Table of Contents
246 relations: Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, Action potential, Adenosine triphosphate, Adult, Agricultural pollution, Algal bloom, Alkaloid, Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, Aluminium, Alzheimer's disease, Amine, Amino acid, Ammonia, AMPA receptor, Anatoxin-a, Anesthesiology, Anticholinergic, Antioxidant, Antitoxin, Apoptosis, Arrow, Arsenic, Arsenite, Asphyxia, Astrocyte, ATPase, Atropine, Axon, Babycurus toxin 1, Banded krait, Biochemical Pharmacology (journal), Blood, Blood–brain barrier, Botulinum toxin, Brain, Bungarotoxin, Calcium, Cangitoxin, Capillary, Capsaicin, Carambola, Caramboxin, Carnitine, Caspase, Catalase, Cell (biology), Cell membrane, Central nervous system, Cerebellum, ... Expand index (196 more) »
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter.
See Neurotoxin and Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body.
See Neurotoxin and Acetylcholinesterase
Action potential
An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.
See Neurotoxin and Action potential
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Neurotoxin and Adenosine triphosphate
Adult
An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth.
Agricultural pollution
Agricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests.
See Neurotoxin and Agricultural pollution
Algal bloom
An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems.
See Neurotoxin and Algal bloom
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom.
Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor
The alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α7 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in long-term memory, consisting entirely of α7 subunits.
See Neurotoxin and Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor
Aluminium
Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.
See Neurotoxin and Alzheimer's disease
Amine
In chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
AMPA receptor
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate (iGluR) and predominantly Na+ ion channel that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).
See Neurotoxin and AMPA receptor
Anatoxin-a
Anatoxin-a, also known as Very Fast Death Factor (VFDF), is a secondary, bicyclic amine alkaloid and cyanotoxin with acute neurotoxicity. Neurotoxin and Anatoxin-a are neurotoxins.
Anesthesiology
Anesthesiology or anaesthesiology is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery.
See Neurotoxin and Anesthesiology
Anticholinergic
Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system.
See Neurotoxin and Anticholinergic
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.
See Neurotoxin and Antioxidant
Antitoxin
An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.
Arrow
An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile launched by a bow.
Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and the atomic number 33.
Arsenite
In chemistry, an arsenite is a chemical compound containing an arsenic oxyanion where arsenic has oxidation state +3.
Asphyxia
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing.
Astrocyte
Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek,, "star" and,, "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
ATPase
ATPases (Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction.
Atropine
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery.
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
Babycurus toxin 1
Babycurus-toxin 1 (BcTx1) is a component of the venom of the east African scorpion Babycurus centrurimorphus. Neurotoxin and Babycurus toxin 1 are neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Babycurus toxin 1
Banded krait
The banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) is a highly venomous species of elapids endemic to Asia, from Indian Subcontinent through Southeast Asia to Southern China.
See Neurotoxin and Banded krait
Biochemical Pharmacology (journal)
Biochemical Pharmacology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier.
See Neurotoxin and Biochemical Pharmacology (journal)
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.
See Neurotoxin and Blood–brain barrier
Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. Neurotoxin and botulinum toxin are neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Botulinum toxin
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
Bungarotoxin
Bungarotoxins are toxins found in the venom of snakes and kraits.
See Neurotoxin and Bungarotoxin
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Cangitoxin
Cangitoxin, also known as CGTX or CGX, is a toxin purified from the venom of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum, which most likely acts by prolonging the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV channels).
Capillary
A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system.
Capsaicin
Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.
Carambola
Carambola, also known as star fruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia.
Caramboxin
Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola). Neurotoxin and Caramboxin are neurotoxins.
Carnitine
Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants, and some bacteria. In support of energy metabolism, carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria to be oxidized for free energy production, and also participates in removing products of metabolism from cells.
Caspase
Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death.
Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Neurotoxin and Cell (biology)
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Neurotoxin and Cell membrane
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
See Neurotoxin and Central nervous system
Cerebellum
The cerebellum (cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.
Cerebral edema
Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid (edema) in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain.
See Neurotoxin and Cerebral edema
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.
See Neurotoxin and Cerebrospinal fluid
CGMP-dependent protein kinase
cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP.
See Neurotoxin and CGMP-dependent protein kinase
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
See Neurotoxin and Chemical synapse
Child
A child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty.
