Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, First Americans, or Indigenous Americans, are the Indigenous peoples native to portions of the land that the United States is located on. ^[1]

836 relations: Abenaki, Adena culture, Adolf Hitler, Affirmative action in the United States, African American Lives, African Americans, Ainu people, Akimel O'odham, Alabama, Alaska, Alaska Natives, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Alcohol and Native Americans, Aleuts, Alfred A. Knopf, Algic languages, Algonquin people, Alpine skiing, Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Alpine skiing combined, American Anthropological Association, American Civil War, American Experience, American Indian boarding schools, American Indian Higher Education Consortium, American Indian Movement, American Indian Wars, American Journal of Human Genetics, American Revolution, Americas, Andrew Jackson, Andrew White (Jesuit), Apache, Apache Wars, Arapaho, Archaeological culture, Archaeology of the Americas, Archaic period (North America), Archaic Southwest, Aridoamerica, Arizona, Arkansas, Athabaskan languages, Auriesville, New York, Austin, Texas, Austria, Autosome, Ballet dancer, Basket weaving, Battle of Antietam, ... Expand index (786 more) » « Shrink index
Indigenous peoples in the United States

Abenaki

The Abenaki (Abenaki: Wαpánahki) are Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States.

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Adena culture

The Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 500 BCE to 100 CE, in a time known as the Early Woodland period.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Affirmative action in the United States

In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded, specifically racial minorities and women.

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African American Lives

African American Lives is a PBS television miniseries hosted by historian Henry Louis Gates Jr., focusing on African American genealogical research.

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African Americans

African Americans, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. Native Americans in the United States and African Americans are ethnic groups in the United States and history of civil rights in the United States.

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Ainu people

The Ainu are an ethnic group who reside in northern Japan, including Hokkaido and Northeast Honshu, as well as the land surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk, such as Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Khabarovsk Krai; they have occupied these areas known to them as "Ainu Mosir" (lit), since before the arrival of the modern Yamato and Russians.

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Akimel O'odham

The Akimel O'odham (O'odham for "river people"), also called the Pima, are a group of Native Americans living in an area consisting of what is now central and southern Arizona, as well as northwestern Mexico in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Alaska

Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America.

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Alaska Natives

Alaska Natives (also known as Alaskan Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Alaskans, Indigenous Alaskans, Aboriginal Alaskans or First Alaskans) are the Indigenous peoples of Alaska and include Alaskan Creoles, Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures. Native Americans in the United States and Alaska Natives are culture of the United States and indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Albuquerque, New Mexico

Albuquerque, also known as ABQ, Burque, and the Duke City, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico.

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Alcohol and Native Americans

Many Native Americans in the United States have been harmed by, or become addicted to, drinking alcohol. Native Americans in the United States and alcohol and Native Americans are native American history.

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Aleuts

Aleuts (Aleuty) are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.

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Alfred A. Knopf

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915.

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Algic languages

The Algic languages (also Algonquian–Wiyot–Yurok or Algonquian–Ritwan) are an indigenous language family of North America.

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Algonquin people

The Algonquin people are an Indigenous people who now live in Eastern Canada.

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Alpine skiing

Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, unlike other types of skiing (cross-country, Telemark, or ski jumping), which use skis with free-heel bindings.

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Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics

Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events, held near Innsbruck, Austria, from January 30 to February 8, 1964.

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Alpine skiing combined

Combined is an event in alpine ski racing.

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American Anthropological Association

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.

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American Experience

American Experience is a television program airing on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States.

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American Indian boarding schools

American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture.

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American Indian Higher Education Consortium

The American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) was established in 1972 to represent the interests of the newly developed tribal colleges, which are controlled and operated by American Indian nations.

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American Indian Movement

The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an American Indian grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police brutality against American Indians.

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American Indian Wars

The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, was a conflict initially fought by European colonial empires, United States of America, and briefly the Confederate States of America and Republic of Texas against various American Indian tribes in North America. Native Americans in the United States and American Indian Wars are native American history.

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American Journal of Human Genetics

The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics.

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American Revolution

The American Revolution was a rebellion and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies which peaked when colonists initiated an ultimately successful war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

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Andrew White (Jesuit)

Andrew White, SJ (1579 – December 27, 1656) was an English Jesuit missionary who was involved in the founding of the Maryland colony.

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Apache

The Apache are several Southern Athabaskan language–speaking peoples of the Southwest, the Southern Plains and Northern Mexico.

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Apache Wars

The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886, though minor hostilities continued until as late as 1924.

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Arapaho

The Arapaho (Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming.

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Archaeological culture

An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society.

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Archaeology of the Americas

The archaeology of the Americas is the study of the archaeology of the Western Hemisphere, including North America (Mesoamerica), Central America, South America and the Caribbean.

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Archaic period (North America)

In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America, the Archaic period in North America, taken to last from around 8000 to 1000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development.

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Archaic Southwest

The Archaic Southwest was the culture of the North American Southwest between 6500 BC and 200 AD (approximately).

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Aridoamerica

Aridoamerica denotes a cultural and ecological region spanning Northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States, defined by the presence of the drought-resistant, culturally significant staple food, the tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius).

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Arizona

Arizona (Hoozdo Hahoodzo; Alĭ ṣonak) is a landlocked state in the Southwestern region of the United States.

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Arkansas

Arkansas is a landlocked state in the West South Central region of the Southern United States.

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Athabaskan languages

Athabaskan (also spelled Athabascan, Athapaskan or Athapascan, and also known as Dene) is a large family of Indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean).

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Auriesville, New York

Auriesville is a hamlet in the northern part of New York state and west of Albany.

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Austin, Texas

Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat and most populous city of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties.

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Autosome

An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Ballet dancer

A ballet dancer is a person who practices the art of classical ballet.

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Basket weaving

Basket weaving (also basketry or basket making) is the process of weaving or sewing pliable materials into three-dimensional artifacts, such as baskets, mats, mesh bags or even furniture.

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Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the Southern United States, took place during the American Civil War on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek.

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Battle of Cold Harbor

The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville, Virginia, from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3.

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Battle of Pea Ridge

The Battle of Pea Ridge (March 7–8, 1862), also known as the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern, took place during the American Civil War near Leetown, northeast of Fayetteville, Arkansas.

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Battle of Spotsylvania Court House

The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, sometimes more simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania (or the 19th-century spelling Spottsylvania), was the second major battle in Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's 1864 Overland Campaign of the American Civil War.

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Beaver Wars

The Beaver Wars (Tsianì kayonkwere), also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars (Guerres franco-iroquoises), were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout the Saint Lawrence River valley in Canada and the Great Lakes region which pitted the Iroquois against the Hurons, northern Algonquians and their French allies.

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Before Present

Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s.

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Belzoni, Mississippi

Belzoni is a city in Humphreys County, Mississippi, United States, in the Mississippi Delta region, on the Yazoo River.

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Ben Nighthorse Campbell

Ben Nighthorse Campbell (born April 13, 1933) is an American politician who represented Colorado's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993 and was a United States Senator from Colorado from 1993 to 2005.

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Bering Sea

The Bering Sea (p) is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean.

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Beringia

Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72° north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Bill John Baker

Bill John Baker (born February 9, 1952) is a Native American (Cherokee Nation) politician who served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

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Billy Jack

Billy Jack is a 1971 American action drama independent film, the second of four films centering on a character of the same name which began with the movie The Born Losers (1967), played by Tom Laughlin, who directed and co-wrote the script.

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Billy Kidd

William Winston Kidd (born April 13, 1943) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer, a member of the U.S. Ski Team from 1962 to 1970.

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Billy Mills

William Mervin Mills (born June 30, 1938), also known by his Oglala Lakota name Tamakhóčhe Theȟíla, is an American Oglala Lakota former track and field athlete who won a gold medal in the 10,000 metre run (6.2 mi) at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.

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Bingo (American version)

In the United States and Canada, bingo is a game of chance in which each player matches the numbers printed in different arrangements on cards.

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Bison

A bison (bison) is a large bovine in the genus Bison (Greek: "wild ox" (bison)) within the tribe Bovini.

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Blackfeet Nation

The Blackfeet Nation (script, Pikuni), officially named the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana, is a federally recognized tribe of Siksikaitsitapi people with an Indian reservation in Montana.

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Blackfoot (band)

Blackfoot is an American Southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida, formed in 1970.

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Blend word

In linguistics, a blend—also known as a blend word, lexical blend, or portmanteau—is a word formed, usually intentionally, by combining the sounds and meanings of two or more words.

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Blood quantum laws

Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are laws in the United States that define Native American status by fractions of Native American ancestry. Native Americans in the United States and blood quantum laws are native American history.

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Bloody Island massacre

The Bloody Island Massacre was a mass killing of indigenous Californians by the U.S. Military that occurred on what was then an island in Clear Lake, California, on May 15, 1850.

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Bluefish Caves

Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon, Canada, located southwest of the Vuntut Gwichin community of Old Crow.

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Boarding school

A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction.

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Bonanza

Bonanza is an American Western television series that ran on NBC from September 12, 1959, to January 16, 1973.

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Boston University

Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior.

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Bureau of Indian Education

The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), headquartered in the Main Interior Building in Washington, D.C., and formerly known as the Office of Indian Education Programs (OIEP), is a division of the U.S. Department of the Interior under the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs.

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Cahokia

The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (11 MS 2) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city (which existed 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from present-day St. Louis, Missouri.

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California

California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.

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California gold rush

The California gold rush (1848–1855) was a gold rush that began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.

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Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.;; July 4, 1872January 5, 1933) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929.

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Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

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Canadian Archaeological Association

The Canadian Archeological Association (CAA) is the primary archaeological organization in Canada.

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Casco Bay

Casco Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Maine on the southern coast of Maine, New England, United States.

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Casino

A casino is a facility for certain types of gambling.

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Catawba people

The Catawba, also known as Issa, Essa or Iswä but most commonly Iswa (Catawba: Ye Iswąˀ), are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans, known as the Catawba Indian Nation. Their current lands are in South Carolina, on the Catawba River, near the city of Rock Hill.

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Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi (Santa Fe)

The Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (Catedral basílica de San Francisco de Asís), commonly known as Saint Francis Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in downtown Santa Fe, New Mexico.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Church in the United States

The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the pope.

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Census

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating population information about the members of a given population.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

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Central Alaskan Yupʼik

Central Alaskan Yupʼik (also rendered Yupik, Central Yupik, or indigenously Yugtun) is one of the languages of the Yupik family, in turn a member of the Eskimo–Aleut language group, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska.

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Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas is an art form with at least a 7500-year history in the Americas.

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Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood

A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB) is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific fraction of Native American ancestry of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community. Native Americans in the United States and Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood are native American history.

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Charles Bird King

Charles Bird King (September 26, 1785 – March 18, 1862) was an American portrait artist, best known for his portrayals of significant Native American leaders and tribesmen.

