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892 relations: A Kestrel for a Knave, A1 road (Great Britain), A1(M) motorway, Abdullah Quilliam, Act of Parliament, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom, Aidan of Lindisfarne, Air Passenger Duty, Aire and Calder Navigation, Alderley Edge, Allerdale, Amateur sports, Amateur status in first-class cricket, Analytics, Ancient university, Angles, Anglicanism, Anglo-Scottish border, Anglo-Scottish Wars, Angry young men, Animals in sport, Annals (Tacitus), Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom, Antonine Wall, Apron, Arable land, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of Liverpool, Archbishop of York, Arctic Monkeys, Article (grammar), Asda, Association football, Æthelfrith, Bagpipes, Balance of trade, Bangladesh, Baptists, Barrow Blitz, Barrow-in-Furness, Baryte, Bassetlaw, Battle of Hastings, Battle of Marston Moor, Battle of Stamford Bridge, Battle of Wakefield, Battle-axe (woman), BBC, BBC Good Food, ..., BBC North West, Beat music, Beer head, Bernicia, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Beryl Bainbridge, Bessemer process, Beverley, Bigod's rebellion, Billy Liar, Birkenhead, Bishop of Durham, Bishops' Wars, Black Country, Black grouse, Black pudding, Blackburn Olympic F.C., Blackburn Rovers F.C., Blackburn with Darwen, Blackpool, Blackpool Airport, Blackpool Tramway, Blouse, Blur (band), Bolsover District, Bonfire Night, Border ballad, Borders of the Roman Empire, Boulby Mine, Bowling (cricket), Boys from the Blackstuff, Bradford, Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple, Brexit, Brigantes, Brigantia (ancient region), Britannia Inferior, British brass band, British Empire, British Library, British National Party, British Summer Time, Brittonic languages, Broadband for the Rural North, Brontë family, Bronze Age Britain, Brown ale, Burnley F.C., Bus, Bus deregulation in Great Britain, C. 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Expand index (842 more) » « Shrink index

A Kestrel for a Knave

A Kestrel for a Knave is a novel by English author Barry Hines, published in 1968.

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A1 road (Great Britain)

The A1 is the longest numbered road in the UK, at.

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A1(M) motorway

A1(M) is the designation given to a series of four separate motorway sections in England.

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Abdullah Quilliam

William Henry Quilliam (10 April 1856 – 23 April 1932), who changed his name to Abdullah Quilliam and later Henri Marcel Leon or Haroun Mustapha Leon, was a 19th-century convert from Christianity to Islam, noted for founding England's first mosque and Islamic centre.

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Act of Parliament

Acts of Parliament, also called primary legislation, are statutes passed by a parliament (legislature).

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Advanced Manufacturing Park

The Advanced Manufacturing Park (AMP) is a manufacturing technology park in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.

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Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom

Affordability of housing in the UK reflects the ability to rent or buy property.

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Aidan of Lindisfarne

Aidan of Lindisfarne Irish: Naomh Aodhán (died 31 August 651) was an Irish monk and missionary credited with restoring Christianity to Northumbria.

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Air Passenger Duty

Air Passenger Duty (APD) is an excise duty which is charged on the carriage of passengers flying from a United Kingdom or Isle of Man airport on an aircraft that has an authorised take-off weight of more than 5.7 tonnes or more than twenty seats for passengers.

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Aire and Calder Navigation

The Aire and Calder Navigation is the canalised section of the Rivers Aire and Calder in West Yorkshire, England.

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Alderley Edge

Alderley Edge is a village and civil parish in Cheshire, England.

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Allerdale

Allerdale is a non-metropolitan district of Cumbria, England, with borough status.

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Amateur sports

Amateur sports are sports in which participants engage largely or entirely without remuneration.

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Amateur status in first-class cricket

Amateur status had a special meaning in English cricket.

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Analytics

Analytics is the discovery, interpretation, and communication of meaningful patterns in data.

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Ancient university

The ancient universities are seven extant British and Irish medieval universities and early modern universities founded before the year 1600.

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Angles

The Angles (Angli) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period.

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Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that evolved out of the practices, liturgy and identity of the Church of England following the Protestant Reformation.

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Anglo-Scottish border

The Anglo-Scottish border between England and Scotland runs for 96 miles (154 km) between Marshall Meadows Bay on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west.

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Anglo-Scottish Wars

The Anglo-Scottish Wars comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland from the time of the Wars of Independence in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century.

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Angry young men

The "angry young men" were a group of mostly working- and middle-class British playwrights and novelists who became prominent in the 1950s.

