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204 relations: An Lushan, An Lushan Rebellion, Ancient Chinese states, Arthur Henderson Smith, Baoding Military Academy, Bastion fort, Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Pass), Battle of Changping, Battle of Dartsedo, Battle of Lake Poyang, Battle of Langfang, Battle of Liaoluo Bay, Battle of Shancaowan, Battle of the Taku Forts (1900), Battle of Tunmen, Battle of Xiangyang, Beiyang Army, Beiyang Fleet, Boxer Rebellion, Cao Cao, Carolingian dynasty, Cataphract, Central Asia, Chang'an, China, Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720), Chu Army, Confucianism, Conquest dynasty, Corvée, Crossbow, Dao (sword), Di (Five Barbarians), Dong Fuxiang, Donghu people, Duan Qirui, Duke Xiang of Song, Dungan Revolt (1862–77), Dutch East India Company, Dzungar conquest of Altishahr, Dzungar Khanate, Eastern Wu, Economy of the Song dynasty, Eight Banners, Eight-Nation Alliance, Emperor of China, Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Xiaozong of Song, Equal-field system, Equestrianism, ..., Euphrates, Ever Victorious Army, Fanzhen, Fire lance, First Opium War, Five Barbarians, Foochow Arsenal, Former Qin, Frederick Coyett, Fujian Fleet, Fushun, Gatling gun, Göktürks, Geng Zhongming, Genghis Khan, Geoffrey Parker (historian), Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal, Great Stirrup Controversy, Green Standard Army, Guo Kan, Guozijian, Gurkha, Hai River, Halberd, Han dynasty, Han–Xiongnu War, Hand cannon, Hanyang Arsenal, Haojing, History of the Great Wall of China, Hong Taiji, Hongwu Emperor, Huai Army, Hui people, Hulagu Khan, Hushenying, Imperial examination, Japan, Jiangnan Daying, Jiangnan Shipyard, Jie people, Jingal, Jurchen people, Kangxi Emperor, Kansu Braves, Kathmandu, Khitan people, King Wuling of Zhao, Kingdom of Nepal, Kong Youde, Korea, Koxinga, Krupp, Later Jin (1616–1636), Later Zhao, Lhasa, Li Hongzhang, List of Chinese wars and battles, Ma Anliang, Ma Fulu, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Fuxing, Ma Haiyan, Ma Qianling, Ma Rulong, Ma Zhan'ao, Manchu people, Mangonel, Mauser, Michael Roberts (historian), Military Revolution, Ming dynasty, Ming–Kotte War, Mongolia, Mongols, Montigny mitrailleuse, Nanyang Fleet, Naval history of China, Naval mine, New Army, Nurhaci, Pang Juan, Panthay Rebellion, Paul Kennedy, Peking Field Force, Penghu, Qi (state), Qiang (historical people), Qiang people, Qianlong Emperor, Qin dynasty, Qing dynasty, Revolt of the Three Feudatories, Rocket, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Saracen, Shang Kexi, Shang Zhixin, Shenjiying, Shi Dakai, Shu Han, Shuishiying, Siege of Fort Zeelandia, Siege of the International Legations, Sikh Empire, Sino-Dutch conflicts, Sino-Russian border conflicts, Sino-Sikh War, Six Arts, Sixteen Kingdoms, Song dynasty, Southeast Asia, Spring and Autumn period, Steel, Stirrup, Sun Tzu, Taiping Rebellion, Taiwan, Taiyuan Arsenal, Tangut people, Ten Great Campaigns, The Art of War, The Journal of Military History, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Three Kingdoms, Tianjin, Tibetan people, Tigris, Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881), Trebuchet, Vietnam, Wang Yingkai, Wang Zi-Ping, War of the Eight Princes, Warring States period, Wei (state), Weihaiwei Regiment, Western world, William Campbell (missionary), Wujing Zongyao, Wuwei Corps, Xianbei, Xiang Army, Xiongnu, Xirong, Yang Zengxin, Yangtze, Yinchang, Yong Ying, Yuan dynasty, Yuan Shikai, Yue Fei, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang. Expand index (154 more) »
An Lushan
An Lushan (703 – 29 January 757) was a general in the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion.
