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Table of Contents

1. 326 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abd Allah ibn Amir, Abu Bakr, Abu Lu'lu'a, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi, Achaemenid dynasty, Afghanistan, Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project, Ahriman, Ahura Mazda, Ahvaz, Al-Ahnaf, Al-Ala al-Hadhrami, Al-Baladhuri, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Al-Hira, Al-Mughira, Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin, Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir, Al-Qa'qa ibn Amr, Al-Qadisiyyah (historical city), Al-Tabari, Al-Ubulla, Al-Yamama, Allah, Ammar ibn Yasir, Amr ibn al-As, Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, Amu Darya, Anatolia, Anbar (town), Andarzaghar, Aparviz of Sakastan, Arab Christians, Arab conquest of Mesopotamia, Arab rule in Georgia, Arab-Persians, Arab–Byzantine wars, Arabian Peninsula, Arabic, Arabs, Ardabil, Arfajah, Armenians, Arthur Christensen, Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Asoristan, Avesta, ... Expand index (276 more) » « Shrink index

2. 7th century in Iran
3. Book burnings
4. Destroyed libraries
5. Dissolutions of empires
6. Fall of the Sasanian Empire
7. History of West Asia
8. Invasions of Iran

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Muslim conquest of Persia and Abbasid Caliphate are history of West Asia.

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Abd Allah ibn Amir

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿĀmir ibn Kurayz (أبو عبد الرحمن عبد الله بن عامر بن كريز; 626–678) was a Rashidun politician and general, he served as the governor of Basra from 647 to 656 AD during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Abd Allah ibn Amir

Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.

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Abu Lu'lu'a

(أبو لؤلؤة فیروز, from Middle Persian: Pērōz), also known in modern Persian-language sources as (ابولؤلؤ) or (فیروز نهاوندی), was a Sasanian Persian slave who assassinated Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Islamic caliph, in November 644.

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Abu Musa al-Ash'ari

Abu Musa Abd Allah ibn Qays al-Ash'ari (Abū Mūsā ʿAbd Allāh ibn Qays al-Ashʿarī), better known as Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī.) (died c. 662 or 672) was a companion of Muhammad and an important figure in early Islamic history.

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Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi

Abū 'Ubayd ibn Mas'ūd ibn 'Amr ibn 'Umayr ibn 'Awf ibn Uqda ibn Ghayra ibn Awf ibn Thaqif al-Thaqafi.

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Achaemenid dynasty

The Achaemenid dynasty was a royal house that ruled the Persian Empire, which eventually stretched from Egypt and Thrace in the west to Central Asia and the Indus Valley in the east.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project

The Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project (Ahlul Bayt DILP) is a non-profit Shi'a organization that features work from a group of international volunteers.

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Ahriman

Angra Mainyu (Avestan: Aŋra Mainiiu) or Ahriman (اهريمن) is the Avestan name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the Spenta Mainyu, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of Ahura Mazda, the highest deity of Zoroastrianism.

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Ahura Mazda

Ahura Mazda (𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁|translit.

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Ahvaz

Ahvaz (اهواز) is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran.

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Al-Ahnaf

Abu Bahr Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays was a Muslim commander who lived during the time of Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Al-Ala al-Hadhrami

Al-Ala al-Hadrami (al-ʿAlāʾ al-Haḍramī; died 635–636 or 641–642) was an early Muslim commander and the tax collector of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) under the Islamic prophet Muhammad in and Bahrayn's governor in 632–636 and 637–638 under caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar.

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Al-Baladhuri

ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir al-Balādhurī (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري) was a 9th-century Muslim historian.

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Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Al-Hira

Al-Hira (translit Middle Persian: Hērt) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located south of what is now Kufa in south-central Iraq.

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Al-Mughira

Abu Abd Allah al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ibn Abi Amir ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi (Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn Masʿūd al-Thaqafī); –671), was a prominent companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was known as one of the four 'shrewds of the Arabs' (duhat al-Arab).

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Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha

Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani (المثنى بن حارثة الشيباني) was a Muslim Arab general in the army of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin

An-Numan ibn Muqarrin (النعمان بن مقرن; died December 641) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir

Al-Nuʿmān III ibn al-Mundhir (النعمان بن المنذر), also transcribed Naʿaman, Nuʿaman and Noman and often known by the patronymic Abu Qabus (أبو قابوس), was the last Lakhmid king of al-Hirah (582 &ndash) and a Nestorian Christian Arab.

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Al-Qa'qa ibn Amr

Al-Qaʿqāʿ ibn ʿAmr ibn Mālik Al-Tamīmī (القعقاع بن عمرو بن مالك التميمي الراعي) was an Arab Muslim commander and general in the Rashidun army who belonged to the tribe of Banu Tamim.

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Al-Qadisiyyah (historical city)

Al-Qādisiyyah (القادسية) is a historical city in southern Mesopotamia, southwest of al-Hillah and al-Kūfah in Iraq.

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Al-Tabari

Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد بْن جَرِير بْن يَزِيد ٱلطَّبَرِيّ; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (ٱلطَّبَرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, traditionalist, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran.

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Al-Ubulla

Al-Ubulla (الأبلة), called Apologou ('Απολόγου'Εμπόριον) by the Greeks in the pre-Islamic period, was a port city at the head of the Persian Gulf east of Basra in present-day Iraq.

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Al-Yamama

Al-Yamama (al-Yamāma) is a historical region in south-eastern Najd in modern-day Saudi Arabia, or sometimes more specifically, the now-extinct ancient village of Jaww al-Yamamah, near al-Kharj, after which the rest of the region was named.

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Allah

Allah (ﷲ|translit.

