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List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

Index List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

This article lists verifiable spaceflight-related accidents and incidents resulting in fatality or near-fatality during flight or training for manned space missions, and testing, assembly, preparation or flight of manned and unmanned spacecraft. [1]

274 relations: Abdul Ahad Mohmand, Afghanistan, Aggregat (rocket family), Aircraft canopy, Alcântara Launch Center, Alexey Leonov, Ammonium perchlorate, Anapa, Apollo 1, Apollo 12, Apollo 13, Apollo 15, Apollo 4, Apollo program, Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, Apsis, Ariane 5, Astronaut badge, Atmospheric entry, Auxiliary power unit, Aviation Week & Space Technology, Baikonur, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Berlin, Braunlage, Brazil, Brevard County, Florida, Bulgarians, Buran (spacecraft), Burn, California, Canadarm, Cape Canaveral, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37, Charles Bassett, China, Christa McAuliffe, Christopher Cassidy, Clifton Williams, CNN, Cockpit, Concussion, Criticism of the Space Shuttle program, David M. Brown, Decompression sickness, Deke Slayton, Delta (rocket family), Destiny (ISS module), Dick Scobee, Dinitrogen tetroxide, ..., Donald Pettit, Ed White (astronaut), Edema, Edwards Air Force Base, Effect of spaceflight on the human body, Ejection seat, Elliot See, Ellison Onizuka, Energia, Esrange, European Space Agency, Expedition 36, Expedition 6, Extravehicular activity, Extravehicular Mobility Unit, Fallen Astronaut, Flameout, Flight controller, French Guiana, Fringe theory, Fyodor Yurchikhin, Gemini 6A, Gemini 7, Gemini 8, Gemini 9A, Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut), Georgy Dobrovolsky, Gerhard Zucker, Germany, Goose, Gregory Jarvis, Guiana Space Centre, Gus Grissom, H-II, Henderson, Nevada, Houston, Hypoxia (medical), Ilan Ramon, India, Intelsat 708, Intercontinental ballistic missile, Interfax, International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, International Space Station, International Space Station maintenance, Italy, Jerome Apt, John Young (astronaut), Judith Resnik, Kalpana Chawla, Karaganda, Karazhal, Karen Nyberg, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhstan, Kármán line, Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Komaki, Kosmos-3M, Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Kummersdorf, Laurel Clark, Lithium perchlorate, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, Long March (rocket family), Lost Cosmonauts, Louisiana, Luca Parmitano, Mach number, Manned Orbiting Laboratory, Max Valier, McDonnell Aircraft, Mercury-Redstone 4, Merritt Island, Florida, Michael Alsbury, Michael J. Adams, Michael J. Smith (astronaut), Michael P. Anderson, Mike Melvill, Milan, Mir, Mir EP-2, Mir EP-3, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mojave Air and Space Port, Moscow, NASA, NASA Astronaut Group 3, Nedelin catastrophe, Neil Armstrong, Nike-Orion, Nikolay Rukavishnikov, Norman Thagard, Northrop T-38 Talon, O-ring, Orbiting Solar Observatory, Oxidizing agent, Oxygen, Parachute, Parking orbit, Pavel Vinogradov, PEPCON disaster, Perm, Pete Conrad, Peter Siebold, Plesetsk, Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Pogo oscillation, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Progress (spacecraft), Progress M-34, Progress MS-06, Quest Joint Airlock, R-16 (missile), R-9 Desna, Redstone Arsenal, Reinhold Tiling, Richard F. Gordon Jr., Rick Husband, Robert Crippen, Robert Curbeam, Robert Henry Lawrence Jr., Rocket mail, Rocket-powered aircraft, Roger B. Chaffee, Ronald McNair, Russia, Salyut 1, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Scaled Composites, SCCM (flow unit), Sergei Vozovikov, Skylab mutiny, Sofar bomb, Solid-propellant rocket, Sounding rocket, Southwestern United States, Soviet Union, Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz 1, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 23, Soyuz 33, Soyuz 5, Soyuz 7K-OK, Soyuz 7K-OK No.1, Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L, Soyuz 7K-T No.39, Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-5, Soyuz TMA-1, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz-U, Space Mirror Memorial, Space Shuttle, Space Shuttle Challenger, Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Space Shuttle Columbia, Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, Space Shuttle external tank, Space Shuttle main engine, Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster, Space Shuttle thermal protection system, Space station, SpaceShipOne flight 16P, SpaceShipTwo, Spektr, Splashdown, St. Louis, St. Louis Lambert International Airport, Static electricity, STS-1, STS-107, STS-134, STS-2, STS-27, STS-37, STS-51, STS-51-F, STS-51-L, STS-9, STS-93, STS-98, Sweden, Tallahassee, Florida, Terminal countdown demonstration test, Texas, The New Zealand Herald, Theodore Freeman, Thomas David Jones, Thomas P. Stafford, Titan IV, Trans-lunar injection, Tuchola Forest, United States, Ural Mountains, Valentin Bondarenko, Vance D. Brand, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Viktor Patsayev, Vladimir Komarov, Vladimir Lyakhov, Vladislav Volkov, VLS-1, VLS-1 V03, Voskhod 2, Vostok 1, Vostok programme, Vostok-2M, VSS Enterprise, VSS Enterprise crash, Walter Dornberger, Weimar Republic, West Germany, William C. McCool, World War II, X Prize Foundation, X-15 Flight 3-65-97, Xichang, Yi So-yeon, 1966 NASA T-38 crash, 1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster. Expand index (224 more) »

Abdul Ahad Mohmand

Abdul Ahad Mohmand (born January 1, 1959) is a former Afghan Air Force aviator who became the first Afghan citizen and fourth Muslim to journey to outer space.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.