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An Lushan Rebellion
The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China.
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Ancient Chinese states
Ancient Chinese States were typified by variously sized city states and territories that existed in China prior to its unification by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BCE.
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Arthur Henderson Smith
Arthur Henderson Smith (July18, 1845August31, 1932) (Chinese name: 明恩溥; pinyin: Ming Enpu) was a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions noted for spending 54 years as a missionary in China and writing books which presented China to foreign readers.
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Baoding Military Academy
Baoding Military Academy was a military academy based in Baoding, Republican China, in the first two decades of the 20th century.
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Bastion fort
A bastion fort, a type of trace Italienne (literally, Italian outline), is a fortification in a style that evolved during the early modern period of gunpowder when the cannon came to dominate the battlefield.
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Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Pass)
The Battle of Bang Bo, known in China as the battle of Zhennan Pass (Chinese:鎮南關之役), was a major Chinese victory during the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885).
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Battle of Changping
The Battle of Changping (長平之戰) was a military campaign that took place during the Warring States period in ancient China.
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Battle of Dartsedo
The Battle of Dartsedo was fought on January 28, 1701 between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
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Battle of Lake Poyang
The battle of Lake Poyang (鄱陽湖之戰) was a naval conflict which took place 30 August – 4 October 1363 between the rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang during the Red Turban Rebellion which led to the fall of the Yuan dynasty.
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Battle of Langfang
The Battle of Langfang was a battle in the Seymour Expedition during the Boxer Rebellion, in June 1900, involving Chinese imperial troops, the Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers ambushing and defeating the Eight-Nation Alliance expeditionary army on its way to Beijing, pushing the Alliance forces to retreat back to Tientsin (Tianjin).
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Battle of Liaoluo Bay
The Battle of Liaoluo Bay took place in 1633 off the coast of Fujian, China.
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Battle of Shancaowan
The Battle of Shancaowan, also known as Battle of Veniaga Island (Portuguese:Batalha da Ilha da Veniaga) was a naval battle between the Ming dynasty coast guard and a Portuguese fleet led by Martim Afonso de Mello that occurred in 1522.
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Battle of the Taku Forts (1900)
The Battle of Taku or Dagu Forts was a battle during the Boxer Rebellion between the Chinese military and allied Western and Japanese naval forces.
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Battle of Tunmen
The Battle of Tunmen or Tamão was a naval battle in which the Ming imperial navy defeated a Portuguese fleet led by Diogo Calvo in 1521.
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Battle of Xiangyang
The Battle of Xiangyang was a key battle between the invading Mongols of the Yuan dynasty and Southern Song forces from AD 1267 to 1273.
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Beiyang Army
The Beiyang Army (Pei-yang Army) was a powerful, Western-style Imperial Chinese Army established by the Qing Dynasty government in the late 19th century.
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Beiyang Fleet
The Beiyang Fleet (Pei-yang Fleet;, alternatively Northern Seas Fleet) was one of the four modernised Chinese navies in the late Qing Dynasty.
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Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.
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Cao Cao
Cao Cao (– 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty.
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Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
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Cataphract
A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry used in ancient warfare by a number of peoples in Europe, East Asia, Middle East and North africa.
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Central Asia
Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north.
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Chang'an
Chang'an was an ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
The 1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet or the Chinese conquest of Tibet in 1720 was a military expedition sent by the Qing empire to expel the invading forces of the Dzungar Khanate from Tibet and establish a Chinese protectorate over the country.
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Chu Army
The Chu Army was a standing regional army organized by Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠).
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Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.
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Conquest dynasty
A conquest dynasty in the history of imperial China refers to a dynasty established by non-Han peoples that ruled parts or all of the China proper, such as the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty.
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Corvée
Corvée is a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time: typically only a certain number of days' work each year.
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Crossbow
A crossbow is a type of ranged weapon based on the bow and consisting of a horizontal bow-like assembly mounted on a frame which is handheld in a similar fashion to the stock of a gun.
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Dao (sword)
Dao (Chinese: 刀; Pinyin: dāo) are single-edged Chinese swords, primarily used for slashing and chopping.
