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251 relations: Actor–network theory, Adam Smith, Air pollution, Alfred Marshall, Antoine Augustin Cournot, Arithmetic, Arjun Appadurai, Arms trafficking, Auction, Bargaining power, Barter, Bazaar, Big-box store, Black market, Bond market, Bronisław Malinowski, Business intelligence, C. B. Macpherson, Cannabis (drug), Capitalism, Carbon emission trading, Carl Menger, Coach (sport), Commodification, Commodity, Commodity market, Commodity pathway diversion, Communication, Consumer, Cooperation, Cooperative, Copyright infringement, Corporation, Cost, Crown jewels, Data mining, David Harvey, David Ricardo, David Soskice, Death of Eric Garner, Demand curve, Democracy, Developed market, Developing country, Diamond, Discount store, Distribution (marketing), Duopoly, Dynamic inconsistency, E-commerce, ..., E. Jerome McCarthy, EBay, Economic equilibrium, Economic geography, Economic history, Economic interventionism, Economic model, Economic sociology, Economist, Economy, Edward Chamberlin, Efficiency, Emergence, Environmental degradation, Exogeny, Externality, Factors of production, Fair, Fair trade, Farm, Farmers' market, Feudalism, Financial market, Financial transaction, Fish market, Flea market, Foreign exchange market, Framing (social sciences), Free market, Futures exchange, George Akerlof, George Stigler, Goat, Goods, Government failure, Grey market, Grocery store, György Lukács, Harold Hotelling, Heirloom, High Street, Historical Social Research, Homo economicus, Hypermarket, Ideology, Illegal drug trade, Imperfect competition, Indian giver, Informal sector, Information asymmetry, Information economy, Infrastructure, Institution, Intermediate good, J. K. Gibson-Graham, James Mill, Joan Robinson, Jonathan Parry, Joseph Bertrand, Karl Marx, Kevin Lane Keller, Kindergarten, Knowledge market, Kula ring, Labor theory of value, Labour economics, Laissez-faire, Landscape, Léon Walras, Legal outsourcing, Local exchange trading system, Logistics, Long run and short run, Main Street, Mainstream economics, Manual labour, Manufacturing, Marcel Mauss, Marginalism, Market economy, Market engineering, Market failure, Market information systems, Market liquidity, Market microstructure, Market participant, Market segmentation, Market square, Market structure, Market town, Market value, Marketing, Marketing channel, Marketing engineering, Marketing management, Marketing mix, Marketplace, Marxism, Media market, Michael Spence, Michel Callon, Michel Foucault, Microeconomics, Minimum wage, Mobile app, Mode of production, Money, Money market, Monopolistic competition, Monopoly, Monopsony, Multinational corporation, NASDAQ, Neil H. Borden, Neoliberalism, New York Stock Exchange, Night market, Niklas Luhmann, NYSE American, Organic food, Ownership, Pareto efficiency, Pasteurization, Patent, Path dependence, Patrik Aspers, Peasant, Perfect competition, Person, Philip Kotler, Pierre Bourdieu, Post-structuralism, Prediction market, Price, Price ceiling, Price discrimination, Principal–agent problem, Principles of Economics (Marshall), Private electronic market, Privatization, Procedure (term), Product (business), Product differentiation, Promotion (marketing), Public good, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Reciprocity (cultural anthropology), Referee, Regulation, Regulation of sport, Regulation school, Resource allocation, Robert H. Frank, Robert Pindyck, Scarcity, Schema (Kant), Shopper marketing, Shopping mall, Social class, Social democracy, Social network, Social relation, Social statistics, Social system, Sociology, Souq, Spontaneous order, State-owned enterprise, Stock market, Strip mall, Structural adjustment, Structure, Subjective theory of value, Subsidy, Supermarket, Supply (economics), Supply and demand, System, Tax, The American Economic Review, The Economic Journal, The Gift (book), The Market for Lemons, Trade, Trade bloc, Trade fair, Trobriand Islands, Trust (emotion), Uneven and combined development, United Nations, Urbanization, Utility, Wage, Wedding ring, Wet market, Wholesaling, William Baumol, William Stanley Jevons, Worker cooperative, Workforce, World economy. Expand index (201 more) »
Actor–network theory
Actor–network theory (ANT) is a theoretical and methodological approach to social theory where everything in the social and natural worlds exists in constantly shifting networks of relationship.