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Aggregat (rocket family)

The Aggregat series (German for "Aggregate') was a set of ballistic missile designs developed in 1933–45 by a research program of Nazi Germany's army (Wehrmacht).

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Aircraft canopy

An aircraft canopy is the transparent enclosure over the cockpit of some types of aircraft.

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Alcântara Launch Center

The Alcântara Launch Center (Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara (CLA)) is a satellite launching facility of the Brazilian Space Agency in the city of Alcântara, located on Brazil's northern Atlantic coast, in the state of Maranhão.

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Alexey Leonov

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (p; born 30 May 1934 in Listvyanka, West Siberian Krai, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut, Air Force Major general, writer and artist.

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Ammonium perchlorate

Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO4. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. Perchlorate is a powerful oxidizer and ammonium is a good fuel. This combination explains the usefulness of this material as a rocket propellant. Its instability has involved it in a number of accidents, such as the PEPCON disaster.

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Anapa

Anapa (Ана́па) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov.

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Apollo 1

Apollo 1, initially designated AS-204, was the first manned mission of the United States Apollo program, the program to land the first men on the Moon.

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Apollo 12

Apollo 12 was the sixth manned flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon.

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Apollo 13

Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission in the Apollo space program and the third intended to land on the Moon.

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Apollo 15

Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the United States' Apollo program, the fourth to land on the Moon, and the eighth successful manned mission.

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Apollo 4

Apollo 4, (also known as AS-501), was the first unmanned test flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle, which was used by the U.S. Apollo program to send the first astronauts to the Moon.

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Apollo program

The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.

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Apollo–Soyuz Test Project

The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Экспериментальный полёт «Аполлон» - «Союз» (ЭПАС), Eksperimentalniy polyot Apollon-Soyuz, lit. "Experimental flight Apollo-Soyuz", commonly referred to by the Soviets as "Soyuz-Apollo"), conducted in July 1975, was the first joint U.S.–Soviet space flight, as a symbol of the policy of détente that the two superpowers were pursuing at the time.

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Apsis

An apsis (ἁψίς; plural apsides, Greek: ἁψῖδες) is an extreme point in the orbit of an object.

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Ariane 5

Ariane 5 is a European heavy-lift launch vehicle that is part of the Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO).

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Astronaut badge

The astronaut badge is a badge of the United States, awarded to military pilots, naval flight officers, navigators/combat systems officers (this badge can also be awarded to USAF officer astronauts who are not navigators/CSOs, but who wear the same insignia while designated as astronaut-qualified Air Force "observers"), flight surgeons, and civilian pilots who have completed training and performed a successful spaceflight.

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Atmospheric entry

Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite.

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Auxiliary power unit

An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion.

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Aviation Week & Space Technology

Aviation Week & Space Technology, often abbreviated Aviation Week or AW&ST, is the flagship magazine of the Aviation Week Network.

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Baikonur

Baikonur (translit; translit), formerly known as Leninsk (also, see Tyuratam), is a city of republic significance in Kazakhstan on the Northern bank of the Syr Darya river, rented and administered by the Russian Federation.

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Baikonur Cosmodrome

Baikonur Cosmodrome (translit; translit) is a spaceport located in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Braunlage

Braunlage is a town and health resort in the Goslar district in Lower Saxony in Germany.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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Brevard County, Florida

Brevard County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida.

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Bulgarians

Bulgarians (българи, Bǎlgari) are a South Slavic ethnic group who are native to Bulgaria and its neighboring regions.

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Buran (spacecraft)

Buran (Бура́н,, meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: "11F35 K1") was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.

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Burn

A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Canadarm

The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), also known as Canadarm (Canadarm 1), is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, maneuver and capture payloads.

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Cape Canaveral

Cape Canaveral, from the Spanish Cabo Cañaveral, is a cape in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of the state's Atlantic coast.

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Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37 (SLC-37), previously Launch Complex 37 (LC-37), is a launch complex on Cape Canaveral, Florida. Construction began in 1959 and the site was accepted by NASA to support the Saturn I program in 1963. The complex consists of two launch pads. LC-37A has never been used, but LC-37B launched unmanned Saturn I flights (1964 to 1965) and was modified and launched Saturn IB flights (1966 to 1968), including the first (unmanned) test of the Apollo Lunar Module in space. It was deactivated in 1972. In 2001 it was modified as the launch site for Delta IV, a launch system operated by United Launch Alliance. The original layout of the launch complex featured one Mobile Service Structure which could be used to service or mate a rocket on either LC-37A or 37B, but not on both simultaneously. The Delta IV Mobile Service Tower is tall, and fitted to service all Delta IV configurations, including the Delta IV Heavy.

