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Table of Contents

1. 519 relations: Adalbert I of Ivrea, Adalbert of Italy, Adelaide of Italy, Adelaide of Metz, Adelaide of Paris, Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Adolf, King of the Romans, Agilolfings, Agnes Bernauer, Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Aquitaine, Agnes of Glogau, Agnes of Hohenstaufen, Agnes of Loon, Agnes of Poitou, Agnes of the Palatinate, Agnes of Waiblingen, Alaholfings, Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, Albert I of Germany, Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, Albert II, Duke of Austria, Albert II, Duke of Bavaria, Albert III, Duke of Austria, Albert III, Duke of Bavaria, Albert IV, Duke of Austria, Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria, Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria, Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Alpaida, Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria, Amalie Auguste of Bavaria, Andrew II of Hungary, Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Anna of Cleves (1552–1632), Anna of Glogau, Anna of Hesse, Anne de Bourbon, Ansgarde of Burgundy, Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, Antonia of Lorraine, Archduchess Anna of Austria, Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria, Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610), Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este, Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este, Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary), Aregund, ... Expand index (469 more) » « Shrink index

2. Bavaria-related lists
3. German monarchs
4. Lists of German nobility
5. Monarchs of Bavaria

Adalbert I of Ivrea

Adalbert I (died after 28 February 929) was the margrave of Ivrea, the second of the Anscarid dynasty, from the late 890s until his death.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adalbert I of Ivrea

Adalbert of Italy

Adalbert (born 932/936, died 971/975) was the king of Italy from 950 until 961, ruling jointly with his father, Berengar II.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adalbert of Italy

Adelaide of Italy

Adelaide of Italy (Adelheid; 931 – 16 December 999 AD), also called Adelaide of Burgundy, was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Emperor Otto the Great.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adelaide of Italy

Adelaide of Metz

Adelaide of Metz (970 – 19 May 1046) was a French noblewoman.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adelaide of Metz

Adelaide of Paris

Adélaïde of Paris (Aélis) (Adelheid von Friaul; c. 850/853 – 10 November 901) was a Frankish queen.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adelaide of Paris

Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Adolf of the Rhine (Adolf der Redliche von der Pfalz) (27 September 1300, Wolfratshausen – 29 January 1327, Neustadt) from the house of Wittelsbach was formally Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1319 to 1327.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Adolf, King of the Romans

Adolf (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was the count of Nassau from about 1276 and the elected king of Germany from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Adolf, King of the Romans

Agilolfings

The Agilolfings were a noble family that ruled the Duchy of Bavaria on behalf of their Merovingian suzerains from about 550 until 788.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Agilolfings

Agnes Bernauer

Agnes Bernauer (c. 1410 – 12 October 1435) was the mistress and perhaps also the first wife of Albert, later Albert III, Duke of Bavaria.

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Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Aquitaine

Agnes of Burgundy (or Agnes de Macon; c. 995-10 November 1068) was Duchess of Aquitaine by marriage to Duke William V and Countess of Anjou by marriage to Count Geoffrey II.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Aquitaine

Agnes of Glogau

Agnes of Glogau (born between 1293 and 1296 – 25 December 1361 in Seligenthal) was the Duchess of Glogau by birth, as well as Duchess of Lower Bavaria and Countess of Hals through her marriage.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Agnes of Glogau

Agnes of Hohenstaufen

Agnes of Hohenstaufen (1176 – 7 or 9 May 1204) was the daughter and heiress of the Hohenstaufen count palatine Conrad of the Rhine.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Agnes of Hohenstaufen

Agnes of Loon

Agnes of Loon (1150–1191), was a duchess consort of Bavaria, married to Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Agnes of Loon

Agnes of Poitou

Agnes of Poitou (– 14 December 1077) was the queen of Germany from 1043 and empress of the Holy Roman Empire from 1046 until 1056 as the wife of Emperor Henry III.

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Agnes of the Palatinate

Agnes of the Palatinate (1201–1267) was a daughter of Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine, of the House of Welf, by his first wife Agnes of Hohenstaufen, daughter and heiress of Conrad of Hohenstaufen, Count Palatine of the Rhine.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Agnes of the Palatinate

Agnes of Waiblingen

Agnes of Waiblingen (1072/73 – 24 September 1143), also known as Agnes of Germany, Agnes of Franconia and Agnes of Saarbrücken, was a member of the Salian imperial family.

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Alaholfings

The Alaholfings (occasionally Ahalolfings) were a noble family of Alemannia in the Early Middle Ages.

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Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan

Alberto Azzo II (997 in Modena – 20 August 1097 in Modena), Margrave of Milan, and Liguria, Count of Gavello, Padua, Rovigo, Lunigiana, Monselice, and Montagnana, was a powerful nobleman in the Holy Roman Empire.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan

Albert I of Germany

Albert I of Habsburg (Albrecht I.) (July 12551 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Albert I of Germany

Albert I, Duke of Bavaria

Albert I, Duke of Lower Bavaria (Albrecht; 25 July 1336 – 13 December 1404), was a feudal ruler of the counties of Holland, Hainaut, and Zeeland in the Low Countries.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Albert I, Duke of Bavaria

Albert II, Duke of Austria

Albert II (12 December 1298 – 16 August 1358), known as the Wise or the Lame, a member of the House of Habsburg, was duke of Austria and Styria from 1330, as well as duke of Carinthia and margrave of Carniola from 1335 until his death.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Albert II, Duke of Austria

Albert II, Duke of Bavaria

Albert II (Albrecht; 1368 – January 21, 1397, Kelheim) was duke of Bavaria-Straubing alongside his father Albert I, who also ruled the counties of Holland, Hainaut, and Zeeland in the Low Countries.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Albert II, Duke of Bavaria

Albert III, Duke of Austria

Albert III of Austria (9 September 1349 – 29 August 1395), known as Albert with the Braid (Pigtail) (Albrecht mit dem Zopf), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1365 until his death.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Albert III, Duke of Austria

Albert III, Duke of Bavaria

Albert III the Pious of Bavaria-Munich (27 March 1401 – 29 February 1460), since 1438 Duke of Bavaria-Munich.

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Albert IV, Duke of Austria

Albert IV of Austria (19 September 1377 – 14 September 1404) was a Duke of Austria.

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Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria

Albert IV (15 December 1447 – 18 March 1508; Albrecht) was Duke of Bavaria-Munich from 1467, and duke of the reunited Bavaria from 1503.

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Albert V, Duke of Bavaria

Albert V (German: Albrecht V.) (29 February 1528 – 24 October 1579) was Duke of Bavaria from 1550 until his death.

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Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria

Albert VI of Bavaria (Landgraf von Bayern-Leuchtenberg; 26 February 1584 – 5 July 1666) son of William V, Duke of Bavaria and Renata of Lorraine, born and died in Munich.

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Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria

Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria (Albrecht Luitpold Ferdinand Michael; 3 May 1905 – 8 July 1996) was the son of the last crown prince of Bavaria, Rupprecht, and his first wife, Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria.

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Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Alexander of Zweibrücken (Pfalzgraf Alexander von Zweibrücken "der Hinkende") (26 November 1462 – 21 October 1514) was Count Palatine, Duke of Zweibrücken and Count of Veldenz in 1489–1514.

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Alpaida

Alpaida (also Alpaïde, Alpaide, Alphaida, Alpoïde, Elphide, Elfide, Chalpaida; 654 – c. 714) was a Frankish noblewoman who hailed from the Liège area.

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Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria

Amalia of Saxony (4 April 1436 – 19 November 1501) was a princess of Saxony and by marriage Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut.

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Amalie Auguste of Bavaria

Amalie Auguste of Bavaria (13 November 1801, in Munich – 8 November 1877, in Dresden) was a Bavarian princess by birth and Queen of Saxony by marriage to King John of Saxony.

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Andrew II of Hungary

Andrew II (II., Andrija II., Ondrej II., Андрій II; 117721 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235.

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Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck (1414 – 4 April 1474) was a daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and his wife, Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen, daughter of Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen.

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Anna of Cleves (1552–1632)

Anna of Cleves (1 March 1552, Cleves – 6 October 1632, Höchstädt an der Donau) was a daughter of Duke William V of Jülich-Berg and his wife, Maria of Austria.

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Anna of Glogau

Anna of Glogau (Anna głogowska) (1250/52 – 25 June 1271) was the eldest child of Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau and his first wife Salome of Greater Poland.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Anna of Glogau

Anna of Hesse

Anna of Hesse (26 October 1529, Kassel – 10 July 1591, Meisenheim) was a princess of Hesse by birth and marriage Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken.

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Anne de Bourbon

Anne de Bourbon (1380 – September 1408) was a daughter of John I, Count of La Marche and his wife Catherine of Vendôme.

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Ansgarde of Burgundy

Ansgarde of Burgundy (d. 880/882) was a French queen of Aquitaine, but never of West Francia, and the daughter of Hardouin of Burgundy.

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Antoine, Duke of Lorraine

Antoine (4 June 148914 June 1544), known as the Good, was Duke of Lorraine from 1508 until his death in 1544.

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Antonia of Lorraine

Antonia of Lorraine (1568–1610) was a French aristocrat.

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Archduchess Anna of Austria

Anna of Austria (7 July 1528 – 16 October 1590), a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg, was Duchess of Bavaria from 1550 until 1579, by her marriage with Duke Albert V.

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Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria

Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria (1 April 1825 – 26 April 1864) was the only daughter of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his first wife, Maria Anna of Saxony to survive to adulthood.

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Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria

Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska Maria of Austria (17 January 1831 – 14 February 1903) was born in Ofen (Buda), Hungary.

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Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610)

Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (German: Maria Anna von Habsburg, Erzherzogin von Österreich, also known as Maria Anna von Bayern or Maria-Anna, Kurfürstin von Bayern; 13 January 1610 – 25 September 1665), was a German regent, Electress of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and co-regent of the Electorate of Bavaria during the minority of her son Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria from 1651 to 1654.

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Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este

Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (10 December 1776 – 23 June 1848), was an Electress of Bavaria as the second spouse of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.

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Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este

Ferdinand Karl Viktor (20 July 1821 – 15 December 1849) was Archduke of Austria-Este and Prince of Modena.

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Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)

Archduke Joseph Anton of Austria (9 March 1776 – 13 January 1847) was the 103rd and penultimate palatine of Hungary who served for over fifty years from 1796 to 1847, after a period as governor in 1795.

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Aregund

Aregund, Aregunda, Arnegund, Aregonda, or Arnegonda (c. 515/520-580) was a Frankish queen.

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Arnold I, Count of Loon

Arnold I (b. about 1045 - d. about 1125), Count of Loon (Looz) from about 1079, son of Emmo, Count of Loon, and Suanhildis, daughter of Dirk III, Count of Holland, and his wife Othelandis.

