Communication

707 relations: Abdomen, Abiogenesis, Abyssal zone, Academic Press, Acanthodii, Actinopterygii, Adaptation, Age of the Earth, Agnatha, Albatross, Albert Szent-Györgyi, Algae, Algal bloom, Alphaproteobacteria, Alvinella pompejana, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Journal of Botany, American Society for Microbiology, Amino acid, Ammonia, Ammophila (plant), Amniote, Amphibian, Amphipoda, Anatomy, Animal, Annelid, Antarctica, Anthozoa, Aplysina archeri, Appendage, Aquatic ecosystem, Arachnid, Archaea, Archaeol, Argonauta argo, Aristotle, Arkarua, Arthropod, Arthropod cuticle, Ascomycota, Asexual reproduction, Associated Press, Astrobiology (journal), Atmosphere, Atoll, Auk, Aurelia aurita, Background extinction rate, Bacteria, ..., Bacteriophage, Bacterioplankton, Basal (phylogenetics), Basidiomycota, Batoidea, BBC News, Bilateria, Biodiversity, BioEssays, Biogenic substance, Biological immortality, Biological oceanography, Biological pump, Biology Letters, Bioluminescence, Biomass (ecology), Biomineralization, Biosphere, Biotic material, Bird, Bird colony, Bird migration, Bivalvia, Blood, Blue mussel, Blue Planet II, Blue whale, Body orifice, Body plan, Bone, Bottlenose dolphin, Brackish water, Brain, Breeding in the wild, Brown algae, Bubble wrap, Budding, Burgess Shale, Calcareous sponge, Calcium carbonate, Callyspongia vaginalis, Cambrian, Cambrian explosion, Cambrian Series 3, Capsid, Carbon, Carbon cycle, Carbon fixation, Carbon sequestration, Carcinus, Carl Linnaeus, Carnivore, Cartilage, Categorization, Catfish, Caudovirales, Cell (biology), Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell wall, Cellular differentiation, Celsius, Census of Marine Life, Cephalochordate, Cephalopod, Cestoda, Cetacea, Chaetognatha, Challenger Deep, Chemistry, Chitin, Chlorophyta, Chloroplast, Chondrichthyes, Chordate, Chytridiomycetes, Cilium, Circular symmetry, Circulatory system, Clam, Class (biology), Cloudinidae, Cnidaria, Cnidocyte, Coast, Coccolithophore, Cockle (bivalve), Coelacanth, Coelom, Colossal squid, Common descent, Common smooth-hound, Compound eye, Continental shelf, Convergent evolution, Copepod, Coral, Corticovirus, Crab, Cretaceous, Crinoid, Critically endangered, Crucian carp, Crust (geology), Crustacean, Crustacean larva, Cryptomonad, Ctenophora, Cuttlefish, Cyanobacteria, Cyanotoxin, Cycloneuralia, David Attenborough, Decomposer, Deep sea, Deuterostome, Development (journal), Developmental Biology (journal), Diatom, Dictyochales, Digestion, Dinoflagellate, DNA, Dolphin, Domain (biology), Dorsal fin, Doushantuo Formation, Drag (physics), Dugong, Earth, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Ecdysozoa, Echinoderm, Echinus (sea urchin), Ecological niche, Ecosystem, Ediacaran biota, Edible frog, Edward DeLong, Eel, Effects of global warming on marine mammals, Egg, Eggshell, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Elasipodida, Electric ray, Elsevier, Encephalization, Endangered species, Endosymbiont, Enzyme, Eoarchean, Epithelium, Equator, Esophagus, Estuary, Ether lipid, Euglenid, Eukaryote, European herring gull, Eurypterid, Evolution, Evolutionary arms race, Evolutionary history of life, Excite, Excretion, Exoskeleton, External fertilization, Extinction, Extinction event, Extremophile, Family (biology), Federation of European Microbiological Societies, Fetus, Fish, Fish anatomy, Fish fin, Fish gill, Fish jaw, FishBase, Fission (biology), Flatworm, Flipper (anatomy), Florida State University, Fluorescence microscope, Food chain, Food web, Foraminifera, Forbes, Fossil, Fragmentation (reproduction), Fresh water, Freshwater mollusc, Fungus, Future of Marine Animal Populations, Ganglion, Gannet, Gastropod shell, Gastropoda, Gene, Gene pool, Generation of Animals, Genetic diversity, Genome, Gentoo penguin, Genus, Geological period, Geology, Giant oceanic manta ray, Gill, Glacier, Glaucophyte, Glycera (annelid), Gnathostomata, Golden algae, Graphite, Great Oxygenation Event, Great white shark, Greenland shark, Guild (ecology), Habitat, Hadean, Hagfish, Haikouella, Halkieriid, Haloarchaea, Haloquadratum, Head, Hectocotylus, Helix, Hematophagy, Hemichordate, Hemoglobin, Hemolymph, Herring, Heterotroph, History of Animals, History of Marine Animal Populations, Holocene extinction, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Homininae, Homo sapiens, Homology (biology), Horizontal gene transfer, Horseshoe crab, Hot spring, Houndshark, Human digestive system, Hydra (genus), Hydrobiology, Hydrogen, Hydrogenosome, Hydrophiinae, Hydrosphere, Hydrothermal vent, Hydrozoa, Hyphomycetes, Ice cap, Ichthyosaur, Ichthyosaurus, Icosahedron, Inoviridae, Insect, Integrative and Comparative Biology, Internal fertilization, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Intertidal zone, Invertebrate, Ion, IUCN Red List, Jaekelopterus, Japanese spider crab, Jellyfish, Juvenile (organism), Kaikō ROV, Kelp, Kelp forest, Keystone species, Kimberella, Kingdom (biology), Kitaa, Lagerstätte, Lamprey, Lancelet, Largest organisms, Larva, Last universal common ancestor, Leatherback sea turtle, Leedsichthys, Lesbos, Lethaia, Lichen, Life, Limb (anatomy), Limestone, Limnology, Lineus longissimus, Lion's mane jellyfish, Lipid, List of marine aquarium invertebrate species, List of threatened rays, Lithosphere, Litre, Live Science, Living fossil, Lobopodia, Lobster, Lophotrochozoa, Lung, Lungfish, Macroscopic scale, Mammal, Manatee, Mangrove, Mantis shrimp, Mantle (mollusc), Mariana Trench, Marine bacteriophage, Marine biology, Marine ecosystem, Marine habitats, Marine iguana, Marine invertebrates, Marine mammal, Marine worm, Mark Carwardine, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Mating, Megalodon, Mercury cycle, Mesoglea, Mesohyl, Mesozoic, Mesozoic marine revolution, Metabolic pathway, Metabolism, Metabolite, Metagenomics, Metamorphosis, Metasedimentary rock, Methane, Methanopyrus, Methanosarcina, Microalgae, Microbial mat, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Microdictyon, Micrometre, Microorganism, Microscope, Microviridae, Milky seas effect, Mindspark Interactive Network, Mineralization (soil science), Mitochondrion, Model organism, Mold, Molecular biology, Molecular clock, Molecular genetics, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Molecule, Mollusc eye, Mollusca, Monophyly, Monoplacophora, Montastraea cavernosa, Morphology (biology), Mosasaur, Most recent common ancestor, Moulting, Mucus, Multicellular organism, Mussel, Mutualism (biology), Mycoplankton, Myriapoda, Myxobacteria, Myxozoa, NaGISA, National Academy of Sciences, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Natural selection, Nature (journal), Nature Geoscience, Nautilus, Nematode, Neontology, Neoproterozoic, Nervous system, Neuroscience, New Scientist, Nitrogen, Nitrogen cycle, Nothosaur, Nucleic acid, Nudibranch, Nutrient, Nutrient cycle, Obligate parasite, Ocean, Ocean Biogeographic Information System, Ocean sunfish, Oceanic carbon cycle, Oceanic trench, Octopus, Onychophora, Oomycete, Opabinia, Operculum (fish), Optical microscope, Ordovician, Organ (anatomy), Organelle, Organic compound, Organism, Osculum, Ossification, Osteichthyes, Otter, Outline of life forms, Oviparity, Ovoviviparity, Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxygen, Oxygen cycle, Oyster, Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project, Paleogene, Paleozoic, Paraphyly, Parasitism, Parazoa, Parts of Animals, Parvancorina, Pasteur Institute, Pathogen, PDF, Pelagic fish, Pelagic zone, Penguin, Peptidoglycan, Permian, Permian–Triassic extinction event, Phanerozoic, Pharyngeal slit, Phenetics, Phoronid, Phosphorite, Phosphorus, Phosphorus cycle, Photosynthesis, Phototroph, Phyllorhiza punctata, Phylogenetic tree, Phylogenetics, Phylum, Physics, Physiology, Phytoplankton, Piezophile, Pinniped, Pisaster ochraceus, Placenta, Placodont, Plankton, Plant, Plasmid, Plesiosauria, PLOS, PLOS Biology, Polar bear, Polychaete, Polyp, Porpita porpita, Portuguese man o' war, Prasinophyceae, Precambrian, Precambrian Research, Prefoldin, Primary producers, Primary production, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Prokaryote, Protein, Proterozoic, Protist, Protocol (science), Proton, Protozoa, Pteraspidomorphi, Pyrococcus, Radioactive waste, Radiolaria, Radula, Raptorial, Regeneration (biology), Replicate (biology), Reproductive system, Reptile, Respiration (physiology), Respiratory system, Reuters, Rhodopsin, Rhopalaea crassa, Riftia pachyptila, RNA, Rostrum (anatomy), Rotifer, Saline water, Salinity, Salp, Saltwater crocodile, Sand dollar, Sandstone, Saprotrophic nutrition, Sarcopterygii, Sargassum, Sawfish, Scale (anatomy), Scallop, Science (journal), Scientific American, Scotoplanes, Sea, Sea anemone, Sea cucumber, Sea foam, Sea otter, Sea slug, Sea snail, Sea turtle, Sea urchin, Seabed, Seabird, Seagrass, Seaweed, Segmentation (biology), Sessility (motility), Seta, Shark, Silicon dioxide, Silurian, Simple eye in invertebrates, Siphon (insect anatomy), Siphon (mollusc), Skeleton, Skull, Slime mold, Slug, Small shelly fauna, Snail, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Society of Systematic Biologists, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Spartina, Spawn (biology), Species, Sperm, Sperm whale, Splash zone, Sponge, Spongin, Spore, Spriggina, Squid, Starfish, Starlet sea anemone, Stephen Jay Gould, Stingray, Stratigraphy, Stromatolite, Stygotantulus, Subphylum, Sulfolobales, Swim bladder, Symbiogenesis, Symbiosis, Symmetry in biology, Syrinx aruanus, Systematic Biology, Tagma (biology), Tardigrade, Tasmanian giant crab, Taxon, Taxonomy (biology), Taylor & Francis, Telegraph Media Group, Tentacle, Terrapin, Tetragonoporus, Tetrapod, Thalattosaur, Thalattosuchia, The Blue Planet, The Company of Biologists, The Daily Californian, The Daily Telegraph, The Given Institute, The Journal of Experimental Biology, The New York Times, The New York Times Company, Thermal reservoir, Thermophile, Thermoproteales, Thiomargarita namibiensis, Thorax, Three-domain system, Tide pool, Tissue (biology), Tomopteris, Tonne, Torpedo (genus), Transcription (biology), Translation (biology), Transmission electron microscopy, Trends (journals), Trilobite, Triploblasty, Trochophore, Tube worm, Tunicate, Turbulence, Turritopsis dohrnii, Unicellular organism, United States, United States Geological Survey, Universe, Veliger, Ventral nerve cord, Venus' flower basket, Vertebral column, Vertebrate, Viral envelope, Viroid, Virus, Vision in fishes, Viviparity, Volcano, Volvox, Walrus, Washington State Convention Center, Water column, Western Australia, Whale, World Register of Marine Species, Worm, Xenophanes, Xestospongia testudinaria, Year, Yolk, Zooflagellate, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Zooplankton, Zoospore, Zostera. Expand index (657 more) » « Shrink index

