Communication

461 relations: Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Abbey of Saint-Médard de Soissons, Abbey of St Genevieve, Académie française, Acts of Union 1800, Adolphe Thiers, Agadir Crisis, Alain Poher, Albert François Lebrun, Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Millerand, Algerian War, Alphonse de Lamartine, André Antoine Bernard, André Dumont (politician), André Tardieu, Anne of Brittany, Antisemitism, Antoine Christophe Merlin, Antoine Claire Thibaudeau, Aristide Briand, Armand Fallières, Armand Gensonné, Authoritarianism, Édouard Balladur, Élie Lacoste, Élysée Palace, Émile Loubet, Étienne-François Letourneur, Basilica of St Denis, Battle of Valmy, Belgium, Bertrand Barère, Bonapartiste, Boso the Elder, Bosonids, Bourbon Restoration, Bourgeoisie, Brigadier general, Cadet branch, Calais, Capetian dynasty, Carloman (mayor of the palace), Carloman I, Carloman II, Carolingian dynasty, Cartel des Gauches, Catherine of Valois, Catholic Church, Chamber of Deputies (France), ..., Channel Islands, Charibert I, Charlemagne, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Dupuy, Charles IV of France, Charles IX of France, Charles Martel, Charles the Bald, Charles the Fat, Charles the Simple, Charles V of France, Charles VI of France, Charles VII of France, Charles VIII of France, Charles X of France, Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Childebert I, Childebert III, Childeric I, Childeric II, Childeric III, Chilperic I, Chilperic II, Chlothar I, Chlothar II, Chlothar III, Choisy-au-Bac, Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois, Clergy, Clovis I, Clovis II, Clovis IV, Cohabitation (government), Collective leadership, Committee of General Security, Committee of Public Safety, Compiègne, Conciergerie, Congress of the French Parliament, Constitution of the Year VIII, Constitution of the Year X, Constitutional Council (France), Corrèze General Council, Corrèze's 1st constituency, Council of Ancients, Council of Five Hundred, Count of Paris, Coup d'état, Coup of 18 Brumaire, Coup of 18 Fructidor, Cult of the Supreme Being, Dagobert I, Dagobert III, Democratic Centre (France), Democratic Republican Alliance, Dictatorship, Dreyfus affair, Duke, Duke of the Franks, Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé, Electoral college, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Emmanuel Macron, Emperor of the French, English claims to the French throne, Errancis Cemetery, Executive (government), Fascism, Félix Faure, Félix Gouin, Financial crisis of 2007–2008, First French Empire, First Indochina War, First Secretary of the French Socialist Party, Fortnight, François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas, François Arago, François de Neufchâteau, François Furet, François Hollande, François Louis Bourdon, François Mitterrand, François René Mallarmé, François-Léon Sicard, François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy, France in the long nineteenth century, Francia, Francis I of France, Francis II of France, Franks, Frédéric François-Marsal, Free France, French Constitution of 1791, French constitutional law of 23 July 2008, French Constitutional Laws of 1875, French constitutional referendum, 1969, French Consulate, French coup d'état of 1851, French Directory, French Executive Commission (1848), French Fifth Republic, French First Republic, French fiscal package of 2007, French Fourth Republic, French Guiana, French legislative election, 1986, French legislative election, 1993, French legislative election, 1997, French Ministry for the Economy and Finance, French monarchs family tree, French National Convention election, 1792, French presidential election, 1848, French presidential election, 1947, French presidential election, 1953, French presidential election, 1958, French presidential election, 1965, French presidential election, 1969, French presidential election, 1974, French presidential election, 1981, French presidential election, 1988, French presidential election, 1995, French presidential election, 2002, French presidential election, 2007, French presidential election, 2012, French presidential election, 2017, French Republican Calendar, French Revolution, French Second Republic, French Section of the Workers' International, French Third Republic, G20, Gaston Doumergue, Gaul, George III of the United Kingdom, Georges Bidault, Georges Clemenceau, Georges Couthon, Georges Danton, Georges Pompidou, Germania, Germania Superior, Germanic peoples, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Gilbert Romme, Girondins, Group of Eight, Guillotine, Hôtel Matignon, Head of state, Henri Grégoire, Henri, Count of Chambord, Henri, Count of Paris (born 1933), Henry I of France, Henry II of France, Henry III of France, Henry IV of France, Henry V of England, Henry VI of England, House of Bonaparte, House of Bourbon, House of Hanover, House of Orléans, House of Valois, Hugh Capet, Hugh Magnus, Hugh the Great, Illegal immigration, In flagrante delicto, Independent politician, Independent Republicans, Independent Socialists (France), Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, Iraq War, Jacobin, Jacques Chirac, Jacques Defermon des Chapelieres, Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne, Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière, Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques-Louis David, Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, Jean Baptiste Treilhard, Jean Casimir-Perier, Jean Debry, Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu, Jean Pelet, Jean Victor Marie Moreau, Jean-Antoine Louis du Bas-Rhin, Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède, Jean-Baptiste Charles Matthieu, Jean-Baptiste Clauzel, Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai, Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet, Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, Jean-François Delacroix, Jean-François Rewbell, Jean-François-Auguste Moulin, Jean-François-Bertrand Delmas, Jean-Henri Voulland, Jean-Jacques Bréard, Jean-Lambert Tallien, Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne, Jean-Pierre-André Amar, Jeanbon Saint-André, John I of France, John II of France, Joseph Fouché, Joseph-Nicolas Barbeau du Barran, Jules Armand Dufaure, Jules Grévy, July Revolution, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of France (1791–92), La République En Marche!, Latin, Lazare Carnot, Léon Blum, Legislature, Lionel Jospin, List of British monarchs, List of English monarchs, List of Frankish kings, List of French monarchs, List of Marshals of France, List of mayors of Tulle, List of Navarrese monarchs, List of Presidents of Corrèze General Council, List of Presidents of France, List of Presidents of the National Convention, List of Presidents of the Senate of France, List of Prime Ministers of France, Lothair of France, Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant, Louis III of France, Louis IV of France, Louis IX of France, Louis Legendre, Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, Louis Philippe I, Louis the German, Louis the Pious, Louis the Stammerer, Louis V of France, Louis VI of France, Louis VII of France, Louis VIII of France, Louis X 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Ministers, Pretender, Prime Minister of France, Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy, Progressive Republicans (France), Provisional Government of the French Republic, Radical Party (France), Raetia, Rally for the Republic, Raymond Poincaré, Recidivism, Regicide, Reign of Terror, Reims Cathedral, René Coty, Représentant en mission, Republican Party (France), Richard, Duke of Burgundy, Robert I of France, Robert II of France, Robert the Strong, Robertians, Roger Ducos, Rudolph of France, Russo-Georgian War, Salian Franks, Sans-culottes, Sante Geronimo Caserio, Ségolène Royal, Second French Empire, Siege of Calais (1558), Socialist Party (France), Stanislas Joseph François Xavier Rovère, Style (manner of address), Style of the French sovereign, Succession to the French throne, Summary execution, Théodore Vernier, Théophile Berlier, The Mountain, The Plain, Thermidor, Thermidorian Reaction, Thermidorians, Theuderic III, Theuderic IV, Treaty of Lisbon, Treaty of Troyes, Triple Entente, Tuileries Palace, Union for a Popular Movement, Union for French Democracy, Union for the New Republic, Union of Democrats for the Republic, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Upper house, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Vichy France, Vincent Auriol, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, William Doyle (historian), Year One, Yellow fever, 16 May 1877 crisis, 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, 1973 oil crisis. 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Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés

The Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, just beyond the outskirts of early medieval Paris, was the burial place of Merovingian kings of Neustria.

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Abbey of Saint-Médard de Soissons

The Abbey of Saint-Médard de Soissons was a Benedictine monastery, at one time held to be the greatest in France.