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Ammar ibn Yasir

Ammar ibn Yasir (translit; died July 657) was a companion of Muhammad and a commander in the early Muslim conquests.

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Amr ibn al-As

Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (translit; 664) was an Arab commander and companion of Muhammad who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib

Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib al-Zubaīdi al-Madḥ'hijī (عمرو بن معد يكرب الزبيدي المذحجي) (died 642 CE) was an Arabian cavalry commander of the Zubaid clan in Yemen, part of the Madhhij tribe confederation.

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Amu Darya

The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Anbar (town)

Anbar (al-Anbār, Anbar) was an ancient and medieval town in central Iraq.

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Andarzaghar

Andarzaghar was a 7th-century Sasanian general that fought against the Muslims during the Islamic invasion of Iran.

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Aparviz of Sakastan

Aparviz was an Iranian aristocrat, who served as the marzban (general of a frontier province, "margrave") of Sakastan in the 7th-century.

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Arab Christians

Arab Christians (translit) are ethnic Arabs, Arab nationals, or Arabic speakers, who follow Christianity.

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Arab conquest of Mesopotamia

The Arab conquest of Mesopotamia was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 638 AD. Muslim conquest of Persia and Arab conquest of Mesopotamia are Dissolutions of empires, fall of the Sasanian Empire and history of West Asia.

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Arab rule in Georgia

Arab rule in Georgia, natively known as Araboba (არაბობა) refers to the period in the History of Georgia when parts of what is now Georgia came under Arab rule, starting with the first Arab incursions in the mid-7th century until the final defeat of the Emirate of Tbilisi at the hands of King David IV in 1122.

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Arab-Persians

Arab-Persians (الفرس العرب; فارس-عرب‌ها) are people who are of mixed Arab and Persian descent.

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Arab–Byzantine wars

The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars from the 7th to 11th centuries between multiple Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Ardabil

Ardabil (اردبیل.) is a city in northwestern Iran.

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Arfajah

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi (عرفجة بن هرثمة البارقي) (also known as Arfajah al-Bariqi) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was a member of the Azd branch of the Bariq clan that inhabited Southwestern Arabia. Arfajah was one of the commanders of the eleven corps of army sent by the first caliph, Abu Bakr, to quell a rebellion after Muhammad died.

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Armenians

Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.

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Arthur Christensen

Arthur Emanuel Christensen (9 January 1875 – 31 March 1945) was a Danish orientalist and scholar of Iranian philology and folklore.

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Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi

ʿĀṣim ibn ʿAmr ibn Mālik al-Usaydī al-Tamīmī (عاصمبن عمرو بن مالك الأسيدي التميمي) was a prominent member of Banu Tamim and military leader of Rashidun Caliphate during the rule of Abu Bakr and Umar.

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Asoristan

Asoristan (𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭 Asōristān, Āsūristān) was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637.

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Avesta

The Avesta is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism from at least the late Sassanid period (ca. 6th century CE).

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Azadbeh

Azadveh-i Banegan Mahan-i Mihr-Bondad, known in Arabic sources as Azadhbih ibn Baniyan Mahan ibn Mihrbundadh, better simply known as Azadbeh, was an Iranian nobleman, who served as the Sasanian marzban of al-Hira in the period 617-633.

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Azerbaijan (Iran)

Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (italic), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq and Turkey to the west, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan proper to the north.

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Babylon

Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.

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Bahman Jaduya

Bahman Jādhūyah/Jādūyah (also Jādhōē/Jādōē; New Persian: بهمن جادویه), or Bahman Jādhawayh (Middle Persian: Vahūman Ĵādaggōw) was an Iranian general of the Sasanians.

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Bahram Chobin

Bahrām Chōbīn (بهرامچوبین) or Wahrām Chōbēn (Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭), also known by his epithet Mehrbandak ("servant of Mithra"), was a nobleman, general, and political leader of the late Sasanian Empire and briefly its ruler as Bahram VI (r. 590–591).

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Balkh

Balkh is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.

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Balochistan

Balochistan (Balòcestàn), also spelled Baluchistan or Baluchestan, is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline.

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Bandar Siraf

Bandar Siraf (بندر سیراف) is a city in, and the capital of, Siraf District of Kangan County, Bushehr province, Iran.

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Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

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Battle of al-Anbar

The Battle of Al-Anbar (معركة الأنبار) was between the Muslim Arab army under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (Maʿrakah al-Qādisīyah; Nabard-e Qâdisiyeh) was an armed conflict which took place in 636 CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of al-Yamama

The Battle of Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama (in present-day Saudi Arabia) between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet.

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Battle of Ayn al-Tamr

The Battle of Ayn al-Tamr (معركة عين التمر) took place in modern-day Iraq (Mesopotamia) between the early Muslim Arab forces and the Sassanians along with their Arab Christian auxiliary forces.

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Battle of Babylon (636)

Battle of Babylon was fought between the forces of Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate in 636.

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Battle of Buwaib

Battle of Buwaib (معركة البويب) was fought between the Sassanid Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after the Battle of the Bridge.

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Battle of Chains

The Battle of Sallasil (معركة ذات السلاسل Dhat al-Salasil), often referred to as the Battle of Chains, was the first battle fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in April 633.

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Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal

The Battle of Daumat al-Jandal took place between Muslims and Rebel Arab tribes in August 633 CE.

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Battle of Firaz

The Battle of Firaz (مَعْرَكَة الْفِرَاض) also known as Battle of Firad, took place around January 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate and the combined armies of the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Muslim conquest of Persia and Battle of Firaz are 7th century in Iran.

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Battle of Hira

The Battle of Hira (معركة الحيرة) was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in 633.

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Battle of Jalula

The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after conquest of Ctesiphon.