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Charles Curtis

Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and Republican politician from Kansas who served as the 31st vice president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 under Herbert Hoover.

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Charles Eastman

Charles Alexander Eastman (February 19, 1858 – January 8, 1939, born Hakadah and later named Ohíye S'a, sometimes written Ohiyesa) was an American physician, writer, and social reformer.

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Charles Littleleaf

Charles Littleleaf, a Native American flute player and flute maker, is a tribal member of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon.

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Charter school

A charter school is a school that receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located.

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Checkerboarding (land)

Checkerboarding refers to the intermingling of land ownership between two or more owners resulting in a checkerboard pattern.

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Chenopodium berlandieri

Chenopodium berlandieri, also known by the common names pitseed goosefoot, lamb's quarters (or lambsquarters), and huauzontle (Nahuatl) is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Amaranthaceae.

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Cherokee

The Cherokee (translit, or translit) people are one of the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States.

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Cherokee freedmen controversy

The Cherokee Freedmen controversy was a political and tribal dispute between the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen regarding the issue of tribal membership.

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Cherokee heritage groups

Cherokee heritage groups are associations, societies and other organizations located primarily in the United States.

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Cherokee language

Number of speakers Cherokee is classified as Critically Endangered by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Cherokee or Tsalagi (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) is an endangered-to-moribund Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people.

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Cherokee Nation

The Cherokee Nation (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ Tsalagihi Ayeli or ᏣᎳᎩᏰᎵ Tsalagiyehli), formerly known as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, is the largest of three federally recognized tribes of Cherokees in the United States.

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Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)

The Cherokee Nation (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, pronounced Tsalagihi Ayeli) was a legal, autonomous, tribal government in North America recognized from 1794 to 1907.

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Cherokee Preservation Foundation

Cherokee Preservation Foundation is an independent nonprofit foundation established in 2000 as part of the Tribal-State Compact amendment between the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) and the State of North Carolina.

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Cheyenne

The Cheyenne are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains.

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Cheyenne (TV series)

Cheyenne is an American Western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1962.

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Chickasaw

The Chickasaw are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, United States.

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Chickenpox

Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus family.

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Chief Wahoo

Chief Wahoo was a logo used by the Cleveland Indians (now the Cleveland Guardians), a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1951 to 2018.

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Choctaw

The Choctaw (Chahta) are a Native American people originally based in the Southeastern Woodlands, in what is now Alabama and Mississippi.

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Choctaw language

The Choctaw language (Choctaw: Chahta anumpa), spoken by the Choctaw, an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, US, is a member of the Muskogean language family.

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Chris Eyre

Chris Eyre (born 1968), an enrolled member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, is an American film director and producer who as of 2012 is chairman of the film department at the Santa Fe University of Art and Design.

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Chris Wondolowski

Christopher Elliott Wondolowski (born January 28, 1983) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a forward.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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Chunkey

Chunkey (also known as chunky, chenco, tchung-kee or the hoop and stick game) is a game of Native American origin.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 (enacted April 9, 1866, reenacted 1870) was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the country. Native Americans in the United States and civil rights movement are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Civilian Conservation Corps

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28.

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Civilization Fund Act

The Civilization Fund Act, also known as the Indian Civilization Act, was an Act passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819.

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Civilizing mission

The civilizing mission (misión civilizadora; Missão civilizadora; Mission civilisatrice) is a political rationale for military intervention and for colonization purporting to facilitate the Westernization or Japanization of indigenous peoples, especially in the period from the 15th to the 20th centuries.

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Clan

A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.

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Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics.

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Cleveland Guardians

The Cleveland Guardians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland.

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Clovis culture

The Clovis culture is an archaeological culture from the Paleoindian period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years Before Present.

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Clovis point

Clovis points are the characteristically fluted projectile points associated with the New World Clovis culture, a prehistoric Paleo-American culture.

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Clovis, New Mexico

Clovis is a city in and the county seat of Curry County, New Mexico.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.

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Coast Salish

The Coast Salish are a group of ethnically and linguistically related Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, living in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon.

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Code talker

A code talker was a person employed by the military during wartime to use a little-known language as a means of secret communication.

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Coeur d'Alene Reservation

The Coeur d'Alene Reservation is a Native American reservation in northwestern Idaho, United States.

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Colonial Williamsburg

Colonial Williamsburg is a living-history museum and private foundation presenting a part of the historic district in the city of Williamsburg, Virginia.

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Colorado

Colorado (other variants) is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Colorado War

The Colorado War was an Indian War fought in 1864 and 1865 between the Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and allied Brulé and Oglala Sioux (or Lakota) peoples versus the U.S. Army, Colorado militia, and white settlers in Colorado Territory and adjacent regions.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Columbian exchange

The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries.

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Colville people

The Colville people (nselxcin: sx̌ʷýʔłpx), are a Native American people of the Pacific Northwest.

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Comanche

The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ (Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") is a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States.

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Comanche language

Comanche (endonym Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ̲) is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Comanche, who split from the Shoshone soon after the Comanche had acquired horses around 1705.

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Common sunflower

The common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a species of large annual forb of the daisy family Asteraceae.

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Commonwealth Caribbean

The Commonwealth Caribbean is the region of the Caribbean with English-speaking countries and territories, which once constituted the Caribbean portion of the British Empire and are now part of the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States (C.S.), the Confederacy, or the South, was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865.

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Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes

The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (Montana Salish: Séliš u Ql̓ispé, Kutenai: k̓upawiȼq̓nuk) are a federally recognized tribe in the U.S. state of Montana.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.

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Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.

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Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

Contemporary Native American issues in the United States are topics arising in the late 20th century and early 21st century which affect Native Americans in the United States. Native Americans in the United States and Contemporary Native American issues in the United States are indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Contiguous United States

The contiguous United States (officially the conterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states and the District of Columbia of the United States of America in central North America.

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Cradleboard

Cradleboards (gietkka, ǩiõtkâm, kietkâm, gietkam, Kazakh: бесік, Kyrgyz: бешік) are traditional protective baby-carriers used by many indigenous cultures in North America, throughout northern Scandinavia among the Sámi, and in the traditionally nomadic cultures of Central Asia.

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Crazy Horse

Crazy Horse (Tȟašúŋke Witkó,; – September 5, 1877) was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century.

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Crazy Horse (film)

Crazy Horse is a 1996 American Western television film based on the true story of Crazy Horse, a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota, and the Battle of Little Bighorn.

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CRC Press

The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books.

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Creation myth

A creation myth or cosmogonic myth is a type of cosmogony, a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it.

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Cree

The Cree (script, néhiyaw, nihithaw, etc.; Cri) are a North American Indigenous people.

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Cree language

Cree (also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador.

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Creek War

The Creek War (also the Red Stick War or the Creek Civil War) was a regional conflict between opposing Native American factions, European powers, and the United States during the early 19th century.

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Crow people

The Crow, whose autonym is Apsáalooke, also spelled Absaroka, are Native Americans living primarily in southern Montana.

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Cryptography

Cryptography, or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit.

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CSKT Bison Range

The CSKT Bison Range (BR) is a nature reserve on the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana established for the conservation of American bison.

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Cucurbita pepo

Cucurbita pepo is a cultivated plant of the genus Cucurbita.

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Cultural appropriation

Cultural appropriation is the inappropriate or unacknowledged adoption of an element or elements of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity.

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Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assimilates the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.

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Cultural assimilation of Native Americans

A series of efforts were made by the United States to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream European–American culture between the years of 1790 and 1920. Native Americans in the United States and Cultural assimilation of Native Americans are culture of the United States.

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Culture

Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

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Custer Died for Your Sins

Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto is a 1969 non-fiction book by the lawyer, professor and writer Vine Deloria, Jr. The book was noteworthy for its relevance to the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement and other activist organizations, such as the American Indian Movement, which was beginning to expand.

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Dakota War of 1862

The Dakota War of 1862, also known as the Sioux Uprising, the Dakota Uprising, the Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, or Little Crow's War, was an armed conflict between the United States and several eastern bands of Dakota collectively known as the Santee Sioux.

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Dances with Wolves

Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed, and produced by Kevin Costner in his feature directorial debut.

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire.

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Dawes Act

The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887) regulated land rights on tribal territories within the United States.

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Dawes Rolls

The Dawes Rolls (or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls) were created by the United States Dawes Commission.

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Dean Rusk

David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909December 20, 1994) was the United States secretary of state from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, the second-longest serving Secretary of State after Cordell Hull from the Franklin Roosevelt administration.

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Death march

A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way.

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Deep South

The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States.

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Delaware

Delaware is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern region of the United States.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.

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Dibber

A dibber or dibble or dibbler is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that seeds, seedlings or small bulbs can be planted.

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Diné College

Diné College is a public tribal land-grant college based in Tsaile, Arizona, serving the Navajo Nation.

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Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state).

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Discovery Channel

Discovery Channel, known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery, is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.

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Discovery doctrine

The discovery doctrine, or doctrine of discovery, is a disputed interpretation of international law during the Age of Discovery, introduced into United States municipal law by the US Supreme Court Justice John Marshall in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823). In Marshall's formulation of the doctrine, discovery of territory previously unknown to Europeans gave the discovering nation title to that territory against all other European nations, and this title could be perfected by possession.

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Discus throw

The discus throw, also known as disc throw, is a track and field sport in which the participant athlete throws an oblate spheroid weight — called a discus — in an attempt to mark a farther distance than other competitors.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Drought

A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.

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Drum

The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments.

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Dugout canoe

A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed-out tree.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

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Eagle

Eagle is the common name for the golden eagle, bald eagle, and other birds of prey in the family Accipitridae.

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Eagle feather law

In the United States, the eagle feather law provides many exceptions to federal wildlife laws regarding eagles and other migratory birds to enable Native Americans to continue their traditional, spiritual and cultural practices.

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Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

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Earthworks (archaeology)

In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil.

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East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

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Eastern Agricultural Complex

The Eastern Agricultural Complex in the woodlands of eastern North America was one of about 10 independent centers of plant domestication in the pre-historic world.

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Eastern Orthodoxy in North America

Eastern Orthodoxy in North America represents adherents, religious communities, institutions and organizations of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in North America, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.

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Eastern United States

The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River.

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Economic development

In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.

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Elbridge Ayer Burbank

Elbridge Ayer (E. A.) Burbank (August 10, 1858 – April 21, 1949) was an American artist who sketched and painted more than 1200 portraits of Native Americans from 125 tribes.

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Ellison Brown

Ellison Myers Brown (September 22, 1913 – August 23, 1975), widely known as Tarzan Brown, a direct descendant of the last acknowledged royal family of the Narragansett Tribe of Rhode Island (also known as Deerfoot amongst his people), was a two-time winner of the Boston Marathon in 1936 (2:33:40) and 1939 (2:28:51) and 1936 U.S.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Endemic (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a specific population or populated place when that infection is constantly present, or maintained at a baseline level, without extra infections being brought into the group as a result of travel or similar means.