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Charles Bassett

Charles Arthur "Charlie" Bassett II, Capt, USAF (December 30, 1931 – February 28, 1966) was an American electrical engineer and United States Air Force test pilot.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Christa McAuliffe

Sharon Christa McAuliffe (born Sharon Christa Corrigan; September 2, 1948 – January 28, 1986) was an American teacher from Concord, New Hampshire and one of the seven crew members killed in the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster.

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Christopher Cassidy

Christopher John "Chris" Cassidy (born January 4, 1970, in Salem, Massachusetts) is a NASA astronaut and United States Navy SEAL.

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Clifton Williams

Clifton Curtis "C.C." Williams Jr. (September 26, 1932 – October 5, 1967) (Major, USMC), was an American naval aviator, test pilot, mechanical engineer, major in the United States Marine Corps, and NASA astronaut, who was killed in a plane crash; he had never been to space.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Cockpit

A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft or spacecraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft.

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Concussion

Concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is typically defined as a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning.

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Criticism of the Space Shuttle program

Criticism of the Space Shuttle program stemmed from claims that NASA's Shuttle program failed to achieve its promised cost and utility goals, as well as design, cost, management, and safety issues.

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David M. Brown

David McDowell Brown (April 16, 1956 – February 1, 2003) was a United States Navy captain and a NASA astronaut.

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Decompression sickness

Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation.

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Deke Slayton

Donald Kent "Deke" Slayton (March 1, 1924 – June 13, 1993), (Major, USAF) was an American World War II pilot, aeronautical engineer, test pilot who was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts, and became NASA's first Chief of the Astronaut Office.

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Delta (rocket family)

Delta is an American versatile family of expendable launch systems that has provided space launch capability in the United States since 1960.

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Destiny (ISS module)

The Destiny module, also known as the US Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

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Dick Scobee

Francis Richard Scobee (May 19, 1939 – January 28, 1986) was an American astronaut.

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Dinitrogen tetroxide

Dinitrogen tetroxide, commonly referred to as nitrogen tetroxide, is the chemical compound N2O4.

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Donald Pettit

Donald Roy Pettit (born April 20, 1955) is an American chemical engineer and a NASA astronaut.

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Ed White (astronaut)

Edward Higgins White II (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967), (Lt Col, USAF), was an American aeronautical engineer, U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

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Edema

Edema, also spelled oedema or œdema, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body, which can cause severe pain.

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Edwards Air Force Base

Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation located in Kern County in southern California, about northeast of Lancaster and east of Rosamond.

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Effect of spaceflight on the human body

Humans venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the body.

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Ejection seat

In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency.

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Elliot See

Elliot McKay See Jr. (July 23, 1927 February 28, 1966) was an American engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

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Ellison Onizuka

was an American astronaut from Kealakekua, Hawaii, who successfully flew into space with the Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' on STS-51-C. He died in the destruction of the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'', on which he was serving as Mission Specialist for mission STS-51-L. He was the first Asian American and the first person of Japanese ancestry to reach space.

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Energia

Energia (Энергия, Energiya, "Energy") (GRAU 11K25) was a Soviet rocket that was designed by NPO Energia to serve as a heavy-lift partially recoverable launch system for a variety of payloads including the Buran spacecraft.

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Esrange

Esrange Space Center (short form Esrange) is a rocket range and research centre located about 40 kilometers east of the town of Kiruna in northern Sweden.

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European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.

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Expedition 36

Expedition 36 was the 36th long-duration mission to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 6

Expedition 6 was the sixth expedition to the International Space Station (25 November 2002 - 3 May 2003).

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Extravehicular activity

Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere.

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Extravehicular Mobility Unit

The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is an independent anthropomorphic spacesuit that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for astronauts performing extravehicular activity (EVA) in Earth orbit.

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Fallen Astronaut

Fallen Astronaut is an aluminium sculpture created by Paul Van Hoeydonck.

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Flameout

In aviation a flameout refers to the run-down of a jet engine caused by the extinction of the flame in the combustion chamber.

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Flight controller

Flight controllers are personnel who aid space flight by working in such Mission Control Centers as NASA's Mission Control Center or ESA's European Space Operations Centre.

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French Guiana

French Guiana (pronounced or, Guyane), officially called Guiana (Guyane), is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas.

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Fringe theory

A fringe theory is an idea or viewpoint which differs from the accepted scholarship in its field.

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Fyodor Yurchikhin

Fyodor Nikolayevich Yurchikhin (Greek: Θεόδωρος Γιουρτσίχιν του Νικόλαου; born 3 January 1959), is a Russian cosmonaut of Greek descent, engineer and RSC Energia test-pilot who has flown on five spaceflights.