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Abbey of St Genevieve

The Abbey of St Genevieve (Abbaye-Sainte-Geneviève) was a monastery in Paris, suppressed at the time of the French Revolution.

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Académie française

The Académie française is the pre-eminent French council for matters pertaining to the French language.

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Acts of Union 1800

The Acts of Union 1800 (sometimes erroneously referred to as a single Act of Union 1801) were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Adolphe Thiers

Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian.

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Agadir Crisis

The Agadir Crisis or Second Moroccan Crisis (also known as the Panthersprung in German) was a brief international crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in the interior of Morocco in April 1911.

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Alain Poher

Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher (17 April 1909 – 9 December 1996) was a French centrist politician, affiliated first with the Popular Republican Movement and later with the Democratic Centre.

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Albert François Lebrun

Albert François Lebrun (29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940.

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Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin

Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin (2 February 1807 in Paris – 31 December 1874) was a French politician, a champion of the working classes who was forced into exile after the failure of the French Revolution of 1848.

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Alexandre Millerand

Alexandre Millerand (10 February 1859 – 7 April 1943) was a French politician and freemason.

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Algerian War

No description.

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Alphonse de Lamartine

Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, Knight of Pratz (21 October 179028 February 1869), was a French writer, poet and politician who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France.

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André Antoine Bernard

André Antoine Bernard (21 June 1751 – 19 October 1818) called Bernard de Saintes, was a French lawyer and revolutionary, one of the Jacobins responsible for the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution.

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André Dumont (politician)

André Dumont (24 May 1764 at Oisemont – 19 October 1838 at Abbeville), was a French parliamentarian, a regicide, a deputy of the National Convention, President of the National convention, and an administrator of the First Empire.

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André Tardieu

André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (22 September 1876 – 15 September 1945) was three times Prime Minister of France (3 November 1929 – 17 February 1930; 2 March – 4 December 1930; 20 February – 10 May 1932) and a dominant figure of French political life in 1929–1932.

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Anne of Brittany

Anne of Brittany (25/26 January 1477 – 9 January 1514) was Duchess of Brittany from 1488 until her death, and queen consort of France from 1491 to 1498 and from 1499 to her death.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Antoine Christophe Merlin

Antoine Christophe Merlin (13 September 1762 in Thionville, Moselle – September 1833 in Paris) was a member of several legislative bodies during the era of the French Revolution.

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Antoine Claire Thibaudeau

Antoine Claire, Comte Thibaudeau (23 March 17658 March 1854) was a French politician.

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Aristide Briand

Aristide Briand (28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic and was a co-laureate of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.

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Armand Fallières

Clément Armand Fallières (6 November 1841 – 22 June 1931) was a French statesman, President of France from 1906 to 1913.

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Armand Gensonné

Armand Gensonné (10 August 175831 October 1793) was a French politician.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.

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Édouard Balladur

Édouard Balladur (born 2 May 1929) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France under François Mitterrand from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.

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Élie Lacoste

Élie Lacoste (18 September 1745 in Montignac – 26 November 1806 in Montignac) was a French politician during the French Revolution.

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Élysée Palace

The Élysée Palace (Palais de l'Élysée) is the official residence of the President of France.

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Émile Loubet

Émile François Loubet (30 December 1838 – 20 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France.

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Étienne-François Letourneur

Étienne-François-Louis-Honoré Letourneur, Le Tourneur, or Le Tourneur de la Manche (15 March 1751 – 4 October 1817) was a French lawyer, soldier, and politician of the French Revolution.

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Basilica of St Denis

The Basilica of Saint Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris.

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Battle of Valmy

The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Bertrand Barère

Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (10 September 175513 January 1841) was a French politician, freemason, journalist, and one of the most prominent members of the National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Bonapartiste

A Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated conservative, monarchist and imperial political faction in nineteenth century France.

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Boso the Elder

Boso (or Boson) "the Elder" (c. 800855) was a Frankish Count of Turin and Count of Valois of the Bosonid dynasty.

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Bosonids

The Bosonids were a dynasty of Carolingian era dukes, counts, bishops and knights descended from Boso the Elder.

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Bourbon Restoration

The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Brigadier general

Brigadier general (Brig. Gen.) is a senior rank in the armed forces.

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Cadet branch

In history and heraldry, a cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch or patriarch's younger sons (cadets).

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Calais

Calais (Calés; Kales) is a city and major ferry port in northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet.

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Carloman (mayor of the palace)

Carloman (between 706 and 716 – 17 August 754) was the eldest son of Charles Martel, majordomo or mayor of the palace and duke of the Franks, and his wife Chrotrud of Treves.

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Carloman I

Carloman I, also Karlmann (28 June 751 – 4 December 771) was king of the Franks from 768 until his death in 771.

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Carloman II

Carloman II (866 – 6 December 884) was the King of West Francia from 879 until his death.

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Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

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Cartel des Gauches

The Lefts Cartel (Cartel des gauches) was the name of the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) after World War I (1914–18), which lasted until the end of the Popular Front (1936–38).

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Catherine of Valois

Catherine of Valois (27 October 1401 – 3 January 1437) was the queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Chamber of Deputies (France)

Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Channel Islands

The Channel Islands (Norman: Îles d'la Manche; French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy.

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Charibert I

Charibert I (Caribert; Charibertus; c. 517 – December 567) was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and his first wife Ingund.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große, Carlo Magno; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.

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Charles de Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.

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Charles Dupuy

Charles Alexandre Dupuy (5 November 1851 – 23 July 1923) was a French statesman, three times prime minister.

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Charles IV of France

Charles IVIn the standard numbering of French Kings, which dates to the reign of Charlemagne, he is actually the fifth such king to rule France, following Charlemagne (Charles the Great), Charles the Bald, Charles the Fat, and Charles the Simple.

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Charles IX of France

Charles IX (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was a French monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1560 until his death from tuberculosis.

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Charles Martel

Charles Martel (c. 688 – 22 October 741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death.

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Charles the Bald

Charles the Bald (13 June 823 – 6 October 877) was the King of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II).

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Charles the Fat

Charles III (13 June 839 – 13 January 888), also known as Charles the Fat, was the Carolingian Emperor from 881 to 888.

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Charles the Simple

Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin Carolus Simplex), was the King of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the King of Lotharingia from 911 until 919–23.

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Charles V of France

Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called "the Wise" (le Sage; Sapiens), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death.

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Charles VI of France

Charles VI (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), called the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé) and the Mad (le Fol or le Fou), was King of France for 42 years from 1380 to his death in 1422.

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Charles VII of France

Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called the Victorious (le Victorieux)Charles VII, King of France, Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, ed.

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Charles VIII of France

Charles VIII, called the Affable, l'Affable (30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

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Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance

Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (19 March 1739 – 16 June 1824), was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer and Prince of the Empire by Napoleon I.

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Childebert I

Childebert I (c. 496 – 13 December 558) was a Frankish King of the Merovingian dynasty, as third of the four sons of Clovis I who shared the kingdom of the Franks upon their father's death in 511.

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Childebert III

Childebert III, called the Just (le Juste) (c.683 – 23 April 711), son of Theuderic III and Clotilda (or Doda) and sole king of the Franks (695–711), he was seemingly but a puppet of the mayor of the palace, Pepin of Heristal, though his placita show him making judicial decisions of his own will, even against the Arnulfing clan.

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Childeric I

Childeric I (Childéric; Childericus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hildirīk; – 481) was a Frankish leader in the northern part of imperial Roman Gaul and a member of the Merovingian dynasty, described as a King (Latin Rex), both on his Roman-style seal ring, which was buried with him, and in fragmentary later records of his life.

