Table of Contents
384 relations: Abiogenesis, Acetogenesis, Acetyl-CoA, Action potential, Active site, Active transport, Adenine, Adenosine diphosphate, Adenosine triphosphate, Aerobic organism, Aldehyde, Aliphatic compound, Alkane, Alkene, Allosteric regulation, Amino acid, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Aminoacyl-tRNA, Ammonia, Amphiphile, Anabolism, Ancient Greek, Annual Review of Biochemistry, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Annual Review of Biophysics, Annual Review of Microbiology, Annual Review of Plant Biology, Antibiotic, Antibody, Antioxidant, Aristotle, Aristotle's biology, Aromatic amino acid, Aspartic acid, ATP synthase, Autotroph, Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure, Basal metabolic rate, Benzene, Beta oxidation, Bicarbonate, Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Biogeochemical cycle, Biological membrane, Bioremediation, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Blood sugar level, ... Expand index (334 more) »
- Underwater diving physiology
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
See Metabolism and Abiogenesis
Acetogenesis
Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced by prokaryote microorganisms either by the reduction of CO2 or by the reduction of organic acids, rather than by the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates or ethanol, as with acetic acid bacteria.
See Metabolism and Acetogenesis
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Action potential
An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.
See Metabolism and Action potential
Active site
In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
See Metabolism and Active site
Active transport
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
See Metabolism and Active transport
Adenine
Adenine (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase.
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.
See Metabolism and Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Metabolism and Adenosine triphosphate
Aerobic organism
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.
See Metabolism and Aerobic organism
Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure.
Aliphatic compound
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil).
See Metabolism and Aliphatic compound
Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.
Alkene
In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond.
Allosteric regulation
In the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology an allosteric regulator (or allosteric modulator) is a substance that binds to a site on an enzyme or receptor distinct from the active site, resulting in a conformational change that alters the protein's activity, either enhancing or inhibiting its function.
See Metabolism and Allosteric regulation
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA.
See Metabolism and Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Aminoacyl-tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA (also aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) is tRNA to which its cognate amino acid is chemically bonded (charged).
See Metabolism and Aminoacyl-tRNA
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Amphiphile
An amphiphile (from the Greek αμφις amphis, both, and φιλíα philia, love, friendship), or amphipath, is a chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties.
Anabolism
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Metabolism and Ancient Greek
Annual Review of Biochemistry
Annual Review of Biochemistry is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews, a nonprofit scientific publisher.
See Metabolism and Annual Review of Biochemistry
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering is an academic journal published by Annual Reviews.
See Metabolism and Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
Annual Review of Biophysics
The Annual Review of Biophysics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published annually by Annual Reviews.
See Metabolism and Annual Review of Biophysics
Annual Review of Microbiology
The Annual Review of Microbiology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles about microbiology.
See Metabolism and Annual Review of Microbiology
Annual Review of Plant Biology
Annual Review of Plant Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews.
See Metabolism and Annual Review of Plant Biology
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Antibody
An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.
See Metabolism and Antioxidant
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Aristotle's biology
Aristotle's biology is the theory of biology, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly zoological, embodied in Aristotle's books on the science.
See Metabolism and Aristotle's biology
Aromatic amino acid
An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring.
See Metabolism and Aromatic amino acid
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Metabolism and Aspartic acid
ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
See Metabolism and ATP synthase
Autotroph
An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Bacterial cell structure
A bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity.
See Metabolism and Bacterial cell structure
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
See Metabolism and Basal metabolic rate
Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.
Beta oxidation
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA.
See Metabolism and Beta oxidation
Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
See Metabolism and Bicarbonate
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
See Metabolism and Biochemistry
Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
See Metabolism and Biodegradation
Biogeochemical cycle
A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.
See Metabolism and Biogeochemical cycle
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
See Metabolism and Biological membrane
Bioremediation
Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings.
See Metabolism and Bioremediation
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.
See Metabolism and Biosynthesis
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
See Metabolism and Biotechnology
Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, blood glucose level, or glycemia is the measure of glucose concentrated in the blood.
See Metabolism and Blood sugar level
Bow tie (biology)
In the biological sciences, the term bow tie (so called for its shape) is a recent concept that tries to grasp the essence of some operational and functional structures observed in biological organisms and other kinds of complex and self-organizing systems.