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Gemini 6A

Gemini 6A (officially Gemini VI-A) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations.

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Gemini 7

Gemini 7 (officially Gemini VII) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations.

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Gemini 8

Gemini 8 (officially Gemini VIII) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations.

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Gemini 9A

Gemini 9A (officially Gemini IX-A) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations.

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Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut)

Major general Georgi Ivanov Kakalov (Георги Иванов Какалов; born July 2, 1940) is a retired Bulgarian military officer and the first Bulgarian cosmonaut.

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Georgy Dobrovolsky

Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky (Гео́ргий Тимофе́евич Доброво́льский; June 1, 1928June 30, 1971) was a Soviet cosmonaut who served on the three-man crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft.

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Gerhard Zucker

Gerhard Zucker (1908–1985) was a German businessman and rocket engineer.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Goose

Geese are waterfowl of the family Anatidae.

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Gregory Jarvis

Gregory Bruce Jarvis (August 24, 1944 – January 28, 1986) was an American engineer who died during the destruction of the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' on mission STS-51-L, where he was serving as Payload Specialist for Hughes Aircraft.

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Guiana Space Centre

The Guiana Space Centre or, more commonly, Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) is a French and European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana.

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Gus Grissom

Lieutenant Colonel Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was one of the original NASA Project Mercury astronauts, a United States Air Force test pilot, and a mechanical engineer.

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H-II

The H-II (H2) rocket was a Japanese satellite launch system, which flew seven times between 1994 and 1999, with five successes.

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Henderson, Nevada

Henderson, officially the City of Henderson, is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, about 16 miles southeast of Las Vegas.

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Houston

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated 2017 population of 2.312 million within a land area of.

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Hypoxia (medical)

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.

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Ilan Ramon

Ilan Ramon (אילן רמון,, born Ilan Wolferman; June 20, 1954 – February 1, 2003) was an Israeli fighter pilot and later the first Israeli astronaut for NASA.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Intelsat 708

Intelsat 708 was a telecommunications satellite built by the American company Space Systems/Loral for Intelsat.

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Intercontinental ballistic missile

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).

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Interfax

Interfax Ltd. (Интерфакс) is a privately-held independent major news agency in Russia (along with state-operated TASS and RIA Novosti) and information services company headquartered in Moscow.

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International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety

The International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS) is a non-profit organization committed to furthering international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.

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International Space Station

The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit.

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International Space Station maintenance

Since construction started, the International Space Station (ISS) programme has had to deal with several maintenance issues, unexpected problems and failures.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Jerome Apt

Jerome "Jay" Apt III, Ph.D. (born April 28, 1949 in Massachusetts) is an American astronaut and professor at Carnegie Mellon University.

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John Young (astronaut)

John Watts Young (September 24, 1930 – January 5, 2018) was an American astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and aeronautical engineer.

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Judith Resnik

Judith Arlene Resnik (April 5, 1949 – January 28, 1986) was an American engineer and a NASA astronaut who died when the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' was destroyed during the launch of mission STS-51-L. Resnik was the second American female astronaut in space, logging 145 hours in orbit.

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Kalpana Chawla

Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut and the first woman of Indian origin in space.

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Karaganda

Karaganda or Qaraghandy (Qaraǵandy Қарағанды) is the capital of Karaganda Region in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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Karazhal

Karazhal (Қаражал) is a town of regional significance in Karaganda Region of central Kazakhstan Population: It is the town closest to where the Soyuz 11 mission landed.

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Karen Nyberg

Karen LuJean Nyberg (born October 7, 1969) is an American mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut.

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Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1936-1991 in northern Central Asia.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Kármán line

The Kármán line, or Karman line, lies at an altitude of above Earth's sea level and commonly represents the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space.

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Kennedy Space Center

The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers.

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Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, United States.

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Komaki

is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

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Kosmos-3M

The Kosmos-3M (Космос-3М meaning "Cosmos", GRAU index 11K65M) is a Russian space launch vehicle, member of the Kosmos (rocket family).

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Kremlin Wall Necropolis

Burials in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow began in November 1917, when 240 pro-Bolshevik victims of the October Revolution were buried in mass graves at Red Square.

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Kummersdorf

Kummersdorf is the name of an estate near Luckenwalde, around 25 km south of Berlin, in the Brandenburg region of Germany.

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Laurel Clark

Laurel Blair Salton Clark (March 10, 1961 – February 1, 2003) was an American medical doctor, United States Navy Captain, NASA astronaut and Space Shuttle mission specialist.

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Lithium perchlorate

Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4.

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Lockheed F-104 Starfighter

The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter is a single-engine, supersonic interceptor aircraft which later became widely used as an attack aircraft.

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Long March (rocket family)

A Long March rocket or Changzheng rocket in Chinese pinyin is any rocket in a family of expendable launch systems operated by the People's Republic of China.

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Lost Cosmonauts

The Lost Cosmonauts or Phantom Cosmonauts are subjects of a conspiracy theory alleging that Soviet cosmonauts went to outer space before Yuri Gagarin, but their existence has never been publicly acknowledged by either the Soviet or Russian space authorities.

