentric language
A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries.
See Language and Pluricentric language
Polysynthetic language
In linguistic typology, polysynthetic languages, formerly holophrastic languages, are highly synthetic languages, i.e., languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone).
See Language and Polysynthetic language
Port-Royal Grammar
The Port-Royal Grammar (originally Grammaire générale et raisonnée contenant les fondemens de l'art de parler, expliqués d'une manière claire et naturelle, "General and Rational Grammar, containing the fundamentals of the art of speaking, explained in a clear and natural manner") was a milestone in the analysis and philosophy of language.
See Language and Port-Royal Grammar
Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Language and Portuguese language
Pragmatics
In linguistics and related fields, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning.
Pre-Columbian era
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492.
See Language and Pre-Columbian era
Predicate (grammar)
The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields. Language and predicate (grammar) are linguistics.
See Language and Predicate (grammar)
Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.
Prehistory
Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.
Problem of religious language
The problem of religious language considers whether it is possible to talk about God meaningfully if the traditional conceptions of God as being incorporeal, infinite, and timeless, are accepted.
See Language and Problem of religious language
Productivity (linguistics)
In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.
See Language and Productivity (linguistics)
Programming language
A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs.
See Language and Programming language
Prosody (linguistics)
In linguistics, prosody is the study of elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but which are properties of syllables and larger units of speech, including linguistic functions such as intonation, stress, and rhythm.
See Language and Prosody (linguistics)
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
See Language and Proto-Indo-European language
Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.
See Language and Psycholinguistics
Purépecha language
Purépecha (also Pʼurhépecha, Phorhé or Phorhépecha), often called Tarascan (Tarasco), a term coined by Spanish settlers that can be seen as pejorative, is a language isolate or small language family that is spoken by some 140,000 Purépecha in the highlands of Michoacán, Mexico.
See Language and Purépecha language
Quechuan languages
Quechua, also called Runasimi ('people's language') in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes.
See Language and Quechuan languages
Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch.
Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard and most prestigious form of spoken British English.
See Language and Received Pronunciation
Receptive aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia, also known as receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia, fluent aphasia, or posterior aphasia, is a type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language.
See Language and Receptive aphasia
Register (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation.
See Language and Register (sociolinguistics)
Relexification
In linguistics, relexification is a mechanism of language change by which one language changes much or all of its lexicon, including basic vocabulary, with the lexicon of another language, without drastically changing the relexified language's grammar.
See Language and Relexification
René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
See Language and René Descartes
Rhotic consonant
In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including r in the Latin script and p in the Cyrillic script.
See Language and Rhotic consonant
Robert M. W. Dixon
Robert Malcolm Ward "Bob" Dixon (born 25 January 1939, in Gloucester, England) is a Professor of Linguistics in the College of Arts, Society, and Education and The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Queensland.
See Language and Robert M. W. Dixon
Root (linguistics)
A root (or root word or radical) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements.
See Language and Root (linguistics)
Rotokas language
Rotokas is a North Bougainville language spoken by about 4,320 people on the island of Bougainville, an island located to the east of New Guinea, which is part of Papua New Guinea.
See Language and Rotokas language
Roundedness
In phonetics, vowel roundedness is the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel.
Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
See Language and Russian language
Rwandan genocide
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War.
See Language and Rwandan genocide
Sahara
The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.
Samoan language
Samoan (Gagana faa Sāmoa or Gagana Sāmoa) is a Polynesian language spoken by Samoans of the Samoan Islands.
See Language and Samoan language
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Language and Science (journal)
Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
See Language and Scientific American
Segment (linguistics)
In linguistics, a segment is "any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech".
See Language and Segment (linguistics)
Semantics
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.
Semaphore
Semaphore is the use of an apparatus to create a visual signal transmitted over distance.
Semiosis
Semiosis, or sign process, is any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning.
Semiotics
Semiotics is the systematic study of sign processes and the communication of meaning.