Abdomen

The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.

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Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.

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Abyssal zone

The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean.

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Academic Press

Academic Press is an academic book publisher.

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Acanthodii

Acanthodii or acanthodians (sometimes called spiny sharks) is a paraphyletic class of extinct teleostome fish, sharing features with both bony fish and cartilaginous fish.

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Actinopterygii

Actinopterygii, or the ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes.

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Adaptation

In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.

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Age of the Earth

The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years This age may represent the age of the Earth’s accretion, of core formation, or of the material from which the Earth formed.

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Agnatha

Agnatha (Greek, "no jaws") is a superclass of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both present (cyclostomes) and extinct (conodonts and ostracoderms) species.

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Albatross

Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses).

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Albert Szent-Györgyi

Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrápolt (nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.

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Algae

Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.

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Algal bloom

An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems, and is recognized by the discoloration in the water from their pigments.

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Alphaproteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria (See also bacterial taxonomy).

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Alvinella pompejana

Alvinella pompejana, the Pompeii worm, is a species of deep-sea polychaete worm (commonly referred to as "bristle worms").

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

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American Journal of Botany

The American Journal of Botany is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology.

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American Society for Microbiology

The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), originally the Society of American Bacteriologists, is a professional organization for scientists who study viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa as well as other aspects of microbiology.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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Ammophila (plant)

Ammophila (synonymous with Psamma P. Beauv.) is a genus of flowering plants consisting of two or three very similar species of grasses.

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Amniote

Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.

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Amphipoda

Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Animal

Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.

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Annelid

The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.

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Anthozoa

Anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes the sea anemones, stony corals, soft corals and gorgonians.

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Aplysina archeri

Aplysina archeri (also known as stove-pipe sponge because of its shape) is a species of tube sponge that has long tube-like structures of cylindrical shape.

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Appendage

In invertebrate biology, an appendage (or outgrowth) is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body (in vertebrate biology, an example would be a vertebrate's limbs).

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Aquatic ecosystem

An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water.

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Arachnid

Arachnids are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata.

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Archaea

Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.

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Archaeol

Archaeol (di-O-phytanylglycerol) is a double ether of sn-1-glycerol where positions 2 and 3 are bound to phytanyl residues.

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Argonauta argo

Argonauta argo, also known as the greater argonaut, is a species of pelagic octopus belonging to the genus Argonauta.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.

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Arkarua

Arkarua adami is a small, Precambrian disk-like fossil with a raised center, a number of radial ridges on the rim, and a five-pointed central depression marked with radial lines of 5 small dots from the middle of the disk center.

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Arthropod

An arthropod (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot") is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.

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Arthropod cuticle

The cuticle forms the major part of the integument of the Arthropoda.

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Ascomycota

Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.

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Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Astrobiology (journal)

Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.

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Atoll

An atoll, sometimes called a coral atoll, is a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.

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Auk

An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes.

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Aurelia aurita

Aurelia aurita (also called the common jellyfish, moon jellyfish, moon jelly, or saucer jelly) is a widely studied species of the genus Aurelia.

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Background extinction rate

Background extinction rate, also known as the normal extinction rate, refers to the standard rate of extinction in earth's geological and biological history before humans became a primary contributor to extinctions.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.

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Bacterioplankton

Bacterioplankton refers to the bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column.

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Basal (phylogenetics)

In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.

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Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.

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Batoidea

Batoidea is a superorder of cartilaginous fish commonly known as rays.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Bilateria

The Bilateria or bilaterians, or triploblasts, are animals with bilateral symmetry, i.e., they have a head (anterior) and a tail (posterior) as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.

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BioEssays

BioEssays is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering molecular and cellular biology.

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Biogenic substance

A biogenic substance is a substance produced by life processes.

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Biological immortality

Biological immortality (sometimes referred to bio-indefinite mortality) is a state in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing, thus decoupling it from chronological age.

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Biological oceanography

Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system.

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Biological pump

The biological pump, in its simplest form, is the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to deep sea water and sediment.

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Biology Letters

Biology Letters is a peer-reviewed, biological, scientific journal published by the Royal Society.

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Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.

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Biomass (ecology)

Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.

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Biomineralization

Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues.

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Biosphere

The biosphere (from Greek βίος bíos "life" and σφαῖρα sphaira "sphere") also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος oîkos "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.

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Biotic material

Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms.

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Bird

Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

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Bird colony

A bird colony is a large congregation of individuals of one or more species of bird that nest or roost in proximity at a particular location.

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Bird migration

Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds.