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Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones.

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Epidemic

An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time.

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Equal employment opportunity

Equal employment opportunity is equal opportunity to attain or maintain employment in a company, organization, or other institution.

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Erie people

The Erie people were Indigenous people historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie.

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Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous.

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Ethnic option

Ethnic option is a term coined by sociologist Mary C. Waters to express her conception that ethnic identity of the descendants of white European immigrants is flexible, symbolic and voluntary, not a definitive aspect of their identity.

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Ethnicity

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.

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Ethnography

Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

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European Americans

European Americans are Americans of European ancestry. Native Americans in the United States and European Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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European colonization of the Americas

During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century.

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F Troop

F Troop is a satirical American television Western sitcom about U.S. soldiers and American Indians in the Wild West during the 1860s.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.

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Fee simple

In English law, a fee simple or fee simple absolute is an estate in land, a form of freehold ownership.

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Fifth grade

Fifth grade (also 5th Grade or Grade 5) is the fifth or sixth year of formal or compulsory education.

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Film

A film (British English) also called a movie (American English), motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.

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First Nations in Canada

First Nations (Premières Nations) is a term used to identify Indigenous peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis.

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Five Civilized Tribes

The term Five Civilized Tribes was applied by the United States government in the early federal period of the history of the United States to the five major Native American nations in the Southeast: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminoles.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Florida State University

Florida State University (FSU or, more commonly, Florida State) is a public research university in Tallahassee, Florida, United States.

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Folsom point

Folsom points are projectile points associated with the Folsom tradition of North America.

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Folsom tradition

The Folsom tradition is a Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America from to c. 10200 BCE.

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Fonda, New York

Fonda is a village in and the county seat of Montgomery County, New York, United States.

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Forced assimilation

Forced assimilation is the involuntary cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups, during which they are forced by a government to adopt the language, national identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often the religion and ideology of an established and generally larger community belonging to a dominant culture.

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Fort Ancient

The Fort Ancient culture is a Native American archaeological culture that dates back to.

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Fort Clark Trading Post State Historic Site

Fort Clark Trading Post State Historic Site was once the home to a Mandan and later an Arikara settlement.

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Fort Sumner

Fort Sumner was a military fort in New Mexico Territory charged with the internment of Navajo and Mescalero Apache populations from 1863 to 1868 at nearby Bosque Redondo.

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Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Native Americans in the United States and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Franco-Indian alliance

The Franco-Indigenous Alliance was an alliance between North American indigenous nations and the French, centered on the Great Lakes and the Illinois country during the French and Indian War (1754–1763). Native Americans in the United States and Franco-Indian alliance are native American history.

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Franklin Gritts

Franklin Gritts, also known as Oau Nah Jusah, or "They Have Returned", (1914 – 1996) was a Keetoowah Cherokee artist best known for his contributions to the "Golden Era" of Native American art, both as a teacher and an artist.

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Freedman

A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.

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French and Indian War

The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Fresh Air

Fresh Air is an American radio talk show broadcast on National Public Radio stations across the United States since 1985.

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Fugitive slaves in the United States

In the United States, fugitive slaves or runaway slaves were terms used in the 18th and 19th centuries to describe people who fled slavery.

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Fur trade

The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Native Americans in the United States and fur trade are native American history.

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Gale (publisher)

Gale is a global provider of research and digital learning resources.

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Gambling

Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted.

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Gangs in the United States

Approximately 1.4 million people in the United States were part of gangs as of 2011, and more than 33,000 gangs were active in the country.

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Garden of Eden

In Abrahamic religions, the Garden of Eden (גַּן־עֵדֶן|gan-ʿĒḏen; Εδέμ; Paradisus) or Garden of God (גַּן־יְהֹוֶה|gan-YHWH|label.

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Gathering of Nations

The Gathering of Nations is the largest pow-wow in the United States and North America.

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Gender roles in agriculture

Gender roles in agriculture are a frequent subject of study by sociologists and farm economists.

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Gene

In biology, the word gene has two meanings.

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Gene Clark

Harold Eugene Clark (November 17, 1944 – May 24, 1991) was an American singer-songwriter and founding member of the folk rock band the Byrds.

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Genealogy

Genealogy is the study of families, family history, and the tracing of their lineages.

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Genetic admixture

Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources.

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Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is divided into two distinct periods: the initial peopling of the Americas during about 20,000 to 14,000 years ago (20–14 kya), and European contact, after about 500 years ago. Native Americans in the United States and genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas are indigenous peoples in the United States and native American history.

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Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

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Geneticist

A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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George Catlin

George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American lawyer, painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the American frontier.

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George Mason University

George Mason University (GMU) is a public research university in Fairfax County, Virginia, in Northern Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The university is named in honor of George Mason, a Founding Father of the United States.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American Founding Father, military officer, and politician who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Geronimo

Gerónimo (Goyaałé,,; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a military leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people.

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Geronimo: An American Legend

Geronimo: An American Legend is a 1993 historical Western film starring Wes Studi, Jason Patric, Gene Hackman, Robert Duvall, and Matt Damon in an early role.

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Ghost Dance

The Ghost Dance (Caddo: Nanissáanah, also called the Ghost Dance of 1890) is a ceremony incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems.

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Golden State Warriors

The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in San Francisco.

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Goodale Sisters

Elaine Goodale Eastman (1863–1953) and Dora Read Goodale (1866–1953) were American poets and sisters from Massachusetts.

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Gordon Willey

Gordon Randolph Willey (7 March 1913 – 28 April 2002) was an American archaeologist who was described by colleagues as the "dean" of New World archaeology.

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Great Lakes

The Great Lakes (Grands Lacs), also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the east-central interior of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River.

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Great Plains

The Great Plains are a broad expanse of flatland in North America.

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Great Sioux War of 1876

The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an alliance of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne against the United States.

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Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico (Golfo de México) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent.

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Haida language

Haida (X̱aat Kíl, X̱aadas Kíl, X̱aayda Kil, Xaad kil) is the language of the Haida people, spoken in the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the coast of Canada and on Prince of Wales Island in Alaska.

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Haida people

The Haida (X̱aayda, X̱aadas, X̱aad, X̱aat) are an Indigenous group who have traditionally occupied italic, an archipelago just off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, for at least 12,500 years.

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Hampton University

Hampton University is a private, historically black, research university in Hampton, Virginia.

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Handbook of North American Indians

The Handbook of North American Indians is a series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in Native American studies, published by the Smithsonian Institution beginning in 1978.

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Haplogroup

A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation.

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Haplogroup Q-M242

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development

The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, also known as the Harvard Project, was founded in 1987 at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Harvest

Harvesting is the process of collecting plants, animals, or fish (as well as fungi) as food, especially the process of gathering mature crops, and "the harvest" also refers to the collected crops.

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Haskell Indian Nations University

Haskell Indian Nations University is a public tribal land-grant university in Lawrence, Kansas, United States.

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Hatchet

A hatchet (from the Old French hachete, a diminutive form of hache, 'axe' of Germanic origin) is a single-handed striking tool with a sharp blade on one side used to cut and split wood, and a hammerhead on the other side.

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Hawaii

Hawaii (Hawaii) is an island state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland.

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Henry Knox

Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American bookseller, military officer and politician.

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Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933.

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Hernando de Soto

Hernando de Soto (1497 – 21 May 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula.

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Hidatsa

The Hidatsa are a Siouan people.

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Hierochloe odorata

Hierochloe odorata or Anthoxanthum nitens (commonly known as sweet grass, manna grass, Mary’s grass or vanilla grass, and as holy grass in the UK, bison grass e.g. by Polish vodka producers) is an aromatic herb native to northern Eurasia and North America.

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Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic and Latino Americans (Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of full or partial Spanish and/or Latin American background, culture, or family origin.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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Historical trauma

Historical trauma or collective trauma refers to the cumulative emotional harm of an individual or generation caused by a traumatic experience or event.

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History of slavery in Virginia

Slavery in Virginia began with the capture and enslavement of Native Americans during the early days of the English Colony of Virginia and through the late eighteenth century.

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History of smallpox

The history of smallpox extends into pre-history.

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History of the Americas

The history of the Americas begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an ice age.

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Ho-Chunk language

The Ho-Chunk language (Hoocąk, Hocąk), also known as Winnebago, is the language of the Ho-Chunk people of the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.

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Hoe (tool)

A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural and horticultural hand tool used to shape soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops.

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Hokan languages

The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken mainly in California, Arizona, and Baja California.

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Hominy

Hominy is a food produced from dried maize (corn) kernels that have been treated with an alkali, in a process called nixtamalization (nextamalli is the Nahuatl word for "hominy").

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Hopewell tradition

The Hopewell tradition, also called the Hopewell culture and Hopewellian exchange, describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period.

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Hopi

The Hopi are Native Americans who primarily live in northeastern Arizona.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal.

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Houma people

The Houma are a historic Native American people of Louisiana on the east side of the Red River of the South.

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House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses was the elected representative element of the Virginia General Assembly, the legislative body of the Colony of Virginia.

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How the West Was Won (TV series)

How the West Was Won is an American Western television series that starred James Arness, Eva Marie Saint, Fionnula Flanagan, Bruce Boxleitner, and Richard Kiley.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

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Human genome

The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA.

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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).

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Iñupiat

The Inupiat (singular: Iñupiaq) are a group of Alaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of the Canada–United States border.

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Idaho

Idaho is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Immunity (medicine)

In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Appropriations Act

The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress.

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Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990

The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-644) is a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States.

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Indian Citizenship Act

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, (enacted June 2, 1924) was an Act of the United States Congress that imposed U.S. citizenship on the indigenous peoples of the United States.

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Indian country

Indian country is any of the many self-governing Native American/American Indian communities throughout the United States.

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Indian Country Today

ICT (formerly known as Indian Country Today) is a daily digital news platform that covers the Indigenous world, including American Indians, Alaska Natives and First Nations.

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Indian Gaming Regulatory Act

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (et seq.) is a 1988 United States federal law that establishes the jurisdictional framework that governs Indian gaming.

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Indian Relocation Act of 1956

The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 (also known as Public Law 959 or the Adult Vocational Training Program) was a United States law intended to create a "a program of vocational training" for Native Americans in the United States.

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Indian removal

The Indian removal was the United States government's policy of ethnic cleansing through the forced displacement of self-governing tribes of American Indians from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi Riverspecifically, to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, present-day Oklahoma), which many scholars have labeled a genocide.

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Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson.

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Indian Reorganization Act

The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler–Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of American Indians in the United States. Native Americans in the United States and Indian Reorganization Act are native American history.

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Indian reservation

An American Indian reservation is an area of land held and governed by a U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation, whose government is autonomous, subject to regulations passed by the United States Congress and administered by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, and not to the U.S.

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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975

The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes.