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Di (Five Barbarians)
The Di (Old Chinese: *tˁij) were an ancient ethnic group that lived in western China, and are best known as one of the non-Han Chinese peoples that overran northern China during the Jin Dynasty (265–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
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Dong Fuxiang
Dong Fuxiang (1839–1908), courtesy name Xingwu (星五), was a Chinese military general who lived in the late Qing dynasty.
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Donghu people
Donghu (IPA:; literally: "Eastern foreigners" or "Eastern barbarians") was a confederation of nomadic people that was first recorded from the 7th century BCE and was destroyed by the Xiongnu in 150 BCE.
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Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui (6 March 1865 – 2 November 1936) was a Chinese warlord and politician, a commander of the Beiyang Army and the acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China (in Beijing) from 1924–26.
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Duke Xiang of Song
Duke Xiang of Song (宋襄公) (died 637 BC) was the leader in the state of Song in the Spring and Autumn period.
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Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
The Dungan Revolt (1862–77) or Tongzhi Hui Revolt (Xiao'erjing: توْجِ حُوِ بِيًا/لُوًا, Тунҗы Хуэй Бян/Луан) or Hui (Muslim) Minorities War was a mainly ethnic and religious war fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–75) of the Qing dynasty.
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Dutch East India Company
The United East India Company, sometimes known as the United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; or Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in modern spelling; abbreviated to VOC), better known to the English-speaking world as the Dutch East India Company or sometimes as the Dutch East Indies Company, was a multinational corporation that was founded in 1602 from a government-backed consolidation of several rival Dutch trading companies.
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Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin).
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Dzungar Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe.
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Eastern Wu
Wu (222–280), commonly known as Dong Wu (Eastern Wu) or Sun Wu, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280).
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Economy of the Song dynasty
For over three centuries during the Song dynasty (960–1279) China experienced sustained growth in per capita income and population, structural change in the economy, and increased pace of technological innovation.
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Eight Banners
The Eight Banners (in Manchu: jakūn gūsa) were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed.
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Eight-Nation Alliance
The Eight-Nation Alliance was an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China.
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Emperor of China
The Emperor or Huangdi was the secular imperial title of the Chinese sovereign reigning between the founding of the Qin dynasty that unified China in 221 BC, until the abdication of Puyi in 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China, although it was later restored twice in two failed revolutions in 1916 and 1917.
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Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han (30 July 157BC29 March 87BC), born Liu Che, courtesy name Tong, was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141–87 BC.
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Emperor Xiaozong of Song
Emperor Xiaozong of Song (27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194), personal name Zhao Shen, courtesy name Yuanyong, was the 11th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the second emperor of the Southern Song dynasty.
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Equal-field system
The equal-field system or land-equalization system was a historical system of land ownership and distribution in China used from the Six Dynasties to mid-Tang dynasty.
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Equestrianism
Equestrianism (from Latin equester, equestr-, equus, horseman, horse), more often known as riding, horse riding (British English) or horseback riding (American English), refers to the skill of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses.
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Euphrates
The Euphrates (Sumerian: Buranuna; 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu; الفرات al-Furāt; ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt; Եփրատ: Yeprat; פרת Perat; Fırat; Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
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Ever Victorious Army
The Ever Victorious Army was the name given to an imperial army in late-19th-century China.
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Fanzhen
Fanzhen, also called fangzhen, was a governmental system involving administration through regional governors (jiedushi).
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Fire lance
The fire lance was a very early gunpowder weapon that appeared in 10th century China during the Jin-Song Wars.
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First Opium War
The First Opium War (第一次鴉片戰爭), also known as the Opium War or the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice in China.
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Five Barbarians
The Five Barbarians or Wu Hu, is a Chinese historical exonym for ancient non-Han Chinese peoples who immigrated to northern China in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and then overthrew the Western Jin Dynasty and established their own kingdoms in the 4th–5th centuries.
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Foochow Arsenal
The Foochow Arsenal, also known as the Fuzhou or Mawei Arsenal, was one of several shipyards in Qing China as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement.
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Former Qin
The Former Qin (351-394) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in eastern Asia, mainly China.
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Frederick Coyett
Frederick Coyett, born in Stockholm c. 1615, buried in Amsterdam on 17 October 1687, was a Swedish nobleman and the last colonial governor for the Dutch colony of Formosa.