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Bivalvia

Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Blue mussel

The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), also known as the common mussel, is a medium-sized edible marine bivalve mollusc in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

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Blue Planet II

Blue Planet II is a 2017 British nature documentary series on marine life produced by the BBC Natural History Unit.

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Blue whale

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen whale parvorder, Mysticeti.

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Body orifice

A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal.

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Body plan

A body plan, Bauplan (German plural Baupläne), or ground plan is a set of morphological features common to many members of a phylum of animals.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Bottlenose dolphin

Bottlenose dolphins, the genus Tursiops, are the most common members of the family Delphinidae, the family of oceanic dolphin.

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Brackish water

Brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Breeding in the wild

Breeding in the wild is the natural process of animal reproduction occurring in the natural habitat of a given species.

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Brown algae

The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere.

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Bubble wrap

Bubble wrap is a pliable transparent plastic material used for packing fragile items.

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Budding

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.

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Burgess Shale

The Burgess Shale is a fossil-bearing deposit exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada.

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Calcareous sponge

The calcareous sponges of class Calcarea are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges.

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Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.

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Callyspongia vaginalis

Callyspongia vaginalis, known as the branching vase sponge is a demosponge.

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Cambrian

The Cambrian Period was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon.

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Cambrian explosion

The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was an event approximately in the Cambrian period when most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record.

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Cambrian Series 3

Cambrian Series 3 is the still unnamed 3rd Series of the Cambrian.

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Capsid

A capsid is the protein shell of a virus.

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Carbon

Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

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Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms.

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Carbon sequestration

Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming.

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Carcinus

Carcinus (Karkinos) is a genus of crabs, which includes Carcinus maenas, an important invasive species, and C. aestuarii, a species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.

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Carnivore

A carnivore, meaning "meat eater" (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning "meat" or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging.

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Cartilage

Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.

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Categorization

Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood.

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Catfish

Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish.

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Caudovirales

The Caudovirales are an order of viruses also known as the tailed bacteriophages (cauda is Latin for "tail").

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.

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Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.

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Celsius

The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).

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Census of Marine Life

The Census of Marine Life was a 10-year scientific initiative, involving a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations, engaged to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans.

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Cephalochordate

A cephalochordate (from Greek: κεφαλή, "head" and χορδή, "chord") is an animal in the chordate subphylum, Cephalochordata.

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Cephalopod

A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural κεφαλόποδα, kephalópoda; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus or nautilus.

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Cestoda

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) phylum, commonly known as tapeworms.

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Cetacea

Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

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Chaetognatha

Chaetognatha, meaning bristle-jaws, and commonly known as arrow worms, is a phylum of predatory marine worms which are a major component of plankton worldwide.

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Challenger Deep

The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar bathymetry.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.

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Chitin

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose.

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Chlorophyta

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae, informally called chlorophytes.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes (from Greek χονδρ- chondr- 'cartilage', ἰχθύς ichthys 'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.

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Chordate

A chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata; chordates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle.

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Chytridiomycetes

Chytridiomycetes is a class of fungi.

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Cilium

A cilium (the plural is cilia) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Circular symmetry

In geometry, circular symmetry is a type of continuous symmetry for a planar object that can be rotated by any arbitrary angle and map onto itself.

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Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

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Clam

Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs.

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Class (biology)

In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.

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Cloudinidae

The cloudinids, an early metazoan family containing the genera Acuticocloudina, Cloudina and Conotubus, lived in the late Ediacaran period and became extinct at the base of the Cambrian. They formed millimetre-scale conical fossils consisting of calcareous cones nested within one another; the appearance of the organism itself remains unknown. The name Cloudina honors the 20th-century geologist and paleontologist Preston Cloud. Cloudinids comprise two genera: Cloudina itself is mineralized, whereas Conotubus is at best weakly mineralized, whilst sharing the same "funnel-in-funnel" construction. Cloudinids had a wide geographic range, reflected in the present distribution of localities in which their fossils are found, and are an abundant component of some deposits. They never appear in the same layers as soft-bodied Ediacaran biota, but the fact that some sequences contain cloudinids and Ediacaran biota in alternating layers suggests that these groups had different environmental preferences. It has been suggested that cloudinids lived embedded in microbial mats, growing new cones to avoid being buried by silt. However no specimens have been found embedded in mats, and their mode of life is still an unresolved question. The classification of the cloudinids has proved difficult: they were initially regarded as polychaete worms, and then as coral-like cnidarians on the basis of what look like buds on some specimens. Current scientific opinion is divided between classifying them as polychaetes and regarding it as unsafe to classify them as members of any broader grouping. Cloudinids are important in the history of animal evolution for two reasons. They are among the earliest and most abundant of the small shelly fossils with mineralized skeletons, and therefore feature in the debate about why such skeletons first appeared in the Late Ediacaran. The most widely supported answer is that their shells are a defense against predators, as some Cloudina specimens from China bear the marks of multiple attacks, which suggests they survived at least a few of them. The holes made by predators are approximately proportional to the size of the Cloudina specimens, and Sinotubulites fossils, which are often found in the same beds, have so far shown no such holes. These two points suggest that predators attacked in a selective manner, and the evolutionary arms race which this indicates is commonly cited as a cause of the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity and complexity.

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Cnidaria

Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly marine species.

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Cnidocyte

A cnidocyte (also known as a cnidoblast or nematocyte) is an explosive cell containing one giant secretory organelle or cnida (plural cnidae) that defines the phylum Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, hydrae, jellyfish, etc.). Cnidae are used for prey capture and defense from predators.

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Coast

A coastline or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.

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Coccolithophore

A coccolithophore (or coccolithophorid, from the adjective) is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton (alga).

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Cockle (bivalve)

A cockle is a small, edible, marine bivalve mollusc.

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Coelacanth

The coelacanths constitute a now rare order of fish that includes two extant species in the genus Latimeria: the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast of Africa and the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis).

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Coelom

The coelom is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs.

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Colossal squid

The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, from Greek mesos (middle), onycho (claw, nail), and teuthis (squid)), sometimes called the Antarctic squid or giant cranch squid, is believed to be the largest squid species in terms of mass.

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Common descent

Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.

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Common smooth-hound

The common smooth-hound (Mustelus mustelus) is a houndshark of the family Triakidae.

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Compound eye

A compound eye is a visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans.

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Continental shelf

The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which extends from a continent, resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea.

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Convergent evolution

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.

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Copepod

Copepods (meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat.

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Coral

Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria.

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Corticovirus

Corticovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Corticoviridae.

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Crab

Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) (translit.

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Cretaceous

The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya.

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Crinoid

Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata).

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Critically endangered

A critically endangered (CR) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

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Crucian carp

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae.

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Crust (geology)

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.

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Crustacean

Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles.

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Crustacean larva

Crustaceans may pass through a number of larval and immature stages between hatching from their eggs and reaching their adult form.

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Cryptomonad

The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a group of algae, most of which have plastids.

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Ctenophora

Ctenophora (singular ctenophore, or; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'to carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of invertebrate animals that live in marine waters worldwide.

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Cuttlefish

Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine animals of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone. Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but molluscs. Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey. They generally range in size from, with the largest species, Sepia apama, reaching in mantle length and over in mass. Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopus, worms, and other cuttlefish. Their predators include dolphins, sharks, fish, seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The average life expectancy of a cuttlefish is about one to two years. Recent studies indicate cuttlefish are among the most intelligent invertebrates. (television program) NOVA, PBS, April 3, 2007. Cuttlefish also have one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of all invertebrates. The 'cuttle' in 'cuttlefish' comes from the Old English name for the species, cudele, which may be cognate with the Old Norse koddi ('cushion') and the Middle Low German Kudel ('rag'). The Greco-Roman world valued the cuttlefish as a source of the unique brown pigment the creature releases from its siphon when it is alarmed. The word for it in both Greek and Latin, sepia, now refers to the reddish-brown color sepia in English.

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Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

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Cyanotoxin

Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by bacteria called cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae).

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Cycloneuralia

Cycloneuralia is a clade of ecdysozoan animals including the Scalidophora (Kinorhynchans, Loriciferans, Priapulids) and the Nematoida (nematodes, Nematomorphs).

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David Attenborough

Sir David Frederick Attenborough (born 8 May 1926) is an English broadcaster and naturalist.

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Decomposer

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, they carry out the natural process of decomposition.