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Indian termination policy

Indian termination is a phrase describing United States policies relating to Native Americans from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.

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Indian Territory

Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the United States government for the relocation of Native Americans who held original Indian title to their land as an independent nation-state.

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Indian Wedding Blessing

A poem known variously as the "Indian Wedding Blessing", "Apache Blessing", "Apache Wedding Prayer", "Benediction of the Apaches", "Cherokee Wedding Blessing","" on Google Images and with various forms, is commonly recited at weddings in the United States.

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Indiana

Indiana is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Indigenous languages of the Americas

The Indigenous languages of the Americas are a diverse group of languages that originated in the Americas prior to colonization, many of which continue to be spoken.

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Indigenous music of North America

Indigenous music of North America, which includes American Indian music or Native American music, is the music that is used, created or performed by Indigenous peoples of North America, including Native Americans in the United States and Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Mexico, and other North American countries—especially traditional tribal music, such as Pueblo music and Inuit music.

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Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism

The Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) is a non-profit organization based in Nixon, Nevada for the purpose of political activism against the emergent field of population genetics for human migration research.

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Indigenous peoples in Canada

Indigenous peoples in Canada (Peuples autochtones au Canada, also known as Aboriginals) are the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of Canada.

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Indigenous peoples of California

Indigenous peoples of California, commonly known as Indigenous Californians or Native Californians, are a diverse group of nations and peoples that are indigenous to the geographic area within the current boundaries of California before and after European colonization.

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Indigenous peoples of Mexico

Indigenous peoples of Mexico (gente indígena de México, pueblos indígenas de México), Native Mexicans (nativos mexicanos) or Mexican Native Americans (lit), are those who are part of communities that trace their roots back to populations and communities that existed in what is now Mexico before the arrival of Europeans.

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Indigenous peoples of South America

The Indigenous peoples of South America or South American Indigenous peoples, are the pre-Columbian peoples of South America and their descendants.

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Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands

The Eastern Woodlands is a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America. Native Americans in the United States and indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands are indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin

The Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin are Native Americans of the northern Great Basin, Snake River Plain, and upper Colorado River basin.

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Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands

Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands include Native American tribes and First Nation bands residing in or originating from a cultural area encompassing the northeastern and Midwest United States and southeastern Canada. Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands are indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau

Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau, and historically called the Plateau Indians (though comprising many groups) are Indigenous peoples of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, and the non-coastal regions of the Northwestern United States. Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau are indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast

The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are composed of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities.

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Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands

Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, Southeastern cultures, or Southeast Indians are an ethnographic classification for Native Americans who have traditionally inhabited the area now part of the Southeastern United States and the northeastern border of Mexico, that share common cultural traits. Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands are indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic

Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic are the aboriginal peoples who live in the Subarctic regions of the Americas, Asia and Europe, located south of the true Arctic at about 50°N to 70°N latitude.

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Infection

An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.

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Innsbruck

Innsbruck (Austro-Bavarian) is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria.

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Interglacial

An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age.

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Interracial marriage in the United States

Interracial marriage has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868.

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Inuit

Inuit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, ᐃᓄᒃ, dual: Inuuk, ᐃᓅᒃ; Iñupiaq: Iñuit 'the people'; Greenlandic: Inuit) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Yukon (traditionally), Alaska, and Chukotsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Iowa

Iowa is a doubly landlocked state in the upper Midwestern region of the United States.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element.

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Iroquois

The Iroquois, also known as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations from 1722 onwards; alternatively referred to by the endonym Haudenosaunee are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of Native Americans and First Nations peoples in northeast North America.

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Irrigation

Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.

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Ishi

Ishi (– March 25, 1916) was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the present-day state of California in the United States.

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Iva annua

Iva annua, the annual marsh elder or sumpweed, is a North American herbaceous annual plant in the family Asteraceae that was historically cultivated by Native Americans for its edible seed.

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Jack Brisco

Freddie Joe "Jack" Brisco (September 21, 1941 – February 1, 2010) was an American amateur wrestler and professional wrestler.

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Jack Hitt

Jack Hitt is an American author.

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Jacoby Ellsbury

Jacoby McCabe Ellsbury (born September 11, 1983) is an American former professional baseball center fielder.

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Jaketown Site

Jaketown Site (22 HU 505) is an archaeological site with two prehistoric earthwork mounds in Humphreys County, Mississippi, United States.

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Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

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Javelin throw

The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin, a spear about in length, is thrown as far as possible.

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Jay Silverheels

Jay Silverheels (born Harold Jay Smith; May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980, Mohawk) was a Canadian actor and athlete, descended from three Iroquois nations.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Jewellery

Jewellery (or jewelry in American English) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.

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Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. Native Americans in the United States and Jim Crow laws are native American history.

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Jim Thorpe

James Francis Thorpe (Sac and Fox (Sauk): Wa-Tho-Huk, translated as "Bright Path"; May 22 or 28,Sources vary. See, for example, Flatter, Ron., ESPN. Retrieved December 9, 2016, and Golus, Carrie (2012)., Twenty-First Century Books. p. 4.. 1887March 28, 1953) was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist.

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Joanne Shenandoah

Joanne Lynn Shenandoah (June 23, 1957November 22, 2021) was a Native American singer, composer, and multi-instrumentalist based in the United States.

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Joba Chamberlain

Justin Louis "Joba" Chamberlain (né Heath;; born September 23, 1985) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.

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Joe Hipp

Joe "The Boss" Hipp (born December 7, 1962) is a retired professional American heavyweight boxer.

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John Collier (sociologist)

John Collier (May 4, 1884 – May 8, 1968), a sociologist and writer, was an American social reformer and Native American advocate.

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John Mix Stanley

John Mix Stanley (January 17, 1814 – April 10, 1872) was an artist-explorer, an American painter of landscapes, and Native American portraits and tribal life.

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John Trudell

John Trudell (February 15, 1946December 8, 2015) was a Native American author, poet, actor, musician, and political activist.

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John Wannuaucon Quinney

John Wannuaucon Quinney (c. 1797 – July 21, 1855) was a Mahican (also Stockbridge) diplomat, and was also referred to as "The Dish",; Houghton Mifflin; Retrieved May 1, 2008 a translation of his middle name, this being "a symbolic term for the Mohican (sic) homelands along the Housatonic River".

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Joseph Henry Sharp

Joseph Henry Sharp (September 27, 1859 – August 29, 1953) was an American painter and a founding member of the Taos Society of Artists, of which he is considered the "Spiritual Father".

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Journal of Economic Perspectives

The Journal of Economic Perspectives (JEP) is an economic journal published by the American Economic Association.

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Joy Harjo

Joy Harjo (born May 9, 1951) is an American poet, musician, playwright, and author.

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Kachina

A kachina (also katchina, katcina, or katsina; Hopi: katsina, plural katsinim) is a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the Pueblo people, Native American cultures located in the south-western part of the United States.

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Kansas

Kansas is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Kateri Tekakwitha

Kateri Tekakwitha (in Mohawk), given the name Tekakwitha, baptized as Catherine, and informally known as Lily of the Mohawks (1656 – April 17, 1680), is a Mohawk Catholic saint and virgin.

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Kentucky

Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Keres language

Keres, also Keresan, is a Native American language, spoken by the Keres Pueblo people in New Mexico.

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Kickapoo people

The Kickapoo people (Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi; Kikapú) are an Algonquian-speaking Native American and Indigenous Mexican tribe, originating in the region south of the Great Lakes.

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King Philip's War

King Philip's War (sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, Pometacomet's Rebellion, or Metacom's Rebellion) was an armed conflict in 1675–1676 between a group of indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands against the English New England Colonies and their indigenous allies.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.

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Kiowa

Kiowa or Cáuigú) people are a Native American tribe and an Indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,Pritzker 326 and eventually into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century.

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Kiowa language

Kiowa or Cáuijògà/Cáuijò꞉gyà ("language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)") is a Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma in primarily Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties.

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Kristen Gremillion

Kristen Johnson Gremillion (born November 17, 1958) is an American anthropologist whose areas of specialization include paleoethnobotany, origins of agriculture, the prehistory of eastern North America, human paleoecology and paleodiet, and the evolutionary theory.

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Kyle Lohse

Kyle Matthew Lohse (born October 4, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.

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Kyrie Irving

Kyrie Andrew Irving (italic,; born March 23, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

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L. Frank Baum

Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's fantasy books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, part of a series.

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Lacrosse

Lacrosse is a contact team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball.

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Lakota language

Lakota (Lakȟótiyapi), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of the Sioux tribes.

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Lakota people

The Lakota (pronounced; Lakȟóta/Lakhóta) are a Native American people.

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Land bridge

In biogeography, a land bridge is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonize new lands.

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Land-grant university

A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890, or a beneficiary under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994.

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Language shift

Language shift, also known as language transfer or language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time.

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Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent 26,000 and 20,000 years ago.

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Law of the Plainsman

Law of the Plainsman is a Western television series starring Michael Ansara that aired on NBC from October 1, 1959, until September 22, 1960.

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LeBron James

LeBron Raymone James Sr. (born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

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Lenape

The Lenape (Lenape languages), also called the Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada.

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Leonard Peltier

Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist and a member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) who, following a controversial trial, was convicted of two counts of first degree murder in the deaths of two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents in a June 26, 1975, shooting on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.

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Leucophyllum

Leucophyllum (barometer bush or barometerbush) is a genus of evergreen shrubs in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.

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Lewis Tewanima

Louis Tewanima (1888 – January 18, 1969), also known as Tsökahovi Tewanima and Lewis Tewanima, was an American two-time Olympic distance runner and silver medalist in the 10,000 meter run in 1912.

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Lineal descendant

A lineal or direct descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in the direct line of descent – the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. Native Americans in the United States and lineal descendant are native American history.

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List of American artists

A list by date of birth of historically recognized American fine artists known for the creation of artworks that are primarily visual in nature, including traditional media such as painting, sculpture, photography, and printmaking, as well as more recent genres, including installation art, performance art, body art, conceptual art, video art, and digital art.

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List of archaeological periods (North America)

North American archaeological periods divides the history of pre-Columbian North America into a number of named successive eras or periods, from the earliest-known human habitation through to the early Colonial period which followed the European colonization of the Americas. Native Americans in the United States and List of archaeological periods (North America) are native American history.

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List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas

This is a list of English language words borrowed from Indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish or French.

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List of epidemics and pandemics

This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans.

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List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States

This is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States.

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List of historical Indian reservations in the United States

This is a list of historical Indian reservations in the United States.

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List of Indian massacres in North America

In the history of the European colonization of the Americas, an Indian massacre is any incident between European settlers and indigenous peoples wherein one group killed a significant number of the other group outside the confines of mutual combat in war.

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List of Indian reservations in the United States

This is a list of Indian reservations and other tribal homelands in the United States.