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Fujian Fleet
The Fujian Fleet founded in 1678 as the Fujian Marine Fleet was one of China's four regional fleets during the closing decades of the nineteenth century.
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Fushun
Fushun (formerly romanised as Fouchouen, using French spelling, also as Fuxi (撫西)) is a prefecture level city in Liaoning province, China, about east of Shenyang, with a population of 2,138,090 inhabitants (2010 census) and a total area of, of which is the city proper.
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Gatling gun
The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun.
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Göktürks
The Göktürks, Celestial Turks, Blue Turks or Kok Turks (Old Turkic: 𐰜𐰇𐰛:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰, Kök Türük;, Middle Chinese: *duət̚-kʉɐt̚, Тўҗүә; Khotanese Saka: Ttūrka, Ttrūka; Old Tibetan: Drugu), were a nomadic confederation of Turkic peoples in medieval Inner Asia.
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Geng Zhongming
Geng Zhongming (1604–1649) was a military leader who lived through the transition from the Ming (1368–1644) to the Qing (1644–1912) dynasty, during which he served both sides.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan or Temüjin Borjigin (Чингис хаан, Çingis hán) (also transliterated as Chinggis Khaan; born Temüjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
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Geoffrey Parker (historian)
Noel Geoffrey Parker, FBA (born Nottingham, United Kingdom, 25 December 1943) is a British historian specialising in Spanish and military history of the early modern era.
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Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal
The Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal, was a Qing Dynasty Imperial Arsenal that stored munitions, rifles, and millions of rounds of ammunition.
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Great Stirrup Controversy
The Great Stirrup Controversy is the academic debate about the Stirrup Thesis, the theory that feudalism in Europe was largely the result of the introduction of the stirrup to cavalry.
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Green Standard Army
The Green Standard Army (Manchu: niowanggiyan turun i kūwaran) was the name of a category of military units under the control of Qing dynasty China.
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Guo Kan
Guo Kan or Kuo K'an, (1217–1277) was a famous general of Han descent who served the Mongol Khans in their Western conquests and the conquest of China itself.
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Guozijian
The Guozijian,Yuan, 194.
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Gurkha
The Gurkhas or Gorkhas with endonym Gorkhali (गोरखाली) are the soldiers of Nepalese nationality and ethnic Indian Gorkhas recruited in the British Army, Nepalese Army, Indian Army, Gurkha Contingent Singapore, Gurkha Reserve Unit Brunei, UN Peace Keeping force, and war zones around the world.
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Hai River
The Hai River (lit."Sea River"), formerly known as the Peiho, Pei He or ("White River"), is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea.
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Halberd
A halberd (also called halbard, halbert or Swiss voulge) is a two-handed pole weapon that came to prominent use during the 14th and 15th centuries.
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Han dynasty
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the "Han Chinese" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC–9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD). The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD. The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including the process of papermaking, the nautical steering ship rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer for measuring earthquakes employing an inverted pendulum. The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC. After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty would eventually collapse and ceased to exist.
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Han–Xiongnu War
The Han–Xiongnu War,.
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Hand cannon
The hand cannon (Chinese: 手銃), also known as the gonne or handgonne, is the first true firearm and the successor of the fire lance.
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Hanyang Arsenal
Hanyang Arsenal was one of the largest and oldest modern arsenals in Chinese history.
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Haojing
Hao or Haojing, also called Zongzhou (宗周), was one of the two settlements comprising the capital of the Western Zhou dynasty (1066-770 BCE), the other being Fēng or Fēngjīng (灃京).
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History of the Great Wall of China
The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476) and Warring States periods (475–221) were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty (221–206) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia.
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Hong Taiji
Hong Taiji (28November 159221 September1643), sometimes written as Huang Taiji and also referred to as Abahai in Western literature, was an Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
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Hongwu Emperor
The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yuan-chang in Wade-Giles), was the founding emperor of China's Ming dynasty.
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Huai Army
The Huai Army, named for the Huai River, was a Qing dynasty military force raised to contain the Taiping Rebellion in 1862.
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Hui people
The Hui people (Xiao'erjing: خُوِذُو; Dungan: Хуэйзў, Xuejzw) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Han Chinese adherents of the Muslim faith found throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan region.