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Deep sea

The deep sea or deep layer is the lowest layer in the ocean, existing below the thermocline and above the seabed, at a depth of 1000 fathoms (1800 m) or more.

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Deuterostome

Deuterostomes (taxonomic term: Deuterostomia; meaning "second mouth" in Greek) are any members of a superphylum of animals.

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Development (journal)

Development is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of developmental biology that covers cellular and molecular mechanisms of animal and plant development.

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Developmental Biology (journal)

Developmental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

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Diatom

Diatoms (diá-tom-os "cut in half", from diá, "through" or "apart"; and the root of tém-n-ō, "I cut".) are a major group of microorganisms found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.

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Dictyochales

Dictyochales (Silicoflagellates, or Dictyochophyceae sensu stricto) are a small group of unicellular heterokont algae, found in marine environments.

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Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.

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Dinoflagellate

The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος dinos "whirling" and Latin flagellum "whip, scourge") are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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Dolphin

Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals.

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Domain (biology)

In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

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Dorsal fin

A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates such as fishes, cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), and the (extinct) ichthyosaur.

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Doushantuo Formation

The Doushantuo Formation is a fossil Lagerstätte in Weng'an County, Guizhou Province, China that is notable for being one of the oldest beds to contain minutely preserved microfossils, phosphatic fossils that are so characteristic they have given their name to "Doushantuo type preservation".

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Drag (physics)

In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid.

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Dugong

The dugong (Dugong dugon) is a medium-sized marine mammal.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Earth and Planetary Science Letters is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on physical, chemical and mechanical processes of the Earth and other planets, including extrasolar ones.

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Ecdysozoa

Ecdysozoa is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata, crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.

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Echinoderm

Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the phylum Echinodermata (from Ancient Greek, ἐχῖνος, echinos – "hedgehog" and δέρμα, derma – "skin") of marine animals.

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Echinus (sea urchin)

Echinus is a genus of sea urchins.

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Ecological niche

In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.

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Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.

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Ediacaran biota

The Ediacaran (formerly Vendian) biota consisted of enigmatic tubular and frond-shaped, mostly sessile organisms that lived during the Ediacaran Period (ca. 635–542 Mya).

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Edible frog

The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) is a name for a common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog (however, this latter term is also used for the North American species Rana clamitans).

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Edward DeLong

Edward Francis DeLong is a marine microbiologist and professor in the Department of Oceanography at the University of Hawaii, Manoa, and is considered a pioneer in the field of metagenomics.

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Eel

An eel is any ray-finned fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes, which consists of four suborders, 20 families, 111 genera and about 800 species.

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Effects of global warming on marine mammals

The effect of global warming on marine mammals is a growing concern.

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Egg

An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches.

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Eggshell

An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats.

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El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

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Elasipodida

Elasipodida is an order of sea cucumbers.

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Electric ray

The electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins, composing the order Torpediniformes.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.

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Encephalization

Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass related to an animal's total body mass.

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Endangered species

An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct.

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Endosymbiont

An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism in a symbiotic relationship with the host body or cell, often but not always to mutual benefit.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Eoarchean

The Eoarchean (also spelled Eoarchaean) is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record for which the Earth has a solid crust.

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Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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Equator

An equator of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is its zeroth circle of latitude (parallel).

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Esophagus

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.

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Estuary

An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.

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Ether lipid

In an organic chemistry general sense, an ether lipid implies an ether bridge between an alkyl group (a lipid) and an unspecified alkyl or aryl group, not necessarily glycerol.

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Euglenid

Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical of that group.

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Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).

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European herring gull

The European herring gull (Larus argentatus) is a large gull (up to long).

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Eurypterid

Eurypterids, often informally called sea scorpions, are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolutionary arms race

In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary arms race is a struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other, resembling an arms race.

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Evolutionary history of life

The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet, until the present.

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Excite

Excite (stylized as excite) is an internet portal launched in December 1995 that provides a variety of content including news and weather, a metasearch engine, a web-based email, instant messaging, stock quotes, and a customizable user homepage.

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Excretion

Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism.

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Exoskeleton

An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω, éxō "outer" and σκελετός, skeletós "skeleton") is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of, for example, a human.

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External fertilization

External fertilization is a male organism’s sperm fertilizing a female organism’s egg outside of the female’s body.

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Extinction

In biology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species.

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Extinction event

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.

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Extremophile

An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.

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Family (biology)

In biological classification, family (familia, plural familiae) is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between order and genus.

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Federation of European Microbiological Societies

Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) is an international European scientific organization, formed by the union of a number of national organizations; there are now 52 members from 37 European countries, regular and provisional.

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Fetus

A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.

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Fish

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.

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Fish anatomy

Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fishes.

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Fish fin

Fins are usually the most distinctive anatomical features of a fish.

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Fish gill

Most fish exchange gases using gills on both sides of the pharynx (throat).

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Fish jaw

Most bony fishes have two sets of jaws made mainly of bone.

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FishBase

FishBase is a global species database of fish species (specifically finfish).

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Fission (biology)

Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original.

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Flatworm

The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, Plathelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates.

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Flipper (anatomy)

A flipper is a typically flat forelimb evolved for movement through water.

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Florida State University

Florida State University (Florida State or FSU) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university with its primary campus on a campus in Tallahassee, Florida.

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Fluorescence microscope

A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.

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Food chain

A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria).

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Food web

A food web (or food cycle) is a natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community.

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Foraminifera

Foraminifera (Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "test") of diverse forms and materials.

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Forbes

Forbes is an American business magazine.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Fragmentation (reproduction)

Fragmentation or clonal fragmentation in multi cellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning in which an organism is split into fragments.

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Fresh water

Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water.

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Freshwater mollusc

Freshwater molluscs are those members of the Phylum Mollusca which live in freshwater habitats, both lotic (flowing water) such as rivers, streams, canals, springs, and cave streams (stygobite species) and lentic (still water) such as lakes, ponds (including temporary or vernal ponds), and ditches.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Future of Marine Animal Populations

The Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) project was one of the core projects of the international Census of Marine Life (2000–2010).

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Ganglion

A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system.

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Gannet

Gannets are seabirds comprising the genus Morus, in the family Sulidae, closely related to boobies.

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Gastropod shell

The gastropod shell is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, a kind of mollusc.

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Gastropoda

The gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca, called Gastropoda.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene pool

The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

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Generation of Animals

The Generation of Animals (or On the Generation of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων γενέσεως; Latin De Generatione Animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology.

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Genetic diversity

Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.

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Gentoo penguin

The long-tailed gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely related to the Adélie penguin (P. adeliae) and the chinstrap penguin (P. antarcticus).

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Genus

A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.

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Geological period

A geological period is one of several subdivisions of geologic time enabling cross-referencing of rocks and geologic events from place to place.

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Geology

Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

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Giant oceanic manta ray

The giant oceanic manta ray (Manta birostris) is a species of ray in the family Mobulidae, and the largest type of ray in the world.

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Gill

A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide.

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Glacier

A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries.

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Glaucophyte

The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of rare freshwater microscopic algae.

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Glycera (annelid)

The genus Glycera is a group of polychaetes (bristle worms) commonly known as bloodworms.

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Gnathostomata

Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates.

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Golden algae

The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater.

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Graphite

Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.

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Great Oxygenation Event

The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust, Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere.

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Great white shark

The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), commonly known as the great white or the white shark, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans.

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Greenland shark

The Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), also known as the gurry shark or grey shark, or by the Kalaallisut name eqalussuaq, is a large shark of the family Somniosidae ("sleeper sharks"), closely related to the Pacific and southern sleeper sharks.

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Guild (ecology)

A guild (or ecological guild) is any group of species that exploit the same resources, or who exploit different resources in related ways.

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Habitat

In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.

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Hadean

The Hadean is a geologic eon of the Earth predating the Archean.

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Hagfish

Hagfish, the class '''Myxini''' (also known as Hyperotreti), are eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish (occasionally called slime eels).

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Haikouella

Haikouella is an agnathan chordate from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of Chengjiang County in Yunnan Province, China.

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Halkieriid

The halkieriids are a group of fossil Molluscs (see Calvapilosa) from the Lower to Middle Cambrian.

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Haloarchaea

Haloarchaea (halophilic archaea, halophilic archaebacteria, halobacteria) are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt.

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Haloquadratum

Haloquadratum is a halophilic genus of the family Halobacteriaceae.