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Language and Semitic languages
Sentence (linguistics)
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate.
See Language and Sentence (linguistics)
Serbian language
Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.
See Language and Serbian language
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
See Language and Serbo-Croatian
Shona language
Shona (chiShona) is a Bantu language of the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
See Language and Shona language
Sibilant
Sibilants (from sībilāns: 'hissing') are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth.
Sign (semiotics)
In semiotics, a sign is anything that communicates a meaning that is not the sign itself to the interpreter of the sign.
See Language and Sign (semiotics)
Sign language
Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words.
See Language and Sign language
Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers.
See Language and Sino-Tibetan languages
Social class
A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the working class, middle class, and upper class.
Social grooming
Social grooming is a behavior in which social animals, including humans, clean or maintain one another's bodies or appearances.
See Language and Social grooming
Social skills
A social skill is any competence facilitating interaction and communication with others where social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. Language and social skills are human communication.
See Language and Social skills
Social stratification
Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political).
See Language and Social stratification
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on language and the ways it is used.
See Language and Sociolinguistics
Soft palate
The soft palate (also known as the velum, palatal velum, or muscular palate) is, in mammals, the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth.
Sound
In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
Sound change
A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language.
South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.
See Language and Southeast Asia
Southern pied babbler
The southern pied babbler (Turdoides bicolor) is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae, found in dry savannah of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
See Language and Southern pied babbler
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Language and Spanish language
Speaker types
Within the linguistic study of endangered languages, sociolinguists distinguish between different speaker types based on the type of competence they have acquired of the endangered language. Language and speaker types are linguistics.
See Language and Speaker types
Spectrogram
A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time.
Speech
Speech is the use of the human voice as a medium for language. Language and Speech are human communication.
Speech act
In the philosophy of language and linguistics, a speech act is something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well.
Speech community
A speech community is a group of people who share a set of linguistic norms and expectations regarding the use of language.
See Language and Speech community
Speech repetition
Children copy with their own mouths the words spoken by the mouths of those around them. That enables them to learn the pronunciation of words not already in their vocabulary. Speech repetition occurs when individuals speak the sounds that they have heard another person pronounce or say.
See Language and Speech repetition
Speech scroll
In art history, a speech scroll (also called a banderole or phylactery).
See Language and Speech scroll
Speech–language pathology
Speech–language pathology (a.k.a. speech and language pathology or logopedics) is a healthcare and academic discipline concerning the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders, including expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders, voice disorders, speech sound disorders, speech disfluency, pragmatic language impairments, and social communication difficulties, as well as swallowing disorders across the lifespan.
See Language and Speech–language pathology
Spelling alphabet
A spelling alphabet (also called by various other names) is a set of words used to represent the letters of an alphabet in oral communication, especially over a two-way radio or telephone.
See Language and Spelling alphabet
Spoken language
A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds or (depending on one's definition) manual gestures, as opposed to a written language.
See Language and Spoken language
Sprachbund
A sprachbund (Sprachbund, lit. "language federation"), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact.
Spurious languages
Spurious languages are languages that have been reported as existing in reputable works, while other research has reported that the language in question did not exist.
See Language and Spurious languages
Standard Spanish
Standard Spanish, also called the lit, refers to the standard, or codified, variety of the Spanish language, which most writing and formal speech in Spanish tends to reflect.
See Language and Standard Spanish
Stephen R. Anderson
Stephen Robert Anderson (born 1943) is an American linguist.
See Language and Stephen R. Anderson
Steven Mithen
Steven Mithen, (born 16 October 1960) is an archaeologist.
See Language and Steven Mithen
Steven Pinker
Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, popular science author, and public intellectual.
See Language and Steven Pinker
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment.
See Language and Stimulus (physiology)
Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.
See Language and Stress (linguistics)
Structural linguistics
Structural linguistics, or structuralism, in linguistics, denotes schools or theories in which language is conceived as a self-contained, self-regulating semiotic system whose elements are defined by their relationship to other elements within the system.