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Adam Smith
Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.
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Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
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Alfred Marshall
Alfred Marshall, FBA (26 July 1842 – 13 July 1924) was one of the most influential economists of his time.
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Antoine Augustin Cournot
Antoine Augustin Cournot (28 August 180131 March 1877) was a French philosopher and mathematician who also contributed to the development of economics theory.
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Arithmetic
Arithmetic (from the Greek ἀριθμός arithmos, "number") is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations on them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
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Arjun Appadurai
Arjun Appadurai (born 1949) is an Indian-American anthropologist recognized as a major theorist in globalization studies.
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Arms trafficking
Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is the trafficking of contraband weapons and ammunition.
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Auction
An auction is a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder.
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Bargaining power
Bargaining power is the relative ability of parties in a situation to exert influence over each other.
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Barter
In trade, barter is a system of exchange where participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.
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Bazaar
A bazaar is a permanently enclosed marketplace or street where goods and services are exchanged or sold.
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Big-box store
A big-box store (also supercenter, superstore, or megastore) is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain of stores.
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Black market
A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.
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Bond market
The bond market (also debt market or credit market) is a financial market where participants can issue new debt, known as the primary market, or buy and sell debt securities, known as the secondary market.
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Bronisław Malinowski
Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (7 April 1884 – 16 May 1942) was a Polish-British anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists.
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Business intelligence
Business intelligence (BI) comprises the strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the data analysis of business information.
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C. B. Macpherson
Crawford Brough Macpherson (18 November 1911 – 22 July 1987) was an influential Canadian political scientist who taught political theory at the University of Toronto.
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Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the ''Cannabis'' plant intended for medical or recreational use.
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Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
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Carbon emission trading
Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide (calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or tCO2e) and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading.
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Carl Menger
Carl Menger (February 23, 1840 – February 26, 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics.
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Coach (sport)
In sports, a coach is a person involved in the direction, instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople.
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Commodification
Commodification is the transformation of goods, services, ideas and people into commodities, or objects of trade.
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Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
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Commodity market
A commodity market is a market that trades in primary economic sector rather than manufactured products.
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Commodity pathway diversion
A commodity pathway diversion is the ability of an object to move in and out of the "commodity state" over the course of its use life.
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Communication
Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
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Consumer
A consumer is a person or organization that use economic services or commodities.
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Cooperation
Cooperation (sometimes written as co-operation) is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common, mutual, or some underlying benefit, as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit.
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Cooperative
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise".
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Copyright infringement
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works.
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Corporation
A corporation is a company or group of people or an organisation authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.
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Cost
In production, research, retail, and accounting, a cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something or deliver a service, and hence is not available for use anymore.
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Crown jewels
Crown Jewels are the objects of metalwork and jewellery in the regalia of a current or former monarchy.
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Data mining
Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.
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David Harvey
David W. Harvey (born 31 October 1935) is the Distinguished Professor of anthropology and geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY).
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David Ricardo
David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist, one of the most influential of the classical economists along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and James Mill.
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David Soskice
David William Soskice, FBA (born 6 July 1942) is a British political economist and academic.
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Death of Eric Garner
On July 17, 2014, Eric Garner died in Staten Island, New York City, after a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer put him in a headlock for about 15 to 19 seconds while arresting him.
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Demand curve
In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at any given price.
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Democracy
Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.
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Developed market
In investing, a developed market is a country that is most developed in terms of its economy and capital markets.
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Developing country
A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Discount store
A discount store or discount shop is a retail shop which sells products at prices that are lower than the typical market price.
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Distribution (marketing)
Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix.