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Head

A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste, respectively.

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Hectocotylus

A hectocotylus (plural: hectocotyli) is one of the arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female.

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Helix

A helix, plural helixes or helices, is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space.

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Hematophagy

Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα haima "blood" and φάγειν phagein "to eat").

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Hemichordate

Hemichordata is a phylum of marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms.

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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

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Hemolymph

Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.

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Herring

Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae.

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Heterotroph

A heterotroph (Ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros.

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History of Animals

History of Animals (Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν, Ton peri ta zoia historion, "Inquiries on Animals"; Historia Animālium "History of Animals") is one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who had studied at Plato's Academy in Athens.

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History of Marine Animal Populations

The History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) is an international, interdisciplinary research initiative.

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Holocene extinction

The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the Sixth extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch, mainly as a result of human activity.

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Holtzbrinck Publishing Group

Holtzbrinck Publishing Group is a privately-held Stuttgart-based company which owns publishing companies worldwide.

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Homininae

Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae.

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Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens is the systematic name used in taxonomy (also known as binomial nomenclature) for the only extant human species.

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Homology (biology)

In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.

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Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.

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Horseshoe crab

Horseshoe crabs are marine and brackish water arthropods of the family Limulidae, suborder Xiphosurida, and order Xiphosura.

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Hot spring

A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earth's crust.

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Houndshark

Houndsharks, the Triakidae, are a family of ground sharks, consisting of about 40 species in nine genera.

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Human digestive system

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

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Hydra (genus)

Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa.

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Hydrobiology

Hydrobiology is the science of life and life processes in water.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Hydrogenosome

A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals.

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Hydrophiinae

The Hydrophiinae, commonly known as sea snakes or coral reef snakes, are a subfamily of venomous elapid snakes that inhabit marine environments for most or all of their lives.

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Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere (from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr, "water" and σφαῖρα sphaira, "sphere") is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet or natural satellite.

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Hydrothermal vent

A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.

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Hydrozoa

Hydrozoa (hydrozoans, from ancient Greek ὕδρα, hydra, "sea serpent" and ζῷον, zoon, "animal") are a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most living in salt water.

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Hyphomycetes

Hyphomycetes are a form classification of Fungi, part of what has often been referred to as Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi.

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Ice cap

An ice cap is a mass of ice that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area).

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Ichthyosaur

Ichthyosaurs (Greek for "fish lizard" – ιχθυς or ichthys meaning "fish" and σαυρος or sauros meaning "lizard") are large marine reptiles.

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Ichthyosaurus

Ichthyosaurus (derived from Greek ιχθυς/ichthys meaning 'fish' and σαυρος/sauros meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the late Triassic and early Jurassic (Rhaetian - Pliensbachian) of Europe (Belgium, England, Germany, Switzerland) and Asia (Indonesia).

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Icosahedron

In geometry, an icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces.

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Inoviridae

Inoviridae is a family of viruses.

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Insect

Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.

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Integrative and Comparative Biology

Integrative and Comparative Biology is the scientific journal for the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (formerly the American Society of Zoologists).

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Internal fertilization

Internal fertilization is the union of an egg cell with a sperm during sexual reproduction inside the body of a parent.

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International Union for Conservation of Nature

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

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Intertidal zone

The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide (in other words, the area between tide marks).

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Invertebrate

Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.

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Jaekelopterus

Jaekelopterus is a genus of giant predatory eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods.

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Japanese spider crab

The, Macrocheira kaempferi, is a species of marine crab that lives in the waters around Japan.

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Jellyfish

Jellyfish or sea jelly is the informal common name given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Juvenile (organism)

A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size.

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Kaikō ROV

was a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) built by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) for exploration of the deep sea.

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Kelp

Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales.

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Kelp forest

Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp.

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Keystone species

A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.

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Kimberella

Kimberella is a monospecific genus of bilaterian known only from rocks of the Ediacaran period.

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Kingdom (biology)

In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.

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Kitaa

Kitaa, originally Vestgrønland ("West Greenland"), is a former administrative division (landsdel) of Greenland.

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Lagerstätte

A Lagerstätte (from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues.

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Lamprey

Lampreys (sometimes also called, inaccurately, lamprey eels) are an ancient lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes, placed in the superclass Cyclostomata.

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Lancelet

The lancelets — also known as amphioxi (singular, amphioxus) consist of about 32 species of fish-like marine chordates in the order Amphioxiformes.

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Largest organisms

The largest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size.

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Larva

A larva (plural: larvae) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.

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Last universal common ancestor

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA), also called the last universal ancestor (LUA), cenancestor, or (incorrectlyThere is a common misconception that definitions of LUCA and progenote are the same; however, progenote is defined as an organism “still in the process of evolving the relationship between genotype and phenotype”, and it is only hypothesed that LUCA is a progenote.) progenote, is the most recent population of organisms from which all organisms now living on Earth have a common descent.

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Leatherback sea turtle

The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth-heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodilians.

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Leedsichthys

Leedsichthys is a giant member of the Pachycormidae, an extinct group of Mesozoic ray-finned fish that lived in the oceans of the Middle Jurassic period.

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Lesbos

Lesbos (Λέσβος), or Lezbolar in Turkish sometimes referred to as Mytilene after its capital, is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea.

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Lethaia

Lethaia is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal of Earth science, covering research on palaeontology and stratigraphy.

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Lichen

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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Limb (anatomy)

A limb (from the Old English lim), or extremity, is a jointed, or prehensile (as octopus arms or new world monkey tails), appendage of the human or other animal body.

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Limestone

Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.

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Limnology

Limnology (from Greek λίμνη, limne, "lake" and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems.

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Lineus longissimus

The bootlace worm (Lineus longissimus) is one of the longest known animals, with specimens up to long being reported.

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Lion's mane jellyfish

The lion's mane jellyfish, also known as the giant jellyfish or the hair jelly, is the largest known species of jellyfish.

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Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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List of marine aquarium invertebrate species

This is a list of various species of marine invertebrates, animals without a backbone, that are commonly found in aquariums kept by hobby aquarists.

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List of threatened rays

Threatened rays are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future.

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Lithosphere

A lithosphere (λίθος for "rocky", and σφαίρα for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.

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Litre

The litre (SI spelling) or liter (American spelling) (symbols L or l, sometimes abbreviated ltr) is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI,, p. 124. ("Days" and "hours" are examples of other non-SI units that SI accepts.) although not an SI unit — the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by almost all English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English. One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact.

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Live Science

Live Science is a science news website run by Purch, which it purchased from Imaginova in 2009.

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Living fossil

A living fossil is an extant taxon that closely resembles organisms otherwise known only from the fossil record.

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Lobopodia

The lobopodians, members of the informal group Lobopodia Snodgrass 1938 (from the Greek, meaning "blunt feet") are worm-like taxa with stubby legs.

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Lobster

Lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans.

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Lophotrochozoa

Lophotrochozoa ("crest/wheel animals") is a clade of protostome animals within the Spiralia.

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Lung

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.

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Lungfish

Lungfish are freshwater rhipidistian fish belonging to the subclass Dipnoi.

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Macroscopic scale

The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible almost practically with the naked eye, without magnifying optical instruments.

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Mammal

Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.

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Manatee

Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus Trichechus) are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia: the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), and the West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis).

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Mangrove

A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water.

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Mantis shrimp

Mantis shrimps, or stomatopods, are marine crustaceans of the order Stomatopoda.

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Mantle (mollusc)

The mantle (also known by the Latin word pallium meaning mantle, robe or cloak, adjective pallial) is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.

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Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans.

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Marine bacteriophage

Marine bacteriophages or marine phages are viruses that live as obligate parasitic agents in marine bacteria such as cyanobacteria.

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Marine biology

Marine biology is the scientific study of marine life, organisms in the sea.

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Marine ecosystem

Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems.

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Marine habitats

The marine environment supplies many kinds of habitats that support marine life.

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Marine iguana

The marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), also known as the Galápagos marine iguana, is a species of iguana found only on the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) that has the ability, unique among modern lizards, to forage in the sea, making it a marine reptile.

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Marine invertebrates

Marine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats.

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Marine mammal

Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence.

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Marine worm

Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm.

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Mark Carwardine

Mark Carwardine (born 9 March 1959) is a zoologist who achieved widespread recognition for his Last Chance to See conservation expeditions with Douglas Adams, first aired on BBC Radio 4 in 1990.