See Metabolism and Bow tie (biology)
C3 carbon fixation
carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being c4 and CAM.
See Metabolism and C3 carbon fixation
C4 carbon fixation
carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants.
See Metabolism and C4 carbon fixation
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.
See Metabolism and Calvin cycle
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
See Metabolism and Carbohydrate
Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Metabolism and Carbon dioxide
Carboxylation
Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide.
See Metabolism and Carboxylation
Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group.
See Metabolism and Carboxylic acid
Carotenoid
Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi.
Catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Metabolism and Cell (biology)
Cell adhesion
Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface.
See Metabolism and Cell adhesion
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Metabolism and Cell membrane
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
See Metabolism and Cell signaling
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy.
See Metabolism and Cellular respiration
Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Chemical energy
Chemical energy is the energy of chemical substances that is released when the substances undergo a chemical reaction and transform into other substances.
See Metabolism and Chemical energy
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
See Metabolism and Chemical reaction
Chemotroph
A chemotroph Greek words “chemo” (meaning chemical) and “troph” (meaning nourishment) is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.
Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.
Chloride
The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine ion, which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
Chloroform
Chloroform, or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM), is an organochloride with the formula and a common solvent.
Chloroplast
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
See Metabolism and Chloroplast
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
See Metabolism and Cholesterol
Chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
See Metabolism and Chromatography
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
See Metabolism and Citric acid cycle
Classical element
The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.
See Metabolism and Classical element
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).
See Metabolism and Cofactor (biochemistry)
Control theory
Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines.
See Metabolism and Control theory
Cori cycle
The Cori cycle (also known as the lactic acid cycle), named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori, is a metabolic pathway in which lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles, is transported to the liver and converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is cyclically metabolized back to lactate.
Coupling (physics)
In physics, two objects are said to be coupled when they are interacting with each other.
See Metabolism and Coupling (physics)
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night.
See Metabolism and Crassulacean acid metabolism
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
See Metabolism and Cyanobacteria
Cytochrome b6f complex
The cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol/plastocyanin reductase or plastoquinol/plastocyanin oxidoreductase) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin: The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
See Metabolism and Cytochrome b6f complex
Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases.
See Metabolism and Cytochrome P450
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
See Metabolism and Cytoskeleton
Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)).
Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2).
See Metabolism and Decarboxylation
Dehydration reaction
In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion.
See Metabolism and Dehydration reaction
Dehydrogenase
A dehydrogenase is an enzyme belonging to the group of oxidoreductases that oxidizes a substrate by reducing an electron acceptor, usually NAD+/NADP+ or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN.
See Metabolism and Dehydrogenase
Denitrification
Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO3−) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.
See Metabolism and Denitrification
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C.
See Metabolism and Deoxyribose
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma.
Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes take part in the chemical process of digestion, which follows the mechanical process of digestion.
See Metabolism and Digestive enzyme
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; or alternatively, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP); also isoprenyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid precursor.
See Metabolism and Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Dissipative system
A dissipative system is a thermodynamically open system which is operating out of, and often far from, thermodynamic equilibrium in an environment with which it exchanges energy and matter.
See Metabolism and Dissipative system
Disulfide
In chemistry, a disulfide (or disulphide in British English) is a compound containing a functional group or the anion.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA microarray
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
See Metabolism and DNA microarray
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
See Metabolism and DNA replication
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
Ecology
Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
Eduard Buchner
Eduard Buchner (20 May 1860 – 13 August 1917) was a German chemist and zymologist, awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fermentation.
See Metabolism and Eduard Buchner
Efficacy
Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree.
Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
See Metabolism and Electrochemical gradient
Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that are electrically conductive through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons.
See Metabolism and Electrolyte
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
See Metabolism and Electron microscope
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
See Metabolism and Electron transport chain
Elephant
Elephants are the largest living land animals.
Endosymbiont
An endosymbiont or endobiont is an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.
See Metabolism and Endosymbiont
Energy
Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.
Entropy
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity.
See Metabolism and Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme kinetics
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions.
See Metabolism and Enzyme kinetics
Ergosterol
Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a mycosterol found in cell membranes of fungi and protozoa, serving many of the same functions that cholesterol serves in animal cells.
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Metabolism and Escherichia coli
Essential amino acid
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet.