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Duopoly
A duopoly (from Greek δύο, duo (two) + πωλεῖν, polein (to sell)) is a form of oligopoly where only two sellers exist in one market.
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Dynamic inconsistency
In economics, dynamic inconsistency or time inconsistency is a situation in which a decision-maker's preferences change over time in such a way that a preference can become inconsistent at another point in time.
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E-commerce
E-commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet.
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E. Jerome McCarthy
Edmund Jerome McCarthy (February 20, 1928 – December 3, 2015) was an American marketing professor and author.
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EBay
eBay Inc. is a multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.
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Economic equilibrium
In economics, economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.
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Economic geography
Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.
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Economic history
Economic history is the study of economies or economic phenomena of the past.
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Economic interventionism
Economic interventionism (sometimes state interventionism) is an economic policy perspective favoring government intervention in the market process to correct the market failures and promote the general welfare of the people.
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Economic model
In economics, a model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them.
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Economic sociology
Economic sociology is the study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena.
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Economist
An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.
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Economy
An economy (from Greek οίκος – "household" and νέμoμαι – "manage") is an area of the production, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents.
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Edward Chamberlin
Edward Hastings Chamberlin (May 18, 1899 – July 16, 1967) was an American economist.
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Efficiency
Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result.
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Emergence
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.
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Environmental degradation
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
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Exogeny
In a variety of contexts, exogeny or exogeneity is the fact of an action or object originating externally.
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Externality
In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.
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Factors of production
In economics, factors of production, resources, or inputs are which is used in the production process to produce output—that is, finished goods and services.
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Fair
A fair (archaic: faire or fayre), also known as funfair, is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities.
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Fair trade
Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions.
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Farm
A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production.
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Farmers' market
A farmers' market is a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers.
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Feudalism
Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.
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Financial market
A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives such as futures and options at low transaction costs.
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Financial transaction
A financial transaction is an agreement, or communication, carried out between a buyer and a seller to exchange an asset for payment.
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Fish market
A fish market is a marketplace for selling fish products.
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Flea market
A flea market (or swap meet) is a type of bazaar that rents or provides space to people who want to sell or barter merchandise.
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Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market (Forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies.
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Framing (social sciences)
In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies, organize, perceive, and communicate about reality.
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Free market
In economics, a free market is an idealized system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.
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Futures exchange
A futures exchange or futures market is a central financial exchange where people can trade standardized futures contracts; that is, a contract to buy specific quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a specified price with delivery set at a specified time in the future.
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George Akerlof
George Arthur Akerlof (born June 17, 1940) is an American economist who is a University Professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.
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George Stigler
George Joseph Stigler (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was an American economist, the 1982 laureate in Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics.
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Goat
The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.
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Goods
In economics, goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product.
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Government failure
Government failure, in the context of public economics, is an economic inefficiency caused by a government intervention, if the inefficiency would not exist in a true free market.
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Grey market
A grey or gray market (sometimes confused with the similar term parallel market) refers to the trade of a commodity through distribution channels that are legal but unintended by the original manufacturer or trade mark proprietor.
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Grocery store
A grocery store or grocer's shop is a retail shop that primarily sells food.
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György Lukács
György Lukács (also Georg Lukács; born György Bernát Löwinger; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician, literary historian, and critic.
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Harold Hotelling
Harold Hotelling (September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was a mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics.
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Heirloom
In popular usage, an heirloom is something, perhaps an antique or some kind of jewelry, that has been passed down for generations through family members.
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High Street
High Street (or the High Street, also High Road) is a metonym for the concept (and frequently the street name) of the primary business street of towns or cities, especially in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations.
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Historical Social Research
Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering political science, social science, cultural studies, and history.
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Homo economicus
The term homo economicus, or economic man, is a caricature of economic theory framed as a "mythical species" or word play on homo sapiens, and used in pedagogy.
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Hypermarket
In commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore combining a supermarket and a department store.
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Ideology
An Ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group holds for other than purely epistemic reasons.
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Illegal drug trade
The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws.