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Battle of Kaskar

The Battle of Kaskar (معركة كسكر) was fought between the advancing forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanian Empire in Asuristan (present-day Iraq).

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Battle of Muzayyah

Battle of Muzayyah (معركة المصيخ) was between the Muslim Arab army and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of Nahavand

The Battle of Nahavand (معركة نهاوند, نبرد نهاوند), also spelled Nihavand or Nahawand, was fought in 642 between the Rashidun Muslim forces under caliph Umar and Sasanian Persian armies under King Yazdegerd III.

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Battle of Namaraq

Battle of Namaraq (معركة النمارق) (634 CE)13AH was a conflict between Muslims and the Sasanians that occurred in Namaraq, near modern-day Kufa (Iraq).

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Battle of Nineveh (627)

The Battle of Nineveh (Ἡ μάχη τῆς Νινευί) was the climactic battle of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.

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Battle of Oxus River

The Battle of Oxus River was a significant battle in the 7th century, fought between the combined armies of the Sassanid and Göktürk Empires against the Muslim Arab army that had overrun Persia.

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Battle of River

The Battle of River, also known as Battle of Al Madhar, took place in Mesopotamia (Asoristan Province) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of Saniyy

Battle of Saniyy (معركة الثني) was between the Muslim Arab army and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of the Bridge

The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr (معركة الجسر) (نبرد پل) was fought at the bank of the Euphrates river between Arabs led by Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanian forces led by Bahman Jaduya.

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Battle of the Yarmuk

The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk) was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Battle of Ullais

The Battle of Ullais (معركة أليس) was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties.

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Battle of Walaja

The Battle of Walaja (معركة الولجة) was fought in Mesopotamia (Iraq) in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha against the Sassanid Empire and its Arab allies.

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Battle of Zumail

The battle of Zumail (معركة الزميل) was fought in 633 CE in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq).

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Bedouin

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

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Bernard Lewis

Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.

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Bilad al-Sham

Bilad al-Sham (Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates.

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Bishapur

Bishapur (Middle Persian: Bay-Šāpūr; بیشاپور, Bishâpûr) was an ancient city in Sasanid Persia (Iran) on the ancient road between Persis and Elam.

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Bosra

Bosra (Buṣrā), formerly Bostra (Βόστρα) and officially called Busra al-Sham (Buṣrā al-Shām), is a town in southern Syria, administratively belonging to the Daraa District of the Daraa Governorate and geographically part of the Hauran region.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Bukayr ibn Abdallah

Bukayr ibn Abdallah was an Arab military leader, who served the Rashidun Caliphate and is known for the conquest of the Sasanian province of Adurbadagan.

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Burzin Shah

Burzin Shah, also known by the Arabicized form of Barzan Jah, was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Karen.

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Busbuhra

Busbuhra was a local ruler of Aramean origin, who shifted alliance between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire, to remain on his throne.

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Byzantine Armenia

Byzantine Armenia, sometimes known as Western Armenia, is the name given to the parts of Kingdom of Armenia that became part of the Byzantine Empire.

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Byzantine army

The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty

The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the dynasty of Heraclius between 610 and 711.

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Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire. Muslim conquest of Persia and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 are 7th century in Iran.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

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Caucasian Albania

Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located).

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

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Cavalry

Historically, cavalry (from the French word cavalerie, itself derived from cheval meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Circesium

Circesium (ܩܪܩܣܝܢ, Κιρκήσιον), known in Arabic as al-Qarqisiya, was a Roman fortress city near the junction of the Euphrates and Khabur rivers, located at the empire's eastern frontier with the Sasanian Empire.

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Clifford Edmund Bosworth

Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA (29 December 1928 – 28 February 2015) was an English historian and Orientalist, specialising in Arabic and Iranian studies.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Copenhagen

Copenhagen (København) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the urban area.

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Coptic language

Coptic (Bohairic Coptic) is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third century AD in Roman Egypt.

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Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon (𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn; تیسفون; Κτησιφῶν,; ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢThomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient Mesopotamian city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and about southeast of present-day Baghdad. Muslim conquest of Persia and Ctesiphon are Book burnings and Destroyed libraries.

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Dabuyid dynasty

The Dabuyid dynasty, or Gaubarid dynasty, was a Zoroastrian Iranian dynasty that started in the first half of the 7th century as an independent group of rulers that ruled over Tabaristan and parts of western Khorasan. Muslim conquest of Persia and Dabuyid dynasty are 7th century in Iran.

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Dasht-e Lut

The Lut Desert, widely referred to as Dasht-e Lut (دشت لوت, "Emptiness Plain"), is a salt desert located in the provinces of Kerman and Sistan-Baluchestan, Iran.

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Dehqan

The dehqân (دهقان) or dehgân (دهگان), were a class of land-owning magnates during the Sasanian and early Islamic period, found throughout Iranian-speaking lands.

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Derbent

Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.

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Dhimmi

(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

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Dirham

The dirham, dirhem or drahm (درهم) is a unit of currency and of mass.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Muslim conquest of Persia and early Muslim conquests are 7th century in Iran.

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Early Muslims

From 613 to 619 CE, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered in his hometown of Mecca a small following of those who embraced his message of Islam and thus became Muslims.

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Eastern Arabia

Eastern Arabia, is a region stretched from Basra to Khasab along the Persian Gulf coast and included parts of modern-day Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (Eastern Province), and the United Arab Emirates.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

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Emirate of Tbilisi

The Emirate of Tbilisi (ⴇⴁⴈⴊⴈⴑⴈⴑ ⴑⴀⴀⴋⴈⴐⴍ, إمارة تفليسي) was a Muslim emirate in Transcaucasia.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Farrukhzad

Farrukhzad (Farrūkhzādag; New Persian: فرخزاد) was an Iranian aristocrat from the House of Ispahbudhan and the founder of the Bavand dynasty, ruling from 651 to 665.