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Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (ᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|translit.
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Hushenying
The Hushenying were a unit of 10,000 Manchu Bannermen under the command of Zaiyi during the Boxer Rebellion.
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Imperial examination
The Chinese imperial examinations were a civil service examination system in Imperial China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Jiangnan Daying
Jiangnan DaYing (or the Army Group Jiangnan; (first： 1853 - 1856 and second： 1857 - 1860) was an army group in China. The Qing government raised the Green Standard Army to quell the Taiping Rebellion. Qing twice surrounded Nanjing (the capital of the Taiping Rebellion) and lost at last.
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Jiangnan Shipyard
Jiangnan Shipyard is a historic shipyard in Shanghai, China.
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Jie people
The Jié (Middle Chinese) were members of a small tribe in North China in the 4th century.
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Jingal
A jingal, gingal or gingall, from Hindi janjal, is a type of gun, usually a light piece mounted on a swivel; frequently a form of wall gun either by design or use.
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Jurchen people
The Jurchen (Manchu: Jušen; 女真, Nǚzhēn), also known by many variant names, were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until around 1630, at which point they were reformed and combined with their neighbors as the Manchu.
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Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (康熙; 4 May 165420 December 1722), personal name Xuanye, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Shanhai Pass near Beijing, and the second Qing emperor to rule over that part of China, from 1661 to 1722.
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Kansu Braves
The Kansu Braves or Gansu Army was a unit of 10,000 Chinese Muslim troops from the northwestern province of Kansu (now Gansu) in the last decades the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
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Kathmandu
Kathmandu (काठमाडौं, ये:. Yei, Nepali pronunciation) is the capital city of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.
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Khitan people
The Khitan people were a nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.
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King Wuling of Zhao
King Wuling of Zhao (Traditional Chinese: 趙武靈王, Simplified Chinese: 赵武灵王) (died 295 BCE, reigned 325 BCE – 299 BCE) reigned in the State of Zhao during the Warring States period of Chinese history.
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Kingdom of Nepal
The Hindu Kingdom of Nepal (नेपाल अधिराज्य), also known as the Kingdom of Gorkha (गोर्खा अधिराज्य), was a Hindu kingdom formed in 1768 by the unification of Nepal.
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Kong Youde
Kong Youde (德|p.
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Korea
Korea is a region in East Asia; since 1945 it has been divided into two distinctive sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.
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Koxinga
Zheng Chenggong, better known in the West by his Hokkien honorific Koxinga or Coxinga, was a Chinese Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast.
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Krupp
The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, became famous for their production of steel, artillery, ammunition, and other armaments.
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Later Jin (1616–1636)
Later Jin (Manju i Yargiyan Kooli (滿洲實錄). Zhonghua Book Company, p. 283.; literally: "Gold State"; 1616–1636) was a khanate established by the Jurchen khan, Nurhaci in Manchuria during 1616–1636, and was the predecessor of the Qing dynasty.
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Later Zhao
The Later Zhao (319-351) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China.
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Lhasa
Lhasa is a city and administrative capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.
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Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang, Marquess Suyi (also romanised as Li Hung-chang) (15 February 1823 – 7 November 1901),, was a Chinese politician, general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty.
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List of Chinese wars and battles
The following is a list of Chinese wars and battles, organized by date.
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Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang (French romanization: Ma-ngan-leang, Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ءًا ﻟِﯿْﺎ); 1855 – November 24, 1918) was a Hui born in Hezhou, Gansu, China. He became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the Republic of China. His father was Ma Zhan'ao, and his younger brothers were Ma Guoliang and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良. Ma was educated in Chinese and Islamic education. His Muslim name was Abdul Majid 阿卜都里默直底.
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Ma Fulu
Ma Fulu (Chinese: 马福禄; Pinyin: Mǎ Fúlù, Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ﻓُﻮْ ﻟُﻮْ; 1854–1900), a Chinese Muslim, was the son of General Ma Qianling, and the brother of Ma Fucai, Ma Fushou, and Ma Fuxiang.