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Imperfect competition
In economic theory, imperfect competition is a type of market structure showing some but not all features of competitive markets.
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Indian giver
"Indian giver" is an American expression, used to describe a person who gives a "gift" and later wants it back, or who expects something of equivalent worth in return for the item.
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Informal sector
The informal sector, informal economy, or grey economy is the part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government.
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Information asymmetry
In contract theory and economics, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other.
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Information economy
Information economy is an economy with an increased emphasis on informational activities and information industry.
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Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function.
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Institution
Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".
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Intermediate good
Intermediate goods or producer goods or semi-finished products are goods, such as partly finished goods, used as inputs in the production of other goods including final goods.
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J. K. Gibson-Graham
J. K.
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James Mill
James Mill (born James Milne, 6 April 1773 – 23 June 1836) was a Scottish historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher.
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Joan Robinson
Joan Violet Robinson FBA (31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983), previously Joan Violet Maurice, was a British economist well known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory.
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Jonathan Parry
Jonathan Parry is an English historian.
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Joseph Bertrand
Joseph Louis François Bertrand (11 March 1822 – 5 April 1900) was a French mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory, differential geometry, probability theory, economics and thermodynamics.
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Karl Marx
Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.
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Kevin Lane Keller
Kevin Lane Keller (born June 23, 1956) is the E. B. Osborn Professor of Marketing at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.
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Kindergarten
Kindergarten (from German, literally meaning 'garden for the children') is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school.
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Knowledge market
A knowledge market is a mechanism for distributing knowledge resources.
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Kula ring
Kula, also known as the Kula exchange or Kularing, is a ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.
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Labor theory of value
The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory of value that argues that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of "socially necessary labor" required to produce it, rather than by the use or pleasure its owner gets from it (demand) and its scarcity value (supply).
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Labour economics
Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour.
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Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.
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Landscape
A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features.
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Léon Walras
Marie-Esprit-Léon Walras (16 December 1834 – 5 January 1910) was a French mathematical economist and Georgist.
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Legal outsourcing
Legal outsourcing, also known as legal process outsourcing (LPO), refers to the practice of a law firm or corporation obtaining legal support services from an outside law firm or legal support services company (LPO provider).
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Local exchange trading system
A local exchange trading system (also local employment and trading system or local energy transfer system; abbreviated LETS) is a locally initiated, democratically organised, not-for-profit community enterprise that provides a community information service and records transactions of members exchanging goods and services by using locally created currency.
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Logistics
Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.
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Long run and short run
In microeconomics, the long run is the conceptual time period in which there are no fixed factors of production, so that there are no constraints preventing changing the output level by changing the capital stock or by entering or leaving an industry.
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Main Street
Main Street is a generic phrase used to denote a primary retail street of a village, town or small city in many parts of the world.
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Mainstream economics
Mainstream economics may be used to describe the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught across universities, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion.
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Manual labour
Manual labour (in British English, manual labor in American English) or manual work is physical work done by people, most especially in contrast to that done by machines, and to that done by working animals.
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
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Marcel Mauss
Marcel Mauss (10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist.
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Marginalism
Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal, utility.
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Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
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Market engineering
Market engineering comprises the structured, systematic and theoretically founded procedure of analyzing, designing, introducing and also quality assuring of markets as well as their legal framework regarding simultaneously their market mechanisms and trading rules, systems, platforms and media, and their business models.
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Market failure
In economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient, often leading to a net social welfare loss.
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Market information systems
Market information systems (otherwise known as market intelligence systems, market information services, or MIS, and not to be confused with management information systems) are information systems used in gathering, analyzing and disseminating information about prices and other information relevant to farmers, animal rearers, traders, processors and others involved in handling agricultural products.
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Market liquidity
In business, economics or investment, market liquidity is a market's feature whereby an individual or firm can quickly purchase or sell an asset without causing a drastic change in the asset's price.
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Market microstructure
Market microstructure is a branch of finance concerned with the details of how exchange occurs in markets.