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Animals in sport

Animals in sport are a specific form of working animals.

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Annals (Tacitus)

The Annals (Annales) by Roman historian and senator Tacitus is a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, the years AD 14–68.

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Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom

Institutional Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom has its origins in the English and Irish Reformations under King Henry VIII and the Scottish Reformation led by John Knox.

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Antonine Wall

The Antonine Wall, known to the Romans as Vallum Antonini, was a turf fortification on stone foundations, built by the Romans across what is now the Central Belt of Scotland, between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde.

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Apron

An apron is a garment that is worn over other clothing and covers mainly the front of the body.

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Arable land

Arable land (from Latin arabilis, "able to be plowed") is, according to one definition, land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

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Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.

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Archbishop of Liverpool

The Archbishop of Liverpool is the ordinary of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool and metropolitan of the Province of Liverpool (also known as the Northern Province) in England.

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Archbishop of York

The Archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury.

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Arctic Monkeys

Arctic Monkeys are an English rock band formed in 2002 in High Green, a suburb of Sheffield.

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Article (grammar)

An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.

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Asda

Asda Stores Ltd. trading as Asda, is a British supermarket retailer, headquartered in Leeds, West Yorkshire.

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Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.

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Æthelfrith

Æthelfrith (died c. 616) was King of Bernicia from c. 593 until his death.

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Bagpipes

Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag.

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Balance of trade

The balance of trade, commercial balance, or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over a certain period.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ, lit. "The country of Bengal"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ), is a country in South Asia.

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Baptists

Baptists are Christians distinguished by baptizing professing believers only (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and doing so by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling).

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Barrow Blitz

The Barrow Blitz is the name given to the Luftwaffe bombings of Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom during World War II.

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Barrow-in-Furness

Barrow-in-Furness, commonly known as Barrow, is a town and borough in Cumbria, England.

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Baryte

Baryte or barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate.

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Bassetlaw

Bassetlaw is the northernmost district of Nottinghamshire, England, with a population of 114,143 according to the mid-2014 estimate by the Office for National Statistics.

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Battle of Hastings

The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.

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Battle of Marston Moor

The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644, during the First English Civil War of 1642–1646.

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Battle of Stamford Bridge

The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson.

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Battle of Wakefield

The Battle of Wakefield took place in Sandal Magna near Wakefield, in West Yorkshire in Northern England, on 30 December 1460.

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Battle-axe (woman)

A battle-axe is a term, generally considered pejorative, for an aggressive, domineering and forceful woman.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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BBC Good Food

BBC Good Food is a magazine published in Great Britain.

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BBC North West

BBC North West is the BBC English Region serving Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, North Yorkshire (western Craven), West Yorkshire (Walsden), Derbyshire (High Peak), Cumbria (Barrow-in-Furness and South Lakeland) and the Isle of Man.

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Beat music

Beat music, British beat, or Merseybeat (after bands from Liverpool and nearby areas beside the River Mersey) is a pop and rock music genre that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s.

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Beer head

Beer head (also head or collar), is the frothy foam on top of beer which is produced by bubbles of gas, typically carbon dioxide, rising to the surface.

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Bernicia

Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Bryneich, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.

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Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Sooth Berwick, Bearaig a Deas) is a town in the county of Northumberland.

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Beryl Bainbridge

Dame Beryl Margaret Bainbridge DBE (21 November 1932 – 2 July 2010) was an English writer from Liverpool.

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Bessemer process

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.

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Beverley

Beverley is a historic market town, civil parish and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Bigod's rebellion

Bigod's rebellion of January 1537 was an armed rebellion by English Roman Catholics in Cumberland and Westmorland against King Henry VIII of England and the English Parliament.

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Billy Liar

Billy Liar is a 1959 novel by Keith Waterhouse, which was later adapted into a play, a film, a musical and a TV series.

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Birkenhead

Birkenhead is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England.

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Bishop of Durham

The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in the Province of York.

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Bishops' Wars

The Bishops' Wars (Bellum Episcopale) were conflicts, both political and military, which occurred in 1639 and 1640 centred on the nature of the governance of the Church of Scotland, and the rights and powers of the Crown.

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Black Country

The Black Country is a region of the West Midlands in England, west of Birmingham, and commonly refers to all or part of the four Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton.

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Black grouse

The black grouse or blackgame or blackcock (Tetrao tetrix) is a large game bird in the grouse family.

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Black pudding

Black pudding is a type of blood sausage originating in Great Britain and Ireland.

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Blackburn Olympic F.C.