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Ma Fuxiang
Ma Fuxiang (French romanization: Ma-Fou-hiang or Ma Fou-siang; 4 February 1876 – 19 August 1932) was a Chinese military and political leader spanning the Qing Dynasty through the early Republic of China and illustrated the power of family, the role of religious affiliations, and the interaction of Inner Asian China and the national government of China.
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Ma Fuxing
Ma Fuxing (Ma Fu-hsing in Wade Giles; 1864–1924) was a Hui born in Yunnan, in Qing dynasty China.
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Ma Haiyan
Ma Haiyan (1837–1900) was a Chinese Muslim General of the Qing Dynasty.
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Ma Qianling
Ma Qianling (Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ﺛِﯿًﺎ لٍ, 1826－1910) was a Chinese Muslim General who defected to the Qing Dynasty in 1872 during the Dungan revolt along with his superior General Ma Zhanao and General Ma Haiyan.
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Ma Rulong
Ma Rulong (Ma Julung in Wade Giles) was a Chinese Muslim who originally rebelled against the Qing dynasty along with Du Wenxiu in the Panthay Rebellion.
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Ma Zhan'ao
Ma Zhan’ao (1830–1886) (Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ جً اَﻮْ) was a Chinese Muslim General who defected to the Qing Dynasty in 1872 during the Dungan revolt along with his General Ma Qianling and General Ma Haiyan who served under him during the revolt.
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Manchu people
The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.
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Mangonel
A mangonel, also called the traction trebuchet, was a type of catapult or siege engine used in China starting from the Warring States period, and later across Eurasia in the 6th century AD.
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Mauser
Mauser, begun as Königliche Waffen Schmieden, is a German arms manufacturer.
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Michael Roberts (historian)
Michael Roberts (1908–1996) was an English historian specializing in the early modern period.
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Military Revolution
The Military Revolution was a radical change in military strategy and tactics with resulting major changes in government.
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Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
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Ming–Kotte War
The Ming–Kotte War was a military conflict between the expeditionary forces of the Chinese Ming empire with the Sinhalese Kotte kingdom, located in the southern territories of present-day Sri Lanka.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (Monggol Ulus in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia.
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Mongols
The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
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Montigny mitrailleuse
The Montigny mitrailleuse was an early type of crank-operated machine-gun developed by the Belgian gun works of Joseph Montigny between 1859 and 1870.
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Nanyang Fleet
The Nanyang Fleet was one of the four modernised Chinese naval fleets in the late Qing Dynasty.
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Naval history of China
The naval history of China dates back thousands of years, with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn period (722 BC – 481 BC) about the ancient navy of China and the various ship types used in war.
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Naval mine
A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines.
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New Army
The New Armies (Traditional Chinese: 新軍, Simplified Chinese: 新军; Pinyin: Xīnjūn, Manchu: Ice cooha), more fully called the Newly Created Army (Xinjian LujunAlso translated as "Newly Established Army"), was the modernized army corps formed under the Qing dynasty in December 1895, following its defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War.
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Nurhaci
Nurhaci (alternatively Nurhachi; 21 February 1559 – 30 September 1626) was a Jurchen chieftain of Jianzhou, a vassal of Ming, who rose to prominence in the late 16th century in Manchuria.
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Pang Juan
Pang Juan (died 342 BC) was an ancient Chinese military general of the Wei state during the Warring States period.
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Panthay Rebellion
The Panthay rebellion (1856–1873), known to Chinese as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion (Tu Wen-hsiu Rebellion), was a rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other (Muslim) ethnic minorities against the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, as part of a wave of Hui-led multi-ethnic unrest.
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Paul Kennedy
Paul Michael Kennedy (born 17 June 1945) is a British historian specialising in the history of international relations, economic power and grand strategy.
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Peking Field Force
The Peking Field Force was a modern-armed military unit that defended the Chinese imperial capital Beijing in the last decades of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
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Penghu
The Penghu or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait.
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Qi (state)
Qi was a state of the Zhou dynasty-era in ancient China, variously reckoned as a march, duchy, and independent kingdom.
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Qiang (historical people)
Qiang was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China.
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Qiang people
The Qiang people are an ethnic group in China.
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Qianlong Emperor
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.
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Qin dynasty
The Qin dynasty was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.
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Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912.