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Fars province

Fars province (استان فارس) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Faylakan

Faylakan (also spelled Filkan/Filakan) was a Persian nobleman who served as the governor of the Sasanian province of Meshan.

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Fergana

Fergana (Фарғона), or Ferghana, also Farghana is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan.

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Fire temple

A fire temple, (darb-e Mehr, lit. ‘Door of Kindness’)(agiyārī) is the place of worship for the followers of Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia.

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First Turkic Khaganate

The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, Göktürk Khaganate, or the Turkic Khaganate (𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰆𐰴𐰽𐰔:𐰰𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰), was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d.

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Firuzabad, Fars

Firuzabad (فيروزآباد) is a city in the Central District of Firuzabad County, Fars province, Iran, serving as both capital of the district and of the county.

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Fortification

A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime.

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Garrison

A garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it.

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Ghassanids

The Ghassanids, also called the Jafnids, were an Arab tribe which founded a kingdom which was in place from the third century to the seventh century in the area of the Levant and northern Arabia. They emigrated from South Arabia in the early third century to the Levant. Some merged with Hellenized Christian communities, converting to Christianity in the first few centuries, while others may have already been Christians before emigrating north to escape religious persecution.

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Greater Iran

Greater Iran or Greater Persia (ایران بزرگ), also called the Iranosphere or the Persosphere, is an expression that denotes a wide socio-cultural region comprising parts of West Asia, the South Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia (specifically Xinjiang)—all of which have been affected, to some degree, by the Iranian peoples and the Iranian languages.

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Greater Khorasan

Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Muslim conquest of Persia and Greater Khorasan are history of West Asia.

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Greater Yemen

Yemen Region (Eglîm el-Yemen) also known as South Arabia is a geographic term denoting territories of historic South Arabia which included All lands between the Gulf of Oman in the east and the Red Sea.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Hamadan

Hamedan (همدان) is a city in western Iran.

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Hashim ibn Utba

Hashim ibn Utba ibn Abi Waqqas (Hāshim ibn ʿUtba ibn Abī Waqqāṣ), was a Muslim army commander.

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Heavy cavalry

Heavy cavalry was a class of cavalry intended to deliver a battlefield charge and also to act as a tactical reserve; they are also often termed shock cavalry.

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Hephthalites

The Hephthalites (translit), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns.

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Heraclius

Heraclius (Hērákleios; – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641.

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Herat

Herāt (Pashto, هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.

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History of Arabs in Afghanistan

The history of Arabs in Afghanistan spans over one millennium since the 7th century.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was commonly known in the Western world) is intertwined with that of Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning the area between Anatolia in the west and the Indus River and Syr Darya in the east, and between the Caucasus and Eurasian Steppe in the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south. Muslim conquest of Persia and history of Iran are history of West Asia.

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Hit, Iraq

Hit or Heet (هيت, Hīt) is an Iraqi city in Al Anbar Governorate.

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Hormozd Jadhuyih

Hormozd Jadhuyih was a Sasanian commander who is known for his participation at the Battle of Firaz during the Arab invasion of Iran, which resulted in Byzantine-Sasanian defeat.

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Hormuzan

Hormuzan (Middle Persian: Hormazdān, New Persian: هرمزان) was a Persian aristocrat who served as the governor of Khuzestan, and was one of the Sasanian military officers at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah.

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House of Ispahbudhan

The House of Ispahbudhan or the House of Aspahbadh was one of the seven Parthian clans of the Sasanian Empire.

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House of Karen

The House of Karen (Kārēn; Kārēn; Kārin or Kāren), also known as Karen-Pahlav (Kārēn-Pahlaw), was one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran during the rule of Parthian and Sassanian Empires.

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House of Mihran

The House of Mihrān or House of Mehrān (Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭨𐭥𐭠𐭭; new Persian: مهران), was a leading Iranian noble family (šahrdārān), one of the Seven Great Houses of the Sassanid Persian Empire which claimed descent from the earlier Arsacid dynasty.

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Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman

Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, or pronounced Huthaifah or Huzaifah (died in 656), was one of the Sahabah (companion) of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

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Hulwan

Hulwan (حلوان) was an ancient town on the Zagros Mountains in western Iran, located on the entrance of the Paytak Pass, nowadays identified with the town of Sarpol-e Zahab.

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Iblis

Iblis (translit), alternatively known as Eblīs, is the leader of the devils in Islam.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iran during the Caliphate

In 633 CE, the Arab invasion of Iran began, and finally in 654 CE it would lead to the fall of the Sassanid Empire and Iran would come under the rule of the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Iran during the Caliphate

Iranian Plateau

The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Isfahan

Isfahan or Esfahan (اصفهان) is a major city in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran.

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Isfandyadh

Isfandyadh (Middle Persian: Spandiyār) was an Iranian aristocrat from the Ispahbudhan family, who was the ruler of the Sasanian province of Adurbadagan.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islam in Iran

Islam began entering Iran a few years after it was founded by Muhammad in the 7th century.

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Islamization of Iran

The Islamization of Iran was the spread of Islam in formerly Sassanid Iran as a result of the Muslim conquest of the empire in 633–654.

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Istakhr

Istakhr (Middle Persian romanized: Stakhr, translit also spelt استخر in modern literature) was an ancient city in Fars province, north of Persepolis in southwestern Iran.