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Arnold II, Count of Looz

Arnold II (or Arnulf, Arnoul) (died 1146), Count of Loon, son of Arnold I, Count of Loon, and Agnes von Mainz, daughter of Gerhard I, Count of Rieneck, and Helwig von Bliescastel.

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Arnulf of Carinthia

Arnulf of Carinthia (850 – 8 December 899) was the duke of Carinthia who overthrew his uncle Emperor Charles the Fat to become the Carolingian king of East Francia from 887, the disputed king of Italy from 894 and the disputed emperor from February 22, 896, until his death at Regensburg, Bavaria.

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Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria

Arnulf II (birth unknown; died 14 July 937), also known as the Bad (der Schlimme), the Evil (der Böse) or the Wicked, a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, held the title of Duke of Bavaria from about 907 until his death in 937.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria

Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1733 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach

Augustus (August von Pfalz-Sulzbach; 2 October 1582 – 14 August 1632) was Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1614 until 1632.

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Babenberg

The House of Babenberg was a noble dynasty of Austrian Dukes and Margraves.

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Battle of Blenheim

The Battle of Blenheim (Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt; Bataille de Höchstädt; Slag bij Blenheim) fought on, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Bavaria

Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a state in the southeast of Germany.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Bavaria

Bavaria-Ingolstadt

Bavaria-Ingolstadt (or Oberbayern-Ingolstadt) was a duchy which was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1447.

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Bavaria-Landshut

Bavaria-Landshut (Bayern-Landshut) was a duchy in the Holy Roman Empire from 1353 to 1503.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Bavaria-Landshut

Bavaria-Munich

Bavaria-Munich (Bayern-München) was a duchy that was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1505.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Bavaria-Munich

Bavaria-Straubing

Bavaria-Straubing denotes the widely scattered territorial inheritance in the Wittelsbach house of Bavaria that were governed by independent dukes of Bavaria-Straubing between 1353 and 1432; a map (illustration) of these marches and outliers of the Holy Roman Empire, vividly demonstrates the fractionalisation of lands where primogeniture did not obtain.

See List of monarchs of Bavaria and Bavaria-Straubing

Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.

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Beatrice of Silesia

Beatrice of Silesia (also known as Beatrice of Świdnica; Beatrycze świdnicka, Beatrix von Schweidnitz; 1290 – 24 August 1322) was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Silesian branch of Jawor-Świdnica and by marriage Duchess of Bavaria and German Queen.

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Berengar I of Italy

Berengar I (Berengarius, Perngarius; Berengario; 845 – 7 April 924) was the king of Italy from 887.

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Berengar II of Italy

Berengar II (900 – 4 August 966) was the King of Italy from 950 until his deposition in 961.

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Bernabò Visconti

Bernabò or Barnabò Visconti (1323 – 19 December 1385) was an Italian soldier and statesman who was Lord of Milan.

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Bertha of Savoy

Bertha of Savoy (21 September 1051 – 27 December 1087), also called Bertha of Turin, was Queen of Germany from 1066 and Holy Roman Empress from 1084 until 1087 as the first wife of Emperor Henry IV.

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Bertha of Swabia

Bertha of Swabia (Berthe; Berta; AD – after January 2, 966), a member of the Alemannic Hunfriding dynasty, was queen of Burgundy from 922 until 937 and queen of Italy from 922 until 926, by her marriage with King Rudolph II.

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Berthold I of Istria

Berthold III (– 14 December 1188), a member of the Bavarian House of Andechs, was Margrave of Istria (as Berthold I) from 1173 until his death.

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Berthold, Duke of Bavaria

Berthold (c. 900 – 23 November 947), of the Luitpolding dynasty, was the younger son of Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria and Cunigunda, sister of Duke Erchanger of Swabia.

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Berthold, Duke of Merania

Berthold IV (c. 1159 – 12 August 1204), a member of the House of Andechs, was Margrave of Istria and Carniola (as Berthold II).

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Bertrada of Laon

Bertrada of Laon (born between 710 and 727 – 12 July 783), also known as Bertrada the Younger or Bertha Broadfoot (Regina pede aucae, i.e. the queen with the goose-foot), was a Frankish queen.

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Bertrada of Prüm

Bertrada (born c. 670; died after 720), also called Berthe or Bertree, is known to be the mother of Charibert of Laon, with whom she is co-founder and benefactor of the Prüm Abbey.

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Cambrai

Cambrai (Kimbré; Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Escaut river.

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Carloman of Bavaria

Carloman (Karlmann, Carlomannus; c. 830 – 22 March 880) was a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty.

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Caroline of Baden

Caroline of Baden (Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine von Baden; 13 July 1776 – 13 November 1841) was by marriage an Electress of Bavaria and later the first Queen consort of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria.

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Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

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Catalina Micaela of Spain

Catherine Michaela of Spain (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597) was Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy.

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Catherine of Alençon

Catherine d'Alençon (bef.1396 – 22 June 1462 in Paris) was the Duchess consort of Bavaria as the second spouse of Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria.

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Catherine of Bohemia

Catherine of Bohemia (Kateřina Lucemburská, Katharina von Böhmen; 19 August 1342 – 26 April 1395) also known as Catherine of Luxembourg was Electress of Brandenburg, the second daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and Blanche of Valois.

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Catherine of Gorizia

Catherine of Gorizia (died 1391) was a daughter of Count Meinhard VI of Gorizia and his first wife Catherine of Pfannberg.

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Charibert of Laon

Charibert (also spelled Caribert and Heribert), Count of Laon, was the maternal grandfather of Charlemagne.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld

Charles I of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (4 September 1560 – 16 December 1600), Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke in Bavaria, Count to Veldenz and Sponheim was the Duke of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld from 1569 until 1600.

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Charles II, Archduke of Austria

Charles II Francis of Austria (Karl II.) (3 June 1540 – 10 July 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and a ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola, Carinthia and Gorizia) from 1564.

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Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine

Charles III Philip (4 November 1661 – 31 December 1742) was Elector Palatine, Count of Palatinate-Neuburg, and Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1716 to 1742.

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Charles III, Duke of Lorraine

Charles III (18 February 1543 – 14 May 1608), known as the Great, was Duke of Lorraine from 1545 until his death.

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Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden

Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden (14 February 1755 – 16 December 1801) was heir apparent of the Margraviate of Baden.

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Charles Martel

Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.

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Charles the Bald

Charles the Bald (Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877).

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Charles the Fat

Charles III (839 – 13 January 888), also known as Charles the Fat, was the emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887.

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Charles the Simple

Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin Carolus Simplex), was the king of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the king of Lotharingia from 911 until 919–923.

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Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria

Charles Theodore (Karl Theodor; 11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799) was a German nobleman of the Sulzbach branch of the House of Wittelsbach.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VII (6 August 1697 – 20 January 1745) was Prince-Elector of Bavaria from 26 February 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 to his death.

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Château-Thierry

Château-Thierry (Picard: Catieu-Thierry) is a French commune situated in the department of the Aisne, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France, and in the historic Province of Champagne.

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Chilperic I

Chilperic I (539 – September 584) was the king of Neustria (or Soissons) from 561 to his death.

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Chlothar I

Chlothar I, sometime called "the Old" (French: le Vieux), (died December 561) also anglicised as Clotaire, was a king of the Franks of the Merovingian dynasty and one of the four sons of Clovis I. With his eldest brother Theuderic (c. 485 – 533/34) being the son of Clovis I and his first wife, Chlothar followed his two elder brothers Chlodomer (495–524) and Childebert I (496–558) as third surviving son of Clovis I and his second wife Queen Clotilde, lastly followed by their sister Clotilde (500–531).

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Chlothar II

Chlothar II, sometimes called "the Young" (French: le Jeune), (May/June 584 – 18 October 629) was king of the Franks, ruling Neustria (584–629), Burgundy (613–629) and Austrasia (613–623).

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Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach

Christian Augustus (German: Christian August) (26 July 1622 – 23 April 1708) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1632 until 1708.

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Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler

Christian I (3 November 1598 – 6 September 1654) was the Duke of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler from 1600 until 1654.

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Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld

Christian II (22 June 1637 – 26 April 1717) was the Duke of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler from 1654, the Duke of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld from 1671, and the Count of Rappoltstein from 1673 until 1699.

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Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Strassburg, 7 November 1674 – Zweibrücken, 3 February 1735) was a German nobleman.

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Christina of Denmark

Christina of Denmark (Christine af Danmark; November 1521 – 10 December 1590) was a Danish princess, the younger surviving daughter of King Christian II of Denmark and Norway and Isabella of Austria.

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Christine of France

Christine Marie of France (10 February 1606 – 27 December 1663) was Duchess of Savoy from 26 July 1630 to 7 October 1637 as the consort of Duke Victor Amadeus I. She was the daughter of Henry IV of France and sister of Louis XIII.

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Clara Gonzaga

Clara Gonzaga, Countess of Montpensier, Dauphine of Auvergne, Duchess of Sessa (Italian: Chiara Gonzaga; French: Claire (de) Gonzague; 1 July 1464 – 2 June 1503) was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Gonzaga.

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Claude of Valois

Claude of Valois (12 November 1547 – 21 February 1575) was a French princess as the second daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, and Duchess of Lorraine by marriage to Charles III, Duke of Lorraine.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

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Conrad I of Burgundy

Conrad I, called the Peaceful (Conrad le Pacifique; Konrad der Friedfertige;; – 19 October 993), was King of Burgundy from 937 until his death in 993.

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Conrad I, Count of Auxerre

Conrad I the Elder (died about 864) was the count of several counties, most notably the Aargau and Auxerre, around Lake Constance, as well as Paris from 859 to 862/864.

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Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria

Conrad I (1020 – 5 December 1055), also known as Cuno or Kuno, was the duke of Bavaria from 1049 to 1053.

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Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria

Conrad II (September or October 1052, in Regensburg – 10 April 1055, in Regensburg), called the Child, was the duke of Bavaria from 1054 to 1055.

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Conrad II, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy

Conrad II the Younger was the Count of Auxerre from 864 until his death in 876.

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Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

Conrad II (Konrad II, – 4 June 1039), also known as and, was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 until his death in 1039.

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Conrad III of Germany

Conrad III (Konrad; Corrado; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III, and from 1138 until his death in 1152 King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire.

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Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Conrad of Hohenstaufen (– 8 November 1195) was the first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine.

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Conrad, Duke of Lorraine

Conrad (– 10 August 955), called the Red (Konrad der Rote), was Duke of Lorraine from 944 until 953.