See Language and Structural linguistics
Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system.
See Language and Structuralism
Style (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a style is a set of linguistic variants with specific social meanings.
See Language and Style (sociolinguistics)
Subculture
A subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the conservative and standard values to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles.
Subject–object–verb word order
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.
See Language and Subject–object–verb word order
Subject–verb–object word order
In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.
See Language and Subject–verb–object word order
Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.
Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
Sumerian language
Sumerian (Also written 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi.ePSD2 entry for emegir.|'native language'|) was the language of ancient Sumer.
See Language and Sumerian language
Superior temporal gyrus
The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is one of three (sometimes two) gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain, which is located laterally to the head, situated somewhat above the external ear.
See Language and Superior temporal gyrus
Swahili language
Swahili, also known by its local name Kiswahili, is a Bantu language originally spoken by the Swahili people, who are found primarily in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique (along the East African coast and adjacent littoral islands).
See Language and Swahili language
Swedish language
Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.
See Language and Swedish language
Syllabary
In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) moras which make up words.
Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds, typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants).
Symbolic communication
Symbolic communication is the exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of events.
See Language and Symbolic communication
Syntagmatic analysis
In semiotics, syntagmatic analysis is analysis of syntax or surface structure (syntagmatic structure) as opposed to paradigms (paradigmatic analysis). Language and syntagmatic analysis are linguistics.
See Language and Syntagmatic analysis
Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences.
System
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole.
Tactile signing
Tactile signing is a common means of communication used by people with deafblindness.
See Language and Tactile signing
Tadoma
Tadoma is a method of communication utilized by deafblind individuals, in which the listener places their little finger on the speaker's lips and their fingers along the jawline. Language and Tadoma are human communication.
Talking drum
The talking drum is an hourglass-shaped drum from West Africa, whose pitch can be regulated to mimic the tone and prosody of human speech.
Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.
See Language and Tamil language
Telegraphic speech
Telegraphic speech, according to linguistics and psychology, is speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient.
See Language and Telegraphic speech
Telugu language
Telugu (తెలుగు|) is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language.
See Language and Telugu language
Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan (Spanish: Teotihuacán) is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, which is located in the State of Mexico, northeast of modern-day Mexico City.
Thai language
Thai,In ภาษาไทย| ''Phasa Thai'' or Central Thai (historically Siamese;Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other Tai languages (Diller 2008:6).
See Language and Thai language
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871, which applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection, a form of biological adaptation distinct from, yet interconnected with, natural selection.
See Language and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
See Language and The Independent
The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)
The Tower of Babel was the subject of three paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
See Language and The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)
Theoretical linguistics
Theoretical linguistics is a term in linguistics that, like the related term general linguistics, can be understood in different ways. Language and Theoretical linguistics are linguistics.
See Language and Theoretical linguistics
Theory of language
Theory of language is a topic in philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics.
See Language and Theory of language
Theory of mind
In psychology, theory of mind refers to the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them.
See Language and Theory of mind
Timbre
In music, timbre, also known as tone color or tone quality (from psychoacoustics), is the perceived sound quality of a musical note, sound or tone.
Tok Pisin
Tok Pisin (Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh; Tok Pisin), often referred to by English speakers as New Guinea Pidgin or simply Pidgin, is a creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea.
Tone (linguistics)
Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words.
See Language and Tone (linguistics)
Tower of Babel
The Tower of Babel is an origin myth and parable in the Book of Genesis meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages.
See Language and Tower of Babel
Transitive verb
A transitive verb is a verb that entails one or more transitive objects, for example, 'enjoys' in Amadeus enjoys music.
See Language and Transitive verb
Transitivity (grammar)
Transitivity is a linguistics property that relates to whether a verb, participle, or gerund denotes a transitive object.
See Language and Transitivity (grammar)
Tripartite alignment
In linguistic typology, tripartite alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which the main argument ('subject') of an intransitive verb, the agent argument ('subject') of a transitive verb, and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb are each treated distinctly in the grammatical system of a language.