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Iyad ibn Ghanm

Iyad ibn Ghanm ibn Zuhayr al-Fihri (translit; died 641) was an Arab commander who played a leading role in the Muslim conquests of al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) and northern Syria.

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Jalawla

Jalawla (جلولاء, translit also known as Jalula) is a town in Diyala Governorate, Iraq.

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Jalinus

Jalinus (also spelled Jilunus) was a 7th-century Armenian dynast, who was one of the leading figures in Sasanian Iran.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Jizya

Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

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Juansher

Juansher was the Mihranid prince of Caucasian Albania, ruling the principality from 637 to 669.

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Kanadbak

Kanadbak, also known as Kanara, was an Iranian nobleman, who was the kanarang during the reign of the Sasanian king Khosrau II (r. 590–628), and various other Sasanian monarchs, which includes Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651), the last Sasanian king.

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Kanarang

The kanārang (کنارنگ) was a unique title in the Sasanian military, given to the commander of the Sasanian Empire's northeasternmost frontier province, Abarshahr (encompassing the cities of Nishapur, Tus and Abiward).

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Kazerun

Kazerun (کازرون) is a city in the Central District of Kazerun County, Fars province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

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Kerman

Kerman (كرمان) is a city in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Kerman province

Kerman Province (استان کرمان) is the largest of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.

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Khalid ibn Urfuta

Khalid ibn Urfuta (خالد بن عرفطة) was a military leader in the early Islamic conquest of Persia.

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Khosrow II

Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.

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Khuzestan province

Khuzestan Province (استان خوزستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Kingdom of Aksum

The Kingdom of Aksum (ʾÄksum; 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣,; Axōmítēs) also known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

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Kufa

Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.

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Kunya (Arabic)

A (كُنيَة) is a teknonym in an Arabic name, the name of an adult derived from their eldest son.

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Kutha

Kutha, Cuthah, Cuth or Cutha (كُوثَا, Sumerian: Gû.du8.aki, Akkadian: Kûtu), modern Tell Ibrahim (also Tell Habl Ibrahlm) (تَلّ إِبْرَاهِيم), is an archaeological site in Babil Governorate, Iraq.

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Lakhmid kingdom

The Lakhmid Kingdom (translit), also referred to in Arabic as al-Manādhirah (المناذرة, romanized as) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم, romanized as) was an Arab kingdom in Southern Iraq and Eastern Arabia, with al-Hirah as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 AD/CE.

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Lashkargah

Lashkargāh (لښکرګاه; لشکرگاه), historically called Bost or Boost (بست، بوست), is a city in southwestern Afghanistan and the capital of Helmand Province.

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Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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Light cavalry

Light cavalry comprised lightly armed and armored cavalry troops mounted on fast horses, as opposed to heavy cavalry, where the mounted riders (and sometimes the warhorses) were heavily armored.

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List of largest empires

Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement.

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Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt (مصر السفلى) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur.

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Magi

Magi, or magus, is the term for priests in Zoroastrianism and earlier Iranian religions.

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Mahoe Suri

Māhōē Sūrī, known in Islamic sources as Māhūy Sūrī, was an Iranian aristocrat, who served as the marzbān (general of a frontier province, "margrave") of Marv during the reign of the last Sasanian king of kings Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651).

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Majlis al-Shura

In Arab culture, a Majlis-ash-Shura (مجلس الشورى; Shura Council in English) is an advisory council or consultative council.

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Makran

Makran (مكران), also mentioned in some sources as Mecran and Mokrān, is the southern coastal region of Balochistan.

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Mardanshah

Mardanshah (مردانشاه) was a Sassanian Persian general, the Arabs referred him to as Dhul Hājib (ذو الحاجب, the "owner of bushy eyebrows") as was Bahman Jadhuyih.

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Mardanshah of Damavand

Mardanshah was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Karen, who was the founder of the Masmughans of Damavand dynasty, which included Larijan and its surrounding areas.

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Marzban

Marzbān, or Marzpān (Middle Persian transliteration: mrzwpn, derived from marz "border, boundary" and the suffix -pān "guardian"; Modern Persian: مرزبان Marzbān) were a class of margraves, warden of the marches, and by extension military commanders, in charge of border provinces of the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) and mostly Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD) of Iran.

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Maysan Governorate

Maysan Governorate (translit) is a governorate in southeastern Iraq, bordering Iran.

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Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

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Merv

Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; translit), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Michael G. Morony

Michael Gregory Morony (born September 30, 1939) has been a professor of history at UCLA since 1974, with interests in the history of Ancient and Islamic Near East.

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Middle Persian

Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.

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Mihran Bahram-i Chobin

Mihran Bahram-i Chubin was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Mihran.

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Mihran Razi

Mihran-i Bahram-i Razi, better simply known as Mihran Razi, was an Iranian military officer from the Mihran family.

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Mihran-i Hamadani

Mihran-i Hamadani, known in Arabic sources as Mihran ibn Mihrbundadh, was a Sasanian military officer from the Mihran family.

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Military history of Iran

The military history of Iran has been relatively well-documented, with thousands of years' worth of recorded history.

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Military of the Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian army was the primary military body of the Sasanian armed forces, serving alongside the Sasanian navy.

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Mohammed Hussein Heikal

Mohammed Hussein Heikal (محمد حسين هيكل; August 20, 1888 – December 8, 1956) was an Egyptian writer, journalist, politician.

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Monophysitism

Monophysitism or monophysism (from Greek μόνος, "solitary" and φύσις, "nature") is a Christology that states that in the person of the incarnated Word (that is, in Jesus Christ) there was only one nature—the divine.

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Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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Mosul

Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Muharram

Muharram (translit) is the first month of the Islamic calendar.