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Market participant
The term market participant is another term for economic agent, an actor and more specifically a decision maker in a model of some aspect of the economy.
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Market segmentation
Market segmentation is the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as segments) based on some type of shared characteristics.
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Market square
The market square (or sometimes, the market place) is a feature of many European and colonial towns.
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Market structure
Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith on the one hand, and that of Karl Marx on the other hand.
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Market town
Market town or market right is a legal term, originating in the Middle Ages, for a European settlement that has the right to host markets, distinguishing it from a village and city.
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Market value
Market value or OMV (Open Market Valuation) is the price at which an asset would trade in a competitive auction setting.
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Marketing
Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships.
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Marketing channel
A marketing channel is the people, organizations, and activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption.
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Marketing engineering
Marketing engineering is currently definded as "a systematic approach to harness data and knowledge to drive effective marketing decision making an implementation through a technology-enabled and model-supported decision process".
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Marketing management
Marketing management is the process of developing strategies and planning for product or services, advertising, promotions, sales to reach desired customer segment.
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Marketing mix
The marketing mix (also known as the 4 Ps) is a foundation model in marketing.
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Marketplace
A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Media market
A media market, broadcast market, media region, designated market area (DMA), television market area, or simply market is a region where the population can receive the same (or similar) television and radio station offerings, and may also include other types of media including newspapers and Internet content.
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Michael Spence
Andrew Michael Spence (born November 7, 1943, Montclair, New Jersey) is an American economist and recipient of the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, along with George Akerlof and Joseph E. Stiglitz, for their work on the dynamics of information flows and market development.
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Michel Callon
Michel Callon (born 1945) is a professor of sociology at the École des mines de Paris and member of the Centre de sociologie de l'innovation.
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Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), generally known as Michel Foucault, was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.
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Microeconomics
Microeconomics (from Greek prefix mikro- meaning "small") is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms.
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Minimum wage
A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their workers.
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Mobile app
A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone/tablet or watch.
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Mode of production
In the writings of Karl Marx and the Marxist theory of historical materialism, a mode of production (in German: Produktionsweise, meaning 'the way of producing') is a specific combination of.
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Money
Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context.
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Money market
As money became a commodity, the money market became a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year or less.
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Monopolistic competition
Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes.
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Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos and πωλεῖν pōleîn) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.
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Monopsony
In economics, a monopsony (from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos) "single" + ὀψωνία (opsōnía) "purchase") is a market structure in which only one buyer interacts with many would-be sellers of a particular product.
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Multinational corporation
A multinational corporation (MNC) or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.
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NASDAQ
The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange.
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Neil H. Borden
Neil Hopper Borden (1895–1980) was an American academic, who served as a professor of advertising at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.
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Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism or neo-liberalism refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism.
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New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE, and nicknamed "The Big Board"), is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York.
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Night market
Night markets or night bazaars are street markets which operate at night and are generally dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets.
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Niklas Luhmann
Niklas Luhmann (December 8, 1927 – November 6, 1998) was a German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and a prominent thinker in systems theory, who is considered one of the most important social theorists of the 20th century.
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NYSE American
NYSE American, formerly known as the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), and more recently as NYSE MKT, is an American stock exchange situated in New York City, New York.
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Organic food
Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming.
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Ownership
Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or intellectual property.
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Pareto efficiency
Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a state of allocation of resources from which it is impossible to reallocate so as to make any one individual or preference criterion better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off.
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Pasteurization
Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat (Today, pasteurization is used widely in the dairy industry and other food processing industries to achieve food preservation and food safety. This process was named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, whose research in the 1880s demonstrated that thermal processing would inactivate unwanted microorganisms in wine. Spoilage enzymes are also inactivated during pasteurization. Most liquid products are heat treated in a continuous system where heat can be applied using plate heat exchanger and/or direct or indirect use of steam and hot water. Due to the mild heat there are minor changes to the nutritional quality of foods as well as the sensory characteristics. Pascalization or high pressure processing (HPP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) are non-thermal processes that are also used to pasteurize foods.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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Path dependence
Path dependence explains how the set of decisions one faces for any given circumstance is limited by the decisions one has made in the past or by the events that one has experienced, even though past circumstances may no longer be relevant.