See Metabolism and Essential amino acid
Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a functional group derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group of that acid is replaced by an organyl group.
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Expasy
Expasy is an online bioinformatics resource operated by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics.
Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried.
Extracellular fluid
In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism.
See Metabolism and Extracellular fluid
Fat
In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
Fatty acid synthase
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.
See Metabolism and Fatty acid synthase
Fermentation in food processing
In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions.
See Metabolism and Fermentation in food processing
Ferritin
Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion.
Ferrous
In chemistry, iron(II) refers to the element iron in its +2 oxidation state.
Fibrous protein
In molecular biology, fibrous proteins or scleroproteins are one of the three main classifications of protein structure (alongside globular and membrane proteins).
See Metabolism and Fibrous protein
Flux
Flux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance.
Folate
Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins.
Formate
Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the conjugate base of formic acid.
Formic acid
Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure.
See Metabolism and Formic acid
Friedrich Wöhler
Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.
See Metabolism and Friedrich Wöhler
Fructose
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
Functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.
See Metabolism and Functional group
Futile cycle
A futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat.
See Metabolism and Futile cycle
Galactose
Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose.
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Metabolism and Gastrointestinal tract
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Metabolism and Gene expression
Globular protein
In biochemistry, globular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical ("globe-like") proteins and are one of the common protein types (the others being fibrous, disordered and membrane proteins).
See Metabolism and Globular protein
Glucogenic amino acid
A glucogenic amino acid (or glucoplastic amino acid) is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
See Metabolism and Glucogenic amino acid
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
See Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P, sometimes called the Robison ester) is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6.
See Metabolism and Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucuronosyltransferase
Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) is a microsomal glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the glucuronic acid component of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule.
See Metabolism and Glucuronosyltransferase
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Metabolism and Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
See Metabolism and Glutathione
Glutathione S-transferase
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.
See Metabolism and Glutathione S-transferase
Glycan
The terms glycans and polysaccharides are defined by IUPAC as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically".
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms.
See Metabolism and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glycerol
Glycerol, also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound.
Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Glycogen synthase
Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen.
See Metabolism and Glycogen synthase
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol).
Glycoside hydrolase
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars.
See Metabolism and Glycoside hydrolase
Glycosyltransferase
Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are enzymes (EC 2.4) that establish natural glycosidic linkages.
See Metabolism and Glycosyltransferase
Glyoxylate cycle
The glyoxylate cycle, a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is an anabolic pathway occurring in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi.
See Metabolism and Glyoxylate cycle
Green sulfur bacteria
The green sulfur bacteria are a phylum, Chlorobiota, of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that metabolize sulfur.
See Metabolism and Green sulfur bacteria
Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.
See Metabolism and Growth factor
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Hans Kornberg
Sir Hans Leo Kornberg, FRS (14 January 1928 – 16 December 2019) was a British-American biochemist.
See Metabolism and Hans Kornberg
Hans Krebs (biochemist)
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, FRS (25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981) was a German-British biologist, physician and biochemist.
See Metabolism and Hans Krebs (biochemist)
Heterocyclic compound
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s).
See Metabolism and Heterocyclic compound
Heterotroph
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.
See Metabolism and Heterotroph
History of life
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day.
See Metabolism and History of life
HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.
Holism
Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts.
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
See Metabolism and Homeostasis
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont).
See Metabolism and Host (biology)
Human nutrition
Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and good health.
See Metabolism and Human nutrition
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
See Metabolism and Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula.
See Metabolism and Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.
See Metabolism and Hydroxy group
Ibn al-Nafis
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī Ḥazm al-Qarashī (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزمالقرشي), known as Ibn al-Nafīs (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab polymath whose areas of work included medicine, surgery, physiology, anatomy, biology, Islamic studies, jurisprudence, and philosophy.
See Metabolism and Ibn al-Nafis
Inorganic compound
An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bondsthat is, a compound that is not an organic compound.
See Metabolism and Inorganic compound
Inosine
Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Insensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration, also known as transepidermal water loss, is the passive vapour diffusion of water through the epidermis.
See Metabolism and Insensible perspiration
Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene.
Insulin receptor
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase.
See Metabolism and Insulin receptor
Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
See Metabolism and Ion channel
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.
See Metabolism and Iron(II) oxide
Isolated system
In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following.
See Metabolism and Isolated system
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor.