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Musaylima

Musaylima (مُسَيْلِمَةُ), otherwise known as Musaylima ibn Ḥabīb (مسيلمه ابن حبيب) d.632, was a claimant of prophethood from the Banu Hanifa tribe.

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Mushegh III Mamikonian

Mushegh III Mamikonian (Armenian: Մուշեղ Գ Մամիկոնյան) was an Armenian sparapet that fought against the Arabs during the Muslim conquest of Persia.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Mushegh III Mamikonian

Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Muslim conquest of the Levant

Muslim conquest of Transoxiana

The Muslim conquest of Transoxiana or Arab conquest of Transoxiana were the 7th and 8th century early Muslim conquests by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates of of Transoxiana, the land between the Amu Darya or Oxus and the Syr Darya or Jaxartes, a part of Central Asia that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Muslim conquests of Afghanistan

The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began during the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Arab Muslims migrated eastwards to Khorasan, Sistan and Transoxiana.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Muslim conquests of Afghanistan

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Muta of Daylam

Muta was a 7th-century Daylamite king, who fought against the Arabs in the battle of Waj Rudh.

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Nahavand

Nahavand (نهاوند) is a city in the Central District of Nahavand County, Hamadan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

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Narsi

Narsi or Narse (𐭭𐭥𐭮𐭧𐭩), was an Iranian nobleman who served as the Sasanian governor of Kashkar.

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Nishapur

Nishapur (نیشاپور, also help|italic.

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Pahlavi scripts

Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.

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Palestine (region)

The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Muslim conquest of Persia and Parthian Empire are history of West Asia.

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Parvaneh Pourshariati

Parvaneh Pourshariati is an Iranian-born American historian of Middle Eastern studies, scholar, and educator.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.

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Persecution of Zoroastrians

The persecution of Zoroastrians has been recorded throughout the history of Zoroastrianism, an Iranian religion.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Persecution of Zoroastrians

Persepolis

Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire. Muslim conquest of Persia and Persepolis are Book burnings and Destroyed libraries.

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Persian alphabet

The Persian alphabet (translit), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language.

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Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

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Persis

Persis (Περσίς, Persís; Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿, Parsa; پارس, Pârs), also called Persia proper, is the Fars region, located in southwest Iran, now a province.

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Perso-Turkic war of 627–629

The Perso-Turkic war of 627–629 was the third and final conflict between the Sasanian Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate.

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Pincer movement

The pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a military maneuver in which forces simultaneously attack both flanks (sides) of an enemy formation.

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Piruz Khosrow

Piruz Khosrow (Middle Persian: Pērōz Khusraw), also known as Piruzan or Firuzan, was a powerful Persian aristocrat who was the leader of the Parsig (Persian) faction that controlled much of the affairs of the Sasanian Empire during the Sasanian civil war of 628-632.

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Qom

Qom (قم) is a city in the Central District of Qom County, Qom province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi

Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi was an Arab military leader, who served the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates.

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Rashidun

The Rashidun (lit) are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

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Rashidun army

The Rashidun army was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Muslim conquest of Persia and Rashidun Caliphate are 7th century in Iran.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Rashidun Caliphate

Ray, Iran

Shahre Ray, Shahr-e Ray, Shahre Rey, or Shahr-e Rey (Ŝahr-e Rey) or simply Ray or Rey (ری), is the capital of Rey County in Tehran Province, Iran.

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Reishahr

Reishahr (ری شهر) or Rev Ardashir (ریو اردشیر) was a city on the Persian Gulf in medieval Iran and is currently an archaeological site near Bushehr.

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Ridda Wars

The Ridda Wars (lit) were a series of military campaigns launched by the first caliph Abu Bakr against rebellious Arabian tribes, some of which were led by rival prophet claimants.

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Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Rostam Farrokhzad

Rostam Farrokhzād (رستمفرخزاد) was a dynast from the Ispahbudhan family, who served as the spahbed ("military marshal") of the northwestern quarter (kust) of Adurbadagan under the Sasanian monarchs Boran and Yazdegerd III.

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Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (translit) was an Arab Muslim commander.

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Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam

Following their rise to power in Iran in the 16th century, the Safavid dynasty initiated a campaign of forced conversion against the Iranian populace, seeking to create a new demographic environment in which Shia Islam would replace Sunni Islam as the nation's religious majority.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam

Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

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Sakastan (Sasanian province)

Sakastan (also known as Sagestān, Sagistan, Seyanish, Segistan, Sistan, and Sijistan) was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity, that lay within the kust of Nemroz.

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Sasanian Armenia

Sasanian Armenia, also known as Persian Armenia and Persarmenia (Պարսկահայաստան – Parskahayastan), may either refer to the periods in which Armenia (𐭠𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩 – Armin) was under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire or specifically to the parts of Armenia under its control such as after the partition of 387 when parts of western Armenia were incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire while the rest of Armenia came under Sasanian suzerainty but maintained its existing kingdom until 428.

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Sasanian civil war of 628–632

The Sasanian civil war of 628–632, also known as the Sasanian Interregnum was a conflict that broke out after the execution of the Sasanian king Khosrow II between the nobles of different factions, notably the Parthian (Pahlav) faction, the Persian (Parsig) faction, the Nimruzi faction, and the faction of general Shahrbaraz. Muslim conquest of Persia and Sasanian civil war of 628–632 are 7th century in Iran and fall of the Sasanian Empire.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Sasanian civil war of 628–632

Sasanian Egypt

Sasanian Egypt (known in Middle Persian sources as Agiptus) refers to the brief rule of Egypt and parts of Libya by the Sasanian Empire, following the Sasanian conquest of Egypt. Muslim conquest of Persia and Sasanian Egypt are 7th century in Iran.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Sawad

Sawad was the name used in early Islamic times (7th–12th centuries) for southern Iraq.