Chili pepper
Chili peppers, also spelled chile or chilli, are varieties of the berry-fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade family Solanaceae, cultivated for their pungency.
See Neurotoxin and Chili pepper
Chloride channel
Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride.
See Neurotoxin and Chloride channel
Chlorotoxin
Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels.
See Neurotoxin and Chlorotoxin
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
See Neurotoxin and Cholesterol
Cholinergic
Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine.
See Neurotoxin and Cholinergic
Cholinesterase
The enzyme cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8, choline esterase; systematic name acylcholine acylhydrolase) catalyses the hydrolysis of choline-based esters: Several of these serve as neurotransmitters.
See Neurotoxin and Cholinesterase
Choroid plexus
The choroid plexus, or plica choroidea, is a plexus of cells that arises from the tela choroidea in each of the ventricles of the brain.
See Neurotoxin and Choroid plexus
Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE) is a condition induced by long-term exposure to organic solvents, often—but not always—in the workplace, that lead to a wide variety of persisting sensorimotor polyneuropathies and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed.
See Neurotoxin and Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
See Neurotoxin and Circulatory system
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is a condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease.
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin.
See Neurotoxin and Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus.
See Neurotoxin and Clostridium tetani
Conidae
Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Conoidea.
Conotoxin
A conotoxin is one of a group of neurotoxic peptides isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail, genus Conus. Neurotoxin and conotoxin are neurotoxins.
Craniofacial surgery
Craniofacial surgery is a surgical subspecialty that deals with congenital and acquired deformities of the head, skull, face, neck, jaws and associated structures.
See Neurotoxin and Craniofacial surgery
Curare
Curare (or; or) is a common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts. Neurotoxin and Curare are neurotoxins.
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
See Neurotoxin and Cyanobacteria
Cyanotoxin
Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae).
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
See Neurotoxin and Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
See Neurotoxin and Cytoskeleton
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.
See Neurotoxin and Cytotoxicity
Dart (missile)
Darts are airborne ranged weapons.
See Neurotoxin and Dart (missile)
Death
Death is the end of life; the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.
Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities.
Depolarization
In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.
See Neurotoxin and Depolarization
Development of the nervous system
The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood.
See Neurotoxin and Development of the nervous system
Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
See Neurotoxin and Developmental biology
Diet (nutrition)
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
See Neurotoxin and Diet (nutrition)
Diethylmercury
Diethylmercury is a flammable, colorless liquid, and one of the strongest known neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Diethylmercury
Dimethylmercury
Dimethylmercury is an extremely toxic organomercury compound with the formula (CH3)2Hg. Neurotoxin and Dimethylmercury are neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Dimethylmercury
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions occur involuntarily, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.
See Neurotoxin and Endocytosis
Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell.
See Neurotoxin and Endogeny (biology)
Ependyma
The ependyma is the thin neuroepithelial (simple columnar ciliated epithelium) lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Excitotoxicity
In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors.
See Neurotoxin and Excitotoxicity
Exogeny
In a variety of contexts, exogeny or exogeneity is the fact of an action or object originating externally.
Fasciculation
A fasciculation, or muscle twitch, is a spontaneous, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation, involving fine muscle fibers.
See Neurotoxin and Fasciculation
Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation.
See Neurotoxin and Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Fetus
A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Neurotoxin and Gastrointestinal tract
Glia
Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.
Glioma
A glioma is a type of primary tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord.
Glossary of biology
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.
See Neurotoxin and Glossary of biology
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Neurotoxin and Glutamic acid
Glutaminase
Glutaminase (glutaminase I, L-glutaminase, glutamine aminohydrolase) is an amidohydrolase enzyme that generates glutamate from glutamine.
See Neurotoxin and Glutaminase
Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Gonad
A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism.
Grey matter
Grey matter, or brain matter in American English, is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
See Neurotoxin and Grey matter
Heavy metals
pp.
See Neurotoxin and Heavy metals
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure.
See Neurotoxin and Hepatic encephalopathy
Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
Hexane
Hexane or n-hexane is an organic compound, a straight-chain alkane with six carbon atoms and the molecular formula C6H14.
Hippocampus
The hippocampus (hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates.
See Neurotoxin and Hippocampus
Hodgkin–Huxley model
The Hodgkin–Huxley model, or conductance-based model, is a mathematical model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated.