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Childeric II

Childeric II (c. 653 – 675) was the king of Austrasia from 662 and of Neustria and Burgundy from 673 until his death, making him sole King of the Franks for the final two years of his life.

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Childeric III

Childeric III (c. 717 – c. 754) was King of Francia from 743 until he was deposed by Pope Zachary in March 751 at the instigation of Pepin the Short.

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Chilperic I

Chilperic I (c. 539 – September 584) was the king of Neustria (or Soissons) from 561 to his death.

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Chilperic II

Chilperic II (c. 672 – 13 February 721), known as Daniel prior to his coronation, was the youngest son of Childeric II and his cousin Bilichild, king of Neustria from 715 and sole king of the Franks from 718 until his death.

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Chlothar I

Chlothar I (c. 497 – 29 November 561), also called "Clotaire I" and the Old (le Vieux), King of the Franks, was one of the four sons of Clovis I of the Merovingian dynasty.

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Chlothar II

Chlothar II (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar; 584–629), called the Great or the Young, was King of Neustria and King of the Franks, and the son of Chilperic I and his third wife, Fredegund.

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Chlothar III

Chlothar III (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar, giving rise to the name Lothair; 652–73) was the eldest son of Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy, and his queen Balthild.

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Choisy-au-Bac

Choisy-au-Bac is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

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Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois

Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois, commonly known as Prieur de la Côte-d'Or after his native département, to distinguish him from Pierre Louis Prieur (2 December 1763 – 11 August 1832), was a French engineer and a politician during and after the French Revolution.

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Clergy

Clergy are some of the main and important formal leaders within certain religions.

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Clovis I

Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; 466 – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

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Clovis II

Clovis II (634 – 27 November 657 or 658) succeeded his father Dagobert I in 639 as King of Neustria and Burgundy.

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Clovis IV

Clovis IV (sometimes Clovis III if the other Clovis III is considered a usurper) (682–95), son of Theuderic III, was the sole king of the Franks from 691 until his death.

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Cohabitation (government)

Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, when the President is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.

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Collective leadership

Collective leadership is a distribution of power within an organisational structure.

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Committee of General Security

The Committee of General Security was a French parliamentary committee which acted as police agency during the French Revolution that, along with the Committee of Public Safety, oversaw the Reign of Terror.

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Committee of Public Safety

The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public)—created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793—formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793–94), a stage of the French Revolution.

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Compiègne

Compiègne is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

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Conciergerie

The Conciergerie is a building in Paris, France, located on the west of the Île de la Cité (literally "Island of the City"), formerly a prison but presently used mostly for law courts.

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Congress of the French Parliament

The Congress of the French Parliament (Congrès du Parlement français) is the name given to the body created when both houses of the present-day French Parliament—the National Assembly and the Senate—meet at the Palace of Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution or to listen to an address by the President of the French Republic.

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Constitution of the Year VIII

The Constitution of the Year VIII (Constitution de l'an VIII or Constitution du 22 frimaire an VIII) was a national constitution of France, adopted on December 24, 1799 (during the Year VIII of the French Revolutionary Calendar), which established the form of government known as the Consulate.

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Constitution of the Year X

The Constitution of the Year X was a national constitution of France adopted during the Year X (10) of the French Revolutionary Calendar (1802 in the Gregorian calendar).

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Constitutional Council (France)

The Constitutional Council (Conseil constitutionnel) is the highest constitutional authority in France.

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Corrèze General Council

The Corrèze General Council is the general council of Corrèze (France).

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Corrèze's 1st constituency

The 1st constituency of the Corrèze is a French legislative constituency in the Corrèze department (Limousin).

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Council of Ancients

The Council of Ancients or Council of Elders (Conseil des Anciens) was the upper house of French legislature under the Constitution of the Year III, during the period commonly known as the Directory (French: Directoire), from 22 August 1795 until 9 November 1799, roughly the second half of the period generally referred to as the French Revolution.

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Council of Five Hundred

The Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cents), or simply the Five Hundred, was the lower house of the legislature of France under the Constitution of the Year III.

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Count of Paris

Count of Paris was a title for the local magnate of the district around Paris in Carolingian times.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Coup of 18 Brumaire

The Coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution.

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Coup of 18 Fructidor

The Coup of 18 Fructidor, Year V, was a seizure of power by members of the French Directory on 4 September 1797 when their opponents, the Royalists, were gaining strength.

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Cult of the Supreme Being

The Cult of the Supreme Being (Culte de l'Être suprême) was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution.

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Dagobert I

Dagobert I (Dagobertus; 603/605 – 19 January 639 AD) was the king of Austrasia (623–634), king of all the Franks (629–634), and king of Neustria and Burgundy (629–639).

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Dagobert III

Dagobert III (699–715) was Merovingian king of the Franks (711–715).

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Democratic Centre (France)

Democratic Centre (Centre Démocrate, CD) was a Christian-democratic and centrist political party in France.

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Democratic Republican Alliance

The Democratic Alliance (Alliance démocratique, AD), originally called Democratic Republican Alliance (Alliance républicaine démocratique, ARD), was a French political party (1901–1978) created in 1901 by followers of Léon Gambetta, such as Raymond Poincaré who would be president of the Council in the 1920s.

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Dictatorship

A dictatorship is an authoritarian form of government, characterized by a single leader or group of leaders with either no party or a weak party, little mass mobilization, and limited political pluralism.

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Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus Affair (l'affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

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Duke

A duke (male) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of royalty or nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.

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Duke of the Franks

The title Duke of the Franks (dux Francorum) has been used for three different offices, always with "duke" implying military command and "prince", on those occasions when it was used either with or in preference to "duke", implying something approaching sovereign or regalian rights.

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Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé

Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé (14 October 1747 – 28 June 1814) was a French soldier and politician.

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Electoral college

An electoral college is a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office.

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Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (3 May 1748 – 20 June 1836), most commonly known as the Abbé Sieyès, was a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman and political writer.

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Emmanuel Macron

Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (born 21 December 1977) is a French politician serving as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra since 14 May 2017.

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Emperor of the French

Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title used by the House of Bonaparte starting when Napoleon Bonaparte was given the title of Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the French Senate and was crowned emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, in Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon.

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English claims to the French throne

From the 1340s to the 19th century, excluding two brief intervals in the 1360s and the 1420s, the kings and queens of England (and, later, of Great Britain) also claimed the throne of France.

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Errancis Cemetery

Errancis Cemetery or Cimetière des Errancis is a former cemetery in the 8th arrondissement of Paris and was one of the four cemeteries (the others being Madeleine Cemetery, Picpus Cemetery and the Cemetery of Saint Margaret) used to dispose of the corpses of guillotine victims during the French Revolution.

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Executive (government)

The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Félix Faure

Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

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Félix Gouin

Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

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Financial crisis of 2007–2008

The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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First Indochina War

The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on 19 December 1946, and lasted until 20 July 1954.

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First Secretary of the French Socialist Party

The First Secretary of the Socialist Party is the most senior politician within the Socialist Party in France.

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Fortnight

A fortnight is a unit of time equal to 14 days (2 weeks).

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François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas

François-Antoine, Count of Boissy d'Anglas (1756–1828) was a French writer, lawyer and politician during the Revolution and the Empire.

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François Arago

Dominique François Jean Arago (Domènec Francesc Joan Aragó), known simply as François Arago (Catalan: Francesc Aragó) (26 February 17862 October 1853), was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, freemason, supporter of the carbonari and politician.

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François de Neufchâteau

Nicolas-Louis François de Neufchâteau (17 April 175010 January 1828) was a French statesman, poet, and scientist.

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François Furet

François Furet (27 March 1927, Paris – 12 July 1997, Figeac) was a French historian, and president of the Saint-Simon Foundation, well known for his books on the French Revolution.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017.