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Sebeos

Sebeos was a 7th-century Armenian bishop and historian.

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Shahrag

Shahrag (Persian: شهرگ; also spelled Shahrak) was an Iranian aristocrat, who served as the governor of Pars during the Arab invasion of Iran.

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Shahrbaraz

Shahrbaraz (also spelled Shahrvaraz or Shahrwaraz; New Persian: شهربراز), was shah (king) of the Sasanian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630.

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Shahriyar of Derbent

Shahriyar was an Iranian aristocrat, who served as the commander of Kutha, an ancient city close to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon.

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Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih

Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih (شهربراز جادویه) was a Sasanian military officer from the Mihran family.

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Shiraz

Shiraz (شیراز) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars and Persis.

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Shura

Shura (lit) can for example take the form of a council or a referendum.

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Shurahbil ibn Simt

Shurahbil ibn al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi was a Kindite commander in the Muslim army against the Sasanian Persians at the Battle of al-Qadisiyya in 636 and later a Homs-based member of the inner circle of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan during the latter's governorship of Syria (639–661) and caliphate (661–680).

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Shushtar

Shushtar (شوشتر) is a city in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

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Siege of Ctesiphon (637)

The siege of Ctesiphon took place from January to March, 637 between the forces of Sasanian Empire and Rashidun Caliphate.

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Siege of Herat (652)

The siege of Herat was part of the Islamic conquest of Persia which was commanded by Ahnaf ibn Qais.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Siege of Herat (652)

Sistan

Sistān (سیستان), also known as Sakastān (سَكاستان "the land of the Saka") and Sijistan, is a historical region in present-day south-eastern Iran, south-western Afghanistan and extending across the borders of south-western Pakistan.

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Siyah al-Uswari

Siyah, known in Arabic sources as Siyah al-Uswari ("Siyah the Aswar"; also spelled al-Aswari) was the commander of a faction of the Sasanian asbaran unit, but later defected to the Rashidun Caliphate, where he continued serving as the commander of the asbaran (which became known as the Asawira).

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Siyah al-Uswari

Siyavakhsh

Siyavakhsh (also spelled Siyavash) was an Iranian aristocrat from the House of Mihran who was descended from Bahram Chobin, the famous spahbed of the Sasanian Empire.

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Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate

Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate refers to the chattel slavery taking place in the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), a period when the Islamic Caliphate was established and the Islamic conquest expanded outside of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Spahbed

Spāhbad (also spelled spahbod) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sasanian Empire.

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Spread of Islam

The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Susa

Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Susa

Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

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Syrian Desert

The Syrian Desert (بادية الشامBādiyat Ash-Shām), also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering approx.

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Tabaristan

Tabaristan or Tabarestan (Ṭabarestān, or Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian:, Tapur(i)stān), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran.

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Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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Tarikh-i Sistan

The Tarikh-i Sistan (History of Sistan) is an anonymous Persian-language history of the region of Sistan, in modern north-eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan, from legendary and pre-Islamic times through the early Islamic period until 1062.

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Tawwaj

Tawwaj, Tawwaz or Tavvaz (Middle Persian: Tuzag; New Persian: توج) was a medieval city in Fars (Pars) in modern Iran, located southwest of Shiraz.

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Tbilisi

Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, (tr) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of around 1.2 million people.

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Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv University (TAU; אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת תֵּל אָבִיב, Universitat Tel Aviv, جامعة تل أبيب, Jami’at Tel Abib) is a public research university in Tel Aviv, Israel.

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Thomas Walker Arnold

Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (19 April 1864 – 9 June 1930) was a British orientalist and historian of Islamic art.

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Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

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Tikrit

Tikrit (تِكْرِيت Tikrīt) is a city in Iraq, located northwest of Baghdad and southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River.

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Transoxiana

Transoxiana or Transoxania is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.

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Treaty of al-Hudaybiya

The Treaty of al-Hudaybiya (translit) was an event that took place during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Tulayha

Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi (طليحة بن خويلد بن نوفل الأسدي) was a wealthy Arab clan chief and military commander during the time of Muhammad; he belonged to the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah tribe.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Turkic peoples

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.

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Ubayd Allah ibn Umar

Ubayd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab (translit; died summer 657) was a son of Caliph Umar.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

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Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (translit; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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Urbanization

Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.

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Utba ibn Ghazwan

Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini (ʿUtba ibn Ghazwān al-Māzinī) (–638) was a well-known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.

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Uthman ibn Abi al-As

Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi (ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ; died 671 or 675) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the tribe of Banu Thaqif and the governor of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) and Oman (southeastern Arabia) in 636–650, during the reigns of caliphs Umar and Uthman.

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Vahan (Byzantine commander)

Vahan (Վահան) was a Byzantine military leader of Armenian origin.

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Valashabad

Valashabad (also spelled as Valakhshkert, Valakhshgerd and Valakhshkard), known in Greek sources as Vologesocerta, and in Arabic sources as Sabat (ساباط), was an ancient city in present-day Iraq, and formed a suburb of Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthian Empire and their successors, the Sasanian Empire.

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Varieties of Arabic

Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernacular languages) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and Varieties of Arabic

Veh-Ardashir

Veh-Ardashir (also spelled as Beh-Ardashir and Weh-Ardashir), was an ancient Sasanian city in present-day Iraq, and formed a suburb of their capital, Ctesiphon.

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Viceroy

A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

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West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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Xwedodah

Xwedodah (خویدوده;; Avestan) is a spiritually-influenced style of consanguine marriage assumed to have been historically practiced in Zoroastrianism before the Muslim conquest of Persia.