See Neurotoxin and Hodgkin–Huxley model
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
See Neurotoxin and Homeostasis
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human skeleton
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body.
See Neurotoxin and Human skeleton
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited.
See Neurotoxin and Huntington's disease
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
In vitro
In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
Infant
An infant or baby is the very young offspring of human beings.
Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
See Neurotoxin and Inflammation
Ingestion
Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism.
Inositol trisphosphate
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule.
See Neurotoxin and Inositol trisphosphate
Insult (medical)
In medical terms, an insult is the cause of some kind of physical or mental injury.
See Neurotoxin and Insult (medical)
Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States),Rosa's Law, Pub.
See Neurotoxin and Intellectual disability
Intraperitoneal injection
Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the peritoneum (body cavity).
See Neurotoxin and Intraperitoneal injection
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
See Neurotoxin and Ion channel
Ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
Isotopic labeling
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count) through chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or a biological cell.
See Neurotoxin and Isotopic labeling
JWH-018
JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, NA-PIMO or AM-678) is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family that acts as a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2.
Kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible.
See Neurotoxin and Kidney failure
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
Limb (anatomy)
A limb (from Old English lim, meaning "body part") is a jointed, muscled appendage of a tetrapod vertebrate animal used for weight-bearing, terrestrial locomotion and physical interaction with other objects.
See Neurotoxin and Limb (anatomy)
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
See Neurotoxin and Lipid bilayer
Lithium
Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3.
Liver
The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
Liver failure
Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions as part of normal physiology.
See Neurotoxin and Liver failure
Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
See Neurotoxin and Long-term potentiation
Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element; it has symbol Hg and atomic number 80. Neurotoxin and Mercury (element) are neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Mercury (element)
Mesolimbic pathway
The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.
See Neurotoxin and Mesolimbic pathway
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
Metal
A metal is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the chemical formula (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). Neurotoxin and Methanol are neurotoxins.
Methylmercury
Methylmercury (sometimes methyl mercury) is an organometallic cation with the formula.
See Neurotoxin and Methylmercury
Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth.
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Neurotoxin and Mitochondrion
Molidae
The Molidae comprise the family of the molas or ocean sunfishes, unusual fish whose bodies come to an end just behind the dorsal and anal fins, giving them a "half-fish" appearance.
Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally "the generation of form") is the biological process that causes a cell, tissue or organism to develop its shape.
See Neurotoxin and Morphogenesis
Motor coordination
In physiology, motor coordination is the orchestrated movement of multiple body parts as required to accomplish intended actions, like walking.
See Neurotoxin and Motor coordination
Mouth
The mouth is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and vocalize.
MPP+
MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) is a positively charged organic molecule with the chemical formula C12H12N+. Neurotoxin and MPP+ are neurotoxins.
MPTP
MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is an organic compound. Neurotoxin and MPTP are neurotoxins.
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
Muscle atrophy
Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass.
See Neurotoxin and Muscle atrophy
Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells.
See Neurotoxin and Muscle contraction
Muscular system
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
See Neurotoxin and Muscular system
Myopathy
In medicine, myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly.
Nausea
Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit.
Neostigmine
Neostigmine, sold under the brand name Bloxiverz, among others, is a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis, Ogilvie syndrome, and urinary retention without the presence of a blockage.
See Neurotoxin and Neostigmine
Nervous system
In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
See Neurotoxin and Nervous system
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system.
See Neurotoxin and Nervous tissue
Neural tube
In the developing chordate (including vertebrates), the neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
See Neurotoxin and Neural tube
Neurite
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron.
Neurofilament
Neurofilaments (NF) are classed as type IV intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of neurons.
See Neurotoxin and Neurofilament
Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). This occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs), subventricular zone astrocytes, and subgranular zone radial astrocytes, among others.
See Neurotoxin and Neurogenesis
Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
See Neurotoxin and Neuromuscular junction
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.
See Neurotoxin and Neuroscience
Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells and especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspect in health and disease.
See Neurotoxin and Neuroscientist
Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
See Neurotoxin and Neurotoxicity
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
See Neurotoxin and Neurotransmitter
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
See Neurotoxin and Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula.
See Neurotoxin and Nitric oxide
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons.
See Neurotoxin and NMDA receptor
Nociceptor
A nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain.
Organophosphate
In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents.