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Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. is a privately held independent publishing company founded by its president, Mary Ann Liebert, in 1980.

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Mating

In biology, mating (or mateing in British English) is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction.

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Megalodon

Megalodon (Carcharocles megalodon), meaning "big tooth", is an extinct species of shark that lived approximately 23 to 2.6 million years ago (mya), during the Early Miocene to the end of the Pliocene.

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Mercury cycle

The mercury cycle is a biogeochemical cycle involving mercury.

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Mesoglea

Mesoglea, also known as mesohyl, is the translucent, non-living, jelly-like substance found between the two epithelial cell layers (i.e., between the ectoderm and endoderm) in the bodies of cnidarians and sponges.

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Mesohyl

The mesohyl, formerly known as mesenchyme or as mesoglea, is the gelatinous matrix within a sponge.

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Mesozoic

The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about.

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Mesozoic marine revolution

The Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR) is the rapid adaption to shell-crushing (durophagous) and boring predation in benthic organisms throughout the Mesozoic era (242 Mya to 62 Mya).

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Metabolic pathway

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.

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Metabolite

A metabolite is the intermediate end product of metabolism.

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Metagenomics

Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.

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Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation.

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Metasedimentary rock

In geology, metasedimentary rock is a type of metamorphic rock.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).

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Methanopyrus

In taxonomy, Methanopyrus is a genus of the Methanopyraceae.

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Methanosarcina

Methanosarcina is a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produce methane.

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Microalgae

Microalgae or microphytes are microscopic algae, typically found in freshwater and marine systems, living in both the water column and sediment.

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Microbial mat

A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea.

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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (published as MMBR) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.

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Microdictyon

Microdictyon is an extinct "armored worm" coated with net-like scleritic scales, known from the Early Cambrian Maotianshan shale of Yunnan China.

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Micrometre

The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microscope

A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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Microviridae

Microviridae is a family of bacteriophages with a single-stranded DNA genome.

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Milky seas effect

Milky seas, also called mareel, is a luminous phenomenon in the ocean in which large areas of seawater (up to) appear to glow brightly enough at night to be seen by satellites orbiting Earth.

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Mindspark Interactive Network

Mindspark Interactive Network, Inc. was an operating business unit of IAC known for the development and marketing of entertainment and personal computing software, as well as mobile application development.

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Mineralization (soil science)

Mineralization in soil science is the decomposition, i. e. oxidation, of the chemical compounds in organic matter, by which the nutrients in those compounds are released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available to plants.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Mold

A mold or mould (is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.

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Molecular clock

The molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.

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Molecular genetics

Molecular genetics is the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level and thus employs methods of both molecular biology and genetics.

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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics.

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Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Mollusc eye

The molluscs have the widest variety of eye morphologies of any phylum, and a large degree of variation in their function.

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Mollusca

Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusksThe formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. — see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg's.

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Monophyly

In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.

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Monoplacophora

Monoplacophora, meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell now living at the bottom of the deep sea.

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Montastraea cavernosa

Montastraea cavernosa, the great star coral, is a colonial stony coral found in the Caribbean seas.

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Morphology (biology)

Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

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Mosasaur

Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the 'Meuse river', and Greek σαύρος sauros meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large marine reptiles containing 38 genera in total.

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Most recent common ancestor

In biology and genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA, also last common ancestor (LCA), or concestor) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms are directly descended.

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Moulting

In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer layer or covering), either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.

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Mucus

Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.

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Multicellular organism

Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.

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Mussel

Mussel is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and freshwater habitats.

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Mutualism (biology)

Mutualism or interspecific cooperation is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other.

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Mycoplankton

Mycoplankton are saprotropic members of the plankton communities of marine and freshwater ecosystems.

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Myriapoda

Myriapoda is a subphylum of arthropods containing millipedes, centipedes, and others.

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Myxobacteria

The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances.

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Myxozoa

Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: μύξα myxa "slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον zoon "animals") is a class of aquatic, obligately parasitic cnidarian animals.

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NaGISA

NaGISA (Natural Geography in Shore Areas or Natural Geography of In-Shore Areas) is an international collaborative effort aimed at inventorying, cataloguing, and monitoring biodiversity of the in-shore area.

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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; pronounced, like "Noah") is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce that focuses on the conditions of the oceans, major waterways, and the atmosphere.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Nature Geoscience

Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.

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Nautilus

The nautilus (from the Latin form of the original ναυτίλος, 'sailor') is a pelagic marine mollusc of the cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole extant family of the superfamily Nautilaceae and of its smaller but near equal suborder, Nautilina.

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Nematode

The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).

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Neontology

Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.

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Neoproterozoic

The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from.

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Nervous system

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.

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New Scientist

New Scientist, first published on 22 November 1956, is a weekly, English-language magazine that covers all aspects of science and technology.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Nitrogen cycle

The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems.

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Nothosaur

Nothosaurs (order Nothosauroidea) were Triassic marine sauropterygian reptiles that may have lived like seals of today, catching food in water but coming ashore on rocks and beaches.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Nudibranch

Nudibranchs are a group of soft-bodied, marine gastropod molluscs which shed their shells after their larval stage.

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Nutrient

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.

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Nutrient cycle

A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter.

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Obligate parasite

An obligate parasite or holoparasite is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host.

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Ocean

An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.

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Ocean Biogeographic Information System

The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) is a web-based access point to information about the distribution and abundance of living species in the ocean.

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Ocean sunfish

The ocean sunfish or common mola (Mola mola) is the heaviest known bony fish in the world.

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Oceanic carbon cycle

The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor.

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Oceanic trench

Oceanic trenches are topographic depressions of the sea floor, relatively narrow in width, but very long.

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Octopus

The octopus (or ~) is a soft-bodied, eight-armed mollusc of the order Octopoda.

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Onychophora

Onychophora (from Ancient Greek, onyches, "claws"; and pherein, "to carry"), commonly known as velvet worms (due to their velvety texture and somewhat wormlike appearance) or more ambiguously as peripatus (after the first described genus, Peripatus), is a phylum of elongate, soft-bodied, many-legged panarthropods.

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Oomycete

Oomycota or oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms.

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Opabinia

Opabinia regalis is an extinct, stem group arthropod found in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Lagerstätte of British Columbia, Canada.

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Operculum (fish)

The operculum is a series of bones found in bony fish that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills; it is also used for respiration and feeding.

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Optical microscope

The optical microscope, often referred to as the light microscope, is a type of microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small subjects.

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Ordovician

The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.

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Organ (anatomy)

Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Organic compound

In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Osculum

The osculum is an excretory structure in the living sponge, a large opening to the outside through which the current of water exits after passing through the spongocoel.

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Ossification

Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.

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Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes, popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage.

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Otter

Otters are carnivorous mammals in the subfamily Lutrinae.

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Outline of life forms

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to life forms: Life form (also, lifeform) – entity that is living, such as plants (flora) and animals (fauna).

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Oviparity

Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother.

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Ovoviviparity

Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, or ovivipary, is a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos that develop inside eggs remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.

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Oxford Classical Dictionary

The Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD) is generally considered "the best one-volume dictionary on antiquity," an encyclopedic work in English consisting of articles relating to classical antiquity and its civilizations.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Oxygen cycle

The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen within its four main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the total content of biological matter within the biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems), the hydrosphere (the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of planet Earth), and the lithosphere/Earth's crust.

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Oyster

Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.

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Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project

The Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project (POST) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that researches the behavior of marine animals through the use of ocean telemetry and data management systems.

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Paleogene

The Paleogene (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya.

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Paleozoic

The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era (from the Greek palaios (παλαιός), "old" and zoe (ζωή), "life", meaning "ancient life") is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.

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Paraphyly

In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Parazoa

The Parazoa, are a proposed clade of animals.

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Parts of Animals

Parts of Animals (or On the Parts of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων μορίων; Latin De Partibus Animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology.

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Parvancorina

Parvancorina is a genus of shield-shaped bilaterally symmetrical fossil animal that lived in the late Ediacaran seafloor.

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Pasteur Institute

The Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.

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PDF

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

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Pelagic fish

Pelagic fish live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters – being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore – in contrast with demersal fish, which do live on or near the bottom, and reef fish, which are associated with coral reefs.