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Patrik Aspers
Professor Patrik Aspers is a Swedish sociologist.
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Peasant
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees or services to a landlord.
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Perfect competition
In economics, specifically general equilibrium theory, a perfect market is defined by several idealizing conditions, collectively called perfect competition.
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Person
A person is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility.
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Philip Kotler
Philip Kotler (born May 27, 1931) is an American marketing author, consultant, and professor; currently the S. C. Johnson Distinguished Professor of International Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.
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Pierre Bourdieu
Pierre Felix Bourdieu (1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher, and public intellectual.
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Post-structuralism
Post-structuralism is associated with the works of a series of mid-20th-century French, continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to be known internationally in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Prediction market
Prediction markets (also known as predictive markets, information markets, decision markets, idea futures, event derivatives, or virtual markets) are exchange-traded markets created for the purpose of trading the outcome of events.
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Price
In ordinary usage, a price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for one unit of goods or services.
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Price ceiling
A price ceiling is a government-imposed price control, or limit, on how high a price is charged for a product.
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Price discrimination
Price discrimination is a microeconomic pricing strategy where identical or largely similar goods or services are transacted at different prices by the same provider in different markets.
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Principal–agent problem
The principal–agent problem, in political science and economics, (also known as agency dilemma or the agency problem) occurs when one person or entity (the "agent") is able to make decisions and/or take actions on behalf of, or that impact, another person or entity: the "principal".
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Principles of Economics (Marshall)
Principles of Economics is a leading political economy or economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), first published in 1890.
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Private electronic market
A private electronic market (PEM) uses the Internet to connect a limited number or pre-qualified buyers or sellers in one market.
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Privatization
Privatization (also spelled privatisation) is the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private investors, or the sale of a state-owned enterprise to private investors.
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Procedure (term)
A procedure is a document written to support a "policy directive".
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Product (business)
In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need.
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Product differentiation
In economics and marketing, product differentiation (or simply differentiation) is the process of distinguishing a product or service from others, to make it more attractive to a particular target market.
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Promotion (marketing)
In marketing, promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to inform or persuade target audiences of the relative merits of a product, service, brand or issue.
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Public good
In economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.
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Quarterly Journal of Economics
The Quarterly Journal of Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Oxford University Press.
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Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
In cultural anthropology, reciprocity refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labour ranging from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually expected (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of birthday gifts.
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Referee
A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection.
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Regulation
Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends.
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Regulation of sport
The regulation of sport is usually done by a sport governing body for each sport, resulting in a core of relatively invariant, agreed rules.
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Regulation school
The regulation school (l'école de la régulation) is a group of writers in political economy and economics whose origins can be traced to France in the early 1970s, where economic instability and stagflation were rampant in the French economy.
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Resource allocation
In economics, resource allocation is the assignment of available resources to various uses.
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Robert H. Frank
Robert Harris Frank (born January 2, 1945) is the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management and a Professor of Economics at the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University.
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Robert Pindyck
Robert Stephen Pindyck (born January 5, 1945) is an American economist, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi Professor of Economics and Finance at Sloan School of Management at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Scarcity
Scarcity refers to the limited availability of a commodity, which may be in demand in the market.
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Schema (Kant)
In Kantian philosophy, a transcendental schema (plural: schemata; from σχῆμα, "form, shape, figure") is the procedural rule by which a category or pure, non-empirical concept is associated with a sense impression.
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Shopper marketing
Shopper marketing is "understanding how one's target consumers behave as shoppers, in different channels and formats, and leveraging this intelligence to the benefit of all stakeholders, defined as brands, consumers, retailers and shoppers." According to Chris Hoyt, "Shopper marketing brand marketing in retail environment." Since it includes category management, displays, sales, packaging, promotion, research and marketing "Shopper marketing is the elephant in the room that nobody sees the same way." Shopper marketing is not limited to in-store marketing activities, a common and highly inaccurate assumption that impairs the spread of any industry definition.