See Neurotoxin and Organophosphate
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK, US) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Neurotoxin and Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
See Neurotoxin and Oxidative stress
Paralysis
Paralysis (paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles.
Parathion
Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion and locally known as "Folidol", is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide.
Paresthesia
Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
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Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability.
See Neurotoxin and Parkinsonism
Pathology
Pathology is the study of disease and injury.
Patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals.
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS).
See Neurotoxin and Peripheral nervous system
Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy, often shortened to neuropathy, refers to damage or disease affecting the nerves.
See Neurotoxin and Peripheral neuropathy
Peroxidase
Peroxidases or peroxide reductases (EC number) are a large group of enzymes which play a role in various biological processes.
Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
Plumbing
Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications.
Porcupinefish
Porcupinefish are medium-to-large fish belonging to the family Diodontidae from the order Tetraodontiformes which are also commonly called blowfish and, sometimes, balloonfish and globefish.
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Potassium channel
Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms.
See Neurotoxin and Potassium channel
Prognosis
Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing";: prognoses) is a medical term for predicting the likelihood or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).
Protein kinase C
In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.
See Neurotoxin and Protein kinase C
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.
See Neurotoxin and Reactive oxygen species
Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.
See Neurotoxin and Receptor (biochemistry)
Respiratory complex I
Respiratory complex I, (also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Type I NADH dehydrogenase and mitochondrial complex I) is the first large protein complex of the respiratory chains of many organisms from bacteria to humans.
See Neurotoxin and Respiratory complex I
Respiratory failure
Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels.
See Neurotoxin and Respiratory failure
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
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Sarin
Sarin (NATO designation GB) is an extremely toxic organophosphorus compound.
Saturated fat
A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms.
See Neurotoxin and Saturated fat
Scientist
A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences.
Scorpion
Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones.
Seafood
Seafood is the culinary name for food that comes from any form of sea life, prominently including fish and shellfish.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.
See Neurotoxin and Signs and symptoms
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
Smelting
Smelting is a process of applying heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to extract a desired base metal product.
SNARE protein
SNARE proteins – "'''SNA'''P REceptors" – are a large protein family consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts, more than 60 members in mammalian cells, and some numbers in plants.
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Sodium channel
Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's membrane.
See Neurotoxin and Sodium channel
Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
Spasticity
Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.
See Neurotoxin and Spinal cord
Stroke
Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.
Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
See Neurotoxin and Substantia nigra
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
See Neurotoxin and Sympathetic nervous system
Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Tau protein
The tau proteins (abbreviated from tubulin associated unit) form a group of six highly soluble protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing from the gene MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau).
See Neurotoxin and Tau protein
Tetanus
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and characterized by muscle spasms.
Tetanus toxin
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. Neurotoxin and tetanus toxin are neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Tetanus toxin
Tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a quaternary ammonium cation with the chemical formula, consisting of four ethyl groups (denoted Et) attached to a central nitrogen atom. Neurotoxin and Tetraethylammonium are neurotoxins.
See Neurotoxin and Tetraethylammonium
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodontidae is a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order Tetraodontiformes.
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Tetraodontiformes
The Tetraodontiformes are an order of highly derived ray-finned fish, also called the Plectognathi.
See Neurotoxin and Tetraodontiformes
Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.
See Neurotoxin and Tetrodotoxin
Toxic encephalopathy
Toxic encephalopathy is a neurologic disorder caused by exposure to neurotoxic organic solvents such as toluene, following exposure to heavy metals such as manganese, as a side effect of melarsoprol treatment for African trypanosomiasis, adverse effects to prescription drugs, or exposure to extreme concentrations of any natural toxin such as cyanotoxins found in shellfish or freshwater cyanobacteria crusts.
See Neurotoxin and Toxic encephalopathy
Toxicology in Vitro
Toxicology in Vitro is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering in vitro toxicology.
See Neurotoxin and Toxicology in Vitro
Toxicology Letters
Toxicology Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal for the rapid publication of short reports on all aspects of toxicology, especially mechanisms of toxicity.
See Neurotoxin and Toxicology Letters
Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.
TRPV1
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with environmental protection matters.
See Neurotoxin and United States Environmental Protection Agency
Venom
Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action.
Ventilator
A ventilator is a type of breathing apparatus, a class of medical technology that provides mechanical ventilation by moving breathable air into and out of the lungs, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently.