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Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach

Joseph Charles, Hereditary Prince of Sulzbach (German: Joseph Karl; Sulzbach, 2 November 1694 – Oggersheim, 18 July 1729) was the eldest son of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.

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Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken

Caroline of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken (Caroline Henriette Christiane Philippine Louise; 9 March 1721 – 30 March 1774) was Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt by marriage to Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.

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Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach

Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach (Elisabeth Auguste; 17 January 1721 – 17 August 1794) was the eldest granddaughter of the Elector of the Palatinate Charles III Philip, and by her marriage to Elector Palatine Charles IV Theodore, Electress Palatine and later Electress of Bavaria.

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Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste Sofie of Neuburg

Elisabeth Auguste of Neuburg (Elisabeth Auguste Sofie; 1693–1728) was the only surviving child of Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine.

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Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg

Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg (Polish: Jadwiga Elżbieta Amalia Sobieska; 18 July 1673 – 10 August 1722) was a Polish princess by marriage to James Louis Sobieski.

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Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach

Countess Palatine Maria Francisca of Sulzbach (Maria Franziska, Pfalzgräfin von Sulzbach; 15 June 1724 – 15 November 1794), was a Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld by marriage to Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld.

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Cunigunda of France

Cunigunda of Sulichgau (893-924) was the daughter of Ermentrude of France, and granddaughter in turn of Louis the Stammerer.

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Cunigunde of Luxembourg

Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB (Kunigunde) (975 – 3 March 1033), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Henry II.

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Cunigunde of Swabia

Cunigunde of Swabia (– 7 February after 918), a member of the Ahalolfing noble family, was Margravine of Bavaria until 907 by her first marriage with Margrave Luitpold and German queen (Queen of the Franks) from 913 to 918 by her second marriage with King Conrad I, the first and sole ruler of the Conradine dynasty.

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Dachau, Bavaria

Dachau is a town in the Upper Bavaria district of Bavaria, a state in the southern part of Germany.

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Dagobert I

Dagobert I (Dagobertus; 603/605 – 19 January 639) was King of the Franks.

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Darmstadt

Darmstadt is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region).

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Democracy

Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.

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Desiderata of the Lombards

Desiderata (fl. 771) was a queen consort of the Franks.

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Desiderius

Desiderius, also known as Daufer or Dauferius (born – died), was king of the Lombards in northern Italy, ruling from 756 to 774.

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Dirk III, Count of Holland

Dirk III (also called Dirik or Theodoric) was the count with jurisdiction over what would become the county of Holland, often referred to in this period as "West Frisia", from 993 to 27 May 1039.

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Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria

Marie Gabrielle (Marie Gabrielle Mathilde Isabelle Therese Antoinette Sabine Herzogin in Bayern; 9 October 1878 – 24 October 1912) Duchess in Bavaria, was the youngest daughter of Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria and his second wife, Infanta Maria José of Portugal.

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Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.

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Duke

Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility.

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Eadgyth

Edith of England, also spelt Eadgyth or Ædgyth (Ēadgȳð, Edgitha; 910–946), a member of the House of Wessex, was a German queen from 936, by her marriage to King Otto I.

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Eberhard of Friuli

Eberhard (c. 815 – 16 December 867) was the Frankish Duke of Friuli from 846.

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Eberhard, Duke of Bavaria

Eberhard was the eldest son and successor of the Luitpolding duke Arnulf of Bavaria (907–937).

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Elder House of Welf

The Elder House of Welf (known as Rudolphins in Burgundy) was a Frankish noble dynasty of European rulers documented since the 9th century.

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Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress

Eleanor of Portugal (18 September 1434 – 3 September 1467) was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Electoral Palatinate

The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) or the Palatinate (Pfalz), officially the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Electorate of Bavaria

The Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern) was a quasi-independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria.

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Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg

Eleonore Magdalene Therese of Neuburg (6 January 1655 – 19 January 1720) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the third and final wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria

Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria (13 November 1801 – 14 December 1873) was queen of Prussia as the wife of King Frederick William IV.

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Elisabeth of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken

Elisabeth of Hesse (4 March 1503 – 4 January 1563, Lauingen) was a Landgravine of Hesse by birth and by marriage Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken and later Countess Palatine of Simmern.

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Elisabeth of Lorraine

Elisabeth of Lorraine (9 October 1574 – 4 January 1635), was a Duchess and an Electress consort of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.

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Elisabeth of Sicily, Duchess of Bavaria

Elisabeth of Sicily (1310–1349) was a daughter of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou.

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Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse

Elizabeth of the Palatinate (16 November 1483, Heidelberg – 24 June 1522, Baden-Baden) was a member of the House of Wittelsbach and a Countess Palatine of Simmern and by marriage, successively Landgravine of Hesse-Marburg and Margravine of Baden.

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Elisabetta Visconti

Elisabetta Visconti (1374 – 2 February 1432), also known as Elisabeth or Elizabeth, was a younger child of Bernabò Visconti and his wife, Beatrice Regina della Scala.

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Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)

Elizabeth of Bohemia (Eliška Přemyslovna) (20 January 1292 – 28 September 1330) was a princess of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty who became Queen of Bohemia as the first wife of King John the Blind.

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Elizabeth of Görlitz

Elisabeth of Görlitz (November 1390 - 2 August 1451) reigned as Duchess of Luxemburg from 1411 to 1443.

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Elizabeth of Hungary, Duchess of Bavaria

Elizabeth of Hungary (1236 – 25 October 1271) was a medieval Hungarian noble lady from the Árpád dynasty as a daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary.

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Empress Matilda

Empress Matilda (10 September 1167), also known as Empress Maud, was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy.

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Engeldeo

Engeldeo or Engildeo (floruit 878–895) was the Margrave of Bavaria from 890 to 895.

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Ermengarde of Hesbaye

Ermengarde (or Irmingard) of Hesbaye (778 – 3 October 818), probably a member of the Robertian dynasty, was Carolingian empress from 813 and Queen of the Franks from 814 until her death as the wife of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious.

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Ermentrude (daughter of Louis the Stammerer)

Ermentrude (French: Ermentrude de France; 875/78–?) was a Princess of France in the Middle Ages, named after her grandmother, Queen Ermentrude of Orléans.

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Ermentrude of Orléans

Ermentrude of Orléans (27 September 823 – 6 October 869) was the Queen of the Franks by her marriage to Charles II.

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Ernest, Duke of Austria

Ernest the Iron (1377 – 10 June 1424), a member of the House of Habsburg, ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1406 until his death.

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Ernest, Duke of Bavaria

Ernest of Bavaria-Munich (Ernst, Herzog von Bayern-München), (Munich, 1373 – 2 July 1438 in Munich), from 1397 Duke of Bavaria-Munich.

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Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia

Ezzo (– 21 March 1034), sometimes called Ehrenfried, a member of the Ezzonid dynasty, was Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1015 until his death.

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Ezzonids

The Ezzonids were a dynasty of Lotharingian stock dating back as far as the ninth century.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (Italian: Ferdinando I; 12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death.

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Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.

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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.

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Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferdinand III(Ferdinand Josef Johann Baptist; Ferdinando Giuseppe Giovanni Battista; English: Ferdinand Joseph John Baptist. (6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1790 to 1801 and, after a period of disenfranchisement, again from 1814 to 1824. He was also the Prince-elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg (1803–1805) and Duke and Elector (to 1806, Grand Duke from 1806) of Würzburg (1805–1814).

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Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1625, King of Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to his death.

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Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este

Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria-Este (Ferdinand Karl Anton Joseph Johann Stanislaus; 1 June 1754 – 24 December 1806) was a son of Holy Roman Emperor Franz I and Maria Theresa of Austria.

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Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria

Ferdinand Maria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.

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Francis I, Duke of Lorraine

Francis I (François Ier de Lorraine) (23 August 1517 – 12 June 1545) was Duke of Lorraine from 1544–1545.

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Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Francis Stephen; François Étienne; Franz Stefan; Francesco Stefano; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and Grand Duke of Tuscany.

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Francis IV, Duke of Modena

Francis IV Joseph Charles Ambrose Stanislaus (Italian: Francesco IV Giuseppe Carlo Ambrogio Stanislao d'Asburgo-Este; 6 October 1779 – 21 January 1846) was Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola (from 1815), Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara (from 1829), Archduke of Austria-Este, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

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Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

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Franz von Bayern

Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria Herzog von Bayern (born 14 July 1933), commonly known by the courtesy title Duke of Bavaria, is the head of the House of Wittelsbach, the former ruling family of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

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Fredegund

Fredegund or Fredegunda (Latin: Fredegundis; French: Frédégonde; died 8 December 597) was the queen consort of Chilperic I, the Merovingian Frankish king of Soissons.

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Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (Friedrich I; Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later in 1190.

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Frederick I, Duke of Swabia

Frederick I (c. 1050 – 1105) before 21 July was Duke of Swabia from 1079 to his death, the first ruler from the House of Hohenstaufen (Staufer).

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Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

Frederick II (Friedrich II, 1090 – 6 April 1147), called the One-Eyed (der Einäugige), was Duke of Swabia from 1105 until his death, the second from the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

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Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick III (German: Friedrich III, 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death in 1493.

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Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Ribeauvillé, Alsace, 27 February 1724 – 15 August 1767 in Schwetzingen) was a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty.

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Frederick of Luxembourg

Frederick of Luxembourg (965 – 6 October 1019), Count of Moselgau, was a son of Siegfried of Luxembourg and Hedwig of Nordgau.

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Frederick V of the Palatinate

Frederick V (Friedrich; 26 August 1596 – 29 November 1632) was the Elector Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire from 1610 to 1623, and reigned as King of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620.

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Frederick William II of Prussia

Frederick William II (Friedrich Wilhelm II.; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was king of Prussia from 1786 until his death in 1797.

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Frederick William III of Prussia

Frederick William III (Friedrich Wilhelm III.; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840.

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Frederick William IV of Prussia

Frederick William IV (Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, was king of Prussia from 7 June 1840 until his death on 2 January 1861.

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Frederick, Duke of Bavaria

Frederick (1339 – 4 December 1393) was Duke of Bavaria from 1375.

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Free Imperial City of Nuremberg

The Free Imperial City of Nuremberg (Freie Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was a free imperial city – independent city-state – within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Freising

Freising is a university town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the Freising ''Landkreis'' (district), with a population of about 50,000.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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Garibald I of Bavaria

Garibald I (also Garivald; Garibaldus; born 540) was Duke (or King) of Bavaria from 555 until 591.

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Garibald II of Bavaria

Garibald II (585–625) was Duke of Bavaria from 610 until his death.