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Pelagic zone

The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean, and can be further divided into regions by depth.

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Penguin

Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless birds.

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Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.

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Permian

The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya.

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Permian–Triassic extinction event

The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr or P–T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.

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Phanerozoic

The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed.

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Pharyngeal slit

Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in Invertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments.

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Phenetics

In biology, phenetics (phainein - to appear), also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation.

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Phoronid

Phoronids (scientific name Phoronida, sometimes called horseshoe worms) are a small phylum of marine animals that filter-feed with a lophophore (a "crown" of tentacles), and build upright tubes of chitin to support and protect their soft bodies.

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Phosphorite

Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate minerals.

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Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.

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Phosphorus cycle

The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Phototroph

Phototrophs (Gr: φῶς, φωτός.

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Phyllorhiza punctata

Phyllorhiza punctata is a species of jellyfish, also known as the floating bell, Australian spotted jellyfish or the white-spotted jellyfish.

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Phylogenetic tree

A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

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Phylogenetics

In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.

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Phylum

In biology, a phylum (plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.

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Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.

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Piezophile

A piezophile, also sometimes called a barophile, is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as deep sea bacteria or archaea.

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Pinniped

Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.

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Pisaster ochraceus

Pisaster ochraceus, generally known as the purple sea star, ochre sea star, or ochre starfish, is a common starfish found among the waters of the Pacific Ocean.

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Placenta

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.

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Placodont

Placodonts ("Tablet teeth") is an extinct order of marine reptiles that lived during the Triassic period, becoming extinct at the end of the period.

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Plankton

Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current.

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Plant

Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.

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Plasmid

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.

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Plesiosauria

Plesiosauria (Greek: πλησίος, plesios, meaning "near to" and Sauria) or plesiosaurs are an order or clade of Mesozoic marine reptiles (marine Sauropsida), belonging to the Sauropterygia.

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PLOS

PLOS (for Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit open access science, technology and medicine publisher, innovator and advocacy organization with a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license.

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PLOS Biology

PLOS Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of Biology.

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Polar bear

The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses.

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Polychaete

The Polychaeta, also known as the bristle worms or polychaetes, are a paraphyletic class of annelid worms, generally marine.

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Polyp

A polyp in zoology is one of two forms found in the phylum Cnidaria, the other being the medusa.

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Porpita porpita

Porpita porpita, or blue button, is a marine organism consisting of a colony of hydroids found in tropical and sub-tropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.

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Portuguese man o' war

The Atlantic Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), also known as the man-of-war, is a marine hydrozoan of the family Physaliidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

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Prasinophyceae

The Prasinophytes are a paraphyletic class of unicellular green algae.

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Precambrian

The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pЄ, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon.

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Precambrian Research

Precambrian Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the geology of the Earth and its planetary neighbors.

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Prefoldin

Prefoldin is a family of proteins used in protein folding complexes.

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Primary producers

Primary producers take energy from other organisms and turn it into energy that is used.

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Primary production

Global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate of autotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary-production potential, and not an actual estimate of it. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE. In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.

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Prokaryote

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Proterozoic

The Proterozoic is a geological eon representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth.

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Protist

A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus.

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Protocol (science)

In the natural sciences a protocol is a predefined written procedural method in the design and implementation of experiments.

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Proton

| magnetic_moment.

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Protozoa

Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.

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Pteraspidomorphi

Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish.

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Pyrococcus

Pyrococcus is a genus of Thermococcaceaen archaean.

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Radioactive waste

Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.

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Radiolaria

The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm.The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica.

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Radula

The radula (plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure that is used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue.

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Raptorial

The term raptorial implies much the same as predatory but most often refers to modifications of an arthropod's foreleg that make it function for the grasping of prey while it is consumed, where the gripping surfaces are formed from the opposing faces of two successive leg segments (see illustration).

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Regeneration (biology)

In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.

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Replicate (biology)

In the biological sciences, a replicate is an exact copy of a sample that is being analyzed, such as a cell, organism or molecule, on which exactly the same procedure is done.

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Reproductive system

The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

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Reptile

Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.

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Respiration (physiology)

In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.

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Respiratory system

The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

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Reuters

Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) is a light-sensitive receptor protein involved in visual phototransduction.

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Rhopalaea crassa

Rhopalaea crassa is a species of tunicate belonging to the family Diazonidae.

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Riftia pachyptila

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as giant tube worms, are marine invertebrates in the phylum Annelida (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

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Rostrum (anatomy)

In anatomy, the term rostrum (from the Latin rostrum meaning beak) is used for a number of phylogenetically unrelated structures in different groups of animals.

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Rotifer

The rotifers (Rotifera, commonly called wheel animals) make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.

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Saline water

Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly NaCl).

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Salinity

Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water (see also soil salinity).

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Salp

A salp (plural salps), salpa (plural salpae or salpas), is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate.

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Saltwater crocodile

The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), also known as the estuarine crocodile, Indo-Pacific crocodile, marine crocodile, sea crocodile or informally as saltie, is the largest of all living reptiles, as well as the largest riparian predator in the world.

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Sand dollar

The term sand dollar (also known as a sea cookie or snapper biscuit in New Zealand, or pansy shell in South Africa) refers to species of extremely flattened, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida.

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Sandstone

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.

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Saprotrophic nutrition

Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.

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Sarcopterygii

The Sarcopterygii or lobe-finned fish (from Greek σαρξ sarx, flesh, and πτερυξ pteryx, fin) – sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii ("fringe-finned fish", from Greek κροσσός krossos, fringe) – constitute a clade (traditionally a class or subclass) of the bony fish, though a strict cladistic view includes the terrestrial vertebrates.

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Sargassum

Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales.

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Sawfish

Sawfishes, also known as carpenter sharks, are a family of rays characterized by a long, narrow, flattened rostrum, or nose extension, lined with sharp transverse teeth, arranged in a way that resembles a saw.

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Scale (anatomy)

In most biological nomenclature, a scale (Greek λεπίς lepis, Latin squama) is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection.

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Scallop

Scallop is a common name that is primarily applied to any one of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Scotoplanes

Scotoplanes, commonly known as the sea pig, is a genus of deep-sea sea cucumbers of the family Elpidiidae, order Elasipodida.

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Sea

A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.

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Sea anemone

Sea anemones are a group of marine, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria.

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Sea cucumber

Sea cucumbers are echinoderms from the class Holothuroidea.

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Sea foam

Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids)James G. Acker, CoastalBC.com.

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Sea otter

The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean.

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Sea slug

Sea slug is a common name for some marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial slugs.

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Sea snail

Sea snail is a common name for snails that normally live in saltwater, in other words marine gastropods.

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Sea turtle

Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines.

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Sea urchin

Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.

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Seabed

The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean.

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Seabird

Seabirds (also known as marine birds) are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment.

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Seagrass

Seagrasses are flowering plants (angiosperms) belonging to four families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae and Cymodoceaceae), all in the order Alismatales (in the class of monocotyledons), which grow in marine, fully saline environments.

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Seaweed

Seaweed or macroalgae refers to several species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae.

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Segmentation (biology)

Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments.

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Sessility (motility)

In biology, sessility (in the sense of positional movement or motility) refers to organisms that do not possess a means of self-locomotion and are normally immobile.

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Seta

In biology, setae (singular seta; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.

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Shark

Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.

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Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.

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Silurian

The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya.

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Simple eye in invertebrates

A simple eye (sometimes called a pigment pit) refers to a type of eye form or optical arrangement that contains a single lens.

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Siphon (insect anatomy)

A siphon is a tubular organ of the respiratory system of some insects that spend a significant amount of their time underwater, that serves as a breathing tube.

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Siphon (mollusc)

A siphon is an anatomical structure which is part of the body of aquatic molluscs in three classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda (members of these classes include saltwater and freshwater snails, clams, octopus, squid and relatives).

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Skeleton

The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism.

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Skull

The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.

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Slime mold

Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures.

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Slug

Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc.

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Small shelly fauna

The small shelly fauna, small shelly fossils (SSF), or early skeletal fossils (ESF) are mineralized fossils, many only a few millimetres long, with a nearly continuous record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the end of the Early Cambrian Period.

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Snail

Snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods.

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Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology

The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology is organized to integrate the many fields of specialization which occur in the broad field of biology.

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Society of Systematic Biologists

The Society of Systematic Biologists (SSB) started as the Society of Systematic Zoology in 1947.