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Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Luca Parmitano

Luca Parmitano (born 27 September 1976 in Paternò, Sicily) is an Italian engineer and astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps for the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Mach number

In fluid dynamics, the Mach number (M or Ma) is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound.

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Manned Orbiting Laboratory

The Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), originally referred to as the Manned Orbital Laboratory, was part of the United States Air Force's manned spaceflight program, a successor to the cancelled Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar military reconnaissance space plane project.

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Max Valier

Max Valier (February 9, 1895 – May 17, 1930) was an Austrian rocketry pioneer.

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McDonnell Aircraft

The McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer based in St. Louis, Missouri.

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Mercury-Redstone 4

Mercury-Redstone 4 was the second United States human spaceflight, on July 21, 1961.

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Merritt Island, Florida

Merritt Island is a census-designated place in Brevard County, Florida, located on the eastern Floridian coast, along the Atlantic Ocean.

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Michael Alsbury

Michael Tyner Alsbury (March 19, 1975 – October 31, 2014) was an American test pilot for Scaled Composites.

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Michael J. Adams

Michael James "Mike" Adams (May 5, 1930 – November 15, 1967), (Maj, USAF), was an American aviator, aeronautical engineer, and USAF astronaut.

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Michael J. Smith (astronaut)

Michael John Smith (April 30, 1945 – January 28, 1986), (Capt, USN), was an American astronaut—pilot of the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' when it was destroyed during the STS-51-L mission.

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Michael P. Anderson

Michael Phillip Anderson (December 25, 1959 – February 1, 2003) was a United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut.

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Mike Melvill

Michael Winston "Mike" Melvill (born November 30, 1940 Johannesburg) is a world-record-breaking pilot and one of the test pilots for SpaceShipOne, the experimental spaceplane developed by Scaled Composites.

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Milan

Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.

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Mir

Mir (Мир,; lit. peace or world) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.

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Mir EP-2

Mir EP-2 was a visiting expedition to the Mir space station conducted in June 1988 by cosmonauts Anatoly Solovyev, Viktor Savinykh and Aleksandr Aleksandrov.

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Mir EP-3

Mir EP-3 was a week-long manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Mir, during the long-duration expedition Mir EO-3.

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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment and electronics company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.

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Mojave Air and Space Port

The Mojave Air and Space Port, also known as the Civilian Aerospace Test Center, is located in Mojave, California, at an elevation of.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

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NASA Astronaut Group 3

Astronaut Group 3 was the third group of astronauts selected by NASA.

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Nedelin catastrophe

The Nedelin catastrophe or Nedelin disaster was a launch pad accident that occurred on 24 October 1960 at Baikonur test range (of which Baikonur Cosmodrome is a part), during the development of the Soviet ICBM R-16.

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Neil Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon.

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Nike-Orion

Nike Orion is the designation of a two-stage American sounding rocket, with a Nike base stage, taken from U.S. Army surplus stocks, and an Orion upper stage.

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Nikolay Rukavishnikov

Nikolay Nikolayevich Rukavishnikov (September 18, 1932 – October 19, 2002) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew three space missions of the Soyuz programme: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, and Soyuz 33.

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Norman Thagard

Norman Earl Thagard (born July 3, 1943), (Capt, USMC, Ret.), is an American scientist and former U.S. Marine Corps officer and naval aviator and NASA astronaut.

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Northrop T-38 Talon

The Northrop T-38 Talon is a two-seat, twinjet supersonic jet trainer.

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O-ring

An O-ring, also known as a packing, or a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a round cross-section, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a seal at the interface.

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Orbiting Solar Observatory

The Orbiting Solar Observatory (abbreviated OSO) Program was the name of a series of American space telescopes primarily intended to study the Sun, though they also included important non-solar experiments.

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Oxidizing agent

In chemistry, an oxidizing agent (oxidant, oxidizer) is a substance that has the ability to oxidize other substances — in other words to cause them to lose electrons.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Parachute

A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag (or in the case of ram-air parachutes, aerodynamic lift).

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Parking orbit

A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a satellite or other space probe.

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Pavel Vinogradov

Pavel Vladimirovich Vinogradov (Павел Владимирович Виноградов; born August 31, 1953 in Magadan, USSR) is a cosmonaut and former commander of the International Space Station.

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PEPCON disaster

On May 4, 1988, a conflagration followed by several explosions occurred at the Pacific Engineering and Production Company of Nevada (PEPCON) chemical plant in Henderson, Nevada.

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Perm

Perm (p;Gramota.ru.) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains.

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Pete Conrad

Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr. (June 2, 1930 – July 8, 1999), (Captain, USN), was an American NASA astronaut, aeronautical engineer, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and during the Apollo 12 mission became the third man to walk on the Moon.

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Peter Siebold

Peter Siebold (born 1971) is a member of the Scaled Composites astronaut team.

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Plesetsk

Plesetsk (Плесе́цк) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, situated about northeast of Moscow and south of Arkhangelsk.