See Metabolism and Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Isoprene
Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common volatile organic compound with the formula CH2.
Isotopic labeling
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count) through chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or a biological cell.
See Metabolism and Isotopic labeling
Α-Ketoglutaric acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid (also termed 2-oxoglutaric acid) is a dicarboxylic acid, i.e., a short-chain fatty acid containing two carboxyl groups (carboxy groups notated as) with C, O, and H standing for carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, respectively (see adjacent figure).
See Metabolism and Α-Ketoglutaric acid
Keto acid
In organic chemistry, keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group.
Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure, where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents.
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis).
See Metabolism and Ketone bodies
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells.
See Metabolism and Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid.
See Metabolism and Lactic acid
Lanosterol
Lanosterol is a tetracyclic triterpenoid and is the compound from which all animal and fungal steroids are derived.
Last universal common ancestor
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life,--> the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated.
See Metabolism and Last universal common ancestor
Laws of thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.
See Metabolism and Laws of thermodynamics
Life
Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. Metabolism and Lipid are Underwater diving physiology.
Lithotroph
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
See Metabolism and Louis Pasteur
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
See Metabolism and Macromolecule
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
MANET database
--> The Molecular Ancestry Network (MANET) database is a bioinformatics database that maps evolutionary relationships of protein architectures directly onto biological networks.
See Metabolism and MANET database
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
See Metabolism and Messenger RNA
Metabolic engineering
Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cell's production of a certain substance.
See Metabolism and Metabolic engineering
Metabolic network
A metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine the physiological and biochemical properties of a cell.
See Metabolism and Metabolic network
Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
See Metabolism and Metabolic pathway
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
See Metabolism and Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic waste
Metabolic wastes or excrements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted.
See Metabolism and Metabolic waste
Metabolome
The metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample.
Metallothionein
Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins.
See Metabolism and Metallothionein
Methanogen
Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism, i.e., catabolism.
Mevalonate pathway
The mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria.
See Metabolism and Mevalonate pathway
Microphysiometry
Microphysiometry is the in vitro measurement of the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved on a very small (micrometer) scale.
See Metabolism and Microphysiometry
Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules.
See Metabolism and Molecular dynamics
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.
Monomer
A monomer (mono-, "one" + -mer, "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.
See Metabolism and Monosaccharide
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Metabolism and Multicellular organism
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells.
See Metabolism and Muscle contraction
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a very small cell wall-less bacterium in the class Mollicutes.
See Metabolism and Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Natural product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
See Metabolism and Natural product
Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system.
Network theory
In mathematics, computer science and network science, network theory is a part of graph theory.
See Metabolism and Network theory
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.
See Metabolism and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').
See Metabolism and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula.
Nitrification
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite.
See Metabolism and Nitrification
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of macroscopic quantities (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium.
See Metabolism and Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-mevalonate pathway
The non-mevalonate pathway—also appearing as the mevalonate-independent pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (MEP/DOXP) pathway—is an alternative metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
See Metabolism and Non-mevalonate pathway
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique based on re-orientation of atomic nuclei with non-zero nuclear spins in an external magnetic field.
See Metabolism and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
See Metabolism and Nucleic acid
Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
Nucleotide base
Nucleotide bases (also nucleobases, nitrogenous bases) are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which, in turn, are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.
See Metabolism and Nucleotide base
Nutrition
Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life.
Oligosaccharyltransferase
Oligosaccharyltransferase or OST is a membrane protein complex that transfers a 14-sugar oligosaccharide from dolichol to nascent protein.
See Metabolism and Oligosaccharyltransferase
Oncometabolism
Oncometabolism is the field of study that focuses on the metabolic changes that occur in cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) and accompany oncogenesis and tumor progression toward a neoplastic state.
See Metabolism and Oncometabolism
Open system (systems theory)
An open system is a system that has external interactions.
See Metabolism and Open system (systems theory)
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Metabolism and Organic compound
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Organochlorine chemistry
Organochlorine chemistry is concerned with the properties of organochlorine compounds, or organochlorides, organic compounds containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine.
See Metabolism and Organochlorine chemistry
Organotroph
An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates.
See Metabolism and Organotroph
Orotic acid
Orotic acid is a pyrimidinedione and a carboxylic acid.