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List of Native Americans of the United States

This list of Native Americans a notable individuals who are Native Americans in the United States, including Alaska Natives and American Indians.

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List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee

Principal Chief is today the title of the chief executives of the Cherokee Nation, of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, and of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee.

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List of U.S. communities with Native-American majority populations

The following is a partial list of United States of America (U.S.) communities with Native-American majority populations.

See Native Americans in the United States and List of U.S. communities with Native-American majority populations

Little Big Man (film)

Little Big Man is a 1970 American revisionist Western film directed by Arthur Penn, adapted by Calder Willingham from Thomas Berger's 1964 novel of the same title.

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Louise Erdrich

Karen Louise Erdrich (born June 7, 1954) is a Native American author of novels, poetry, and children's books featuring Native American characters and settings.

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Louisiana

Louisiana (Louisiane; Luisiana; Lwizyàn) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

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Lumbee

The Lumbee are a Native American people primarily centered in Robeson, Hoke, Cumberland, and Scotland counties in North Carolina.

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Luzia Woman

Luzia Woman is the name for an Upper Paleolithic period skeleton of a Paleo-Indian woman who was found in a cave in Brazil.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

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Maine

Maine is a state in the New England region of the United States, and the northeasternmost state in the Lower 48.

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Maize

Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain.

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Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league and the highest level of organized baseball in the United States and Canada.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

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Mandan

The Mandan are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains who have lived for centuries primarily in what is now North Dakota.

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Manifest destiny

Manifest destiny was a phrase that represented the belief in the 19th-century United States that American settlers were destined to expand westward across North America, and that this belief was both obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny").

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963.

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Maria Tallchief

Maria Tallchief (born Elizabeth Marie Tall Chief (𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒿𐒷-𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 "Two-Standards"; Osage family name: Ki He Kah Stah Tsa, Osage script: 𐒼𐒱𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒰-𐓆𐓈𐒷𐓊𐒷; January 24, 1925 – April 11, 2013) was a Plains Indian ballerina. She was America's first major prima ballerina and the first Osage Tribe member to hold the rank.

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Marjorie Tallchief

Marjorie Tallchief (born Marjorie Louise Tall Chief; October 19, 1926November 30, 2021) was an American ballerina and member of the Osage Nation.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

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Maryland

Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

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Mascot

A mascot is any human, animal, or object thought to bring luck, or anything used to represent a group with a common public identity, such as a school, sports team, society, military unit, or brand name.

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Mass (liturgy)

Mass is the main Eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts (script), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Mastodon

A mastodon ('breast' + 'tooth') is a member of the genus Mammut (German for "mammoth"), which, strictly defined, was endemic to North America and lived from the late Miocene to the early Holocene.

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Matrilineality

Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the female line.

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Maya peoples

The Maya are an ethnolinguistic group of indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica.

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Métis

The Métis are an Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces.

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Meadowcroft Rockshelter

The Meadowcroft Rockshelter is an archaeological site which is located near Avella in Jefferson Township, Pennsylvania.

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Measles

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus.

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Medicine Lodge Treaty

The Medicine Lodge Treaty is the overall name for three treaties signed near Medicine Lodge, Kansas, between the Federal government of the United States and southern Plains Indian tribes in October 1867, intended to bring peace to the area by relocating the Native Americans to reservations in Indian Territory and away from European-American settlement.

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Megafauna

In zoology, megafauna (from Greek μέγας megas "large" and Neo-Latin fauna "animal life") are large animals.

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Mel Thom

Melvin Thom (born July 28, 1938) was born on the Walker River Paiute reservation in Schurz, Nevada.

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Menominee

The Menominee (omǣqnomenēwak meaning "Menominee People", also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for "Wild Rice People"; known as Mamaceqtaw, "the people", in the Menominee language) are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans officially known as the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin.

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Meredith College

Meredith College is a private women's liberal arts college and coeducational graduate school in Raleigh, North Carolina.

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Meskwaki

The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquaki), also known by the European exonyms Fox Indians or the Fox, are a Native American people.

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Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the lands of central and southern Mexico, all of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

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Mesquite

Mesquite is a common name for several plants in the genus Prosopis, which contains over 40 species of small leguminous trees.

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Metacomet

Metacomet (1638 – August 12, 1676), also known as Pometacom, Metacom, and by his adopted English name King Philip,, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

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Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

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Miami Tribe of Oklahoma

The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma (myaamionki noošonke siipionki, meaning: "Miami homelands along the Neosho River) is the only federally recognized Native American tribe of Miami Indians in the United States.

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Michael Greyeyes

Michael Greyeyes (born June 4, 1967) (Muskeg Lake Cree Nation) is an Indigenous Canadian actor, dancer, choreographer, director, and educator.

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Michael Jordan

Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963), also known by his initials MJ, is an American businessman and former professional basketball player.

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Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest region of the United States.

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Microsatellite

A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from one to six or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.

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Midewiwin

The Midewiwin (in syllabics: ᒥᑌᐧᐃᐧᐃᓐ, also spelled Midewin and Medewiwin) or the Grand Medicine Society is a religion of some of the Indigenous peoples of the Maritimes, New England and Great Lakes regions in North America.

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Midwestern United States

The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau.

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Minneapolis

Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota.

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Minnesota

Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States.

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Mississippi

Mississippi is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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Mississippian culture

The Mississippian culture was a Native American civilization that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1600, varying regionally. Native Americans in the United States and Mississippian culture are native American history.

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Missouri

Missouri is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Mixed-sex education

Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education, or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together.

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MLB Advanced Media

MLB Advanced Media, L.P. (MLBAM) is a limited partnership of the club owners of Major League Baseball (MLB) based in New York City and is the Internet and interactive branch of the league.

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MLB.com

MLB.com is the official site of Major League Baseball and is overseen by Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P. (a subsidiary of MLB).

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Mohicans

The Mohicans are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe that historically spoke an Algonquian language.

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Mono people

The Mono are a Native American people who traditionally live in the central Sierra Nevada, the Eastern Sierra (generally south of Bridgeport), the Mono Basin, and adjacent areas of the Great Basin.

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Montana

Montana is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Monte Verde

Monte Verde is a Paleolithic archaeological site in the Llanquihue Province in southern Chile, located near Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region.

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Monthly Review

The Monthly Review is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City.

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Moose

The moose ('moose'; used in North America) or elk ('elk' or 'elks'; used in Eurasia) (Alces alces) is the world's tallest, largest and heaviest extant species of deer and the only species in the genus Alces.

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Mound

A mound is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris.

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Mound Builders

Many pre-Columbian cultures in North America were collectively termed "Mound Builders", but the term has no formal meaning. Native Americans in the United States and Mound Builders are native American history.

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Muscogee

The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek or just Creek, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy (in the Muscogee language; English), are a group of related Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives in the United States.

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Muscogee language

The Muscogee language (Muskogee, Mvskoke in Muscogee), previously referred to by its exonym, Creek, is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole people, primarily in the US states of Oklahoma and Florida.

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Na-Dene languages

Na-Dene (also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Ida B. Wells, Lillian Wald, and Henry Moskowitz.

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Nahuatl

Nahuatl, Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

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Narragansett people

The Narragansett people are an Algonquian American Indian tribe from Rhode Island.

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National Archives and Records Administration

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records.

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National Basketball Association

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada).

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National Congress of American Indians

The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist U.S. federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities.

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National Football League

The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that consists of 32 teams, divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC).

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National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.

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National Mall

The National Mall is a landscaped park near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States.

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National Museum of the American Indian

The National Museum of the American Indian is a museum in the United States devoted to the culture of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

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National Park Service

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government, within the U.S. Department of the Interior.

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National Shrine of the North American Martyrs

The National Shrine of the North American Martyrs, also known as the Shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs, is a Roman Catholic shrine in Auriesville, New York dedicated to the three Jesuit missionaries who were martyred at the Mohawk Indian village of Ossernenon in 1642 and 1646.

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Native American Church

The Native American Church (NAC), also known as Peyotism and Peyote Religion, is a syncretic Native American religion that teaches a combination of traditional Native American beliefs and elements of Christianity, especially pertaining to the Ten Commandments, with sacramental use of the entheogen peyote.

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Native American civil rights

Native American civil rights are the civil rights of Native Americans in the United States. Native Americans in the United States and Native American civil rights are native American history.

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Native American disease and epidemics

Although a variety of infectious diseases existed in the Americas in pre-Columbian times, the limited size of the populations, smaller number of domesticated animals with zoonotic diseases, and limited interactions between those populations (as compared to areas of Eurasia and Africa) hampered the transmission of communicable diseases. Native Americans in the United States and Native American disease and epidemics are native American history.

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Native American flute

The Native American flute is a musical instrument and flute that is held in front of the player, has open finger holes, and has two chambers: one for collecting the breath of the player and a second chamber which creates sound.

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Native American identity in the United States

Native American identity in the United States is a community identity, determined by the tribal nation the individual or group belongs to. Native Americans in the United States and Native American identity in the United States are native American history.

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Native American name controversy

The Native American name controversy is an ongoing discussion about the changing terminology used by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas to describe themselves, as well as how they prefer to be referred to by others.

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Native American Pidgin English

Native American Pidgin English, sometimes known as American Indian Pidgin English (AIPE) was an English-based pidgin spoken by Europeans and Native Americans in western North America.

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Native American religions

Native American religions are the spiritual practices of the Native Americans in the United States.

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Native American reservation politics

Native American politics remain divided over different issues such as assimilation, education, healthcare, and economic factors that affect reservations.

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Native American Rights Fund

The Native American Rights Fund (NARF) is a non-profit organization, based in Boulder, Colorado, that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that U.S. state governments and the U.S. federal government live up to their legal obligations.

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Native American self-determination

Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation and beliefs by which the Native American tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision-making on issues that affect their own people.

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Native American studies

Native American studies (also known as American Indian, Indigenous American, Aboriginal, Native, or First Nations studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history, culture, politics, issues, spirituality, sociology and contemporary experience of Native peoples in North America, or, taking a hemispheric approach, the Americas.

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Native Americans and reservation inequality

Native American reservation inequality underlies a range of societal issues that affect the lives of Native American populations residing on reservations in the United States.

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Native Hawaiians

Native Hawaiians (also known as Indigenous Hawaiians, Kānaka Maoli, Aboriginal Hawaiians, or simply Hawaiians; kānaka, kānaka ʻōiwi, Kānaka Maoli, and Hawaiʻi maoli) are the Indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands. Native Americans in the United States and Native Hawaiians are culture of the United States, ethnic groups in the United States and indigenous peoples in the United States.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Navajo

The Navajo are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States.

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Navajo language

Navajo or Navaho (Navajo: Diné bizaad or Naabeehó bizaad) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, as are other languages spoken across the western areas of North America.