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South Australian Research and Development Institute

The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is a state government funded institute with locations throughout South Australia.

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Spartina

Spartina, commonly known as cordgrass or cord-grass, is a genus of plants in the grass family, frequently found in coastal salt marshes.

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Spawn (biology)

Spawn is the eggs and sperm released or deposited into water by aquatic animals.

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Species

In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.

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Sperm

Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning "seed").

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Sperm whale

The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.

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Splash zone

Splash zone applies either to the Supralittoral zone or, in the context of Offshore construction, to the transition from air to water when lowering heavy burdens into the sea.

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Sponge

Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer"), are a basal Metazoa clade as sister of the Diploblasts.

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Spongin

Spongin, a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges.

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Spore

In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.

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Spriggina

Spriggina is a genus of early bilaterian animals whose relationship to living animals is unclear.

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Squid

Squid are cephalopods of the two orders Myopsida and Oegopsida, which were formerly regarded as two suborders of the order Teuthida, however recent research shows Teuthida to be paraphyletic.

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Starfish

Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea.

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Starlet sea anemone

The starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) is a species of small sea anemone in the family Edwardsiidae native to the east coast of the United States, with introduced populations along the coast of southeast England and the west coast of the United States.

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Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.

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Stingray

Stingrays are a group of sea rays, which are cartilaginous fish related to sharks.

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Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).

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Stromatolite

Stromatolites or stromatoliths (from Greek στρῶμα strōma "layer, stratum" (GEN στρώματος strōmatos), and λίθος lithos "rock") are layered mounds, columns, and sheet-like sedimentary rocks that were originally formed by the growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing microbe.

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Stygotantulus

Stygotantulus stocki is a species of crustacean, living as an ectoparasite on harpacticoid copepods of the families Tisbidae and Canuellidae.

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Subphylum

In zoological nomenclature, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum.

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Sulfolobales

In taxonomy, the Sulfolobales are an order of the Thermoprotei.

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Swim bladder

The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming.

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Symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.

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Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

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Symmetry in biology

Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes within the body of an organism.

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Syrinx aruanus

Syrinx aruanus, common name the Australian trumpet or false trumpet, is a species of extremely large sea snail measuring up to 91 cm long and weighing up to 18 kg.

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Systematic Biology

Systematic Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists.

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Tagma (biology)

In biology a tagma (Greek: τάγμα, plural tagmata – τάγματα) is a specialized grouping of multiple segments or metameres into a coherently functional morphological unit.

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Tardigrade

Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.

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Tasmanian giant crab

The Tasmanian giant crab, Pseudocarcinus gigas (sometimes known as the giant deepwater crab, giant southern crab or queen crab) is a very large species of crab that resides on rocky and muddy bottoms in the oceans off Southern Australia.

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Taxon

In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.

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Taxonomy (biology)

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.

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Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.

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Telegraph Media Group

The Telegraph Media Group (TMG, previously the Telegraph Group) is the proprietor of The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph.

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Tentacle

In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates.

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Terrapin

A terrapin is one of several small species of testudines living in fresh or brackish water.

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Tetragonoporus

Tetragonoporus is a genus of cestodes in the order Pseudophyllidea.

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Tetrapod

The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.

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Thalattosaur

Thalattosaurs (meaning "ocean lizards") are a group of prehistoric marine reptiles that lived during the mid-late Triassic Period.

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Thalattosuchia

Thalattosuchia is the name given to a clade of marine crocodylomorphs from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous that had a cosmopolitan distribution.

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The Blue Planet

The Blue Planet is a British nature documentary series created and produced by the BBC.

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The Company of Biologists

The Company of Biologists is a UK-based charity and not-for-profit publisher that was established in 1925 by George Parker Bidder III with the aim of promoting research and study across all branches of biology.

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The Daily Californian

The Daily Californian (Daily Cal) is an independent, student-run newspaper that serves the University of California, Berkeley campus and its surrounding community.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Given Institute

The Given Institute in Aspen Colorado was built to house the Advances in Molecular Biology Conference sponsored by the University of Colorado School of Medicine.

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The Journal of Experimental Biology

The Journal of Experimental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of comparative physiology and integrative biology.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New York Times Company

The New York Times Company is an American media company which publishes its namesake, The New York Times.

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Thermal reservoir

A thermal reservoir, a short-form of thermal energy reservoir, or thermal bath is a thermodynamic system with a heat capacity that is large enough that when it is in thermal contact with another system of interest or its environment, its temperature remains effectively constant.

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Thermophile

A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between.

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Thermoproteales

In taxonomy, the Thermoproteales are an order of the Thermoprotei.

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Thiomargarita namibiensis

Thiomargarita namibiensis is a gram-negative coccoid Proteobacterium, found in the ocean sediments of the continental shelf of Namibia.

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Thorax

The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.

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Three-domain system

The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.

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Tide pool

Tide pools or rock pools are shallow pools of seawater that form on the rocky intertidal shore.

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Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

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Tomopteris

Tomopteris (Neo-Latin from Greek meaning "a cut" + "wing" but taken to mean "fin") is a genus of marine planktonic polychaetes.

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Tonne

The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.

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Torpedo (genus)

Torpedo is a genus of rays, commonly known as electric rays, torpedo rays, or torpedoes.

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Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

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Translation (biology)

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

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Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, also sometimes conventional transmission electron microscopy or CTEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.

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Trends (journals)

Trends is a series of scientific journals owned by Elsevier that publish review articles in a range of areas of biology.

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Trilobite

Trilobites (meaning "three lobes") are a fossil group of extinct marine arachnomorph arthropods that form the class Trilobita.

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Triploblasty

Triploblasty is a condition of the blastula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

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Trochophore

A trochophore (also spelled trocophore) is a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia.

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Tube worm

A tube worm is any worm-like sessile invertebrate that anchors its tail to an underwater surface and secretes around its body a mineral tube, into which it can withdraw its entire body.

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Tunicate

A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords.

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Turbulence

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is any pattern of fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.

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Turritopsis dohrnii

Turritopsis dohrnii, the immortal jellyfish, is a species of small, biologically immortal jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters of Japan.

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Unicellular organism

A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.

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Universe

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.

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Veliger

A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs (clams) and tusk shells.

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Ventral nerve cord

The ventral nerve cord (VNC) makes up a part of the central nervous system of some phyla of the bilaterians, particularly within the nematodes, annelids and the arthropods.

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Venus' flower basket

The Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) is a hexactinellid sponge in the phylum Porifera inhabiting the deep ocean.

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Vertebral column

The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton.

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Vertebrate

Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).

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Viral envelope

Some viruses (e.g. HIV and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.

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Viroid

Viroids are the smallest infectious pathogens known.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vision in fishes

Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish.

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Viviparity

Among animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the parent, eventually leading to live birth, as opposed to reproduction by laying eggs that complete their incubation outside the parental body.

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Volcano

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

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Volvox

Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae.

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Walrus

The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous distribution about the North Pole in the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Washington State Convention Center

The Washington State Convention Center (WSCC) is a convention center in Seattle, Washington, United States.

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Water column

A water column is a conceptual column of water from the surface of a sea, river or lake to the bottom sediment.

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Western Australia

Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia.

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Whale

Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals.

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World Register of Marine Species

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms.

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Worm

Worms are many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no limbs.

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Xenophanes

Xenophanes of Colophon (Ξενοφάνης ὁ Κολοφώνιος; c. 570 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic.

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Xestospongia testudinaria

Xestospongia testudinaria is a species of barrel sponge in the family Petrosiidae.

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Year

A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun.

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Yolk

Among animals which produce one, the yolk (also known as the vitellus) is the nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo.

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Zooflagellate

In some older systems of classification, Zoomastigophora is a phylum (more commonly known as zooflagellates) within the kingdom Protista.

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Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

The Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of zoology published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Linnean Society.

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Zoology

Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.

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Zooplankton

Zooplankton are heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton.

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Zoospore

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion.

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Zostera

Zostera is a small genus of widely distributed seagrasses, commonly called marine eelgrass or simply eelgrass.

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Fauna of the ocean, Marine Life, Marine animal, Marine animals, Marine biogeochemical cycle, Marine biogeochemical cycles, Marine biota, Marine organisms, Ocean fauna, Ocean life, Sea life, Sealife.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_life

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