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Shopping mall
A shopping mall is a modern, chiefly North American, term for a form of shopping precinct or shopping center, in which one or more buildings form a complex of shops representing merchandisers with interconnecting walkways that enable customers to walk from unit to unit.
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Social class
A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.
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Social democracy
Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.
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Social network
A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors.
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Social relation
In social science, a social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more individuals.
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Social statistics
Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment.
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Social system
In sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Souq
A souq or souk (سوق, שוק shuq, Spanish: zoco, also spelled shuk, shooq, soq, esouk, succ, suk, sooq, suq, soek) is a marketplace or commercial quarter in Western Asian, North African and some Horn African cities (ሱቅ sooq).
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Spontaneous order
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos.
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State-owned enterprise
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business enterprise where the state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership.
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Stock market
A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.
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Strip mall
A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza, shopping center, or mini-mall) is an open-air shopping mall where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front.
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Structural adjustment
Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) consist of loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) to countries that experienced economic crises.
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Structure
Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
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Subjective theory of value
The subjective theory of value is a theory of value which advances the idea that the value of a good is not determined by any inherent property of the good, nor by the amount of labor necessary to produce the good, but instead value is determined by the importance an acting individual places on a good for the achievement of his desired ends.
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Subsidy
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.
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Supermarket
A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food and household products, organized into aisles.
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Supply (economics)
In economics, supply is the amount of something that firms, consumers, labourers, providers of financial assets, or other economic agents are willing to provide to the marketplace.
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Supply and demand
In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.
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System
A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming an integrated whole.
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Tax
A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.
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The American Economic Review
The American Economic Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics.
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The Economic Journal
The Economic Journal (EJ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics published on behalf of the Royal Economic Society (RES) by Wiley-Blackwell.
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The Gift (book)
The Gift is a short book by the French sociologist Marcel Mauss that is the foundation of social theories of reciprocity and gift exchange.
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The Market for Lemons
"The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism" is a well-known 1970 paper by economist George Akerlof which examines how the quality of goods traded in a market can degrade in the presence of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers, leaving only "lemons" behind.
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Trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
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Trade bloc
A trade block is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
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Trade fair
A trade fair (trade show, trade exhibition, or expo) is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products and services, meet with industry partners and customers, study activities of rivals, and examine recent market trends and opportunities.
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Trobriand Islands
The Trobriand Islands are a archipelago of coral atolls off the east coast of New Guinea.
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Trust (emotion)
In a social context, trust has several connotations.
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Uneven and combined development
Uneven and combined development (or unequal and combined development) is a Marxist concept to describe the overall dynamics of human history.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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Urbanization
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.
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Utility
Within economics the concept of utility is used to model worth or value, but its usage has evolved significantly over time.
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Wage
A wage is monetary compensation (or remuneration, personnel expenses, labor) paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work done.
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Wedding ring
A wedding ring or wedding band is a finger ring that indicates that its wearer is married.
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Wet market
In Hong Kong English and Singapore English, a wet market is a market selling fresh meat and produce, distinguished from dry markets which sell durable goods such as cloth and electronics.
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Wholesaling
Wholesaling, jobbing, or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services.
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William Baumol
William Jack Baumol (February 26, 1922 – May 4, 2017) was an American economist.
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William Stanley Jevons
William Stanley Jevons FRS (1 September 1835 – 13 August 1882) was an English economist and logician.
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Worker cooperative
A worker cooperative, is a cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers.
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Workforce
The workforce or labour force (labor force in American English; see spelling differences) is the labour pool in employment.
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World economy
The world economy or global economy is the economy of the world, considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account (money).
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Cattle market, Economic Market, Economic market, Global market, Goods market, Market Types, Market forces, Market process, Market process economics, Market size, Market volume, Markets, Markets in illegal goods, Types of markets, World-wide market.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)