See Metabolism and Orotic acid
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
See Metabolism and Osmotic pressure
Oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H.
See Metabolism and Oxaloacetic acid
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK, US) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Metabolism and Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
See Metabolism and Oxidative stress
Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
See Metabolism and Oxidoreductase
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.
Parasitism
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Parts of Animals
Parts of Animals (or On the Parts of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων μορίων; Latin De Partibus Animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology.
See Metabolism and Parts of Animals
Pentose
In chemistry, a pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt or HMP shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis.
See Metabolism and Pentose phosphate pathway
Peptide bond
In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.
See Metabolism and Peptide bond
Peroxidase
Peroxidases or peroxide reductases (EC number) are a large group of enzymes which play a role in various biological processes.
Persistent organic pollutant
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.
See Metabolism and Persistent organic pollutant
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
Phosphatase
In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol.
See Metabolism and Phosphatase
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
See Metabolism and Phospholipid
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element; it has symbol P and atomic number 15.
Phosphorylase
In biochemistry, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor.
See Metabolism and Phosphorylase
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.
See Metabolism and Phosphorylation
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
See Metabolism and Photosynthesis
Photosynthetic pigment
A photosynthetic pigment (accessory pigment; chloroplast pigment; antenna pigment) is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis.
See Metabolism and Photosynthetic pigment
Photosynthetic reaction centre
A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments, and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis.
See Metabolism and Photosynthetic reaction centre
Photosystem
Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis.
See Metabolism and Photosystem
Phototroph
Phototrophs are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy.
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.
Plastid
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
Poison
A poison is any chemical substance that is harmful or lethal to living organisms.
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
Polynucleotide
In molecular biology, a polynucleotide is a biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers that are covalently bonded in a chain.
See Metabolism and Polynucleotide
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
See Metabolism and Polysaccharide
Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.
Primary nutritional groups
Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.
See Metabolism and Primary nutritional groups
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins.
See Metabolism and Protein biosynthesis
Protein folding
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure.
See Metabolism and Protein folding
Protein kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules.
See Metabolism and Protein kinase
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
See Metabolism and Protein primary structure
Protein purification
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms.
See Metabolism and Protein purification
Proteomics
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.
Protist
A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.
Proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).
Purine
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together.
Purple bacteria
Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis.
See Metabolism and Purple bacteria
Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine is an aromatic, heterocyclic, organic compound similar to pyridine.
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.
See Metabolism and Pyruvic acid
Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, radiotracer, or radioactive label is a synthetic derivative of a natural compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide (a radioactive atom).
See Metabolism and Radioactive tracer
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.
See Metabolism and Reactive oxygen species
Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.
See Metabolism and Receptor (biochemistry)
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
Reducing agent
In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the,,, or). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, the alkali metals, formic acid, oxalic acid, and sulfite compounds.
See Metabolism and Reducing agent
Reductionism
Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.
See Metabolism and Reductionism
Reverse Krebs cycle
The reverse Krebs cycle (also known as the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reverse TCA cycle, or the reverse citric acid cycle, or the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, or the reductive TCA cycle) is a sequence of chemical reactions that are used by some bacteria to produce carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by the use of energy-rich reducing agents as electron donors.
See Metabolism and Reverse Krebs cycle
Reverse transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.
See Metabolism and Reverse transcriptase
Ribose
Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C5H10O5 and the linear-form composition H−(C.
Ribose 5-phosphate
Ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
See Metabolism and Ribose 5-phosphate
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virusother than a retrovirusthat has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material.
RNA world
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme involved in the light-independent (or "dark") part of photosynthesis, including the carbon fixation by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose.
Salivary gland
The salivary glands in many vertebrates including mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.
See Metabolism and Salivary gland
Santorio Santorio
Santorio Santorio (29 March 1561 – 25 February 1636) whose real name was Santorio Santori (or de' Sanctoriis) better known in English as Sanctorius of Padua was an Italian physiologist, physician, and professor, who introduced the quantitative approach into the life sciences and is considered the father of experimental physiology.
See Metabolism and Santorio Santorio
Scaffolding
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other human-made structures.
See Metabolism and Scaffolding
Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions.
See Metabolism and Second law of thermodynamics
Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
See Metabolism and Second messenger system
Shikimic acid
Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
See Metabolism and Shikimic acid
Sleep
Sleep is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and certain sensory activity is inhibited.