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Navajo Nation

The Navajo Nation (Naabeehó Bináhásdzo), also known as Navajoland, is an Indian reservation of Navajo people in the United States.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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Nebraska

Nebraska is a triply landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Negro

In the English language, the term negro (or sometimes negress for a female) is a term historically used to refer to people of Black African heritage.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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Neologism

In linguistics, a neologism (also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language.

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Neutral Confederacy

The Neutral Confederacy (also Neutral Nation, Neutral people, or Attawandaron) was a tribal confederation of Iroquoian peoples.

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Nevada

Nevada is a landlocked state in the Western region of the United States.

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New England

New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

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New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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New Jersey

New Jersey is a state situated within both the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

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New Mexico

New Mexico (Nuevo MéxicoIn Peninsular Spanish, a spelling variant, Méjico, is also used alongside México. According to the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the spelling version with J is correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one that is used in Mexican Spanish.; Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States.

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New Scientist

New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

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New York (state)

New York, also called New York State, is a state in the Northeastern United States.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Nixtamalization

Nixtamalization is a process for the preparation of maize, or other grain, in which the grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater (but sometimes aqueous alkali metal carbonates), washed, and then hulled.

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North America

North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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North Dakota

North Dakota is a landlocked U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux.

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Northern Paiute people

The Northern Paiute people are a Numic tribe that has traditionally lived in the Great Basin region of the United States in what is now eastern California, western Nevada, and southeast Oregon.

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Notah Begay III

Notah Ryan Begay III (born September 14, 1972) is an American professional golfer.

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Oasisamerica

Oasisamerica is a cultural region of Indigenous peoples in North America. Native Americans in the United States and Oasisamerica are native American history.

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Occupation of Alcatraz

The Occupation of Alcatraz (November 20, 1969 – June 11, 1971) was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island.

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Odawa

The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa) are an Indigenous American people who primarily inhabit land in the Eastern Woodlands region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

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Oʼodham language

Oʼodham (pronounced, English approximation) or Papago-Pima is a Uto-Aztecan language of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico, where the Tohono Oʼodham (formerly called the Papago) and Akimel Oʼodham (traditionally called Pima) reside.

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Oglala

The Oglala (pronounced, meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires).

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Ohio

Ohio is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Ohlone

The Ohlone, formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish costeño meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast.

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Ojibwe

The Ojibwe (syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (Ojibwewaki ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the northern plains, extending into the subarctic and throughout the northeastern woodlands.

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Ojibwe language

Ojibwe, also known as Ojibwa, Ojibway, Otchipwe,R.

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Oklahoma

Oklahoma (Choctaw: Oklahumma) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.

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Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act

The Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936 (also known as the Thomas-Rogers Act) is a United States federal law that extended the 1934 Wheeler-Howard or Indian Reorganization Act to include those tribes within the boundaries of the state of Oklahoma.

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Old Copper complex

The Old Copper complex or Old Copper culture is an archaeological culture from the Archaic period of North America's Great Lakes region.

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Old World

The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.

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Omaha, Nebraska

Omaha is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County.

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One-drop rule

The one-drop rule was a legal principle of racial classification that was prominent in the 20th-century United States.

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Onondaga language

PUNC:punctual aspect Onondaga language (Onoñdaʼgegáʼ nigaweñoʼdeñʼ,, literally "Onondaga is our language") is the language of the Onondaga First Nation, one of the original five constituent tribes of the League of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee).

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Opuntia ficus-indica

Opuntia ficus-indica, the Indian fig opuntia, fig opuntia, or prickly pear, is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world.

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Oral literature

Oral literature, orature, or folk literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed.

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Oral tradition

Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.

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Oregon

Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

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Oroville, California

Oroville (Oro, Spanish for "Gold" and Ville, French for "town") is the county seat of Butte County, California, United States.

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Osage language

Osage (Osage: Wažáže ie) is a Siouan language that is spoken by the Osage people of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

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Osage Nation

The Osage Nation (𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘|Ni Okašką|People of the Middle Waters) is a Midwestern American tribe of the Great Plains.

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Oshara tradition

Oshara Tradition, the northern tradition of the earlier Picosa culture, was a Southwestern Archaic tradition centered in the area now called New Mexico and Colorado.

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Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians

The Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians is a federally recognized tribe, located in Oklahoma.

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Pacific coast

Pacific coast may be used to reference any coastline that borders the Pacific Ocean.

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Pacific Islander Americans

Pacific Islander Americans (also colloquially referred to as Islander Americans) are Americans who are of Pacific Islander ancestry (or are descendants of the indigenous peoples of Oceania or of Austronesian descent). Native Americans in the United States and Pacific Islander Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Pacific Northwest

The Pacific Northwest (PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in Western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east.

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Painting

Painting is a visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support").

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Paisley Caves

The Paisley Caves or the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves complex is a system of eight caves in an arid, desolate region of south-central Oregon, United States north of the present-day city of Paisley, Oregon.

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Paiute

Paiute (also Piute) refers to three non-contiguous groups of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin.

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Paleo-Indians

Paleo-Indians were the first peoples who entered and subsequently inhabited the Americas towards the end of the Late Pleistocene period. Native Americans in the United States and Paleo-Indians are native American history.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

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Partus sequitur ventrem

Partus sequitur ventrem (also partus) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that children of enslaved mothers would inherit the legal status of their mothers.

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Party leaders of the United States Senate

The positions of majority leader and minority leader are held by two United States senators and people of the party leadership of the United States Senate.

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Passamaquoddy

The Passamaquoddy (Passamaquoddy: Peskotomuhkati, Plural: Peskotomuhkatiyik) are a Native American/First Nations people who live in northeastern North America.

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Passing (racial identity)

Racial passing occurs when a person who is classified as a member of a racial group is accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another racial group.

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Patrilineality

Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage.

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Patriot (American Revolution)

Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or Whigs, were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain's control and governance during the colonial era, and supported and helped launch the American Revolution that ultimately established American independence.

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Paul Kane

Paul Kane (September 3, 1810 – February 20, 1871) was an Irish-born Canadian painter whose paintings and especially field sketches were known as one of the first visual documents of Western indigenous life.

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Pawnee language

The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language traditionally spoken by Pawnee Native Americans, currently inhabiting north-central Oklahoma.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dutch), is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States.

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Pentatonic scale

A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave, in contrast to heptatonic scales, which have seven notes per octave (such as the major scale and minor scale).

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Penutian languages

Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.

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Peyote

The peyote (Lophophora williamsii) is a small, spineless cactus which contains psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline (see also: cactus alkaloids).

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Phaseolus acutifolius

Phaseolus acutifolius, also known as the tepary bean, is a legume native to the southwestern United States and Mexico and has been grown there by the native peoples since pre-Columbian times.

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Philip Phillips (archaeologist)

Philip Phillips (11 August 1900 – 11 December 1994) was an influential archaeologist in the United States during the 20th century.

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Piegan Blackfeet

The Piegan (Blackfoot: ᑯᖱᖿᖹ Piikáni) are an Algonquian-speaking people from the North American Great Plains.

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Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke), also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota, with a small portion of it extending into Nebraska.

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Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory

The Piscataway Indian Nation, also called Piscatawa, is a state-recognized tribe in Maryland that is descended from the historic Piscataway people.

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Plains Indians

Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North America.

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Pole vault

Pole vaulting, also known as pole jumping, is a track and field event in which an athlete uses a long and flexible pole, usually made from fiberglass or carbon fiber, as an aid to jump over a bar.

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Polyculture

In agriculture, polyculture is the practice of growing more than one crop species together in the same place at the same time, in contrast to monoculture, which had become the dominant approach in developed countries by 1950.

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Polygyny

Polygyny is a form of polygamy entailing the marriage of a man to several women.

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Ponca

The Ponca people are a nation primarily located in the Great Plains of North America that share a common Ponca culture, history, and language, identified with two Indigenous nations: the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma or the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska.

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Poor People's Campaign

The Poor People's Campaign, or Poor People's March on Washington, was a 1968 effort to gain economic justice for poor people in the United States.

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Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling.

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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European colonization have been difficult to establish. Native Americans in the United States and Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas are native American history.

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Potawatomi

The Potawatomi, also spelled Pottawatomi and Pottawatomie (among many variations), are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region.

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Poverty Point

Poverty Point State Historic Site/Poverty Point National Monument (Pointe de Pauvreté; 16 WC 5) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture, located in present-day northeastern Louisiana.

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Poverty Point culture

The Poverty Point culture is the archaeological culture of a prehistoric indigenous peoples who inhabited a portion of North America's lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf coast from about 1730 – 1350 BC.

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Powwow

A powwow (also pow wow or pow-wow) is a gathering with dances held by many Native American and First Nations communities.

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Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation

Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation (Mshkodéniwek, formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians) is a federally recognized tribe of Neshnabé (Potawatomi people), headquartered near Mayetta, Kansas.

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Praying Indian

Praying Indian is a 17th-century term referring to Native Americans of New England, New York, Ontario, and Quebec who converted to Christianity either voluntarily or involuntarily. Native Americans in the United States and Praying Indian are history of the Thirteen Colonies.

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Pre-Columbian era

In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492. Native Americans in the United States and pre-Columbian era are native American history.

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President of the United States

The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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Prison farm

A prison farm (also known as a penal farm) is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts are forced to work legally or illegally on a farm (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining.

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Profit maximization

In economics, profit maximization is the short run or long run process by which a firm may determine the price, input and output levels that will lead to the highest possible total profit (or just profit in short).

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ProPublica

ProPublica, legally Pro Publica, Inc., is a nonprofit organization based in New York City dedicated to investigative journalism.

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Protestantism in the United States

Protestantism is the largest grouping of Christians in the United States, with its combined denominations collectively comprising about 43% of the country's population (or 141 million people) in 2019.

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Protohistory

Protohistory is the period between prehistory and written history, during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures that have developed writing have noted the existence of those pre-literate groups in their own writings.

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Puebloans

The Puebloans, or Pueblo peoples, are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material, and religious practices.

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Puerto Rico

-;.

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Puget Sound

Puget Sound is a sound on the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington.

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Qualla Boundary

The Qualla Boundary or The Qualla is territory held as a land trust by the United States government for the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), who reside in Western North Carolina.

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Quechan

The Quechan (Quechan: Kwatsáan 'those who descended'), or Yuma, are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the Mexican border.

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R. Carlos Nakai

Raymond Carlos Nakai (born April 16, 1946) is a Native American flutist of Navajo and Ute heritage.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States based on racial categorizations.

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Racialization

Racialization or ethnicization is a sociological concept used to describe the intent and processes by which ethnic or racial identities are systematically constructed within a society.

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Racism in the United States

Racism has been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices, and actions (including violence) against "racial" or ethnic groups, throughout the history of the United States.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Random House

Random House is an imprint and publishing group of Penguin Random House.

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Redbone (band)

Redbone is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1969 by brothers Pat and Lolly Vegas.