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François Louis Bourdon

François Louis Bourdon (January 11, 1758 – June 22, 1798), also known as Bourdon de l'Oise, was a French politician of the Revolutionary period and procureur at the parlement of Paris.

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François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office of any French president.

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François René Mallarmé

François-René-Auguste Mallarmé (25 February 1755 – 25 July 1835) was a French statesman of the French Revolution and a supporter of Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Empire.

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François-Léon Sicard

François-Léon Sicard (April 21, 1862 – July 8, 1934) was a French sculptor in the late 19th and early 20th century.

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François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy

François-Marie, Marquess of Barthélemy (20 October 1747, Aubagne3 April 1830 Paris) was a French politician and diplomat, active at the time of the French Revolution.

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France in the long nineteenth century

The history of France from 1789 to 1914 (the long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes.

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Francia

Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), or Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

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Francis I of France

Francis I (François Ier) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death.

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Francis II of France

Francis II (François II) (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was a King of France of the House of Valois-Angoulême from 1559 to 1560.

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Franks

The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.

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Frédéric François-Marsal

Frédéric François-Marsal (16 March 1874 – 20 May 1958) was a French Politician of the Third Republic, who served briefly as Prime Minister in 1924.

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Free France

Free France and its Free French Forces (French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces, that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France.

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French Constitution of 1791

The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.

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French constitutional law of 23 July 2008

The Constitutional law on the Modernisation of the Institutions of the Fifth Republic (loi constitutionnelle de modernisation des institutions de la Ve République) was enacted into French constitutional law by the Parliament of France in July 2008, to reform state institutions.

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French Constitutional Laws of 1875

The Constitutional Laws of 1875 were the laws passed in France by the National Assembly between February and July 1875 which established the Third French Republic.

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French constitutional referendum, 1969

A constitutional referendum was held in France on 27 April 1969.

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French Consulate

The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in May 1804.

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French coup d'état of 1851

The French coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time President of the French Second Republic).

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French Directory

The Directory or Directorate was a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety.

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French Executive Commission (1848)

The Executive Commission of 1848 was a short-lived government during the French Second Republic, chaired by François Arago, that exercised executive power from 9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848.

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French Fifth Republic

The Fifth Republic, France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958.

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French First Republic

In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution.

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French fiscal package of 2007

The French fiscal package of 2007 is a series of measures implemented by the Fillon administration in 2007.

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French Fourth Republic

The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution.

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French Guiana

French Guiana (pronounced or, Guyane), officially called Guiana (Guyane), is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas.

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French legislative election, 1986

The French legislative elections took place on 16 March 1986 to elect the eighth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.

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French legislative election, 1993

French legislative elections took place on 21 and 28 March 1993 to elect the tenth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.

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French legislative election, 1997

A French legislative election took place on 25 May and 1 June 1997 to elect the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic.

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French Ministry for the Economy and Finance

The French Ministry for the Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'économie et des finances), called the Finance Ministry for short and informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the cabinet of France.

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French monarchs family tree

Below are the family trees of all French monarchs, from Childeric I to Louis Philippe I. For a more simplified view, see French monarchs family tree (simple).

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French National Convention election, 1792

The French National Convention election elected the National Convention.

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French presidential election, 1848

The French presidential election of 1848 was the first ever held.

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French presidential election, 1947

Indirect presidential elections were held in France on 16 January 1947.

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French presidential election, 1953

Indirect presidential elections were held in France in December, 1953.

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French presidential election, 1958

The French presidential election of 1958, the first of the French Fifth Republic, took place on 21 December 1958.

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French presidential election, 1965

The 1965 French presidential election, held on 5 December and 19 December, was the first direct presidential election in the Fifth Republic and the first since the Second Republic in 1848.

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French presidential election, 1969

The 1969 French presidential election took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969.

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French presidential election, 1974

Presidential elections were held in:France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou.

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French presidential election, 1981

The French presidential election of 1981 took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

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French presidential election, 1988

Presidential elections were held in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988.

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French presidential election, 1995

Presidential elections took place in France on 23 April and 7 May 1995, to elect the fifth president of the Fifth Republic.

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French presidential election, 2002

The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002.

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French presidential election, 2007

The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France (and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term.

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French presidential election, 2012

A presidential election was held in France on 22 April 2012 (or 21 April in some overseas departments and territories), with a second round run-off held on 6 May (or 5 May for those same territories) to elect the President of France (who is also ex officio one of the two joint heads of state of Andorra, a sovereign state).

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French presidential election, 2017

The 2017 French presidential election was held on 23 April and 7 May 2017.

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French Republican Calendar

The French Republican Calendar (calendrier républicain français), also commonly called the French Revolutionary Calendar (calendrier révolutionnaire français), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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French Second Republic

The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte that initiated the Second Empire.

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French Section of the Workers' International

The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO) was a French socialist political party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS).

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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G20

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

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Gaston Doumergue

Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic.

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Gaul

Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine.

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George III of the United Kingdom

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.

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Georges Bidault

Georges-Augustin Bidault (5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician.

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Georges Clemenceau

Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French politician, physician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of France during the First World War.

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Georges Couthon

Georges Auguste Couthon (22 December 1755 – 28 July 1794) was a French politician and lawyer known for his service as a deputy in the Legislative Assembly during the French Revolution.

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Georges Danton

Georges Jacques Danton (26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, in particular as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety.

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Georges Pompidou

Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 19112 April 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history—and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.

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Germania

"Germania" was the Roman term for the geographical region in north-central Europe inhabited mainly by Germanic peoples.

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Germania Superior

Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.

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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), in the United States often known simply as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.

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Gilbert Romme

Gilbert Romme (26 March 1750 – 17 June 1795) was a French politician and mathematician who developed the French Republican Calendar.

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Girondins

The Girondins, Girondists or Gironde were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution.

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Group of Eight

The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with the participation of some major industrialized countries in the world, that viewed themselves as democracies.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Hôtel Matignon

The Hôtel de Matignon is the official residence of the Prime Minister of France.

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Head of state

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state.

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Henri Grégoire

Henri Jean-Baptiste Grégoire (4 December 1750 – 28 May 1831), often referred to as Abbé Grégoire, was a French Roman Catholic priest, constitutional bishop of Blois and a revolutionary leader.

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Henri, Count of Chambord

Henri, Count of Chambord (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord); 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was disputedly King of France from 2 to 9 August 1830 as Henry V, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. Afterwards, he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. He was nearly received as King in 1871 and 1873. Henri was the posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of Charles X of France, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. As the grandson of the King Charles X of France, Henri was a Petit-Fils de France. He also was the last legitimate descendant in the male line of Louis XV of France (His grandfather Charles X was a grandson of Louis XV).

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Henri, Count of Paris (born 1933)

Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, Duke of France (Henri Philippe Pierre Marie d'Orléans; born 14 June 1933), is head of the House of Orléans, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French crown as Henry VII.

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Henry I of France

Henry I (4 May 1008 – 4 August 1060) was King of the Franks from 1031 to his death.

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Henry II of France

Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.

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Henry III of France

Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born Alexandre Édouard de France, Henryk Walezy, Henrikas Valua) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1573 to 1575 and King of France from 1574 until his death.

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Henry IV of France

Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.

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Henry V of England

Henry V (9 August 1386 – 31 August 1422) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422.

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Henry VI of England

Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453.

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House of Bonaparte

The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) was an imperial and royal European dynasty founded in 1804 by Italian noble Carlo Buonaparte and his son Napoleon I, a French military leader of Italian heritage who had risen to notability out of the French Revolution and who in 1804 transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his ''coup d'état'' of November 1799.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Hanover

The House of Hanover (or the Hanoverians; Haus Hannover) is a German royal dynasty that ruled the Electorate and then the Kingdom of Hanover, and also provided monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1800 and ruled the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from its creation in 1801 until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901.