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George, Duke of Bavaria

George of Bavaria referred to as the Rich (15 August 1455 in Burghausen, Bavaria – 1 December 1503 in Ingolstadt), (German: Georg, Herzog von Bayern-Landshut) was the last duke of Bavaria-Landshut.

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Gerberga of Burgundy

Gerberga of Burgundy (c. 965/966 – 7 July 1018/1019) was a member of the Elder House of Welf.

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Gerberga of Saxony

Gerberga of Saxony (c. 913 – 5 May 968/9 or 984?) was a Queen of France by marriage to Louis IV of France between 939 and 954.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German revolution of 1918–1919

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.

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German revolutions of 1848–1849

The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (Märzrevolution), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Gerold of Anglachgau

Gerold I (– 784) was the count of Kraichgau and.

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Gerold, Prefect of Bavaria

Gerold (died 1 September 799) was a franconian nobleman who served the Frankish King, Charlemagne, as Margrave of the Avar March and Prefect of Bavaria in what is now South-Eastern Germany.

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Gertrude of Brunswick

Gertrud of Brunswick (Gertrud von Braunschweig; – 9 December 1117) was Countess of Katlenburg by marriage to Dietrich II, Count of Katlenburg, Margravine of Frisia by marriage to Henry, Margrave of Frisia, and Margravine of Meissen by marriage to margrave Henry I. She served as regent of the County of Katlenburg during the minority of her son Dietrich III of Katlenburg in 1085-?, as regent of the Margrave of Frisia during the minority of her son Count Otto III of Northeim in 1090-?, and as regent of the County of Northeim during the minority of her son Henry II, Margrave of Meissen in 1103-?.

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Gertrude of Hohenberg

Gertrude Anne of Hohenberg (– 16 February 1281) was German queen from 1273 until her death, by her marriage with King Rudolf I of Germany.

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Gertrude of Merania

Gertrude of Merania (1185 – 28 September 1213) was Queen of Hungary as the first wife of Andrew II from 1205 until her assassination.

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Gertrude of Süpplingenburg

Gertrude of Süpplingenburg (18 April 1115 – 18 April 1143) was Duchess of Bavaria, Margravine of Tuscany, and Duchess of Saxony by marriage to Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, and Margravine of Austria and Duchess of Bavaria by marriage to Henry II, Duke of Austria.

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Gisela of Burgundy

Gisela of Burgundy (c.  955 – 21 July 1007), a member of the royal Elder House of Welf, was Duchess of Bavaria from about 972 to 976 and again from 985 to 995, by her marriage with Duke Henry the Wrangler.

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Gisela of Friuli

Gisela of Friuli (also Gisla) (876 – after 23 January 913) was a medieval Italian noblewoman.

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Gisela of Swabia

Gisela of Swabia (990 – 15 February 1043), was queen of Germany from 1024 to 1039 and empress of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 to 1039 by her third marriage with Emperor Conrad II.

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Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious

Gisela (born 820) was the only daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife, Judith of Bavaria.

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Gisulf I of Friuli

Gisulf I (Gisulfus I) was probably the first duke of Friuli (then Forum Julii).

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Gisulf II of Friuli

Gisulf II (Gisulfo II di Friuli; abt. 545 – 611) was the Duke of Friuli from around 591 to his death.

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Gotfrid

Gotfrid (also Gotefrid, modernized Gottfried; Gotfridus or Cotefredus; (c. 650–709) was the Duke of Alemannia in the late 7th century and until his death. He was of the house of the Agilolfing, which was the dominant ruling family in the Frankish Duchy of Bavaria. In a document dated to the year 700 in Cannstatt, Gotfrid at the request of a priest named Magulfus donated the castle of Biberburg to the monastery of Saint Gall.

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Grifo (noble)

Grifo, Duke of Maine (726–753) was the son of the Frankish major domo Charles Martel and his second wife Swanachild.

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Grimoald of Bavaria

Grimoald (or Grimwald) (died 725) was the duke of Bavaria from about 715 to his death.

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Guilla of Provence

Guilla (or Willa) of Provence or Burgundy (873-924) was an early medieval Frankish queen consort in the Rhone valley.

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Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria

Hedwig Jagiellon (21 September 1457 – 18 February 1502), baptized as "Hedwigis", was a Polish princess and member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, as well as Duchess of Bavaria by marriage.

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Hedwig of Nordgau

Hedwig of Nordgau (c. 922 – after 993) was the wife of Siegfried of Luxembourg, first count of Luxembourg and founder of the country.

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Heilika of Lengenfeld

Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld (also known as Eilika; – 14 September 1170; buried in Ensdorf Abbey) was by marriage Countess Palatine of Bavaria.

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Hemma

Emma of Altdorf, also known as Hemma (– 31 January 876), a member of the Elder House of Welf, was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German, from 843 until her death.

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Henry I, Duke of Bavaria

Henry I (919/921 – 1 November 955), a member of the German royal Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Bavaria from 948 until his death.

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Henry II, Duke of Austria

Henry II (Heinrich; 1107 – 13 January 1177), called Jasomirgott, a member of the House of Babenberg,Lingelbach 1913, pp.

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Henry II, Duke of Bavaria

Henry II (951 – 28 August 995), called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome (Heinrich der Zänker), a member of the German royal Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Bavaria from 955 to 976 and again from 985 to 995, as well as Duke of Carinthia from 989 to 995.

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Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry II (Heinrich II; Enrico II; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014.

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Henry III, Duke of Bavaria

Henry III (c. 940 – 5 October 989), called the Younger, a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, was the first Duke of Carinthia from 976 to 978, Duke of Bavaria from 983 to 985 and again Duke of Carinthia from 985 to 989.

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Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry III (Heinrich III, 28 October 1016 – 5 October 1056), called the Black or the Pious, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1046 until his death in 1056.

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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV (Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054.

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Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria

Henry IX (107513 December 1126), called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126.

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Henry of Speyer

Henry of Speyer (Heinrich von Speyer, also Heinrich von Worms; – 989/992), a member of the Salian dynasty, was count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau.

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Henry the Fowler

Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Henricus Auceps) (c. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936.

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Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195), also known as Henry III, Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180) and Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180), was a member of the Welf dynasty.

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Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Henry V, the Elder of Brunswick (Heinrich der Ältere von Braunschweig; – 28 April 1227), a member of the House of Welf, was Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1195 until 1212.

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Henry V, Duke of Bavaria

Henry (died 1024), of the House of Ardenne–Luxembourg, was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry I) from 998 and the duke of Bavaria (as Henry V) from 1004.

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Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria

Henry VII (died 16 October 1047) was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry II) from 1026 and duke of Bavaria from 1042 until his death.

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Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

Henry the Proud (Heinrich der Stolze) (20 October 1139), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria (as Henry X) from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony (as Henry II) as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death.

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Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria

Henry XIII (19 November 1235 – 3 February 1290), member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Duke of Lower Bavaria.

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Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria

Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria (29 September 1305 – 1 September 1339), was Duke of Lower Bavaria (also called Henry II).

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Henry XV, Duke of Bavaria

Henry XV, Duke of Bavaria, as duke of Lower Bavaria also called Henry III, (28 August 1312 – 18 June 1333 in Natternberg near Deggendorf).

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Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria

Henry XVI of Bavaria (1386 – 30 July 1450, in Landshut),, since 1393 Duke of Bavaria-Landshut.

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Henry, Margrave of Frisia

Henry the Fat (– 1101), also known as Henry of Nordheim or '''Northeim''', was Count in Rittigau (part of Liesgau) and Eichsfeld from 1083 onwards, and was the Margrave of Frisia from 14 April 1099 until he was murdered in 1101.

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Herman II, Duke of Swabia

Herman II (also Hermann) (died 4 May 1003) was a member of the Conradine dynasty.

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Herrenchiemsee

Herrenchiemsee is a complex of royal buildings on Herreninsel, the largest island in the Chiemsee lake, in southern Bavaria, Germany.

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Heusden

Heusden is a municipality and a city in the South of the Netherlands.

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Hildegard (queen)

Hildegard (– 30 April 783) was a Frankish queen and the wife of Charlemagne from until her death.

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Hiltrud

Hiltrud (c. 716-754), was a daughter of Charles Martel and was a Duchess consort of Bavaria by marriage to Odilo, Duke of Bavaria.

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History of Bavaria

The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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Hnabi

Hnabi or Nebi (c. 710 – c. 789) was an Alemannian duke.

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Hofburg, Innsbruck

The Hofburg (Court Castle) is a former Habsburg palace in Innsbruck, Austria, and considered one of the three most significant cultural buildings in the country, along with the Hofburg Palace and Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. List of monarchs of Bavaria and Holy Roman Emperor are german monarchs and lists of monarchs.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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House of Ardenne

The House of Ardenne (or Ardennes, French Maison d'Ardenne) was an important medieval noble family from Lotharingia, known from at least the tenth century.

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House of Ardenne–Verdun

The House of Ardenne–Verdun (French: Maison d'Ardenne-Verdun) was a branch of the House of Ardenne, one of the first documented medieval European noble families, centered on Verdun.

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House of Este

The House of Este is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

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House of Wittelsbach

The House of Wittelsbach is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece.

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Hugbert of Bavaria

Hugbert (also Hukbert) of the Agilolfings was duke of Bavaria from 725 to 736.

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Hugobert

Hugobert (also Chugoberctus or Hociobercthus) (died probably in 697) was a seneschal and a count of the palace at the Merovingian court during the reigns of Theuderic III and Childebert III.

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Huoching

Huoching of Alamannia (c. 675–744) was an Alemannic nobleman.

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Ingeborg of Mecklenburg

Ingeborg of Mecklenburg (1343/45 – 25 July 1395) was a daughter of Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg and his wife, Euphemia of Sweden.

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Ingolstadt

Ingolstadt (Austro-Bavarian) is an independent city on the Danube, in Upper Bavaria, with 142.308 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2023).

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Irmina of Oeren

Irmina of Oeren (also called Ermina and Hirmina; died 720) was a saint, founder and abbess of a convent in Oeren, near Trier (Trèves), and co-founder of a convent in Echternach (now eastern Luxembourg).

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Isabella of Austria

Isabella of Austria (Isabel; 18 July 1501 – 19 January 1526), also known as Elizabeth, was born an Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and subsequently became Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, under the Kalmar Union, as the wife of King Christian II.

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Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut

Jacqueline (Jacoba; Jacqueline; Jakobäa; 15 July 1401 – 8 October 1436), of the House of Wittelsbach, was a noblewoman who ruled the counties of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut in the Low Countries from 1417 to 1433.