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
Soil fertility
Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality.
See Metabolism and Soil fertility
Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
Sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin (SPH) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons.
See Metabolism and Sphingomyelin
Sphingosine
Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.
See Metabolism and Sphingosine
Spliceosome
A spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
See Metabolism and Spliceosome
Spontaneous process
In thermodynamics, a spontaneous process is a process which occurs without any external input to the system.
See Metabolism and Spontaneous process
Squalene
Squalene is an organic compound.
Starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
Sterol
Sterol is an organic compound with formula, whose molecule is derived from that of gonane by replacement of a hydrogen atom on C3 position by a hydroxyl group.
Stomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent.
See Metabolism and Substrate (chemistry)
Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
Sulfide
Sulfide (also sulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
T-tubule
T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
Terpene
Terpenes are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2.
Terpenoid
The terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc.
Theologus Autodidactus
Theologus Autodidactus (English: "The Self-taught Theologian") is an Arabic novel written by Ibn al-Nafis, originally titled The Treatise of Kāmil on the Prophet's Biography (الرسالة الكاملية في السيرة النبوية), and also known as Risālat Fādil ibn Nātiq ("The Book of Fādil ibn Nātiq").
See Metabolism and Theologus Autodidactus
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics.
See Metabolism and Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thiosulfate
Thiosulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula.
See Metabolism and Thiosulfate
Three-domain system
The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990.
See Metabolism and Three-domain system
Thylakoid
Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
Trace element
A trace element is a chemical element of a minute quantity, a trace amount, especially used in referring to a micronutrient, but is also used to refer to minor elements in the composition of a rock, or other chemical substance.
See Metabolism and Trace element
Transaminase
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid.
See Metabolism and Transaminase
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
See Metabolism and Transcription (biology)
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
See Metabolism and Transfer RNA
Transition metal
In chemistry, a transition metal (or transition element) is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12), though the elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded.
See Metabolism and Transition metal
Triglyceride
A triglyceride (from tri- and glyceride; also TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
See Metabolism and Triglyceride
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
See Metabolism and Type 2 diabetes
Unicellular organism
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells.
See Metabolism and Unicellular organism
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
Urea cycle
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3).
Uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine diphosphate glucose (uracil-diphosphate glucose, UDP-glucose) is a nucleotide sugar.
See Metabolism and Uridine diphosphate glucose
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Vitalism
Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul.
Vitamin
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: niacin (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside.
Work (thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal processes by which a thermodynamic system can interact with its surroundings and exchange energy.
See Metabolism and Work (thermodynamics)
X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms.
See Metabolism and X-ray diffraction
Xenobiotic
A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism.
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
1,3-Propanediol
1,3-Propanediol is the organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2OH)2.
See Metabolism and 1,3-Propanediol
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG, 3-PGA, or PGA) is the conjugate acid of 3-phosphoglycerate or glycerate 3-phosphate (GP or G3P).
See Metabolism and 3-Phosphoglyceric acid
See also
Underwater diving physiology
- Aquanauts
- Blood–air barrier
- Exercise Paddington Diamond
- Freediving blackout
- High-pressure nervous syndrome
- Human physiology of underwater diving
- Instinctive drowning response
- Lipid
- Metabolism
- Oxygen window
- Perfusion
- Physiology of decompression
- Physiology of underwater diving
- Pulmonary circulation
- Respiratory quotient
- Shallow-water blackout
- Thermal balance of the underwater diver
- Tribonucleation
References
Also known as Anabolic reaction, Biosynthetic pathways, Cell metabolism, Cellular metabolism, Human metabolism, Intermediary metabolism, Intermediate metabolism, Katabolic, Metabolic, Metabolic Chemistry, Metabolic Reaction, Metabolic activity, Metabolic conversion, Metabolic process, Metabolic regulation, Metabolic system, Metabolic transformation, Metabolically, Metabolics, Metabolise, Metabolised, Metabolism system, Metabolisms, Metabolization, Metabolize, Metabolized, Metabolizes, Metabolizing, Primary metabolism, Total metabolism.
