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113 relations: Abies lasiocarpa, Abies magnifica, Afghanistan, Afromontane, Afrotropical realm, Agriculture, Algae, Alpine climate, Alpine tundra, Alps, Altitudinal zonation, Andes, Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic, Anthocyanin, Appalachian Mountains, Argyroxiphium, Australian Alps montane grasslands, Biome, Borneo, Bryophyte, Bureau of Land Management, California, California montane chaparral and woodlands, Carpathian Mountains, Cascade Range, Caucasus, Central Africa, Climate, Cloud forest, Cryptogam, Cushion plant, Cyathea, Cyperaceae, East Africa, East African montane forests, Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, Ecology of the Rocky Mountains, Ecoregion, Ecosystem, Endemism, Ethiopian Highlands, Eucalyptus pauciflora, Foothills, Forb, Forest, Forest ecology, Forestry, French Prealps, Greenhouse effect, Hawaii, ..., Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests, Himalayas, Holdridge life zones, Iran, Juniper, Klamath Mountains (ecoregion), Krummholz, Lapse rate, Larix lyallii, Latitude, Lichen, Life zone, Lobelia, Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean climate, Mexico, Michael G. Barbour, Montane grasslands and shrublands, Moss, Mount Kinabalu, Mount Rainier National Park, Mountain, Neotropical realm, Nepenthes of Borneo, New Guinea, New Zealand, North Africa, Oak, Pakistan, Páramo, Perennial plant, Photosynthesis, Pine, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, Plant life-form, Poaceae, Prostrate shrub, Puya (plant), Rocky Mountains subalpine zone, Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Sierra Nevada lower montane forest, Sierra Nevada subalpine zone, Sky island, South Western Ghats montane rain forests, Southeast Asia, Southwestern United States, Steppe, Swiss Alps, Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, Temperate coniferous forest, Tibetan Plateau, Tree line, Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, Tsuga mertensiana, Tundra, Tuolumne Meadows, Tussock (grass), Washington (state), Western Ghats, Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, World Wide Fund for Nature. Expand index (63 more) »
Abies lasiocarpa
Abies lasiocarpa, commonly called the subalpine fir or Rocky Mountain fir, is a western North American fir tree.
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Abies magnifica
Abies magnifica, the red fir or silvertip fir, is a western North American fir, native to the mountains of southwest Oregon and California in the United States.
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.
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Afromontane
The Afromontane regions are subregions of the Afrotropical realm, one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms, covering the plant and animal species found in the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula.
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Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Algae
Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.
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Alpine climate
Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.
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Alpine tundra
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high altitude.
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Alps
The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.
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Altitudinal zonation
Altitudinal zonation in mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct altitudes due to varying environmental conditions.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic
The Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic ecoregion is located on the east-facing inland side of the belt of mountains that stands parallel to the coast of Angola, 50–100 km inland.
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Anthocyanin
Anthocyanins (also anthocyans; from Greek: ἄνθος (anthos) "flower" and κυάνεος/κυανοῦς kyaneos/kyanous "dark blue") are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, or blue.
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Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian Mountains (les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America.
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Argyroxiphium
Argyroxiphium is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.
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Australian Alps montane grasslands
The Australian Alps montane grasslands is a montane grassland ecoregion of south-eastern Australia, restricted to the montane regions above 1300 metres (the upper altitudinal limit of Eucalyptus pauciflora).
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Biome
A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
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Borneo
Borneo (Pulau Borneo) is the third largest island in the world and the largest in Asia.
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Bryophyte
Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
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Bureau of Land Management
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than of public lands in the United States which constitutes one-eighth of the landmass of the country.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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California montane chaparral and woodlands
The California montane chaparral and woodlands is an ecoregion defined by the World Wildlife Fund, spanning of mountains in the Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, and Coast Ranges of southern and central California.
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Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a mountain range system forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois, and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species.
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Cascade Range
The Cascade Range or Cascades is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.
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Central Africa
Central Africa is the core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda.
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Climate
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.
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Cloud forest
A cloud forest, also called a water forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level, formally described in the International Cloud Atlas (2017) as silvagenitus.
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Cryptogam
A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds.
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Cushion plant
A cushion plant is a compact, low growing, mat forming plant that is found in alpine, subalpine, arctic, or subarctic environments around the world.
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Cyathea
Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.
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Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae are a family of monocotyledonous graminoid flowering plants known as sedges, which superficially resemble grasses and rushes.
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East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography.
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East African montane forests
The East African montane forests is a montane tropical moist forest ecoregion of eastern Africa.
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Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests is a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion which is found in the middle and upper elevations of the eastern Middle Himalayas, in western Nepal, Bhutan and northern Indian states including Arunachal Pradesh.
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Ecology of the Rocky Mountains
The ecology of the Rocky Mountains is diverse due to the effects of a variety of environmental factors.
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Ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than an ecozone.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Endemism
Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
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Ethiopian Highlands
The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia, situated in the Horn region in Northeast Africa.
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Eucalyptus pauciflora
Eucalyptus pauciflora, commonly known as snow gum or white sallee, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae.
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Foothills
Foothills are geographically defined as gradual increase in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area.
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Forb
A forb (sometimes spelled phorb) is an herbaceous flowering plant that is not a graminoid (grasses, sedges and rushes).
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Forest
A forest is a large area dominated by trees.
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Forest ecology
Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests.
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Forestry
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits.
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French Prealps
The French Prealps (Préalpes) are a group of subalpine mountain ranges of medium elevation located immediately west of the French Alps.
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Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere.
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Hawaii
Hawaii (Hawaii) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.
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Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
The Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests are a temperate forest in the Hengduan Mountains of southwestern China.