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Redskin

Redskin is a slang term for Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada.

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Reindeer

The reindeer or caribou (Rangifer tarandus) is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America.

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Reservation poverty

Reservations in the United States, known as Indian reservations, are sovereign Native American territories that are managed by a tribal government in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Department of the Interior, located in Washington, DC.

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Rhode Island

Rhode Island (pronounced "road") is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Ric Burns

Ric Burns (Eric Burns, born 1955) is an American documentary filmmaker and writer.

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Rider (legislation)

In legislative procedure, a rider is an additional provision added to a bill or other measure under the consideration by a legislature, which may or may not have much, if any, connection with the subject matter of the bill.

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Right to property

The right to property, or the right to own property (cf. ownership), is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions.

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Rio Grande

The Rio Grande in the United States or the Río Bravo (del Norte) in Mexico, also known as P’osoge in Tewa and Tó Ba’áadi in Navajo, is one of the principal rivers (along with the Colorado River) in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico.

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Rita Coolidge

Rita Coolidge (born May 1, 1945) is an American recording artist.

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Robert Tree Cody

Robert Tree Cody (April 20, 1951 – September 14, 2023) was an American musician, dancer, and educator.

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Rock (geology)

In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.

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Rosebud Indian Reservation

The Rosebud Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in South Dakota, United States.

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Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (born September 10, 1938) is an American historian, writer, professor, and activist based in San Francisco.

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Russell Means

Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an Oglala Lakota activist for the rights of American Indians and all oppressed First Nation Americans, libertarian political activist, actor, musician and writer.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Rutgers University Press

Rutgers University Press (RUP) is a nonprofit academic publishing house, operating in New Brunswick, New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University.

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Sac and Fox Nation

The Sac and Fox Nation (Meskwaki language: Othâkîwaki / Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki) is the largest of three federally recognized tribes of Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox) Indian peoples.

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Saguaro

The saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is a tree-like cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea that can grow to be over tall.

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Salish Kootenai College

Salish Kootenai College (SKC) is a private tribal land-grant community college in Pablo, Montana.

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Sam Bradford

Samuel Jacob Bradford (born November 8, 1987) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons.

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San Francisco

San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center in Northern California.

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San Juan Basin

The San Juan Basin is a geologic structural basin located near the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States.

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Sandpainting

Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting.

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Santa Fe, New Mexico

Santa Fe is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico, and the county seat of Santa Fe County.

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Sasol

Sasol Limited is an integrated energy and chemical company based in Sandton, South Africa.

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Satellite village

A satellite village is a term for one or more settlements that have arisen within the outskirts of a larger one.

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Scotch-Irish Americans

Scotch-Irish Americans (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of primarily Ulster Scots people who emigrated from Ulster (Ireland's northernmost province) to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Scottie Pippen

Scotty Maurice Pippen Sr. (born September 25, 1965), usually spelled Scottie Pippen, is an American former professional basketball player.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Second Battle of Bull Run

The Second Battle of Bull Run or Battle of Second Manassas was fought August 28–30, 1862, in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War.

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Self-determination

Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.

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Seminole

The Seminole are a Native American people who developed in Florida in the 18th century.

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Seminole Tribe of Florida

The Seminole Tribe of Florida is a federally recognized Seminole tribe based in the U.S. state of Florida.

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Seminole Wars

The Seminole Wars (also known as the Florida Wars) were a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminoles that took place in Florida between about 1816 and 1858.

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Seneca language

Seneca (in Seneca, Onöndowaʼga꞉ʼ Gawë꞉noʼ, or Onötowáʼka꞉) is the language of the Seneca people, one of the Six Nations of the Hodinöhsö꞉niʼ (Iroquois League); it is an Iroquoian language, spoken at the time of contact in the western part of New York.

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Sequoyah High School (Cherokee County, Oklahoma)

Sequoyah High School (also known as Sequoyah-Tahlequah) is a Native American boarding school serving students in grades 7 through 12, who are members of a federally recognized Native American tribe.

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Seth Eastman

Seth Eastman (January 24, 1808– August 31, 1875) was an artist and West Point graduate who served in the U.S. Army, first as a mapmaker and illustrator.

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Settler

A settler is a person who has immigrated to an area and established a permanent residence there.

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Settler colonialism

Settler colonialism occurs when colonizers and settlers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with the society of the colonizers.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.

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Shawnee

The Shawnee are a Native American people of the Northeastern Woodlands.

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Shawnee language

The Shawnee language is a Central Algonquian language spoken in parts of central and northeastern Oklahoma by the Shawnee people.

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Shoshone

The Shoshone or Shoshoni are a Native American tribe with four large cultural/linguistic divisions.

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Shot put

The shot put is a track and field event involving "putting" (throwing) a heavy spherical ball—the shot—as far as possible.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Siege of Petersburg

The Richmond–Petersburg campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865, during the American Civil War.

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Sinkhole

A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.

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Sioux

The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin (Dakota/Lakota: Očhéthi Šakówiŋ /oˈtʃʰeːtʰi ʃaˈkoːwĩ/) are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations people from the Great Plains of North America.

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Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate

The Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation (Sisíthuŋwaŋ Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ oyáte), formerly Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe/Dakota Nation, is a federally recognized tribe comprising two bands and two subdivisions of the Isanti or Santee Dakota people.

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Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake; December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies.

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Slalom skiing

Slalom is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline, involving skiing between poles or gates.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by and enslavement of Native Americans roughly within what is currently the United States of America. Native Americans in the United States and slavery among Native Americans in the United States are native American history.

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Slavery in the United States

The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Native Americans in the United States and slavery in the United States are history of the Thirteen Colonies and social history of the United States.

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Sledgehammer

A sledgehammer is a tool with a large, flat, often metal head, attached to a long handle.

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Small Business Administration

The United States Small Business Administration (SBA) is an independent agency of the United States government that provides support to entrepreneurs and small businesses.

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Smallholding

A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Smallpox vaccine

The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.

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Smoke Signals (film)

Smoke Signals is a 1998 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Chris Eyre from a screenplay by Sherman Alexie, based on Alexie's short story collection The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993).

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Snake War

The Snake War (1864–1868) was an irregular war fought by the United States of America against the "Snake Indians," the settlers' term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone bands who lived along the Snake River.

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Sonoran Desert

The Sonoran Desert (Desierto de Sonora) is a hot desert in North America and ecoregion that covers the northwestern Mexican states of Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, as well as part of the southwestern United States (in Arizona and California).

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South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

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South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in the coastal Southeastern region of the United States.

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South Central Siberia

South Central Siberia is a geographical region north of the point where Russia, China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia come together.

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South Dakota

South Dakota (Sioux: Dakȟóta itókaga) is a landlocked state in the North Central region of the United States.

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South End Press

South End Press was a non-profit book publisher run on a model of participatory economics.

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Southeastern United States

The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast, the Southeast, or the South, is a geographical region of the United States located in the eastern portion of the Southern United States and the southern portion of the Eastern United States.

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Southern Paiute people

The Southern Paiute people are a tribe of Native Americans who have lived in the Colorado River basin of southern Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah.

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States.

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Southwestern United States

The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that includes Arizona and New Mexico, along with adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.

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Sowing

Sowing is the process of planting seeds.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish language in the United States

Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States.

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Spear

A spear is a polearm consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head.

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Spirituality

The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other.

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State-recognized tribes in the United States

State-recognized tribes in the United States are organizations that identify as Native American tribes or heritage groups that do not meet the criteria for federally recognized Indian tribes but have been recognized by a process established under assorted state government laws for varying purposes or by governor's executive orders.

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Stephen Graham Jones

Stephen Graham Jones (born January 22, 1972) is a Blackfeet Native American author of experimental fiction, horror fiction, crime fiction, and science fiction.

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Subarctic

The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid continental regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Fennoscandia, Northwestern Russia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms.

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Sugarcane

Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sullivan Expedition

The 1779 Sullivan Expedition (also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, the Sullivan Campaign, and the Sullivan-Clinton Genocide) was a United States military campaign during the American Revolutionary War, lasting from June to October 1779, against the four British-allied nations of the Iroquois (also known as the Haudenosaunee).

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Susquehannock

The Susquehannock, also known as the Conestoga, Minquas, and Andaste, were an Iroquoian people who lived in the lower Susquehanna River watershed in what is now Pennsylvania.

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Sweat lodge

A sweat lodge is a low profile hut, typically dome-shaped or oblong, and made with natural materials.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.

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Tahlequah Daily Press

The Tahlequah Daily Press is a daily newspaper published in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States.

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Tahlequah, Oklahoma

Tahlequah (''Cherokee'': ᏓᎵᏆ, daligwa) is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma located at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains.

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Tallahassee, Florida

Tallahassee is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida.

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Tecumseh

Tecumseh (October 5, 1813) was a Shawnee chief and warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands.

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Tecumseh's War

Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion was a conflict between the United States and Tecumseh's confederacy, led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.

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Television

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound.

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Tennessee

Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States.

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Texas–Indian wars

The Texas–Indian wars were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians during the 19th-century.

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Texture (music)

In music, texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in a musical composition, determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece.

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The Arizona Republic

The Arizona Republic is an American daily newspaper published in Phoenix.

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The Denver Post

The Denver Post is a daily newspaper and website published in the Denver metropolitan area.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)

The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American historical action film directed by Michael Mann, who co-wrote the screenplay with Christopher Crowe, based on the 1826 novel of the same name by James Fenimore Cooper.

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The Lone Ranger (TV series)

The Lone Ranger is an American Western television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role.

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The New York Review of Books

The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

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The Outlaw Josey Wales

The Outlaw Josey Wales is a 1976 American revisionist Western film set during and after the American Civil War.

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The Plain Dealer

The Plain Dealer is the major newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio; it is a major national newspaper.

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The Root (magazine)

The Root is an African American-oriented online magazine.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or T.R., was an American politician, soldier, conservationist, historian, naturalist, explorer and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

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Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Three Sisters (agriculture)

The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various indigenous peoples of Central and North America: squash, maize ("corn"), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans).

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Tlingit

The Tlingit or Lingít are Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America and constitute two of the two-hundred thirty-one (231, as of 2022) federally recognized Tribes of Alaska.

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Tlingit language

The Tlingit language (Lingít) is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada and is a branch of the Na-Dene language family.

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Tohono Oʼodham

The Tohono Oʼodham (Oʼodham) are a Native American people of the Sonoran Desert, residing primarily in the U.S. state of Arizona and the northern Mexican state of Sonora.

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Tommy Morrison

Tommy Morrison (January 2, 1969 – September 1, 2013) was an American professional boxer and mixed martial artist who competed from 1988 to 2009.

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Trail of Tears

The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government.

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Treaty of Casco (1678)

The Treaty of Casco (1678) was a treaty that brought to a close the war between the Indigenous Dawnland nations and the English settlers.