See Language and Tripartite alignment
Truth value
In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false).
Tupi–Guarani languages
Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America.
See Language and Tupi–Guarani languages
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Language and Turkic languages
Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.
See Language and Turkish language
Unclassified language
An unclassified language is a language whose genetic affiliation to other languages has not been established.
See Language and Unclassified language
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
Universal grammar
Universal grammar (UG), in modern linguistics, is the theory of the innate biological component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky.
See Language and Universal grammar
University of Waikato
The University of Waikato (Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato), established in 1964, is a public research university located in Hamilton, New Zealand.
See Language and University of Waikato
Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.
Uto-Aztecan languages
Uto-Aztecan languages are a family of indigenous languages of the Americas, consisting of over thirty languages.
See Language and Uto-Aztecan languages
Utterance
In spoken language analysis, an utterance is a continuous piece of speech, by one person, before or after which there is silence on the part of the person.
Uvula
The uvula (uvulas or uvulae), also known as the palatine uvula or staphyle, is a conic projection from the back edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers.
Variety (linguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster.
See Language and Variety (linguistics)
Verb
A verb is a word (part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
Vocabulary
A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual.
Voice (phonetics)
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
See Language and Voice (phonetics)
Voiced alveolar fricative
The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds.
See Language and Voiced alveolar fricative
Vowel
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
Vowel length
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.
Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.
See Language and Welsh language
Wernicke's area
Wernicke's area, also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area.
See Language and Wernicke's area
West Africa
West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.
Wh-movement
In linguistics, wh-movement (also known as wh-fronting, wh-extraction, or wh-raising) is the formation of syntactic dependencies involving interrogative words.
Whistled language
Whistled languages are linguistic systems that use whistling to emulate speech and facilitate communication between individuals.
See Language and Whistled language
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (also,;; 22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a German philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin.
See Language and Wilhelm von Humboldt
Willard Van Orman Quine
Willard Van Orman Quine (known to his friends as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century".
See Language and Willard Van Orman Quine
William Jones (philologist)
Sir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was a British philologist, orientalist and a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India.
See Language and William Jones (philologist)
William Stokoe
William Clarence “Bill” Stokoe Jr. (July 21, 1919 – April 4, 2000) was an American linguist and a long-time professor at Gallaudet University.
See Language and William Stokoe
Word
A word is a basic element of language that carries meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible.
Word order
In linguistics, word order (also known as linear order) is the order of the syntactic constituents of a language.
World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network
The World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network (WITBN) is a confederation of indigenous broadcasting organisations from countries serving indigenous and minority language populations.
See Language and World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network
Writing
Writing is the act of creating a persistent representation of human language. Language and Writing are human communication.
Writing system
A writing system comprises a particular set of symbols, called a script, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular language.
See Language and Writing system
Written language
A written language is the representation of a language by means of writing.
See Language and Written language
Yoruba language
Yoruba (Yor. Èdè Yorùbá,; Ajami: عِدعِ يوْرُبا) is a language that is spoken in West Africa, primarily in Southwestern and Central Nigeria.
See Language and Yoruba language
Yugoslav Wars
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but relatedNaimark (2003), p. xvii.
See Language and Yugoslav Wars
Yupik languages
The Yupik languages are a family of languages spoken by the Yupik peoples of western and south-central Alaska and Chukotka.
See Language and Yupik languages
Zuni language
Zuni (also formerly Zuñi, endonym Shiwiʼma) is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States.
See Language and Zuni language
4th millennium BC
The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC.
See Language and 4th millennium BC
See also
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References
Also known as Anatomy of speech, Complex language, Development of speech and language, Formal notation, Human language, Human languages, Lanauge, Langauge, Language diversity, Languages, Languge, Linguage, Linguistic diversity, Lnguage, Lnguages, Neural architecture of language, Spoken words.
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