Ventricular system
In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain.
See Neurotoxin and Ventricular system
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
See Neurotoxin and Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
Voltage-gated potassium channel
Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential.
See Neurotoxin and Voltage-gated potassium channel
Vomiting
Vomiting (also known as emesis and throwing up) is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.
25I-NBOMe
25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe, Cimbi-5, and also shortened to "25I"), also known as Smiles, or N-Bomb, is a novel synthetic psychoactive substance with strong hallucinogenic properties, synthesized in 2003 for research purposes.
5-MeO-DiPT
5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DiPT, sometimes called foxy methoxy or simply foxy) is a psychedelic tryptamine and the methoxy derivative of diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT). Neurotoxin and 5-MeO-DiPT are neurotoxins.
References
Also known as Cobra neurotoxins, Neuro-toxin, Neuro-toxins, Neurotoxic drug, Neurotoxic drugs, Neurotoxicologist, Neurotoxicologists, Neurotoxicology, Neurotoxins, Nuerotoxins.
, Cerebral edema, Cerebrospinal fluid, CGMP-dependent protein kinase, Chemical synapse, Child, Chili pepper, Chloride channel, Chlorotoxin, Cholesterol, Cholinergic, Cholinesterase, Choroid plexus, Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy, Circulatory system, Cirrhosis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, Conidae, Conotoxin, Craniofacial surgery, Curare, Cyanobacteria, Cyanotoxin, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate, Cytoskeleton, Cytotoxicity, Dart (missile), Death, Dementia, Depolarization, Development of the nervous system, Developmental biology, Diet (nutrition), Diethylmercury, Dimethylmercury, Dopamine, Dystonia, Endocytosis, Endogeny (biology), Ependyma, Epilepsy, Ethanol, Excitotoxicity, Exogeny, Fasciculation, Fertilizer, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fetus, Gastrointestinal tract, Glia, Glioma, Glossary of biology, Glutamic acid, Glutaminase, Glutamine, Gonad, Grey matter, Heavy metals, Hepatic encephalopathy, Herbicide, Hexane, Hippocampus, Hodgkin–Huxley model, Homeostasis, Human, Human skeleton, Huntington's disease, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, In vitro, In vivo, Infant, Inflammation, Ingestion, Inositol trisphosphate, Insult (medical), Intellectual disability, Intraperitoneal injection, Ion, Ion channel, Ischemia, Isotopic labeling, JWH-018, Kidney failure, Lead, Limb (anatomy), Lipid, Lipid bilayer, Lithium, Liver, Liver failure, Long-term potentiation, Memory, Mercury (element), Mesolimbic pathway, Metabolism, Metabolite, Metal, Methanol, Methylmercury, Mining, Mitochondrion, Molidae, Morphogenesis, Motor coordination, Mouth, MPP+, MPTP, Muscle, Muscle atrophy, Muscle contraction, Muscular system, Myopathy, Nausea, Neostigmine, Nervous system, Nervous tissue, Neural tube, Neurite, Neurofilament, Neurogenesis, Neurology, Neuromuscular junction, Neuron, Neuroscience, Neuroscientist, Neurotoxicity, Neurotransmitter, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Nitric oxide, NMDA receptor, Nociceptor, Organophosphate, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxidative stress, Paralysis, Parathion, Paresthesia, Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, Pathology, Patient, Peripheral nervous system, Peripheral neuropathy, Peroxidase, Pesticide, Physician, Plumbing, Porcupinefish, Potassium channel, Prognosis, Protein kinase C, Reactive oxygen species, Receptor (biochemistry), Respiratory complex I, Respiratory failure, Roman Empire, Sarin, Saturated fat, Scientist, Scorpion, Seafood, Signs and symptoms, Skin, Smelting, SNARE protein, Sodium channel, Solvent, Spasticity, Spinal cord, Stroke, Substantia nigra, Sympathetic nervous system, Synapse, Tau protein, Tetanus, Tetanus toxin, Tetraethylammonium, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Tetrodotoxin, Toxic encephalopathy, Toxicology in Vitro, Toxicology Letters, Toxin, TRPV1, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Venom, Ventilator, Ventricular system, Vesicle (biology and chemistry), Vitamin E, Voltage-gated potassium channel, Vomiting, 25I-NBOMe, 5-MeO-DiPT.