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Himalayas
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
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Holdridge life zones
The Holdridge life zones system is a global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Juniper
Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae.
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Klamath Mountains (ecoregion)
The Klamath Mountains ecoregion of Oregon and California lies inland and north of the Coast Range ecoregion, extending from the Umpqua River in the north to the Sacramento Valley in the south.
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Krummholz
Krummholz or krumholtz (German: krumm, "crooked, bent, twisted" and Holz, "wood") — also called knieholz ("knee timber") — is a type of stunted, deformed vegetation encountered in subarctic and subalpine tree line landscapes, shaped by continual exposure to fierce, freezing winds.
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Lapse rate
Lapse rate is the rate at which Earth's atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, or increases with the decrease in altitude.
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Larix lyallii
Larix lyallii, the subalpine larch, or simply alpine larch, is a deciduous, coniferous tree native to northwestern North America.
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Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Lichen
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.
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Life zone
The life zone concept was developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889 as a means of describing areas with similar plant and animal communities.
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Lobelia
Lobelia is a genus of flowering plants comprising 415 species, with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.
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Mediterranean Basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin (also known as the Mediterranean region or sometimes Mediterranea) is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
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Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is characterized by rainy winters and dry summers.
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Michael G. Barbour
Michael G. Barbour (born 1942) is a notable California botanist and ecologist.
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Montane grasslands and shrublands
Montane grasslands and shrublands is a biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund.
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Moss
Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations.
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Mount Kinabalu
Mount Kinabalu (Gunung Kinabalu) is a mountain in Sabah, Malaysia.
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Mount Rainier National Park
Mount Rainier National Park is a United States National Park located in southeast Pierce County and northeast Lewis County in Washington state.
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Mountain
A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak.
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Neotropical realm
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface.
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Nepenthes of Borneo
Nepenthes of Borneo is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo.
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New Guinea
New Guinea (Nugini or, more commonly known, Papua, historically, Irian) is a large island off the continent of Australia.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
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North Africa
North Africa is a collective term for a group of Mediterranean countries and territories situated in the northern-most region of the African continent.
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Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
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Páramo
Páramo can refer to a variety of alpine tundra ecosystems.
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Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Pine
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus,, of the family Pinaceae.
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Pinus albicaulis
Pinus albicaulis, known by the common names whitebark pine, white pine, pitch pine, scrub pine, and creeping pine, is a conifer tree native to the mountains of the western United States and Canada, specifically subalpine areas of the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range, Pacific Coast Ranges, and Rocky Mountains from Wyoming northwards.
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Pinus contorta
Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America.
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Plant life-form
Plant life-form schemes constitute a way of classifying plants alternatively to the ordinary species-genus-family scientific classification.
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Poaceae
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses, commonly referred to collectively as grass.
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Prostrate shrub
A prostrate shrub is a woody plant, most of the branches of which lie upon or just above the ground, rather than being held erect as are the branches of most trees and shrubs.
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Puya (plant)
Puya is a genus of the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Pitcairnioideae.
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Rocky Mountains subalpine zone
The Rocky Mountains subalpine zone is the biotic zone immediately below tree line in the Rocky Mountains of North America.
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Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
The Sierra Nevada (snowy saw range) is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin.
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Sierra Nevada lower montane forest
The Sierra Nevada lower montane forest is a plant community along a strip along the western and eastern edges of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California.
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Sierra Nevada subalpine zone
The Sierra Nevada subalpine zone refers to a biotic zone below treeline in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California, United States.
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Sky island
Sky islands are isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments.
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South Western Ghats montane rain forests
The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are an ecoregion of southern India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats range in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, at elevations over 1000 meters.
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.
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Southwestern United States
The Southwestern United States (Suroeste de Estados Unidos; also known as the American Southwest) is the informal name for a region of the western United States.
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Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe (p) is an ecoregion, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes.
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Swiss Alps
The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (Schweizer Alpen, Alpes suisses, Alpi svizzere, Alps svizras), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions.
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Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial biome, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions.
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Temperate coniferous forest
Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest.
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Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau, also known in China as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau or the Qing–Zang Plateau or Himalayan Plateau, is a vast elevated plateau in Central Asia and East Asia, covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai in western China, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Tree line
The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.
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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are a tropical forest biome.
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Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forests, are a tropical and subtropical forest biome, sometimes referred to as jungle.
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Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga mertensiana, known as mountain hemlock, is a species of hemlock native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and its southeastern limit in northern Tulare County, California.
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Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.
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Tuolumne Meadows
Tuolumne Meadows is a gentle, dome-studded, sub-alpine meadow area along the Tuolumne River in the eastern section of Yosemite National Park in the United States.
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Tussock (grass)
Tussock grasses or bunch grasses are a group of grass species in the Poaceae family.
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Washington (state)
Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
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Western Ghats
Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri (Benevolent Mountains) is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India.
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Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
The Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests is a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the middle and upper elevations of the western Middle Himalayas of Nepal, India, and Pakistan.
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World Wide Fund for Nature
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of human impact on the environment.
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High altitude forest, High elevation forest, High-altitude forest, High-elevation forest, Montain ecology, Montane, Montane Forest, Montane ecology, Montane ecosystem, Montane forest, Montane forests, Montane rainforest, Montane zone, Mountain ecology, Mountain ecosystems, Mountain forests, Sub-Alpine Meadow, Sub-Alpine zone, Sub-alpine, Sub-alpine meadow, Sub-alpine zone, Subalpine, Subalpine forest, Subalpine meadow, Subalpine zone, Submontane forest, Upland forest, Vegetation zones (mountains), Vegetation zones in mountains.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_ecosystems