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James Louis Sobieski

James Louis Henry Sobieski (Polish: Jakub Ludwik Henryk Sobieski; French: Jacques Louis Henri de Sobieski; 2 November 1667 – 19 December 1737) was a Polish-French nobleman, politician, diplomat, scholar, traveller and the son of John III of Poland by his wife Marie de La Grange d'Arquien.

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Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

Joanna of Austria (German Johanna von Österreich, Italian Giovanna d'Austria) (24 January 1547 – 11 April 1578) was an Archduchess of Austria.

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John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach

John Christian (23 January 1700 – 20 July 1733; in German: Johann Christian Joseph) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1732–33.

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John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

John I of Zweibrücken (known as the Lame; Pfalzgraf Johann I von Zweibrücken; 8 May 1550 – 12 August 1604) was Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken during 1569–1604.

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John I, Duke of Bavaria

John I of Bavaria (29 November 1329 – 20 December 1340), was the Duke of Lower Bavaria since 1339.

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John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

John II the Younger (Johann II.) (26 March 1584 – 9 August 1635) was the Duke of Zweibrücken from 1604 until 1635.

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John II, Duke of Bavaria

Duke John II of Bavaria-Munich (1341 – 1397), (German: Johann II, Herzog von Bayern-München), since 1375 Duke of Bavaria-Munich.

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John III Sobieski

John III Sobieski (Jan III Sobieski; Jonas III Sobieskis; Ioannes III Sobiscius 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696.

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John III, Duke of Bavaria

John III the Pitiless (1374–1425), of the House of Wittelsbach, was first bishop of Liège 1389–1418 and then duke of Bavaria-Straubing and count of Holland and Hainaut 1418–1425.

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John IV, Duke of Bavaria

John IV. of Bavaria-Munich (German: Johann IV., Herzog von Bayern), (4 October 1437, in Munich – 18 November 1463, in Munich) was duke of Bavaria-Munich from 1460 until his death.

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John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Johann Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (Johann Wilhelm, Herzog zu Kleve, Jülich und Berg) (28 May 1562 – 25 March 1609) was the last Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.

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Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph I (Joseph Jacob Ignaz Johann Anton Eustachius; 26 July 1678 – 17 April 1711) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1705 until his death in 1711.

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Judith of Bavaria (died 843)

Judith of Bavaria (797 – 19 April 843) was the Carolingian empress as the second wife of Louis the Pious.

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Judith of Flanders (died 1095)

Judith of Flanders (1030-1035 to 5 March 1095) was, by her successive marriages to Tostig Godwinson and Welf I, Countess of Northumbria and Duchess of Bavaria.

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Judith of Habsburg

Judith of Habsburg (Guta; 13 March 1271 – 21 May 1297) was queen of Bohemia and Poland from 1285 until her death as the wife of the Přemyslid king Wenceslaus II.

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Judith, Duchess of Bavaria

Judith of Bavaria (925 – 29 June after 985), a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, was Duchess consort of Bavaria from 947 to 955, by her marriage with Duke Henry I. After her husband's death, she acted as regent of Bavaria during the minority of her son Henry the Wrangler in 955-972.

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Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria

Karl-Theodor, Duke in Bavaria (9 August 1839 – 30 November 1909), was a member of the House of Wittelsbach and a professional oculist.

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Karlsruhe

Karlsruhe (South Franconian: Kallsruh) is the third-largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, after its capital Stuttgart and Mannheim, and the 22nd-largest city in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants.

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King

King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.

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King of Bavaria

The King of Bavaria (König von Bayern) was a title held by the hereditary Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria in the state known as the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1805 until 1918, when the kingdom was abolished. List of monarchs of Bavaria and king of Bavaria are Bavaria-related lists, lists of German nobility, lists of monarchs and monarchs of Bavaria.

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King of Hungary

The King of Hungary (magyar király) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918. List of monarchs of Bavaria and King of Hungary are lists of monarchs.

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Kunigunde of Altdorf

Kunigunde of Altdorf (also known as Cunegonde or Chuniza; – 31 August 1054) was a member of the Swabian line of the Elder House of Welf.

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Kunigunde of Austria

Kunigunde of Austria (16 March 1465 – 6 August 1520), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duchess of Bavaria from 1487 to 1508, by her marriage to the Wittelsbach duke Albert IV.

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Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (Elisabeth Amalie Magdalene; 20 March 1635 – 4 August 1709) was a German princess of Hesse-Darmstadt who became Electress Palatine as the second wife of Philip William, Elector Palatine.

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Landshut

Landshut (Landshuad) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany.

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Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold I (Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician; I.; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. List of monarchs of Bavaria and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor are german monarchs.

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Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Leopold IILeopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, Leopold Johann Joseph Franz Ferdinand Karl, English: Leopold John Joseph Francis Ferdinand Charles.

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Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was the 44th Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790.

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Leopold III, Duke of Austria

Leopold III (1 November 1351 – 9 July 1386), known as the Just, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1365.

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Leopold III, Margrave of Austria

Leopold III (Luitpold, 1073 – 15 November 1136), known as Leopold the Good, was the Margrave of Austria from 1095 to his death in 1136.

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Leopold, Duke of Bavaria

Leopold (Luitpold, c. 1108 – 18 October 1141), known as Leopold the Generous (Luitpold der Freigiebige), was margrave of Austria (appearing in lists as Leopold IV) from 1136, and duke of Bavaria from 1139 until his death in 1141.

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Leuchtenberg

Leuchtenberg is a municipality in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria, Germany, essentially a suburb of nearby Weiden in der Oberpfalz, and a larger historical region in the Holy Roman Empire governed by the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg.

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Linderhof Palace

Linderhof Palace (Schloss Linderhof) is a schloss in Germany, in southwest Bavaria near the village of Ettal.

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List of counts palatine of the Rhine

This article lists counts palatine of Lotharingia, counts palatine of the Rhine, and electors of the Palatinate (Kurfürst von der Pfalz), the titles of three counts palatine who ruled some part of the Rhine region in the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire between 915 to 1803. List of monarchs of Bavaria and list of counts palatine of the Rhine are lists of German nobility.

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List of dukes and kings of Croatia

This is a complete list of dukes and kings of Croatia (knez, kralj) under domestic ethnic and elected dynasties during the Croatian Kingdom (925–1918).

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List of monarchs of Luxembourg

The territory of Luxembourg has been ruled successively by counts, dukes and grand dukes. List of monarchs of Bavaria and List of monarchs of Luxembourg are lists of German nobility and lists of dukes.

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List of rulers of Austria

From 976 until 1246, the Margraviate of Austria and its successor, the Duchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Babenberg.

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List of rulers of Saxony

This article lists dukes, electors, and kings ruling over different territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 6th century to the end of the German monarchies in 1918.

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Liudolf of Lotharingia

Liudolf of Lotharingia, also Ludolf (c. 100010 April 1031), was Count of Zutphen and Waldenburg.

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Liudolf, Duke of Swabia

Liudolf (– 6 September 957), a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was duke of Swabia from 950 until 954.

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Liutgard of Saxony (died 953)

Liutgarde of Saxony (Liudgard, 932 – 18 November 953), a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was Duchess of Lorraine from 947 until her death by her marriage with Duke Conrad the Red.

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Liutperga

Liutperga (Liutpirc) (fl 750 - fl. 793) was a Duchess of Bavaria by marriage to Tassilo III, the last Agilolfing Duke of Bavaria.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Lothair I

Lothair I (Dutch and Medieval Latin: Lotharius; German: Lothar; French: Lothaire; Italian: Lotario; 795 – 29 September 855) was a 9th-century Carolingian emperor (817–855, with his father until 840) and king of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (843–855).

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Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg (1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death.

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Louis I of Brzeg

Louis I the Fair, also known as the Wise or the Righteous (Ludwik I Sprawiedliwy, Roztropny, or Prawy) or Louis I of Brzeg (Ludwik I brzeski; – 6/23 December 1398) was Duke of Legnica from 1342 to 1346 (jointly with his elder brother Wenceslaus I until 1345) and of Brzeg from 1358 until his death.

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Louis I, Count of Loon

Louis I (Latin Ludovicus, German Ludwig, Dutch Lodewijk; died 11 August 1171) was the Count of Loon, now in modern Belgium, and Burgrave of Mainz, in Germany.

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Louis I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Louis I of Zweibrücken (1424 – 19 July 1489) was Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken and Count of Veldenz from 1444 until his death in 1489.

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Louis I, Duke of Bavaria

Louis I (Ludwig; 23 December 1173 – 15 September 1231), called the Kelheimer or of Kelheim, since he was born and died at Kelheim, was the Duke of Bavaria from 1183 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214.

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Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Louis II of Zweibrücken (Pfalzgraf Ludwig II.) (14 September 1502 – 3 December 1532) was Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532.

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Louis II, Duke of Bavaria

Louis the Strict (Ludwig der Strenge) (13 April 1229 – 2 February 1294) was Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1253.

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Louis II, Elector of Brandenburg

Louis the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365) was the eldest son of Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV the Bavarian, by his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut, and a member of the House of Wittelsbach.

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Louis III, Duke of Bavaria

Louis III. (February 9, 1269 – May 13, 1296) was duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 until 1296 as co-regent with his brothers Otto III and Stephen I.

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Louis III, Elector Palatine

Louis III (Ludwig III.) (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436), was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach in 1410–1436.

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Louis IV of France

Louis IV (920/921 – 10 September 954), called d'Outremer or Transmarinus ("From overseas"), reigned as King of West Francia from 936 to 954.

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Louis IV, Elector Palatine

Louis IV, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1 January 1424, Heidelberg – 13 August 1449, Worms) was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the House of Wittelsbach in 1436 - 1449.

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Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis IV (Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.

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Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria

Louis IX (Ludwig IX, Herzog von Bayern-Landshut, also known as Louis the Rich; 23 February 1417 – 18 January 1479) was Duke of Bavaria-Landshut from 1450.

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Louis the Child

Louis the Child (893 – 20/24 September 911), sometimes called Louis III or Louis IV, was the king of East Francia from 899 until his death and was also recognized as king of Lotharingia after 900.

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Louis the German

Louis the German (c. 806/810 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II of Germany, was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843 to 876 AD.

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Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious (Ludwig der Fromme; Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.

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Louis the Stammerer

Louis II, known as Louis the Stammerer (Louis le Bègue; 1 November 846 – 10 April 879), was the king of Aquitaine and later the king of West Francia.

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Louis the Younger

Louis the Younger (830/835 – 20 January 882), sometimes called Louis the Saxon or Louis III, was the second eldest of the three sons of Louis the German and Hemma.

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Louis V, Duke of Bavaria

Louis V, called the Brandenburger (May 1315 – 18 September 1361), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, ruled as Margrave of Brandenburg from 1323 to 1351 and as Duke of Bavaria from 1347 until his death.