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Plesetsk Cosmodrome

Plesetsk Cosmodrome (p) is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk, dates from 1957.

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Pogo oscillation

Pogo oscillation is a self-excited vibration in liquid-propellant rocket engines caused by combustion instability.

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Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany

Following the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, nearly a quarter of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic was annexed by Nazi Germany and placed directly under the German civil administration.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic or acrylic glass as well as by the trade names Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex among several others (see below), is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.

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Progress (spacecraft)

The Progress (Прогресс) is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft.

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Progress M-34

Progress M-34 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1997 to resupply the Mir space station, and which subsequently collided with Mir during a docking attempt, resulting in significant damage to the space station.

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Progress MS-06

Progress MS-06, identified by NASA as Progress 67 or 67P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Quest Joint Airlock

The Quest Joint Airlock, previously known as the Joint Airlock Module, is the primary airlock for the International Space Station.

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R-16 (missile)

The R-16 was the first successful intercontinental ballistic missile deployed by the Soviet Union.

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R-9 Desna

The R-9 (NATO reporting name: SS-8 Sasin) was a two-stage ICBM of the Soviet Union, in service from 1964 to 1976.

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Redstone Arsenal

Redstone Arsenal (RSA) is a United States Army post and a census-designated place (CDP) adjacent to Huntsville in Madison County, Alabama, United States and is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.

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Reinhold Tiling

Reinhold Tiling (13 June 1893 – 11 October 1933) was a German engineer, pilot and a rocket pioneer.

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Richard F. Gordon Jr.

Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

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Rick Husband

Rick Douglas Husband (July 12, 1957 – February 1, 2003) (Colonel, USAF) was an American astronaut and fighter pilot.

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Robert Crippen

Robert Laurel Crippen (born September 11, 1937) is an American retired naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aerospace engineer, and retired astronaut.

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Robert Curbeam

Robert Lee Curbeam, Jr. (born March 5, 1962) is a former NASA astronaut and captain in the United States Navy.

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Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.

Robert Henry Lawrence Jr. (October 2, 1935 – December 8, 1967), (Major, USAF), was a United States Air Force officer and the first African-American astronaut.

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Rocket mail

Rocket mail is the delivery of mail by rocket or missile.

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Rocket-powered aircraft

A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines.

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Roger B. Chaffee

Roger Bruce Chaffee (February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American naval officer and naval aviator, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut in the Apollo program.

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Ronald McNair

Ronald Erwin McNair (October 21, 1950 – January 28, 1986) was an American physicist and NASA astronaut.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Salyut 1

Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (Салют-1; English translation: Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind, launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971.

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Satish Dhawan Space Centre

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) or Sriharikota Range (SHAR) is a rocket launch centre operated by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

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Scaled Composites

Scaled Composites (often called simply Scaled) is an American aerospace company founded by Burt Rutan and currently owned by Northrop Grumman that is located at the Mojave Air and Space Port, Mojave, California, United States.

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SCCM (flow unit)

SCCM is Standard Cubic Centimeters per Minute, a flow measurement term indicating cm³/min in standard conditions for temperature and pressure of the fluid.

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Sergei Vozovikov

Sergei Yuriyevich Vozovikov was a member of the Soviet Air Force Cosmonaut Training Group 11.

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Skylab mutiny

The Skylab mutiny was a day-long mutiny held by the crew of Skylab 4 on December 28, 1973, the last of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Skylab missions.

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Sofar bomb

In oceanography, a sofar bomb (Sound Fixing And Ranging bomb), occasionally referred to as a sofar disc, is a long-range position-fixing system that uses explosive sounds in the deep sound channel of the ocean to enable pinpointing of the location of ships or crashed planes.

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Solid-propellant rocket

A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).

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Sounding rocket

A sounding rocket, sometimes called a research rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight.

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Southwestern United States

The Southwestern United States (Suroeste de Estados Unidos; also known as the American Southwest) is the informal name for a region of the western United States.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Soyuz (spacecraft)

Soyuz is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today.

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Soyuz 1

Soyuz 1 (Союз 1, Union 1) was a manned spaceflight of the Soviet space program.

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Soyuz 11

Soyuz 11 (Союз 11, Union 11) was the only manned mission to board the world's first space station, Salyut 1 (Soyuz 10 had soft-docked but had not been able to enter due to latching problems).

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Soyuz 23

Soyuz 23 (Союз 23, Union 23) was a 1976 Soviet manned space flight, the second to the Salyut 5 space station.

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Soyuz 33

Soyuz 33 (Союз 33, Union 33) was a 1979 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.

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Soyuz 5

Soyuz 5 (Союз 5, Union 5) was a Soyuz mission using the Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union on 15 January 1969, which docked with Soyuz 4 in orbit.

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Soyuz 7K-OK

Soyuz 7K-OK was the first generation of Soyuz spacecraft in use from 1967 to 1971.

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Soyuz 7K-OK No.1

Soyuz 7K-OK No.1 was an unmanned spacecraft of the Soyuz program, originally intended to perform a rendezvous maneouver with Kosmos 133 (Soyuz 7K-OK No.2).