Blackburn Olympic Football Club was an English football club based in Blackburn, Lancashire in the late 19th century.

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Blackburn Rovers F.C.

Blackburn Rovers Football Club is a professional football club in Blackburn, Lancashire, England, which competes in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system, following promotion from League One at the end of the 2017–18 season.

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Blackburn with Darwen

Blackburn with Darwen is a unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England.

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Blackpool

Blackpool is a seaside resort on the Lancashire coast in North West England.

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Blackpool Airport

Blackpool Airport is an airport on the Fylde coast of Lancashire, England, in the Borough of Fylde, just outside the Borough of Blackpool.

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Blackpool Tramway

The Blackpool Tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England.

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Blouse

A blouse is a loose-fitting upper garment that was formerly worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children.

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Blur (band)

Blur are an English rock band, formed in London in 1988.

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Bolsover District

Bolsover is a local government district in Derbyshire, England.

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Bonfire Night

Bonfire Night is a name given to various annual celebrations characterised by bonfires and fireworks.

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Border ballad

The Anglo-Scottish border has a long tradition of balladry, such that a whole group of songs exists that are often called "border ballads", because they were collected in that region.

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Borders of the Roman Empire

The borders of the Roman Empire, which fluctuated throughout the empire's history, were a combination of natural frontiers (most notably the Rhine and Danube rivers) and man-made fortifications which separated the lands of the empire from the countries beyond.

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Boulby Mine

Boulby Mine is a site located just south-east of the village of Boulby, on the north-east coast of the North York Moors in Redcar and Cleveland, England.

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Bowling (cricket)

Bowling, in cricket, is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman.

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Boys from the Blackstuff

Boys from the Blackstuff is a British television drama series of five episodes, originally transmitted from 10 October to 7 November 1982 on BBC2.

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Bradford

Bradford is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, in the foothills of the Pennines west of Leeds, and northwest of Wakefield.

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Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple

The Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple in Bradford is the largest Hindu temple (mandir) in Northern England.

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Brexit

Brexit is the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU).

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Brigantes

The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of what would become Northern England.

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Brigantia (ancient region)

Brigantia is the land inhabited by the Brigantes, a British Celtic tribe which occupied the largest territory in ancient Britain.

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Britannia Inferior

Britannia Inferior (Latin for "Lower Britain") was a new province carved out of Roman Britain around 197 during the reforms of Septimius Severus.

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British brass band

A British brass band is a musical ensemble comprising a standardized range of brass and percussion instruments.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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British Library

The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the largest national library in the world by number of items catalogued.

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British National Party

The British National Party (BNP) is a far-right and fascist political party in the United Kingdom.

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British Summer Time

During British Summer Time (BST), civil time in the United Kingdom is advanced one hour forward of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) (in effect, changing the time zone from UTC+0 to UTC+1), so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.

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Brittonic languages

The Brittonic, Brythonic or British Celtic languages (ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; yethow brythonek/predennek; yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.

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Broadband for the Rural North

Broadband for the Rural North (B4RN, read as "BARN") is an innovative community-led project to bring high-speed broadband Internet connectivity to domestic ("FTTH") and business properties in rural Lancashire, in the north west of England.

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Brontë family

The Brontës (commonly) were a nineteenth-century literary family, born in the village of Thornton and later associated with the village of Haworth in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Bronze Age Britain

Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC.

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Brown ale

Brown ale is a style of beer with a dark amber or brown colour.

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Burnley F.C.

Burnley Football Club is a professional association football club based in Burnley, Lancashire, England.

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Bus

A bus (archaically also omnibus, multibus, motorbus, autobus) is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.

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Bus deregulation in Great Britain

Bus deregulation in Great Britain was the transfer of operation of bus services from public bodies to private companies as legislated by the Transport Act 1985.

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C. P. Scott

Charles Prestwich Scott (26 October 1846 – 1 January 1932), usually cited as C. P. Scott, was a British journalist, publisher and politician.

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Cabaret Voltaire (band)

Cabaret Voltaire are an English music group formed in Sheffield in 1973 and initially composed of Stephen Mallinder, Richard H. Kirk, and Chris Watson.

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Call centre

A call centre or call center is a centralised office used for receiving or transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone.

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Canal & River Trust

Canal & River Trust was launched on 12 July 2012, taking over the guardianship of British Waterways (the previous government-owned operator) canals, rivers reservoirs and docks in England and Wales.

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Canal ring

A canal ring is the name given to a series of canals that make a complete loop.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Cantonese

The Cantonese language is a variety of Chinese spoken in the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding area in southeastern China.