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House of Orléans

The 4th House of Orléans, sometimes called House of Bourbon-Orléans (Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet.

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House of Valois

The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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Hugh Capet

Hugh CapetCapet is a byname of uncertain meaning distinguishing him from his father Hugh the Great.

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Hugh Magnus

Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand) (1007 – 17 September 1025) was co-King of France under his father, Robert II, from 1017 until his death in 1025.

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Hugh the Great

Hugh the Great (– 16 June 956) was the Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris.

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Illegal immigration

Illegal immigration is the illegal entry of a person or a group of persons across a country's border, in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country, with the intention to remain in the country, as well as people who remain living in another country when they do not have the legal right to do so.

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In flagrante delicto

In flagrante delicto (Latin: "in blazing offence") or sometimes simply in flagrante (Latin: "in blazing") is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare). The colloquial "caught red-handed" or "caught rapid" are English equivalents.

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Independent politician

An independent or nonpartisan politician is an individual politician not affiliated with any political party.

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Independent Republicans

The Independent Republicans (Républicains Indépendants, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962, which became a political party in 1966 known as the National Federation of the Independent Republicans (Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants, FNRI).

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Independent Socialists (France)

The Independent Socialists (Socialistes indépendants, SI) were a French political movement and, at times, parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the French Third Republic.

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Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793

The insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 (journées), during the French Revolution, resulted in the fall of the Girondin party under pressure of the Parisian sans-culottes, Jacobins of the clubs, and Montagnards in the National Convention.

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Iraq War

The Iraq WarThe conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II.

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Jacobin

The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (Société des amis de la Constitution), after 1792 renamed Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality (Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité), commonly known as the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) or simply the Jacobins, was the most influential political club during the French Revolution.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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Jacques Defermon des Chapelieres

Jacques Defermon des Chapelieres (15 November 1752 – 20 July 1831) was a French statesman during the French Revolution and a supporter of Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Empire.

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Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne

Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (23 April 17563 June 1819), also known as Jean Nicolas, was a French personality of the Revolutionary period.

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Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière

Jacques-Alexis Thuriot, known as Thuriot de la Rosière, and later as chevalier Thuriot de la Rosière, chevalier de l'Empire (1 May 1753 - 20 June 1829) was an important French statesman of the French Revolution, and a minor figure under the French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure

Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (27 February 17673 March 1855) was a French lawyer and statesman.

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Jacques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.

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Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve

Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (3 January 1756 in Chartres, France – 18 June 1794 in Saint-Magne-de-Castillon (near Saint-Émilion)) was a French writer and politician who served as the second mayor of Paris, from 1791 to 1792.

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Jean Baptiste Treilhard

Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (3 January 1742 – 1 December 1810) was an important French statesman of the revolutionary period.

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Jean Casimir-Perier

Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier (8 November 1847 – 11 March 1907) was a French politician who served as President of the French Third Republic.

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Jean Debry

Jean-Antoine-Joseph de Bry, called Debry (November 25, 1760 in Vervins, Aisne – January 6, 1834 in Paris) was President of the National Convention (March 21, 1793 – April 4, 1793), famous for a slogan La patrie est en danger (The Fatherland is in danger) he proposed.

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Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais

200px Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais (12 March 175313 January 1827), was a French politician, lawyer, jurist, journalist, and historian.

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Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, duc de Parme (18 October 17538 March 1824), was a French nobleman, lawyer and statesman during the French Revolution and the First Empire.

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Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu

Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (29 October 1749 – 27 October 1804) was a French lawyer and politician who was in turn president of the National Convention, Minister of Justice and president of the Council of Five Hundred during the French Revolution.

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Jean Pelet

Jean Pelet, known as Pelet de la Lozère (Saint-Jean-du-Gard, 23 February 1759 – Paris, 26 January 1842) was a French politician.

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Jean Victor Marie Moreau

Jean Victor Marie Moreau (14 February 1763 – 2 September 1813) was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte to power, but later became a rival and was banished to the United States.

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Jean-Antoine Louis du Bas-Rhin

Jean-Antoine Louis known as "Louis du Bas-Rhin" (10 March 1742 in Bar-le-Duc – 1796), was a municipal functionary from Strasbourg.

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Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède

Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède (1760 - 31 October 1793) was a French Girondin politician.

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Jean-Baptiste Charles Matthieu

Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Mirampal Matthieu (October 3, 1763, CompiègneOctober 31, 1833, Condat, Gironde) was a French politician and Deputy to the National Convention.

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Jean-Baptiste Clauzel

Jean-Baptiste Clauzel, born in Lavelanet on September 21, 1746 and died in Paris on July 2, 1803, was a French politician.

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Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai

Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai (12 June 1760 – 25 August 1797) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, politician, and diplomat.

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Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet

Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet (2 May 1746 in Bernay, Eure – 17 February 1825) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period.

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Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléonde Badts de Cugnac, Chantal.

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Jean-François Delacroix

Jean-François de Lacroix or Delacroix (3 April 1753 in Pont-Audemer – 5 April 1794 in Paris) was a French politician and member of the Committee of Public Safety.

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Jean-François Rewbell

Jean-François Reubell or Rewbell (6 October 1747 – 24 November 1807) was a French lawyer, diplomat, and politician of the Revolution.

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Jean-François-Auguste Moulin

Jean-François-Auguste Moulin (14 March 1752 – 12 March 1810) was a member of the French Directory.

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Jean-François-Bertrand Delmas

Jean-François-Bertrand Delmas (3 January 1751 – after 6 October 1798) was a French Revolutionary politician.

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Jean-Henri Voulland

Jean-Henri Voulland (11 October 1751, Uzès, Gard – 23 February 1801, Paris) was a politician of the French Revolution.

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Jean-Jacques Bréard

Jean-Jacques Bréard (October 1751- January 2, 1840) was born into a family of a navy inspectors.

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Jean-Lambert Tallien

Jean-Lambert Tallien (23 January 1767 – 16 November 1820) was a French political figure of the revolutionary period.

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Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois

Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois (19 June 1749 – 8 June 1796) was a French actor, dramatist, essayist, and revolutionary.

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Jean-Marie Le Pen

Jean-Marie Le Pen (born 20 June 1928) is a French politician who has served as Honorary President of the National Front since January 2011 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France since 2004, previously between 1984 and 2003.

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Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne

Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne (14 November 1743 – 5 December 1793) was a leader of the French Protestants and a moderate French revolutionary.

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Jean-Pierre-André Amar

Jean-Pierre-André Amar or Jean-Baptiste-André Amar (May 11, 1755 – December 21, 1816) was a French political figure of the Revolution and Freemason.

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Jeanbon Saint-André

Jean Bon Saint-André (February 25, 1749December 10, 1813) was a French politician of the Revolutionary era.

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John I of France

John I (15–20 November 1316), called the Posthumous, was King of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X, for the five days he lived in 1316.

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John II of France

John II (Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1350 until his death.

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Joseph Fouché

Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (21 May 1759 – 25 December 1820) was a French statesman and Minister of Police under First Consul Bonaparte, who later became Emperor Napoleon.

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Joseph-Nicolas Barbeau du Barran

Joseph-Nicolas Barbeau du Barran (3 July 1761, Castelnau-d'Auzan – 16 May 1816, Assens, Vaud canton) was a French politician.

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Jules Armand Dufaure

Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (4 December 1798 – 28 June 1881) was a French statesman.

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Jules Grévy

François Paul Jules Grévy (15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was a President of the French Third Republic and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.

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Kingdom of France (1791–92)

The Kingdom of France as remnant of the preceding absolute Kingdom of France, was a constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when this constitutional monarchy was succeeded by the First Republic.