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Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria

Louis VII (c. 1368 – 1 May 1447), called the Bearded (German: Ludwig der Bärtige) was the Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1413 until 1443.

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Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria

Louis VIII of Bavaria (German: Ludwig VIII der Höckrige, Louis the Hunchback) (1 September 1403 – 7 April 1445) was Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1443 until his death.

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Louis X, Duke of Bavaria

Louis X (German: Ludwig X, Herzog von Bayern), (Grünwald, 18 September 1495 – 22 April 1545 in Landshut) was Duke of Bavaria (1516–1545), together with his older brother William IV, Duke of Bavaria.

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Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

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Lower Bavaria

Lower Bavaria (Niederbayern, Bavarian: Niedabayern) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of the state.

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Ludmilla of Bohemia

Ludmilla (Ludmiła) of Bohemia (died 14 August 1240) was a daughter of Frederick, Duke of Bohemia, and his wife, Elizabeth of Hungary.

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Ludwig I of Bavaria

Ludwig I or Louis I (Ludwig I.; 25 August 1786 – 29 February 1868) was King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states.

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Ludwig II of Bavaria

Ludwig II (Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; 25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886), also called the Swan King or the Fairy Tale King (der Märchenkönig), was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886.

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Ludwig III of Bavaria

Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; 7 January 1845 – 18 October 1921) was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918.

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Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł

Princess Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł (Liudvika Karolina Radvilaitė; 27 February 1667 – 25 March 1695) was a magnate Princess of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and an active reformer.

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Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria

Luitpold (or Liutpold) (modern Leopold) (died 4 July 907), perhaps of the Huosi family or related to the Carolingian dynasty by Liutswind, mother of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia, was the ancestor of the Luitpolding dynasty which ruled Bavaria and Carinthia until the mid-tenth century.

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Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria

Luitpold Karl Joseph Wilhelm Ludwig, Prince Regent of Bavaria (12 March 1821 – 12 December 1912), was the de facto ruler of Bavaria from 1886 to 1912, as regent for his nephews, King Ludwig II and King Otto.

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Luitpoldings

The Luitpoldings were a medieval dynasty which ruled the German stem duchy of Bavaria from some time in the late ninth century off and on until 985.

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Lutgardis of Luxemburg

Lutgardis of Luxembourg, also known as Liutgardis, Liutgarde and Lutgard, (955 – ca. 1005 or possibly later) was a countess consort of Holland by marriage to Arnulf, Count of Holland.

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Maddalena Visconti

Maddalena Visconti (1366 – 17 July 1404) was a daughter of Bernabò Visconti and his wife Beatrice Regina della Scala.

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Magdalena Katharina of Zweibrücken

Magdalena Catherine, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (Magdalena Katharina von Pfalz-Zweibrücken; 26 April 1607, Zweibrücken – 20 January 1648, Strasbourg) was a Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken by birth and by marriage Duchess and Countess Palatine of Birkenfeld.

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Magdalene of Bavaria

Magdalene of Bavaria (Magdalena von Bayern) (4 July 1587 – 25 September 1628) was a German princess of the House of Wittelsbach who became Countess Palatine of Neuburg and Duchess of Jülich-Berg by marriage.

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Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Duchess Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (2 November 1553 – 30 August 1633) was the fifth child of Duke William "the Rich" of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and Maria of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I. She married in 1579 with Count Palatine John I ''the Lame'' of Zweibrücken.

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Mannheim

Mannheim (Palatine German: Mannem or Monnem), officially the University City of Mannheim (Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, after the state capital of Stuttgart, and Germany's 21st-largest city, with a 2021 population of 311,831 inhabitants.

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March of Carinthia

The March of Carinthia was a frontier district (march) of the Carolingian Empire created in 889.

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Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut

Margaret II of Avesnes (1311 – 23 June 1356) was Countess of Hainaut and Countess of Holland (as Margaret I) from 1345 to 1356.

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Margaret of Austria, Electress of Saxony

Margaret of Austria (c. 1416 – 12 February 1486), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Electress consort of Saxony from 1431 until 1464 by her marriage with the Wettin elector Frederick II.

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Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain

Margaret of Austria (25 December 1584 – 3 October 1611) was Queen of Spain and Portugal by her marriage to King Philip III & II.

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Margaret of Bavaria, Marchioness of Mantua

Margaret of Bavaria (1442–1479) was a Marchioness consort of Mantua, married in 1463 to Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua.

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Margaret of Bohemia, Duchess of Bavaria

Margaret of Bohemia (1313–11 July 1341), also Margaret of Luxembourg, was the daughter of John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia by his first wife, Elizabeth of Bohemia.

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Margaret of Bohemia, Duchess of Wroclaw

Margaret of Bohemia (Markéta Přemyslovna, Małgorzata Przemyślidka; 21 February 1296 – 8 April 1322) was a daughter of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and his first wife, Judith of Habsburg.

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Margaret of Brieg

Margaret of Brieg (1342–1386) was a daughter of Ludwik I the Fair and his wife, Agnes of Sagan.

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Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria

Margaret of Burgundy (October 1374 – 8 March 1441) was Duchess of Bavaria as the wife of Duke William II.

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Margaret of Cleves, Duchess of Bavaria-Munich

Margaret of Cleves (23 February 1416 – 20 May 1444) was a German noblewoman.

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Margaret of Cleves, Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing

Margaret of Cleves (c. 1375–14 May 1411) was a German noblewoman.

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Margaret Theresa of Spain

Margaret Theresa of Spain (Margarita Teresa, Margarete Theresia; 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673) was, by marriage to Leopold I, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia.

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Margaret, Countess of Tyrol

Margaret, nicknamed Maultasch (1318 – 3 October 1369), was the last Countess of Tyrol from the House of Gorizia (Meinhardiner), and an unsuccessful claimant to the Duchy of Carinthia.

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Margraviate of Brandenburg

The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe.

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Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress

Maria Amalia of Austria (Maria Amalia Josefa Anna; 22 October 1701 – 11 December 1756) was Holy Roman empress, queen of Bohemia, and electress of Bavaria among many other titles as the spouse of Emperor Charles VII.

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Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1551)

Maria Anna of Bavaria (Maria Anna von Bayern) (21 March 1551, Munich – 29 April 1608, Graz) was a politically active Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Archduke Charles II of Austria.

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Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1574)

Maria Anna of Bavaria (18 December 1574 – 8 March 1616) was a German princess, a member of the House of Wittelsbach by birth and an Archduchess consort of Inner Austria by marriage.

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Maria Anna of Spain

Maria Anna of Spain (18 August 160613 May 1646).

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Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony

Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony (Maria Anna Sophia Sabina Angela Franciska Xaveria; 29 August 1728 – 17 February 1797) was a daughter of King Augustus III of Poland and his wife Maria Josepha of Austria who became Electress of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria.

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Maria Antonia of Austria

Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella of Austria (18 January 1669 – 24 December 1692) was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.

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Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa

Maria Beatrice d'Este (Maria Beatrice Ricciarda; 7 April 1750 – 14 November 1829) was the last descendant of the House of Este, of the House of Cybo-Malaspina and, through her maternal grandmother, also of the House of Gonzaga of Novellara and Bagnolo.

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Maria Carolina of Austria

Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV and III, who later became King of the Two Sicilies.

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Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne

Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne (Maria Anna Henriette Leopoldine; 24 October 1708 – 28 July 1728) was a noblewoman born into the House of La Tour d'Auvergne.

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Maria Josepha of Austria

Maria Josepha of Austria (Maria Josepha Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine, Maria Józefa; 8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757) was the Queen of Poland and Electress of Saxony by marriage to Augustus III.

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Maria Laskarina

Maria Laskarina (c. 1206 – 16 July or 24 June 1270) was a Greek Queen consort of Hungary by marriage to Béla IV of Hungary.

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Maria Luisa of Spain

Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: María Luisa, German: Maria Ludovika; 24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Archduchess Maria of Austria (15 May 1531 – 11 December 1581) was the daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Habsburg and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary.

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Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria

Maria of Brabant (1226–1256) was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and Maria of Swabia.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right).

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Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Bavaria

Maria Theresa Henriette Dorothea of Austria-Este (also Marie Therese; 2 July 1849 – 3 February 1919) was the last Queen of Bavaria.

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Mariana of Austria

Mariana or Maria Anna of Austria, (24 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), was Queen of Spain from 1649, when she married her uncle Philip IV of Spain, until his death in 1665.

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Marie of Baden-Sponheim

Marie Jakobaea of Baden-Sponheim (25 June 1507 – 16 November 1580) was a German noblewoman and duchess consort of Bavaria.

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Marie of Prussia

Marie of Prussia (Marie Friederike Franziska Auguste Hedwig von Preußen; 15 October 1825 – 17 May 1889) was Queen of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian II of Bavaria, and the mother of Kings Ludwig II and Otto of Bavaria.

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Matilda of France

Matilda of France (943 – 981-990/992), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was Queen of Burgundy from about 964 until her death, by her marriage with King Conrad I.

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Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia

Matilda (Summer 979 – November 1025), Countess Palatine of Lotharingia, was a member of the Ottonian dynasty.

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Matilda of Habsburg

Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (1253 in Rheinfelden – 23 December 1304 in Munich, Bavaria) was, by marriage, a duchess of Bavaria.

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Matilda of Ringelheim

Matilda of Ringelheim (– 14 March 968), also known as Saint Matilda, was a Saxon noblewoman.

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Matilda of Tuscany

Matilda of Tuscany (Matilde di Toscana; Matilda or Mathilda; – 24 July 1115), or Matilda of Canossa (Matilde di Canossa), also referred to as la Gran Contessa ("the Great Countess"), was a member of the House of Canossa (also known as the Attonids) in the second half of the eleventh century.

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Maud, Countess of Leicester

Maud of Lancaster (4 April 1340 – 10 April 1362), also known as Matilda, Countess of Hainault, was a 14th-century English noblewoman who married into the Bavarian ducal family.

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Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria

Maximilian I Joseph (Maximilian I. Joseph; 27 May 1756 – 13 October 1825) was Duke of Zweibrücken from 1795 to 1799, prince-elector of Bavaria (as Maximilian IV Joseph) from 1799 to 1806, then King of Bavaria (as Maximilian I Joseph) from 1806 to 1825.

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Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian I (17 April 157327 September 1651), occasionally called the Great, a member of the House of Wittelsbach, ruled as Duke of Bavaria from 1597.

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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

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Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian II (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), also known as Max Emanuel or Maximilian Emanuel, was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Maximilian II of Bavaria

Maximilian II (28 November 1811 – 10 March 1864) reigned as King of Bavaria between 1848 and 1864.