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Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L

Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L, sometimes known as Soyuz T-10a or T-10-1, was an unsuccessful Soyuz mission intended to visit the Salyut 7 space station, which was occupied by the Soyuz T-9 crew.

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Soyuz 7K-T No.39

Soyuz 7K-T No.39, (also named Soyuz 18a or Soyuz 18-1 by some sources and also known as the April 5 Anomaly) was an unsuccessful launch of a manned Soyuz spacecraft by the Soviet Union in 1975.

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Soyuz TM-21

Soyuz TM-21 was Soyuz mission, a human spaceflight mission transporting personnel to the Russian space station Mir.

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Soyuz TM-5

Soyuz TM-5 was the fifth cosmonaut-carrying spacecraft to visit the Russian Space Station Mir.

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Soyuz TMA-1

Soyuz TMA-1, also catalogued as Soyuz TM-35, was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle with a Russian-Belgian cosmonaut crew blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This was the fifth Russian Soyuz class shuttle to fly to the International Space Station. It was also the first flight of the TMA-class Soyuz spacecraft. Soyuz TM-34 was the last of the prior Soyuz-TM spacecraft to be launched.

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Soyuz TMA-11

Soyuz TMA-11 was a human spaceflight mission using a Soyuz-TMA spacecraft to transport personnel to and from the International Space Station (ISS).

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Soyuz-U

The Soyuz-U launch vehicle was an improved version of the original Soyuz rocket.

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Space Mirror Memorial

The Space Mirror Memorial, which forms part of the larger Astronauts Memorial, is a National Memorial on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex on Merritt Island, Florida.

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Space Shuttle

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program.

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Space Shuttle Challenger

Space Shuttle Challenger (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service, after ''Columbia''.

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Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

On January 28, 1986, the NASA shuttle orbiter mission STS-51-L and the tenth flight of (OV-99) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members, which consisted of five NASA astronauts and two payload specialists.

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Space Shuttle Columbia

Space Shuttle Columbia (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet.

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Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disintegrated upon reentering Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members.

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Space Shuttle external tank

A Space Shuttle external tank (ET) was the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contained the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer.

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Space Shuttle main engine

The Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-25, otherwise known as the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME), is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine that was used on NASA's Space Shuttle and is planned to be used on its successor, the Space Launch System.

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Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster

The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) were the first solid fuel motors to be used for primary propulsion on a vehicle used for human spaceflight and provided the majority of the Space Shuttle's thrust during the first two minutes of flight.

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Space Shuttle thermal protection system

The Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS) is the barrier that protected the Space Shuttle Orbiter during the searing heat of atmospheric reentry.

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Space station

A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.

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SpaceShipOne flight 16P

Flight 16P of SpaceShipOne was a spaceflight in the Tier One program that took place on September 29, 2004.

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SpaceShipTwo

The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo (SS2) is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism.

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Spektr

Spektr (Спектр; Spectrum) (TKM-O, 77KSO, 11F77O) was the fifth module of the Mir Space Station.

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Splashdown

Splashdown is the method of landing a spacecraft by parachute in a body of water.

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St. Louis

St.

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St. Louis Lambert International Airport

St.

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Static electricity

Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.

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STS-1

STS-1 (Space Transportation System-1) was the first orbital spaceflight of NASA's Space Shuttle program.

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STS-107

STS-107 was the 113th flight of the Space Shuttle program, and the final flight of Space Shuttle ''Columbia''.

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STS-134

STS-134 (ISS assembly flight ULF6) was the penultimate mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the 25th and last spaceflight of.

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STS-2

STS-2 was the second Space Shuttle mission conducted by NASA, and the second flight of the orbiter ''Columbia''.

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STS-27

STS-27 was the 27th NASA Space Shuttle mission, and the third flight of Space Shuttle ''Atlantis''.

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STS-37

STS-37, the eighth flight of the Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'', was a six-day mission with the primary objective of launching the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), the second of the Great Observatories program which included the visible-spectrum Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope.

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STS-51

STS-51 was a Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' mission that launched the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) in September 1993.

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STS-51-F

STS-51-F (also known as Spacelab 2) was the nineteenth flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle ''Challenger''.

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STS-51-L

STS-51-L was the 25th mission of the United States Space Shuttle program, and disastrous final mission of the Space Shuttle ''Challenger''.

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STS-9

STS-9 (also referred to as STS-41A and Spacelab 1) was the ninth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the sixth mission of the Space Shuttle ''Columbia''.

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STS-93

STS-93 marked the 95th launch of the Space Shuttle, the 26th launch of ''Columbia'', and the 21st night launch of a Space Shuttle.

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STS-98

STS-98 was a 2001 Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle '' Atlantis''.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Tallahassee, Florida

Tallahassee is the capital of the U.S. state of Florida.

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Terminal countdown demonstration test

A terminal countdown demonstration test (TCDT) is a simulation of the final hours of a launch countdown and serves as a practice exercise in which both the launch team and flight crew rehearse launch day timelines and procedures.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.