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La République En Marche!

La République En Marche! (frequently abbreviated REM, LRM or LREM; officially LaREM), sometimes called by its old name En Marche! (English translation: "Forward!", "Onward!", "Working!" or "On The Move!"), is a centrist, liberal and social-liberal political party in France.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Lazare Carnot

Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, Count Carnot (13 May 1753 – 2 August 1823) was a French mathematician, physicist and politician.

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Léon Blum

André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.

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Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.

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Lionel Jospin

Lionel Jospin (born 12 July 1937) is a French politician, who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.

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List of British monarchs

There have been 12 monarchs of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom (see Monarchy of the United Kingdom) since the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland on 1 May 1707.

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List of English monarchs

This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England.

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List of Frankish kings

The Franks were originally led by dukes (military leaders) and reguli (petty kings).

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List of French monarchs

The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

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List of Marshals of France

Marshal of France (Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements.

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List of mayors of Tulle

The office of the Mayor of Tulle is a directly elected position.

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List of Navarrese monarchs

This is a list of the kings and queens of Pamplona, later Navarre.

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List of Presidents of Corrèze General Council

In French politics, The President of Corrèze General Council prepares and supervises the spending of the budget and the decisions voted by the general councillors.

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List of Presidents of France

Below is a list of Presidents of France.

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List of Presidents of the National Convention

From 22 September 1792 to 2 November 1795, the French Republic was governed by the National Convention, whose president (elected from within for a 14-day term) may be considered as France's legitimate Head of State during this period.

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List of Presidents of the Senate of France

The Senate of France is the upper house of the French Parliament.

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List of Prime Ministers of France

The Prime Minister of France is the head of the Government of France.

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Lothair of France

Lothair (Lothaire; Lothārius; 941 – 2 March 986), sometimes called Lothair III or Lothair IV, was the Carolingian king of West Francia from 10 September 954 until his death in 986.

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Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou

Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Manuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, Louis Alphonse Gonzalve Victor Emmanuel Marc de Bourbon;Eilers, Marlene A. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Princess Beatrice. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 166, 181; Enache, Nicolas. La Descendanace de Marie-Therese de Habsburg Reine de Hongrie and Boheme. Maison royale regnante d'Espagne. ICC/Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris, 1999, p. 535. (French)..Willis, Daniel A. The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain. The Descendants of Princess Anne, The Princess of Orange. Clearfield, Baltimore, 2002. p. 231. born 25 April 1974 in Madrid) is a member of the Royal House of Bourbon, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French throne as Louis XX.

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Louis Antoine de Saint-Just

Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (25 August 176728 July 1794) was a military and political leader during the French Revolution.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

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Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant

Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (17 November 1764 – 3 April 1853) was a French politician.

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Louis III of France

Louis III (863/65 – 5 August 882) was the king of West Francia from 879 until his death in 882.

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Louis IV of France

Louis IV (September 920 / September 921 – 10 September 954), called d'Outremer or Transmarinus (both meaning "from overseas"), reigned as king of West Francia from 936 to 954.

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Louis IX of France

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint.

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Louis Legendre

Louis Legendre (22 May 1752 – 13 December 1797) was a French politician of the Revolution period.

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Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (24 August 1753 – 24 March 1824) was a deputy to the National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party.

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Louis the German

Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) "the German" (c. 805-876), also known as Louis II, was the first king of East Francia.

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Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.

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Louis the Stammerer

Louis the Stammerer (Louis le Bègue; 1 November 846 – 10 April 879) was the King of Aquitaine and later the King of West Francia.

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Louis V of France

Louis V (– 21 May 987), also known as Louis the Do-Nothing (Louis le Fainéant), was the king of West Francia from 986 until his premature death a year later.

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Louis VI of France

Louis VI (c.1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat (le Gros) or the Fighter (le Batailleur), was King of the Franks from 1108 until his death (1137).

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Louis VII of France

Louis VII (called the Younger or the Young; Louis le Jeune; 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of the Franks from 1137 until his death.

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Louis VIII of France

Louis VIII the Lion (Louis VIII le Lion; 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) was King of France from 1223 to 1226.

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Louis X of France

Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), called the Quarreler, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (le Hutin), was a monarch of the House of Capet who ruled as King of Navarre (as Louis I Luis I.a Nafarroakoa) and Count of Champagne from 1305 and as King of France from 1314 until his death.

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Louis XI of France

Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (le Prudent), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1461 to 1483.

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Louis XII of France

Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504.

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Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XV of France

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.

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Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louis XVII of France

Louis XVII (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795), born Louis-Charles, was the younger son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès

Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès (16 February 1803 – 31 October 1878) was a French politician and active freemason who fought on the barricades during the revolution of July.

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Louis-Eugène Cavaignac

Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (15 October 1802 in Paris – 28 October 1857) was a French general who put down a massive rebellion in Paris in 1848, known as the June Days Uprising.

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Louis-Jérôme Gohier

Louis-Jérôme Gohier (27 February 1746 – 29 May 1830) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period.

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Louis-Joseph Charlier

Louis-Joseph Charlier (24 September 1754 – 23 February 1797) was a French statesman during the French Revolution, an early supporter of the Montagnard faction of the National Convention, but ultimately one of many turncoats to betray the régime of the French Terror.

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Louis-Jules Trochu

Louis-Jules Trochu (12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician.

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Louvre Palace

The Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) is a former royal palace located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois.

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Lower house

A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.

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Madeleine cemetery

*Cimetière de la Madeleine is also the name of a cemetery in Amiens Madeleine Cemetery (in French known as Cimetière de la Madeleine) is a former cemetery in the 8th arrondissement of Paris and was one of the four cemeteries (the others being Errancis Cemetery, Picpus Cemetery and the Cemetery of Saint Margaret) used to dispose of the corpses of guillotine victims during the French Revolution.

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Marc David Alba Lasource

Marc-David Alba also known as Marc-David Lasource (22 January 1763 - 31 October 1793) was a French statesman during the French Revolution, and a supporter of the Girondist faction during the National Convention.

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Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier

Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier (17 July 1736 – 14 December 1828) was a French politician of the French Revolution.

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Marguerite-Élie Guadet

Marguerite-Élie Guadet (20 July 1758 – 17 June 1794) was a French political figure of the Revolutionary period.

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Marie François Sadi Carnot

Marie François Sadi Carnot (11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.

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Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles

Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (20 September 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a French judge and politician who took part in the French Revolution.

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Marie-Joseph Chénier

Marie-Joseph Blaise de Chénier (11 February 1764 – 10 January 1811) was a French poet, dramatist and politician of French and Greek origin.

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Marine Le Pen

Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen (born 5 August 1968) is a French politician and lawyer serving as President of the National Rally political party (previously named National Front) since 2011, with a brief interruption in 2017.

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Maurice Rouvier

Maurice Rouvier (17 April 1842 – 7 June 1911) was a French statesman of the "Opportunist" faction, who served as the Prime Minister of France.

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Maximilien Robespierre

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.

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Maximin Isnard

Maximin Isnard (16 November 1755 Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes – 12 March 1825 Grasse), French revolutionary, was a dealer in perfumery at Draguignan when he was elected deputy for the département of the Var to the Legislative Assembly, where he joined the Girondists.

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May 1958 crisis in France

The May 1958 crisis (or Algiers putsch or the coup of 13 May) was a political crisis in France during the turmoil of the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) which led to the return of Charles de Gaulle to political responsibilities after a twelve-year absence.

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May 1968 events in France

The volatile period of civil unrest in France during May 1968 was punctuated by demonstrations and massive general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France.

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Mayor of the Palace

Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace (maior palatii) or majordomo (maior domus) was the manager of the household of the Frankish king.