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Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian III Joseph, "the much beloved" (28 March 1727 – 30 December 1777), was a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Bavaria from 1745 to 1777.

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Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg

Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (30 September 1638, Munich - 20 March 1705, Turkheim) was a German prince.

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Mechthild of Nassau

Mechtild of Nassau, german Mechthild von Nassau, (before 1280 – 19 June 1323) was the youngest child of Adolf, King of the Romans and his wife Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg.

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Meinhard III, Count of Gorizia-Tyrol

Meinhard III (9 February 1344 – 13 January 1363), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was duke of Upper Bavaria and count of Tyrol from 1361 until his death.

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Merano

Merano or Meran is a comune (municipality) in South Tyrol, Northern Italy.

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Minister-president

A minister-president or minister president is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments with a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government where they preside over the council of ministers.

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Munich

Munich (München) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria, Germany.

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Nancy, France

Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.

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Neuschwanstein Castle

Neuschwanstein Castle (Schloss Neuschwanstein,; Schloss Neischwanstoa) is a 19th-century historicist palace on a rugged hill of the foothills of the Alps in the very south of Germany, near the border with Austria.

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Odilo, Duke of Bavaria

Odilo, also Oatilo or Uatilo (died 18 January 748) of the Agilolfing dynasty was Duke of Bavaria from 737 until his death in 748.

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Ota (wife of Arnulf of Carinthia)

Ota (c. 874 – between 899 and 903; also Oda, Uota, Uta) was Queen consort of the East Franks by marriage to Arnulf of Carinthia.

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Otto I, Duke of Bavaria

Otto I (1117 – 11 July 1183), called the Redhead (der Rotkopf), was Duke of Bavaria from 1180 until his death.

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Otto I, Duke of Carinthia

Otto I (c. 950 – 4 November 1004), called Otto of Worms, a member of the Salian dynasty, was Duke of Carinthia from 978 to 985 and again from 1002 until his death.

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Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria

Otto I (born 954, died 31 October or 1 November 982) was the Duke of Swabia from 973 and Duke of Bavaria from 976.

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Otto II, Duke of Bavaria

Otto II (7 April 1206 – 29 November 1253), called the Illustrious (der Erlauchte), was the Duke of Bavaria from 1231 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214.

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Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto II (955 – 7 December 983), called the Red, was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983.

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Otto III, Duke of Bavaria

Otto III (11 February 1261 – 9 November 1312), a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was the Duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 to 1312 and the King of Hungary and Croatia between 1305 and 1307.

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Otto IV, Count of Scheyern

Otto V, Count of Wittelsbach (– 4 August 1156), also called Otto IV, Count of Scheyern, was the second son of Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern and Richardis of Carniola and Istria.

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Otto IV, Duke of Lower Bavaria

Otto IV (January 3, 1307 – December 14, 1334 in Munich) was a Duke of Lower Bavaria.

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Otto of Nordheim

Otto of Nordheim (c. 1020 – 11 January 1083) was Duke of Bavaria from 1061 until 1070.

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Otto the Great

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große Ottone il Grande), or Otto of Saxony (Otto von Sachsen Ottone di Sassonia), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.

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Otto V, Duke of Bavaria

Otto V (c. 1340 – 15 November 1379), was a Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg as Otto VII.

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Otto, King of Bavaria

Otto (Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar; 27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916) was King of Bavaria from 1886 until 1913.

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Otto-William, Count of Burgundy

Otto-William (Otte-Guillaume; Otto Wilhelm; 955/62 – 21 September 1026 AD) was count of Mâcon, Nevers, and Burgundy.

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Ottonian dynasty

The Ottonian dynasty (Ottonen) was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs (919–1024), named after three of its kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto, especially its first Emperor Otto I. It is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin in the German stem duchy of Saxony.

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Passau

Passau (Båssa) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany.

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Paul the Deacon

Paul the Deacon (720s 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefridus, Barnefridus, or Winfridus, and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, scribe, and historian of the Lombards.

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Peace of Pressburg (1805)

The Peace of Pressburg was signed in Pressburg (today Bratislava) on 26 December 1805 between French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, as a consequence of the French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December).

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Pepin of Herstal

Pepin II (c. 635 – 16 December 714), commonly known as Pepin of Herstal, was a Frankish statesman and military leader who de facto ruled Francia as the Mayor of the Palace from 680 until his death.

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Pepin the Short

Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.

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Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm

Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm (Central Bavarian: Pfahofa an da Uim) is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the district Pfaffenhofen.

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Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed der Großmütige, was a German nobleman and champion of the Protestant Reformation, notable for being one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany.

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Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.

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Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.

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Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV (Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640.

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Philip the Handsome

Philip the Handsome (22 June/July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called the Fair, was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I) for a brief time in 1506.

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Philip William, Elector Palatine

Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine (Philipp Wilhelm) (24 November 1615 – 2 September 1690) was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690, Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690.

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Philip, Elector Palatine

Philip the Upright (Philipp der Aufrichtige) (14 July 1448 – 28 February 1508) was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach from 1476 to 1508.

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Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg

Philipp Ludwig of Neuburg (2 October 1547 – 22 August 1614) was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1569 until 1614.

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Plectrude

Plectrude (Plectrudis; Plektrud, Plechtrudis) (died 718) was the consort of Pepin of Herstal, the mayor of the palace and duke of the Franks, from about 670.

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Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.

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Prince regent

A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness) or absence (e.g., by remoteness, such as exile or long voyage, or the absence of an incumbent).

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Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851)

Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Karl of Prussia (3 July 1783 – 28 September 1851) was the son of Frederick William II of Prussia and Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt.

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Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (20 June 1754 – 21 June 1832) was a Hereditary Princess of Baden by marriage to Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden.

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Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt

Princess Augusta Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt (Augusta Wilhelmina Maria von Hessen-Darmstadt; 14 April 1765 – 30 March 1796) was Duchess consort of Zweibrücken by marriage to Maximilian, Duke of Zweibrücken and the mother of King Ludwig I of Bavaria.

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Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy

Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (Enrichetta Adelaide Maria; 6 November 1636 – 13 June 1676), was Electress of Bavaria by marriage to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria.

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Princess Ludovika of Bavaria

Princess Ludovika of Bavaria (Marie Ludovika Wilhelmine; Mary Louise Wilhelmina; 30 August 1808 – 25 January 1892) was the sixth child of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and Caroline of Baden, and the mother of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.

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Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily

Luisa of Naples and Sicily (Luisa Maria Amalia Teresa; 27 July 1773 – 19 September 1802) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the wife of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

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Princess Maria Anna of Saxony (1799–1832)

Marie Anna of Saxony (15 November 1799 – 24 March 1832), (full name: Maria Anna Carolina Josepha Vincentia Xaveria Nepomucena Franziska de Paula Franziska de Chantal Johanna Antonia Elisabeth Cunigunde Gertrud Leopoldina), was a princess of Saxony.

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Princess Sophie of Saxony

Princess Sophie Maria Friederike Auguste Leopoldine Alexandrine Ernestine Albertine Elisabeth of Saxony, Duchess of Saxony (Full German name: Prinzessin Sophie Maria Friederike Auguste Leopoldine Alexandrine Ernestine Albertine Elisabeth von Sachsen, Herzogin zu Sachsen) (15 March 1845, Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony – 9 March 1867, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria) was the eighth and youngest child of John of Saxony and his wife Amalie Auguste of Bavaria and a younger sister of Albert of Saxony and George of Saxony.

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Regensburg

Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon) is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point.

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Regintrud

Regintrud, also known as Reginlind and Regentrud, (born 660–665,Note: the provided date of birth would be invalid if she is Dagobert I's daughter as he died 639 died 730–740) was probably the wife of Duke Theodbert of Bavaria or of his father Duke Theodo of Bavaria.

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Renata of Lorraine

Renata of Lorraine (Renée de Lorraine, Renata von Lothringen) (20 April 1544 – 22 May 1602) was a French noblewoman of the House of Lorraine who became a Duchess of Bavaria by her marriage to Duke William V.

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Renée of Bourbon

Renée of Bourbon, Duchess of Lorraine (1494 – 26 May 1539), also called, Renée, Lady of Mercœur, was a Duchess consort of Lorraine.

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Republic

A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.

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Richardis of Jülich

Richardis of Jülich (1314–1360) was a daughter of Gerhard V of Jülich and Elisabeth of Brabant-Aarschot.

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Richenza of Northeim

Richenza of Northeim (c. 1087/1089 – 10 June 1141) was Duchess of Saxony from 1106, Queen of Germany from 1125 and Holy Roman Empress from 1133 as the wife of Lothair of Supplinburg.

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Richenza of Swabia

Richenza (also spelled as Richeza or Richza) (– before 1083) was a German noblewoman.

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Romilda of Friuli

Romilda or Ramhilde (died 611), was a Duchess consort of Friuli by marriage to Duke Gisulf II of Friuli.

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Rotrude of Hesbaye

Rotrude (Chrodtrudis) (or Crotude, Chrotrude, or Ruadtrud; died 724) was the first wife of Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace and de facto ruler of Francia from 718 to 741.

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Rudolf I of Germany

Rudolf I (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was the first King of Germany from the House of Habsburg. List of monarchs of Bavaria and Rudolf I of Germany are german monarchs.

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Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria

Rudolf I of Bavaria, called "the Stammerer" (Rudolf der Stammler; 4 October 1274 – 12 August 1319), a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1294 until 1317.

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Rudolf II, Count of Altdorf

Rudolf II (also Rudolph) (died c.990) was a count of Altdorf and a member of the Swabian group of the Elder House of Welf.

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Rudolph I of Burgundy

Rudolph I (– 25 October 912) was King of Upper Burgundy from his election in 888 until his death. A member of the elder Welf family, Rudolph was the son of Conrad, Count of Auxerre and Waldrada of Worms. From his father he inherited the lay abbacy of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune, making him the most powerful magnate in Upper Burgundy - present-day Western Switzerland and Franche-Comté.

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Rudolph II of Burgundy

Rudolph II (/885 – 12 or 13 July 937) was King of Burgundy from 912 until his death in 937 and King of Italy from 922 to 926.

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Rupert II, Elector Palatine

Rupert II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (12 May 1325, Amberg – 6 January 1398, Amberg).

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Rupert, King of the Romans

Rupert of the Palatinate (Ruprecht von der Pfalz; 5 May 1352 – 18 May 1410), sometimes known as Robert of the Palatinate, a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Elector Palatine from 1398 (as Rupert III) and King of Germany from 1400 until his death.