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Treaty of Fort Pitt

The Treaty of Fort Pitt, also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, was signed on September 17, 1778, and was the first formal treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians, in this case the Lenape, who were called Delaware by American settlers.

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Treaty of Hopewell

Three agreements, each known as a Treaty of Hopewell, were signed between representatives of the Congress of the United States and the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw peoples.

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Treaty of Paris (1783)

The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the Thirteen Colonies, which had been part of colonial British America, to be free, sovereign and independent states.

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Treaty rights

In Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States the term treaty rights specifically refers to rights for indigenous peoples enumerated in treaties with settler societies that arose from European colonization.

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Tribal colleges and universities

Tribal colleges and universities (TCUs) are a category of higher education, minority-serving institutions in the United States defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965.

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Tribal sovereignty in the United States

Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the concept of the inherent authority of Indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

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Tsaile, Arizona

Tsaile (Tsééhílį́) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Apache County, Arizona, United States, on the Navajo Nation.

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Tsimshian

The Tsimshian (Ts’msyan or Tsm'syen also once known as the Chemmesyans) are an Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

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Tunica-Biloxi

The Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe, (Yoroniku-Halayihku) formerly known as the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana, is a federally recognized tribe of primarily Tunica and Biloxi people, located in east central Louisiana.

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Union (American Civil War)

The Union, colloquially known as the North, refers to the states that remained loyal to the United States after eleven Southern slave states seceded to form the Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederacy or South, during the American Civil War. Native Americans in the United States and Union (American Civil War) are social history of the United States.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Armed Forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States.

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United States Army Center of Military History

The United States Army Center of Military History (CMH) is a directorate within the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.

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United States Attorney

United States attorneys are officials of the U.S. Department of Justice who serve as the chief federal law enforcement officers in each of the 94 U.S. federal judicial districts.

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United States Bill of Rights

The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

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United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

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United States Code

The United States Code (formally the Code of Laws of the United States of America) is the official codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States.

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United States Department of the Interior

The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources.

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United States federal judicial district

In the U.S. federal judicial system, the United States is divided into 94 judicial districts.

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United States Fish and Wildlife Service

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is a U.S. federal government agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior which oversees the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats in the United States.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States Marine Corps

The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces.

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United States Marshals Service

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States.

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United States Secretary of War

The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

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United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs

The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs is a committee of the United States Senate charged with oversight in matters related to the American Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native peoples.

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University of Alberta

The University of Alberta (also known as U of A or UAlberta) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

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University of Oklahoma

The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a public research university in Norman, Oklahoma, United States.

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University of São Paulo

The University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is a public research university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, and the largest public university in Brazil.

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University of Wisconsin System

The Universities of Wisconsin (officially the University of Wisconsin System and sometimes referred to as the UW System) is a university system of public universities in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Urban Indian

Urban Indians are American Indians and Canadian First Nations peoples who live in urban areas.

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Ursuline Academy (New Orleans)

Ursuline Academy is a private, Catholic, all-girls high school and elementary school (Toddler 2 through 12th grade) in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.

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Ursulines

The Ursulines, also known as the Order of Saint Ursula (post-nominals: OSU), is an enclosed religious order of women that in 1572 branched off from the Angelines, also known as the Company of Saint Ursula.

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Utah

Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Ute people

Ute are the indigenous, or Native American people, of the Ute tribe and culture among the Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin.

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Uto-Aztecan languages

Uto-Aztecan languages are a family of indigenous languages of the Americas, consisting of over thirty languages.

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Vermont

Vermont is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Vine Deloria Jr.

Vine Victor Deloria Jr. (March 26, 1933 – November 13, 2005, Standing Rock Sioux) was an author, theologian, historian, and activist for Native American rights.

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Violence Against Women Act

The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA) is a United States federal law (Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act) signed by President Bill Clinton on September 13, 1994.

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Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.

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W. Langdon Kihn

Wilfred (or William) Langdon Kihn (September 5, 1898 – December 12, 1957) was a portrait painter and illustrator specializing in portraits of American Indians.

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Wakan Tanka

In Lakota spirituality, Wakan Tanka (Standard Lakota Orthography: Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka) is the term for the sacred or the divine.

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Walter Plecker

Walter Ashby Plecker (April 2, 1861 – August 2, 1947) was an American physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics, serving from 1912 to 1946.

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Wampum

Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native Americans. Native Americans in the United States and Wampum are history of the Thirteen Colonies.

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War of 1812

The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in North America.

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Washington (state)

Washington, officially the State of Washington, is the westernmost state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

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Washington Commanders

The Washington Commanders are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area.

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Washington Redskins name controversy

The Washington Redskins name controversy involved the name and logo previously used by the Washington Commanders, a National Football League (NFL) franchise located in the Washington metropolitan area.

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Washington State Republican Party

The Washington State Republican Party (WSRP) is the state affiliate of the national United States Republican Party, headquartered in Bellevue.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.

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Watson Brake

Watson Brake is an archaeological site in present-day Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, from the Archaic period.

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Wayne Newton

Carson Wayne Newton (born April 3, 1942), mostly known as Mr.

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We Shall Remain

We Shall Remain (2009) is a five-part, 6-hour documentary series about the history of Native Americans in the United States, from the 17th century into the 20th century.

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Weaving

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.

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Weed control

Weed control is a type of pest control, which attempts to stop or reduce growth of weeds, especially noxious weeds, with the aim of reducing their competition with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species.

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West Coast of the United States

The West Coast of the United Statesalso known as the Pacific Coast, and the Western Seaboardis the coastline along which the Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean.

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West Indies

The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, which comprises 13 independent island countries and 19 dependencies in three archipelagos: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago.

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West Virginia

West Virginia is a landlocked state in the Southern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Western Apache language

The Western Apache language is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken among the 14,000 Western Apaches in Mexico in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua and in east-central Arizona.

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Western United States

The Western United States, also called the American West, the Western States, the Far West, and the West, is the region comprising the westernmost U.S. states.

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White Americans

White Americans (also referred to as European Americans) are Americans who identify as white people. Native Americans in the United States and white Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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White privilege

White privilege, or white skin privilege, is the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people in some societies, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.

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White Sands National Park

White Sands National Park is an American national park located in the state of New Mexico and completely surrounded by the White Sands Missile Range.

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Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States.

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Wiyot language

Wiyot (also Wishosk) or Soulatluk (lit. 'your jaw') is an Algic languageCampbell, Lyle (1997), p. 152 spoken by the Wiyot people of Humboldt Bay, California.

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Wood

Wood is a structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.

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Wood carving

Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object.

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Woodland period

In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Wounded Knee Massacre

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as the Battle of Wounded Knee was a massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people by soldiers of the United States Army.

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Wounded Knee Occupation

The Wounded Knee Occupation, also known as Second Wounded Knee, began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota (sometimes referred to as Oglala Sioux) and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, United States, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

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Wounded Knee, South Dakota

Wounded Knee (Čaŋkpé Opí) is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States.

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Wovoka

Wovoka (– September 20, 1932), also known as Jack Wilson, was the Paiute religious leader who founded a second episode of the Ghost Dance movement.

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Wyandot people

The Wyandot people (also Wyandotte, Wendat, Waⁿdát, or Huron) are Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of North America, and speakers of an Iroquoian language, Wyandot.

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Wyoming

Wyoming is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Yakama Indian Reservation

The Yakama Indian Reservation (spelled Yakima until 1994) is a Native American reservation in Washington state of the federally recognized tribe known as the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation.

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Yamasee War

The Yamasee War (also spelled Yamassee or Yemassee) was a conflict fought in South Carolina from 1715 to 1717 between British settlers from the Province of Carolina and the Yamasee, who were supported by a number of allied Native American peoples, including the Muscogee, Cherokee, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, and others.

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Yaqui

The Yaqui, Hiaki, or Yoeme, are an Indigenous people of Mexico and Native American tribe, who speak the Yaqui language, a Uto-Aztecan language.

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Yontoket massacre

The Yontocket massacre or Burnt Ranch massacre was an 1853 massacre of Tolowa people at the village of Yontocket (Tolowa: yan'-daa-k'vt), northwestern California.

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Yukon

Yukon (formerly called the Yukon Territory and referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories.

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Yup'ik

The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (own name Yupʼik sg Yupiik dual Yupiit pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an Indigenous people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (including living on Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay.

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Yupik peoples

The Yupik (Юпикские народы) are a group of Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples of western, southwestern, and southcentral Alaska and the Russian Far East.

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Yurok language

Yurok (also Chillula, Mita, Pekwan, Rikwa, Sugon, Weitspek, Weitspekan) is an Algic language.

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Zuni language

Zuni (also formerly Zuñi, endonym Shiwiʼma) is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States.

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Zygosity

Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek "yoked," from "yoke") is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence.

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1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas.

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1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

The New World of the Western Hemisphere was devastated by the 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic.

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1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic spanned 1836 through 1840 but reached its height after the spring of 1837, when an American Fur Company steamboat, the SS St. Native Americans in the United States and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic are native American history.

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1964 Summer Olympics

The, officially the and commonly known as Tokyo 1964 (東京1964), were an international multi-sport event held from 10 to 24 October 1964 in Tokyo, Japan.

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2000 United States census

The 2000 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2 percent over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 census.

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2016 Summer Olympics

The 2016 Summer Olympics (Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016), officially the Games of the XXXI Olympiad (Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada) and officially branded as Rio 2016, were an international multi-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August.

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2020 United States census

The 2020 United States census was the 24th decennial United States census.

See Native Americans in the United States and 2020 United States census

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

Also known as American Indian and Alaska Native, American Indians (U.S.), American Indians (US), American Indians in the United States, American Indians of the United States, American Native, American Native American, American Native Americans, American Native Indians, Americian Indian, Amerindean, Crime on Indian reservations in the United States, Demographics of Native Americans in the United States, Discrimination against Native Americans, Discrimination against Native Americans in the United States, Discrimination against indigenous peoples of the United States, First Nation American, First Nation Americans, Flags of Native Americans in the United States, Food insecurity among Native Americans in the United States, Indigenous Peoples of America, Indigenous people of America, Indigenous people of the United States, Indigenous peoples in the United States, Indigenous peoples in the United States of America, Indigenous peoples of the North America, Indigenous peoples of the United States, Native American (U.S.), Native American (US), Native American (United States census), Native American Indian, Native American Indians, Native American People, Native American in the United States, Native American peoples in the United States, Native Americans (U.S.), Native Americans (US), Native Americans (United States), Native Americans born in the United States, Native Americans in United States, Native Americans in the U.S., Native Americans in the US, Native Americans in the Unietd States, Native Americans in the United State, Native Americans in the civil rights movement, Native Americans of the United States, Native americain, Native-American, Nativeamerican, Nativeamericans, Socioeconomic status of Native Americans in the United States, The history of the Native Americans in the United States, U.S. Native, U.S. Natives.

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