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The New Zealand Herald

The New Zealand Herald is a daily newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand, owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment.

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Theodore Freeman

Theodore Cordy "Ted" Freeman (February 18, 1930 – October 31, 1964), was an American aeronautical engineer, U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

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Thomas David Jones

Thomas David Jones (born January 22, 1955) is a former United States astronaut.

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Thomas P. Stafford

Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17, 1930; Lt Gen, USAF, Ret.) is an American former Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

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Titan IV

The Titan IV family (including the IVA and IVB) of rockets were used by the U.S. Air Force.

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Trans-lunar injection

A trans-lunar injection (TLI) is a propulsive maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory that will cause it to arrive at the Moon.

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Tuchola Forest

The Tuchola Forest, also known as Tuchola Pinewoods, (literal translation of Bory Tucholskie; Tëchòlsczé Bòrë; Tuchler or Tucheler Heide) is a large forest near the town of Tuchola (Tucheln) in northern Poland, which lies between the Brda and Wda Rivers.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.

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Valentin Bondarenko

Valentin Vasiliyevich Bondarenko (Валентин Васильович Бондаренко, Валентин Васильевич Бондаренко; 16 February 1937 – 23 March 1961) was a Soviet fighter pilot selected in 1960 for training as a cosmonaut.

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Vance D. Brand

Vance DeVoe Brand (born May 9, 1931) is an American former naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

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Vandenberg Air Force Base

Vandenberg Air Force Base is a United States Air Force Base northwest of Lompoc, California.

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Viktor Patsayev

Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (Ви́ктор Ива́нович Паца́ев; 19 June 193330 June 1971) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 11 mission and was part of the second crew to die during a space flight.

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Vladimir Komarov

Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (p; 16 March 192724 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer and cosmonaut.

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Vladimir Lyakhov

Vladimir Afanasyevich Lyakhov (Влади́мир Афана́сьевич Ля́хов; 20 July 1941 – 19 April 2018) was a Russian Soviet cosmonaut.

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Vladislav Volkov

Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov (Владисла́в Никола́евич Во́лков; November 23, 1935June 30, 1971) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 11 missions.

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VLS-1

The VLS-1 was the Brazilian Space Agency's main satellite launch vehicle.

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VLS-1 V03

The 2003 Alcântara VLS accident was an accident involving a Brazilian Space Agency VLS-1 launch vehicle, which was intended to have launched two satellites into orbit.

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Voskhod 2

Voskhod 2 (Sunrise-2) was a Soviet manned space mission in March 1965.

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Vostok 1

Vostok 1 (Восто́к, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first manned spaceflight in history.

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Vostok programme

The Vostok programme (Восто́к,, Orient or East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely.

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Vostok-2M

The Vostok-2M (Восток meaning "East"), GRAU index 8A92M was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1991.

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VSS Enterprise

VSS Enterprise (tail number: N339SS) was the first SpaceShipTwo (SS2) spaceplane, built by Scaled Composites for Virgin Galactic.

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VSS Enterprise crash

On October 31, 2014, the VSS ''Enterprise'', a Virgin Galactic Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo experimental spaceflight test vehicle-->, suffered a catastrophic in-flight breakup and crashed in the Mojave Desert, California, United States, while performing a test flight.

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Walter Dornberger

Major-General Dr.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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William C. McCool

William Cameron "Willie" McCool (September 23, 1961 – February 1, 2003), (Cmdr, USN), was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut, who was the pilot of Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' mission STS-107.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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X Prize Foundation

XPRIZE is a nonprofit organization that designs and manages public competitions intended to encourage technological development that could benefit humanity.

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X-15 Flight 3-65-97

X-15 Flight 3-65-97, also known as X-15 Flight 191, was a test flight of the North American X-15 experimental aircraft.

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Xichang

Xichang, formerly known as Jiandu and Jianchang, is a city in and the seat of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, in the south of Sichuan Province, China.

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Yi So-yeon

Yi So-yeon (born June 2, 1978) is an astronaut and biotechnologist who became the first Korean to fly in space.

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1966 NASA T-38 crash

The 1966 NASA T-38 crash occurred when a NASA Northrop T-38 Talon crashed at Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 28, 1966, killing two Project Gemini astronauts, Elliot See and Charles Bassett.

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1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster

The 1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster refers to the explosion of a Vostok-2M rocket carrying a Tselina-D satellite during fueling at Site 43 of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Mirny at 19:01 local time (16:01 GMT) on 18 March 1980, two hours and fifteen minutes before the intended launch time.

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Death in space, Deaths in space, Deaths of astronauts, Launch pad accident, List of accidents in space, List of catastrophic incidents related to human spaceflight, List of catastrophic incidents related to manned space exploration, List of catastrophic incidents related to manned space travel, List of space disasters, List of spaceflight-related accidents & incidents, NASA accidents, NASA disasters, Nasa accidents, Nasa disasters, Space accident, Space accidents and incidents, Space death, Space disaster, Space disasters, Space exploration casualties.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents

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