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Revolt of the Three Feudatories
The Revolt of the Three Feudatories was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) during the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722).
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Rocket
A rocket (from Italian rocchetto "bobbin") is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine.
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Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong.
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Saracen
Saracen was a term widely used among Christian writers in Europe during the Middle Ages.
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Shang Kexi
Shang Kexi (尚可喜; Shang Ko-hsi; August 25, 1604 – November 12, 1676) was a Han Chinese general of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
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Shang Zhixin
Shang Zhixin (died 1680) was a major figure in the early Qing Dynasty, known for his role in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories.
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Shenjiying
The Shenjiying was one of three elite military divisions stationed around Beijing during the Ming dynasty.
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Shi Dakai
Shi Dakai (March 1831 – 25 June 1863), born in Guigang, Guangxi, also known as Wing King or phonetically translated as Yi-Wang, was one of the most highly acclaimed leaders in the Taiping Rebellion and a poet.
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Shu Han
Shu or Shu Han (221–263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280).
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Shuishiying
Shuishiying were the camp sites or office buildings of the Naval Forces during the later days of the Qing Dynasty of China.
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Siege of Fort Zeelandia
The Siege of Fort Zeelandia of 1661-1662 ended the Dutch East India Company's rule over Taiwan and began the Kingdom of Tungning's rule over the island. Taiwanese scholar Lu Chien-jung described this event as "a war that determined the fate of Taiwan in the four hundred years that followed".
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Siege of the International Legations
The Siege of the International Legations occurred in the summer of 1900 in Peking (today Beijing), the capital of the Qing Empire, during the Boxer Rebellion.
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Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire (also Sikh Khalsa Raj, Sarkar-i-Khalsa or Pañjab (Punjab) Empire) was a major power in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established a secular empire based in the Punjab.
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Sino-Dutch conflicts
The Sino–Dutch conflicts were a series of conflicts between the Ming dynasty of China and the Dutch East India Company over trade and land throughout the 1620s, 1630s and 1662.
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Sino-Russian border conflicts
The Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty, with assistance from the Joseon dynasty of Korea, and the Tsardom of Russia by the Cossacks in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River with disputes over the Amur region.The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of Albazin (1686) and resulted in the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 which gave the land to China.
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Sino-Sikh War
The Sino-Sikh War (also referred to as the Invasion of Tibet or the Dogra War) was fought from May 1841 to August 1842, between the forces of Qing China and the Sikh Empire after General Zorawar Singh Kahluria invaded western Tibet.
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Six Arts
The Six Arts formed the basis of education in ancient Chinese culture.
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Sixteen Kingdoms
The Sixteen Kingdoms, less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from 304 CE to 439 CE when the political order of northern China fractured into a series of short-lived sovereign states, most of which were founded by the "Five Barbarians" who had settled in northern China during the preceding centuries and participated in the overthrow of the Western Jin dynasty in the early 4th century.
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Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.
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Spring and Autumn period
The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou Period.
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Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.
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Stirrup
A stirrup is a light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider, attached to the saddle by a strap, often called a stirrup leather.
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Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu (also rendered as Sun Zi; 孫子) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer, and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China.
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Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion or total civil war in China that was waged from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia.
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Taiyuan Arsenal
Taiyuan Arsenal was established by the Shanxi warlord, Yan Xishan.
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Tangut people
The Tangut first appeared as a tribal union living under Tuyuhun authority and moved to Northwest China sometime before the 10th century to found the Western Xia or Tangut Empire (1038–1227).
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Ten Great Campaigns
The Ten Great Campaigns were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing Empire of China in the mid–late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–96).
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The Art of War
The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period.
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The Journal of Military History
The Journal of Military History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the military history of all times and places.
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The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy, first published in 1987, explores the politics and economics of the Great Powers from 1500 to 1980 and the reason for their decline.
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Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms (220–280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei (魏), Shu (蜀), and Wu (吳).
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Tianjin
Tianjin, formerly romanized as Tientsin, is a coastal metropolis in northern China and one of the four national central cities of the People's Republic of China (PRC), with a total population of 15,469,500, and is also the world's 11th-most populous city proper.
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Tibetan people
The Tibetan people are an ethnic group native to Tibet.