, Bow tie (biology), C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, Calcium, Calvin cycle, Cancer, Carbohydrate, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carboxylation, Carboxylic acid, Carotenoid, Catabolism, Catalase, Catalysis, Cell (biology), Cell adhesion, Cell cycle, Cell membrane, Cell signaling, Cellular respiration, Cellulose, Chemical energy, Chemical reaction, Chemotroph, Chitin, Chloride, Chlorine, Chloroform, Chloroplast, Cholesterol, Chromatography, Citric acid cycle, Classical element, Cofactor (biochemistry), Control theory, Cori cycle, Coupling (physics), Crassulacean acid metabolism, Cyanobacteria, Cytochrome b6f complex, Cytochrome P450, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Decarboxylation, Dehydration reaction, Dehydrogenase, Denitrification, Deoxyribose, Diffusion, Digestion, Digestive enzyme, Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, Dissipative system, Disulfide, DNA, DNA microarray, DNA repair, DNA replication, Drug, Ecology, Eduard Buchner, Efficacy, Electrochemical gradient, Electrolyte, Electron microscope, Electron transport chain, Elephant, Endosymbiont, Energy, Entropy, Enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Enzyme kinetics, Ergosterol, Escherichia coli, Essential amino acid, Ester, Ethanol, Eukaryote, Evolution, Expasy, Experiment, Extracellular fluid, Fat, Fatty acid, Fatty acid synthase, Fermentation in food processing, Ferritin, Ferrous, Fibrous protein, Flux, Folate, Formate, Formic acid, Friedrich Wöhler, Fructose, Functional group, Futile cycle, Galactose, Gastrointestinal tract, Gene expression, Globular protein, Glucogenic amino acid, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose, Glucose 6-phosphate, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glutathione, Glutathione S-transferase, Glycan, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, Glycerol, Glycine, Glycogen, Glycogen synthase, Glycolysis, Glycoside hydrolase, Glycosyltransferase, Glyoxylate cycle, Green sulfur bacteria, Growth factor, Guanine, Hans Kornberg, Hans Krebs (biochemist), Heterocyclic compound, Heterotroph, History of life, HIV, Holism, Homeostasis, 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adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrification, Nitrogen, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Non-mevalonate pathway, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Nucleic acid, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, Nucleotide base, Nutrition, Oligosaccharyltransferase, Oncometabolism, Open system (systems theory), Organic compound, Organism, Organochlorine chemistry, Organotroph, Orotic acid, Osmotic pressure, Oxaloacetic acid, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxidative stress, Oxidoreductase, Oxygen, Pancreas, Parasitism, Parts of Animals, Pentose, Pentose phosphate pathway, Peptide bond, Peroxidase, Persistent organic pollutant, PH, Phosphatase, Phosphate, Phospholipid, Phosphorus, Phosphorylase, Phosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic pigment, Photosynthetic reaction centre, Photosystem, Phototroph, Plant, Plastid, Poison, Polymer, Polynucleotide, Polysaccharide, Potassium, Primary nutritional groups, Prokaryote, Protease, Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Protein folding, Protein kinase, Protein primary structure, Protein purification, Proteomics, Protist, Proton, Purine, Purple bacteria, Pyrimidine, Pyruvic acid, Radioactive tracer, Reactive oxygen species, Receptor (biochemistry), Redox, Reducing agent, Reductionism, Reverse Krebs cycle, Reverse transcriptase, Ribose, Ribose 5-phosphate, Ribosome, Ribozyme, RNA, RNA virus, RNA world, RuBisCO, Salivary gland, Santorio Santorio, Scaffolding, Second law of thermodynamics, Second messenger system, Shikimic acid, Sleep, Sodium, Soil fertility, Solvent, Sphingomyelin, Sphingosine, Spliceosome, Spontaneous process, Squalene, Starch, Steroid, Sterol, Stomach, Substrate (chemistry), Sulfate, Sulfide, Sulfur, T-tubule, Terpene, Terpenoid, Theologus Autodidactus, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Thiosulfate, Three-domain system, Thylakoid, Trace element, Transaminase, Transcription (biology), Transfer RNA, Transition metal, Triglyceride, Type 2 diabetes, Unicellular organism, Urea, Urea cycle, Uridine diphosphate glucose, Vertebrate, Virus, Vitalism, Vitamin, Vitamin B3, Work (thermodynamics), X-ray diffraction, Xenobiotic, Yeast, Zinc, 1,3-Propanediol, 3-Phosphoglyceric acid.