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Merovech

Merovech (c.411-c.458) is the semi-legendary founder of the Merovingian dynasty of the Salian Franks (although either Childeric I, his supposed son, or Clovis I, his supposed grandson, can also be considered the founder), which later became the dominant Frankish tribe.

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Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin, beginning in the middle of the 5th century.

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Ministers of the French National Convention

The ministers of the French National Convention were appointed on 10 August 1792 after the French Legislative Assembly suspended King Louis XVI and revoked the ministers that he had named.

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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.

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Miscellaneous right

Miscellaneous right (divers droite, DVD) in France refers to right-wing candidates who are not members of any large party.

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Modérantisme

During the French Revolution, modérantisme or the faction des modérés (faction of the moderates) was the name the Montagnards gave to their relatively-more-moderate opponents, first the Girondins and then the Dantonistes.

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Moderate Republicans (France)

The Moderate Republicans were a large political group active from the birth of the French Second Republic (1848) to the collapse of the Second French Empire (1870).

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Monarchism

Monarchism is the advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule.

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Motion of no confidence

A motion of no confidence (alternatively vote of no confidence, no-confidence motion, or (unsuccessful) confidence motion) is a statement or vote which states that a person(s) in a position of responsibility (government, managerial, etc.) is no longer deemed fit to hold that position, perhaps because they are inadequate in some respect, are failing to carry out obligations, or are making decisions that other members feel are detrimental.

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Moyse Bayle

Moyse Antoine Pierre Jean Bayle (16 July 1755, in Chêne – between 1812 and 1815) was a French politician of the French Revolution.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleon II

Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte (20 March 181122 July 1832), Prince Imperial, King of Rome, known in the Austrian court as Franz from 1814 onward, Duke of Reichstadt from 1818, was the son of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, and his second wife, Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria.

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Napoleon III

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.

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Napoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code (officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804.

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National Assembly (France)

The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).

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National Centre of Independents and Peasants

The National Centre of Independents and Peasants (Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans, CNIP or CNI) is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1951 by the merger of the National Centre of Independents (the heir of the French Republican conservative-liberal tradition, many party members came from the Democratic Republican Alliance) with the Peasant Party and the Republican Party of Liberty.

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National Convention

The National Convention (Convention nationale) was the first government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.

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National emblem of France

The French Republic currently uses two emblems.

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National Legislative Assembly (France)

The Legislative Assembly (Assemblée législative) was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to 20 September 1792 during the years of the French Revolution.

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National Rally (France)

The National Rally (Rassemblement national, RN), formerly known as the National Front (Front national,; FN) until 2018, is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa KOGF GCB (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.

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Noyon

Noyon (Noviomagus Veromanduorum, Noviomagus of the Veromandui) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

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Odo of France

Odo (or Eudes) (c. 859/860 – 1 January 898) was the elected King of Francia from 888 to 898 as the first king from the Robertian dynasty.

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Opportunist Republicans

The Moderates or Moderate Republicans (Républicains modérés), pejoratively labeled Opportunist Republicans (Républicains opportunistes), were a French political group active in the late 19th century, during the Third French Republic.

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Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles;, or) was the principal residence of the Kings of France from Louis XIV in 1682 until the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.

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Panama scandals

The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to the building of the Panama Canal.

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Panthéon

The Panthéon (pantheon, from Greek πάνθειον (ἱερόν) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta

Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician, with the distinction of Marshal of France.

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Paul Barras

Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras (30 June 1755 – 29 January 1829), commonly known as Paul Barras, was a French politician of the French Revolution, and the main executive leader of the Directory regime of 1795–1799.

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Paul Deschanel

Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (13 February 1855 in Schaerbeek28 April 1922) was a French statesman.

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Paul Doumer

Joseph Athanase Gaston Paul Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (22 March 18577 May 1932) was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932.

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Paul Gorguloff

Paul Gorguloff, originally Pavel Timofeyevich Gorgulov (Павел Тимофеевич Горгулов; June 29, 1895 – September 14, 1932) was a Russian émigré who assassinated French President Paul Doumer at a book fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild in Paris on May 6, 1932.

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Penal transportation

Penal transportation or transportation refers to the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination.

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Pepin the Short

Pepin the Short (Pippin der Kurze, Pépin le Bref, c. 714 – 24 September 768) was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death.

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Philip I of France

Philip I (23 May 1052 – 29 July 1108), called the Amorous, was King of the Franks from 1060 to his death.

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Philip II of France

Philip II, known as Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223, a member of the House of Capet.

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Philip III of France

Philip III (30 April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (le Hardi), was King of France from 1270 to 1285, a member of the House of Capet.

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Philip IV of France

Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called the Fair (Philippe le Bel) or the Iron King (le Roi de fer), was King of France from 1285 until his death.

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Philip of France (1116–1131)

Philip (29 August 1116 – 13 October 1131) was the King of France from 1129, co-ruling with his father, Louis VI.

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Philip V of France

Philip V (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), the Tall (Philippe le Long), was King of France and King of Navarre (as Philip II).

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Philip VI of France

Philip VI (Philippe VI) (1293 – 22 August 1350), called the Fortunate (le Fortuné) and of Valois, was the first King of France from the House of Valois.

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Philippe Pétain

Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.

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Philippe Rühl

Philippe Jacques Rühl (3 May 1737 - 29/30 May 1795) was a German-French statesman during the French Revolution, best remembered as the doyen d'âge (oldest deputy) of the opening session of the Convention of 1792-1795.

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Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai

Philippe-Antoine Merlin, known as Merlin de Douai (30 October 1754 – 26 December 1838) was a French politician and lawyer.

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Picpus Cemetery

Picpus Cemetery (Cimetière de Picpus) is the largest private cemetery in Paris, France, located in the 12th arrondissement.

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Pierre Antoine Laloy

Pierre Antoine Laloy (16 January 1749 – 16 March 1846) was a French politician who was a President of the National Convention from 6 November 1793 until 21 November 1793.

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Pierre Claude François Daunou

Pierre Claude François Daunou (18 August 176120 June 1840) was a French statesman and historian of the French Revolution and Empire.

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Pierre Louis Prieur

Pierre Louis Prieur (Prieur de la Marne) (1 August 1756 – 31 May 1827) was a French lawyer elected to the Estates-General of 1789.

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Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges

Alexandre-Pierre-Thomas-Amable Marie de Saint Georges (15 February 1795 – 28 April 1870), better known as Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges, was a French politician who served as French Head of State from 6 May until 28 June 1848.

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Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud

Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud (31 May 1753 – 31 October 1793) was a French lawyer and statesman, a figure of the French Revolution.

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Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin

Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin, born 18 December 1748 in Sedan, Ardennes and died 14 October 1799 in Paris, was a French revolutionary and politician.

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Pierre-Joseph Cambon

Pierre-Joseph Cambon (10 June 1756 – 15 February 1820) was a French statesman.

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Pierre-Louis Bentabole

Pierre Louis Bentabole (or Bentabolle) was a revolutionary Frenchman, born in Landau Haut Rhin on 4 June 1756 and died in Paris on 22 April 1798.

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Pippinids

The Pippinids or Arnulfings are the members of a family of Frankish nobles in the Pippinid dynasty.

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Pope

The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Popular monarchy

Popular monarchy is a term used by Kingsley Martin (1936) for royal titles referring to a people rather than a territory.

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Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, the upper house of the EU legislature.

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President of France

The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française) is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic.

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President of the Council of Ministers

The President of the Council of Ministers or sometimes Chairman (in English, sometimes called informally Prime Minister) is the most senior member of the cabinet in the executive branch of government.

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Pretender

A pretender is one who is able to maintain a claim that they are entitled to a position of honour or rank, which may be occupied by an incumbent (usually more recognised), or whose powers may currently be exercised by another person or authority.