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Yazdanfar

Yazdanfar was an Iranian noble who ruled Qom as a Sasanian vassal.

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Yazdegerd III

Yazdegerd III (𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩; also Romanized Yazdgerd, Yazdgird) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651.

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Zabulistan

Zabulistan (زابلستان, Zābulistān, Zābolistān, Zāwulistān or simply زابل Zābul, زابل Zābəl), was a historical region in southern Afghanistan roughly corresponding to the modern provinces of Zabul and Ghazni.

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Zagros Mountains

The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey.

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Zanjan, Iran

Zanjan (زنجان) is a city in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Zaranj

Zaranj (Persian/Pashto/زرنج) is a city in southwestern Afghanistan, which has a population of 160,902 people as of 2015.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

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Zunbils

Zunbil, also written as Zhunbil, or Rutbils of Zabulistan, was a royal dynasty south of the Hindu Kush in present southern Afghanistan region.

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1st century BC

The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC and the last century BCE, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC.

See Muslim conquest of Persia and 1st century BC

See also

7th century in Iran

• Battle of Bishapur (643–644)
• Battle of Dhi Qar
• Battle of Firaz
• Bavand dynasty
• Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
• Dabuyid dynasty
• Early Muslim conquests
• Fall of the Sasanian Empire
• Mah farvardin Ruz khordad
• Masmughans of Damavand
• Military conquests of Umar's era
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• Principality of Chaghaniyan
• Rashidun Caliphate
• Sasanian Egypt
• Sasanian civil war of 628–632
• Zarmihrids

Book burnings

• 2023 Quran burnings in Sweden
• Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair
• An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland
• Aulus Cremutius Cordus
• Away with the learning of clerks, away with it!
• Bonfire of the vanities
• Book burning
• Book burning at Ephesus
• Book burnings in Chile
• Burning of Jaffna Public Library
• Burning of books and burying of scholars
• Conseil scolaire catholique Providence
• Ctesiphon
• Diego de Landa
• Disputation of Paris
• Een Bloemhof
• Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
• Gershon ben Eliezer Yiddels
• How to Read Donald Duck
• Itzcoatl
• List of book-burning incidents
• Loch Morar
• Maya codices
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Nazi book burnings
• Oriental Institute in Sarajevo
• Persepolis
• Pink Peacock
• Riddles in Hinduism
• Sázava Monastery
• Sack of Louvain
• Sikh Reference Library
• The Gods Laugh on Mondays
• The Guide for the Perplexed
• Tlacaelel
• Vijećnica
• Wartburg Festival
• Załuski Library

Destroyed libraries

• Ctesiphon
• Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
• Königsberg Public Library
• Königsberg State and University Library
• Krasiński Library
• List of destroyed libraries
• Loch Morar
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• Persepolis
• Sázava Monastery
• Sikh Reference Library
• Załuski Library

Dissolutions of empires

• Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
• Decline of the Byzantine Empire
• Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
• Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
• Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
• Dissolution of the Russian Empire
• Dissolution of the Soviet Union
• Division of the Mongol Empire
• End of the Han dynasty
• Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• Fall of the Sasanian Empire
• Fall of the Serbian Empire
• Fall of the Western Roman Empire
• Muslim conquest of Persia

Fall of the Sasanian Empire

• Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
• Military conquests of Umar's era
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• Plague of Sheroe
• Sasanian civil war of 628–632
• Siege of Ctesiphon (629)

History of West Asia

• A History of Babylonia and Assyria
• Abbasid Caliphate
• Achaemenid Empire
• Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization
• Ancient Near East
• Ancient regions of Anatolia
• Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
• Babylonia
• Fall of the Sasanian Empire
• Galatia
• Greater Khorasan
• History of Anatolia
• History of Armenia
• History of Azerbaijan
• History of Cyprus
• History of Iran
• History of Kurdistan
• History of Turkey
• History of the Caspian Sea
• History of the Caucasus
• History of the Middle East
• Klarjeti
• Late antiquity
• Military conquests of Umar's era
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• Neo-Assyrian Empire
• Ottoman–Persian Wars
• Parthian Empire
• Phoenicia
• Qizilbash
• Roman–Persian Wars
• Saffarid dynasty
• Subartu
• Tao (historical region)
• Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
• Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia

Invasions of Iran

• Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
• Battle of Gaugamela
• Battle of Robat Karim
• Battle of the Granicus
• Iran–Iraq War
• Iraqi invasion of Iran
• Military conquests of Umar's era
• Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
• Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia
• Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• Persian campaign (World War I)
• Persian expedition of 1796
• Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution
• Russian occupation of Tabriz
• Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
• Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
• Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
• Trajan's Parthian campaign
• Wars of Alexander the Great

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia

Also known as Arab Muslim invasion of Mesopotamia, Arab Persia, Arab conquest of Iran, Arab conquest of Persia, Arab invasion of Iran, Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia, Fall of Sassanid dynasty, Fall of Sassanids, Fall of the Sasanian Empire, Fall of the Sassanid Empire, Fall of the Sassanid dynasty, Fall of the Sassanids, First Muslim invasion of Mesopotamia, Islamic Conquest of Iran, Islamic Conquest of Persia, Islamic Conquest of Persian Mesopotamia, Islamic conquest of Iraq, Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia, Islamic conquests of Persia, Islamic invasion of Persia, Muslim conquest of Iran, Muslim conquest of Iraq, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia, Muslim conquest of Persian Empire, Muslim conquest of Sassanid Empire, Muslim conquest of the Sassanid Empire, Muslim invasion of Iraq, Muslim invasion of Persia, Rashidun conquest of Persia, Rashidun conquest of the Sassanian Empire, Tassuj, .

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