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Tigris
Batman River The Tigris (Sumerian: Idigna or Idigina; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼; دجلة Dijlah; ܕܹܩܠܵܬ.; Տիգրիս Tigris; Դգլաթ Dglatʿ;, biblical Hiddekel) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.
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Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881), also known as Treaty of Ili, was the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Qing dynasty, signed in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on.
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Trebuchet
A trebuchet (French trébuchet) is a type of siege engine.
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Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Wang Yingkai
Wang Yingkai (1861 –1908), whose courtesy name was Shaochen (紹宸), was a Chinese general in the Beiyang Army and first rank official of the late Qing dynasty, who served as the Vice President of the Ministry of War and Vice-Commander-in-Chief of the Plain White Banner.
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Wang Zi-Ping
Wang Zi-Ping (1881–1973, Xiao'erjing: وْا ذِ پٍ) was a Chinese-Muslim practitioner of Chinese Martial Arts and traditional medicine from Cangzhou, Cangxian county, Mengcun, Hebei Province.
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War of the Eight Princes
The War of the Eight Princes, Rebellion of the Eight Kings or Rebellion of the Eight Princes was a series of civil wars among kings/princes (Chinese: wáng 王) of the Chinese Jin dynasty from AD 291 to 306.
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Warring States period
The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history of warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation, following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty.
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Wei (state)
Wei (Old Chinese: *) was an ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period.
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Weihaiwei Regiment
The 1st Chinese Regiment, or the Weihaiwei Regiment, was a British Army Regiment formed and disbanded in British Weihaiwei.
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Western world
The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.
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William Campbell (missionary)
William Campbell (1841–1921) was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary to Formosa (Qing Taiwan).
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Wujing Zongyao
The Wujing Zongyao, sometimes rendered in English as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics, is a Chinese military compendium written from around 1040 to 1044.
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Wuwei Corps
The Wuwei Corps or Guards Army was a modernised army unit of the Qing dynasty.
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Xianbei
The Xianbei were proto-Mongols residing in what became today's eastern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Northeast China.
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Xiang Army
Zeng Guofan, the leader of the Xiang Army The Xiang Army was a standing army organized by Zeng Guofan from existing regional and village militia forces called tuanlian to contain the Taiping rebellion in Qing China (1850 to 1864).
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Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
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Xirong
Xirong or Rong were various people who lived primarily in and around the extremities of ancient China known as early as the Shang dynasty (1765–1122 BCE).
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Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin (March 6, 1864 – July 7, 1928) was the ruler of Xinjiang after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 until his assassination in 1928.
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Yangtze
The Yangtze, which is 6,380 km (3,964 miles) long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world.
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Yinchang
Yin Chang or Yin-ch'ang (traditional Chinese: 廕昌; simplified Chinese: 荫昌; pinyin: Yìnchāng) (1859–1928) was a military official and politician in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.
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Yong Ying
Yong Ying (literally "brave camps") were a type of regional army that emerged in the 19th century in the Qing dynasty army, which fought in most of China's wars after the Opium War and numerous rebellions exposed the ineffectiveness of the Manchu Eight Banners and Green Standard Army.
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Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan (Yehe Yuan Ulus), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan.
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Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese warlord, famous for his influence during the late Qing dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor, his autocratic rule as the first formal President of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attempt to restore monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor.
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Yue Fei
Yue Fei (24 March 1103 – 27 January 1142), courtesy name Pengju, was a Han Chinese military general who lived during the Southern Song dynasty.
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Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan, Marquis Yiyong (26 November 1811 – 12 March 1872), birth name Zeng Zicheng, courtesy name Bohan, was a Chinese statesman, military general, and Confucian scholar of the late Qing dynasty.
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Zuo Zongtang
Zuo Zongtang, Marquis Kejing (also romanised as Tso Tsung-t'ang;; 10 November 1812 – 5 September 1885), sometimes referred to as General Tso, was a Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.
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Redirects here:
Chinese armies (Pre-1911), Chinese armies (pre-1911), Military history of China (before 1911), Military history of China (pre-1911), Military history of China during the dyanstic period (pre-1911), Military history of China during the dynastic period (pre-1911).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1911