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Prime Minister of France

The French Prime Minister (Premier ministre français) in the Fifth Republic is the head of government.

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Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy

During the French Revolution, the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy (French: Proclamation de l'abolition de la royauté) was a proclamation by the National Convention of France announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792.

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Progressive Republicans (France)

The Progressive Republicans (Républicains progressistes) were a parliamentary group in France active during the late 19th century, during the Third French Republic.

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Provisional Government of the French Republic

The Provisional Government of the French Republic (gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after Operations ''Overlord'' and ''Dragoon'', and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic.

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Radical Party (France)

The Radical Party (Parti radical, also Parti radical valoisien, abbreviated to Rad.) was a liberal and social-liberal political party in France.

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Raetia

Raetia (also spelled Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian (Raeti or Rhaeti) people.

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Rally for the Republic

The Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République; RPR), was a Neo-Gaullist and conservative political party in France.

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Raymond Poincaré

Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

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Recidivism

Recidivism (from recidive and ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring", from re- "back" and cadō "I fall") is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish that behavior.

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Regicide

The broad definition of regicide (regis "of king" + cida "killer" or cidium "killing") is the deliberate killing of a monarch, or the person responsible for the killing of a person of royalty.

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Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror, or The Terror (la Terreur), is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.

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Reims Cathedral

Reims Cathedral (Our Lady of Reims, Notre-Dame de Reims) is a Roman Catholic church in Reims, France, built in the High Gothic style.

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René Coty

Jules Gustave René Coty (20 March 188422 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959.

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Représentant en mission

During the French Revolution, a représentant en mission (English: representative on mission) was an extraordinary envoy of the Legislative Assembly (1791–92) and its successor the National Convention (1792–95).

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Republican Party (France)

The Republican Party (Parti républicain, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977.

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Richard, Duke of Burgundy

Richard, Duke of Burgundy (858–921), also known as Richard of Autun or Richard the Justiciar, was Count of Autun from 880 and the first Margrave and Duke of Burgundy.

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Robert I of France

Robert I of France (866 – June 15, 923) was the elected King of West Francia from 922 to 923.

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Robert II of France

Robert II (27 March 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious (le Pieux) or the Wise (le Sage), was King of the Franks from 996 until his death.

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Robert the Strong

Robert the Strong (– 866) was the father of two kings of West Francia Odo (or Eudes) and Robert I of France.

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Robertians

The Robertians, or Robertines, was the Frankish predecessor family of origin to the ruling houses of France; it emerged to prominence in the ancient Frankish kingdom of Austrasia as early as the eighth centuryin roughly the same region as present-day Belgiumand later emigrated to West Francia, between the Seine and the Loire rivers.

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Roger Ducos

Pierre Roger Ducos (25 July 174716 March 1816), better known as Roger Ducos, was a French political figure during the Revolution and First Empire, a member of the National Convention, and of the Directory.

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Rudolph of France

Rudolph or Rudolf (Rodulfus, Rodolphe; c. 890 – 14/15 January 936) was the elected King of France from 923 until his death in 936.

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Russo-Georgian War

The Russo-Georgian War was a war between Georgia, Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

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Salian Franks

The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the earliest Franks who first appear in the historical records in the third century.

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Sans-culottes

The sans-culottes (literally "without breeches") were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime.

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Sante Geronimo Caserio

Sante Geronimo Caserio (8 September 187316 August 1894) was an Italian anarchist and the assassin of Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of the French Third Republic.

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Ségolène Royal

Marie-Ségolène Royal, known as Ségolène Royal (born 22 September 1953), is a French politician and prominent member of the Socialist Party.

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Second French Empire

The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

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Siege of Calais (1558)

The Siege of Calais was fought in early 1558 during the Italian War of 1551–1559.

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Socialist Party (France)

The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a social-democratic political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left.

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Stanislas Joseph François Xavier Rovère

Joseph Francis Xavier Stanislas Alexis Rovere Fontvieille, born July 16, 1748 in Bonnieux (Vaucluse), died 11 September 1798 in Sinnamary (French Guiana), was a general and politician of the French Revolution.

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Style (manner of address)

A style of office or honorific is an official or legally recognized title.

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Style of the French sovereign

The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years.

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Succession to the French throne

This article covers the mechanism by which the French throne passed from the establishment of the Frankish Kingdom in 486 to the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870.

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Summary execution

A summary execution is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial.

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Théodore Vernier

Theodore Vernier (born July 28, 1731 at Lons-le-Saunier, Jura - died on February 3, 1818 in Paris), Count of Montorient, son of Jean Baptiste Vernier, lawyer, and Claudine Leclerc, was a lawyer and French politician during the Revolution, the Directory and Consulate.

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Théophile Berlier

Théophile Berlier (1 February 1761 in Dijon – 12 September 1844 in Dijon) was a French jurist and politician, who was a member of the National Convention from 1792 until 1795.

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The Mountain

The Mountain (La Montagne) was a political group during the French Revolution, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the National Assembly.

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The Plain

The Plain (La Plaine), better known as The Marsh (Le Marais), was a political group in the French National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Thermidor

Thermidor was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar.

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Thermidorian Reaction

On 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the French politician Maximilien Robespierre was denounced by members of the National Convention as "a tyrant", leading to Robespierre and twenty-one associates including Louis Antoine de Saint-Just being arrested that night and beheaded on the following day.

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Thermidorians

The Thermidorians (Thermidoriens, named after the month of Thermidor), known also a Thermidorian Convention (Convention thermidorienne), was a French political group active during the French Revolution.

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Theuderic III

Theuderic III (or Theuderich, Theoderic, or Theodoric; in French, Thierry) (654–691) was the king of Neustria (including Burgundy) on two occasions (673 and 675–691) and king of Austrasia from 679 to his death in 691.

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Theuderic IV

Theuderic IV (c. 712 – 737) or Theuderich, Theoderic, or Theodoric; in French, Thierry was the Merovingian King of the Franks from 721 until his death in 737.

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Treaty of Lisbon

The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU).

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Treaty of Troyes

The Treaty of Troyes was an agreement that King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French crown upon the death of King Charles VI of France.

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Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente "friendship, understanding, agreement") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.

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Tuileries Palace

The Tuileries Palace (Palais des Tuileries) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine.

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Union for a Popular Movement

The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire; UMP) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS).

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Union for French Democracy

The Union for French Democracy (Union pour la Démocratie Française, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France.

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Union for the New Republic

The Union for the New Republic (L'Union pour la nouvelle République, UNR), was a French political party founded on 1 October 1958 that supported Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle in the 1958 elections.

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Union of Democrats for the Republic

The Union for the Defence of the Republic (Union pour la défense de la République), after 1968 renamed Union of Democrats for the Republic (Union des Démocrates pour la République), commonly abbreviated UDR, was a Gaullist political party of France that existed from 1968 to 1976.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Upper house

An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house.

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Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926), also known as Giscard or VGE, is a French author and elder statesman who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981 and is now a member of the Constitutional Council.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Vincent Auriol

Vincent Jules Auriol (27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician who served as the first president of the Fourth Republic from 1947 to 1954.

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Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, is a type of cancer affecting two types of B cells, lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells.

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William Doyle (historian)

William Doyle, FBA (born 1942) is a British historian, specialising in 18th-century France, who is most notable for his one-volume Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989).

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Year One

The term "Year One" in political history usually refers to the institution of radical, revolutionary change.

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Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.

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16 May 1877 crisis

The 16 May 1877 crisis (Crise du seize mai) was a constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic concerning the distribution of power between the President and the legislature.

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1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1905.

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1973 oil crisis

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.

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Redirects here:

French Heads of state, President of the Committee of Public Safety.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_France

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