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Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria

Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria, Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine by the Rhine (Rupprecht Maria Luitpold Ferdinand; English: Robert Maria Leopold Ferdinand; 18 May 1869 – 2 August 1955), was the last heir apparent to the Bavarian throne.

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Salian dynasty

The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages.

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Salzburg

Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria.

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Series ducum Bavariae

The Series or Catalogus ducum Bavariae ("Series/catalogue of Dukes of Bavaria") is a Latin regnal list of the Duchy of Bavaria compiled between 1250 and 1273.

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Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes

Sigfried (or Siegfried) (– 28 October 998) was count in the Ardennes, and is known in European historiography as founder and first ruler of the Castle of Luxembourg in 963 AD, and ancestor and predecessor of the future counts and dukes of Luxembourg.

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Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria

Sigismund of Bavaria (26 July 1439 – 1 February 1501) was a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty.

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States of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany, as a federal state, consists of sixteen states.

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Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria

Stephen I. (March 14, 1271 – December 10, 1310) was the duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 until 1310 as co-regnant of his older brothers Otto III († 1312) and Louis III († 1296).

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Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria

Stephen II (1319 – 13 May 1375, Landshut; Stephan) was Duke of Bavaria from 1347 until his death.

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Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria

Stephen III (1337 – 26 September 1413), called the Magnificent or the Fop (Stephan der Kneißl), was the Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1375.

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Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken

Stephen of Simmern-Zweibrücken (Stefan Pfalzgraf von Simmern-Zweibrücken) (23 June 1385 – 14 February 1459, Simmern) was Count Palatine of Simmern and Zweibrücken from 1410 until his death in 1459.

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Straubing

Straubing (Central Bavarian: Strauwing) is an independent city in Lower Bavaria, southern Germany.

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Swanachild

Swanachild (also Swanahild or Serenahilt) was the second wife of Charles Martel.

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Taddea Visconti

Taddea Visconti, Duchess of Bavaria (1351 – 28 September 1381) was an Italian noblewoman of the Visconti family, the ruling house in Milan from 1277 to 1447.

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Tassilo I of Bavaria

Tassilo I (or Tassilon) (560 – 610) was Duke of Bavaria from 591 to his death.

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Tassilo II of Bavaria

Tassilo II (died c. 719) was a ruler in southern Germany.

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Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria

Tassilo III (741 – c. 796) was the duke of Bavaria from 748 to 788, the last of the house of the Agilolfings.

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Theobald of Bavaria

Theobald (also Theudebald, Theodolt, or Theodoalt) (died 717/719) was the duke of Bavaria from at least 711, when his father Theodo associated him with his rule at Passau or Salzburg.

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Theodbert of Bavaria

Theodbert (also Theodebert, Theudebert, Theotpert, and Theodo) (685 – c. 719) was the duke of Bavaria in some capacity or other from 702 to his death.

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Theodo of Bavaria

Theodo (about 625 – 11 December c. 716), also known as Theodo V and Theodo II, was the Duke of Bavaria from 670 or, more probably, 680 to his death.

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Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach

Theodore Eustace (German: Theodor Eustach; 14 February 1659 – 11 July 1732) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1708 until 1732.

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Theophanu

Theophanu (also Theophania, Theophana, or Theophano; Medieval Greek Θεοφανώ; AD 955 15 June 991) was empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Emperor Otto II, and regent of the Empire during the minority of their son, Emperor Otto III, from 983 until her death in 991.

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Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska

Theresa Kunegunda (Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska, Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde), (Thérèse-Cunégonde Sobieska) (4 March 1676 – 27 March 1730) was a Polish princess, Electress of Bavaria and of the Electorate of the Palatinate.

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Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Therese Charlotte Luise of Saxony-Hildburghausen (8 July 1792 – 26 October 1854) was queen of Bavaria as the wife of King Ludwig I. Oktoberfest was created in honour of their wedding and is still celebrated annually on Theresienwiese in Munich.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

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Treaty of Baden (1714)

The Treaty of Baden, signed 7 September 1714 in Baden, Switzerland, made peace between France and the Holy Roman Empire.

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Treaty of Pavia (1329)

The Treaty of Pavia which divided the House of Wittelsbach into two branches, was signed in Pavia in 1329.

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Unruoch III of Friuli

Unruoch III, Unroch III or (H)unroch III (c. 840 – 874, after 1 July) was the margrave of Friuli from 863 to 874.

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Upper Bavaria

Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany.

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Upper Palatinate

The Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) is an administrative district in the east of Bavaria, Germany.

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Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy

Victor Amadeus I (Vittorio Amedeo I di Savoia; 8 May 1587 – 7 October 1637) was the Duke of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 26 July 1630 until his death in 1637.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

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Viridis Visconti

Viridis Visconti (1354–1414) was an Italian noblewoman.

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Waldrada

Waldrada or Walderada (French Waldrade, Italian Gualdrada) is a feminine given name of Germanic origin.

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Walram II, Count of Nassau

Walram II of Nassau, Walram II. (Cawley.Dek (1970). – 24 January 1276), was Count of Nassau and is the ancestor of the Walramian branch of the House of Nassau.

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War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.

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War of the Succession of Landshut

The War of the Succession of Landshut resulted from a dispute between the duchies of Bavaria-Munich (Bayern-München in German) and Bavaria-Landshut (Bayern-Landshut).

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Warsaw

Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

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Welf (father of Judith)

Welf I (or Hwelf; died about 825) is the first documented ancestor of the Elder House of Welf.

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Welf I, Duke of Bavaria

Welf I (c. 1035/10406 November 1101) was Duke of Bavaria from 1070 to 1077 and from 1096 to his death.

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Welf II, Duke of Bavaria

Welf II (1072 – 24 September 1120, Kaufering), or Welfhard, called Welf the Fat (pinguis), was Duke of Bavaria from 1101 until his death.

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Wigeric of Lotharingia

Wigeric or Wideric (Wigerich; Wigéric or Wéderic; died before 923) was a Frankish nobleman and the count of the Bidgau (pagus Bedensis) and held the rights of a count within the city of Trier.

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Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick

Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (21 April 1673 – 10 April 1742) was Holy Roman Empress, Queen of the Germans, Queen of Hungary, Queen of Bohemia, Archduchess consort of Austria etc.

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William I, Duke of Bavaria

William I, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (Frankfurt am Main, 12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389, Le Quesnoy), was the second son of Emperor Louis IV and Margaret II of Hainaut.

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William II of Berg

William II (– 25 June 1408) was born in Jülich, as the son of Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg, and Margaret, daughter and heiress of Otto IV, Count of Ravensberg, and Margaret of Berg.

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William II, Duke of Bavaria

William II of Bavaria (5 April 1365—31 May 1417) was Duke of Bavaria-Straubing and count of Holland (listed as William VI), Hainaut (listed as William IV) and Zeeland.

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William III, Duke of Bavaria

William III (1375 – 12 September 1435; (German: Wilhelm III., Herzog von Bayern), was Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1397–1435), together and in concord with his older brother Ernest, Duke of Bavaria. William III was a son of John II and a member of the Parakeet Society.

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William IV, Duke of Bavaria

William IV (Wilhelm IV; 13 November 1493 – 7 March 1550) was Duke of Bavaria from 1508 to 1550, until 1545 together with his younger brother Louis X, Duke of Bavaria.

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William V, Duke of Aquitaine

William the Great (Guillaume le Grand; 969 – 31 January 1030) was duke of Aquitaine (as) and count of Poitou (as or III) from 990 until his death.

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William V, Duke of Bavaria

William V (29 September 1548 – 7 February 1626), called the Pious, (German: Wilhelm V., der Fromme, Herzog von Bayern) was Duke of Bavaria from 1579 to 1597.

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William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

William of Jülich-Cleves-Berge (William I of Cleves, William V of Jülich-Berg) (Wilhelm der Reiche; 28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592) was a Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1539–1592).

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Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg

Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg (4 November 1578 in Neuburg an der Donau – 14 September 1653 in Düsseldorf) was a German Prince.

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Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (Pfalzgraf Wolfgang von Zweibrücken; 26 September 1526 – 11 June 1569) was member of the Wittelsbach family of the Counts Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1532.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.

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Wulfhilde of Saxony

Wulfhilde Billung of Saxony (1072 – 29 December 1126) was the eldest daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and his wife, Sophia of Hungary.

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See also

Bavaria-related lists

• King of Bavaria
• List of Bavaria-related topics
• List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses
• List of Franconian wine towns
• List of Palatine locomotives and railbuses
• List of cities in Bavaria by population
• List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Bavaria
• List of lakes of Bavaria
• List of mayors of Augsburg
• List of mayors of Regensburg
• List of ministers-president of Bavaria
• List of monarchs of Bavaria
• List of mountains of Bavaria
• List of places in Bavaria
• List of presidents of the Landtag of Bavaria
• List of railway routes in Bavaria
• List of railway stations in Bavaria
• List of rivers of Bavaria
• List of theatres in Bavaria
• Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
• Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bavaria)

German monarchs

• Augustus II the Strong
• Count-kings
• Dukes of Bavaria
• Dukes of Berg
• Dukes of Brunswick
• Dukes of Pomerania
• Dukes of Saxony
• Family tree of German monarchs
• Federal prince
• German emperors
• Holy Roman Emperor
• Holy Roman Emperors
• Kings of Hanover
• Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
• List of monarchs of Bavaria
• Monarchs of Württemberg
• Rudolf I of Germany
• Saxon monarchs

Lists of German nobility

• Counts of Limburg Hohenlimburg and Broich
• Counts of Luxburg
• Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg
• Duchy of Bar
• King of Bavaria
• List of Bavarian noble families
• List of Saxon royal consorts
• List of Württembergish royal consorts
• List of consorts of Schleswig and Holstein
• List of countesses of Flanders by marriage
• List of countesses of the Palatinate
• List of counts and dukes of Limburg
• List of counts and margraves of Namur
• List of counts palatine of the Rhine
• List of electresses of the Palatinate
• List of lords and counts of Hanau
• List of lords of Bouillon
• List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg
• List of margravines of Meissen
• List of monarchs of Bavaria
• List of monarchs of Luxembourg
• List of monarchs of Württemberg
• List of princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
• List of princes of Lüneburg
• List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein
• Lordship of Diepholz

Monarchs of Bavaria

• Dukes of Bavaria
• King of Bavaria
• List of monarchs of Bavaria

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Bavaria

Also known as Bavarian monarchs, Bavarian royal family, Bavarian throne, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing, Duke of Lower Bavaria, Duke of Upper Bavaria, Dukes of Bavaria, Elector of Bavaria, List of Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Bavaria, List of rulers of Bavaria, Margrave of Bavaria, Prince-Elector of Bavaria, Rulers of Bavaria.

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