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Caratacus

Caratacus (Brythonic *Caratācos, Middle Welsh Caratawc; Welsh Caradog; Breton Karadeg; Greek Καράτακος; variants Latin Caractacus, Greek Καρτάκης) was a 1st-century AD British chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, who led the British resistance to the Roman conquest.

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Carvetii

The Carvetii were an Iron Age people and were subsequently identified as a civitas (canton) of Roman Britain living in what is now Cumbria, in North-West England.

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Casual (subculture)

The casual subculture is a subsection of foootball culture that is typified by hooliganism and the wearing of expensive designer clothing (known as "clobber").

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Cataractonium

Cataractonium (Grid Ref:SE225992) was a fort and settlement in Roman Britain.

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Catherine Cookson

Dame Catherine Ann Cookson, DBE (née McMullen; 27 June 1906 – 11 June 1998) was an English author.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Catholic Church in England and Wales

The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope.

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Catterick, North Yorkshire

Catterick is a village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England.

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Cavalier

The term Cavalier was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier Royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration (1642 – c. 1679).

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Cave painting

Cave paintings, also known as parietal art, are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, beginning roughly 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia.

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Celtic Britons

The Britons, also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages, at which point their culture and language diverged into the modern Welsh, Cornish and Bretons (among others).

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Celtic Christianity

Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity refers broadly to certain features of Christianity that were common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages.

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Central Belt

The Central Belt of Scotland is the area of highest population density within Scotland.

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Central Lancashire

Central Lancashire is an area of Lancashire, England.

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Centrism

In politics, centrism—the centre (British English/Canadian English/Australian English) or the center (American English/Philippine English)—is a political outlook or specific position that involves acceptance or support of a balance of a degree of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy, while opposing political changes which would result in a significant shift of society either strongly to the left or the right.

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Ceremonial counties of England

The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed.

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Championship (rugby league)

The Championship is a professional rugby league competition.

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Charles I of England

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

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Cheddar cheese

Cheddar cheese is a relatively hard, off-white (or orange if spices such as annatto are added), sometimes sharp-tasting, natural cheese.

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Cheshire

Cheshire (archaically the County Palatine of Chester) is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Flintshire, Wales and Wrexham county borough to the west.

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Cheshire cheese

Cheshire cheese is a dense and crumbly cheese produced in the English county of Cheshire, and four neighbouring counties, Denbighshire and Flintshire in Wales and Shropshire and Staffordshire in England.

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Cheshire Plain

The Cheshire Plain is a relatively flat expanse of lowland almost entirely within the county of Cheshire in North West England.

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Cheshire Ring

The Cheshire Ring is a canal cruising circuit or canal ring, which includes sections of six canals in and around Cheshire and Greater Manchester in North West England: the Ashton Canal, Peak Forest Canal, Macclesfield Canal, Trent and Mersey Canal, Bridgewater Canal and Rochdale Canal.

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Chester

Chester (Caer) is a walled city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales.

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Chesterfield

Chesterfield is a market town and borough in Derbyshire, England.

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Cheviot Hills

The Cheviot Hills (/'tʃiːvɪət/) are a range of rolling hills straddling the Anglo-Scottish border between Northumberland and the Scottish Borders.

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Chicken parmigiana

Chicken parmigiana, or chicken parmesan (also referred to colloquially in the United States as 'chicken parm' and in Australia as a 'parmy', 'parmi' or 'parma'), is a popular Italian-American dish.

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Children's literature

Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children.

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Chinatown

A Chinatown is an ethnic enclave of Chinese or Han people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting.

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Chinatown, Liverpool

Chinatown is an area of Liverpool that is an ethnic enclave home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe.

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Chinatown, Manchester

Chinatown in Manchester, England is an ethnic enclave in the city centre.

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Chinatown, Newcastle

The Chinatown in Newcastle is a district of Newcastle upon Tyne, located to the west of the city on the edge of the shopping and commercial centre, mostly along Stowell Street.

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Chris Rea

Christopher Anton Rea (born 4 March 1951) is a British rock and blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, recognisable for his distinctive, husky-gravel voice and slide guitar playing.

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Christian revival

Revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Church of England

The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England.

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Cistercians

A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.

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Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016

The Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to introduce directly-elected mayors to combined local authorities in England and Wales and to devolve housing, transport, planning and policing powers to them.

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Clean Air Act 1956

The Clean Air Act 1956 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed in response to London's Great Smog of 1952.

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Cleethorpes

Cleethorpes is a seaside resort on the estuary of the Humber in North East Lincolnshire with a population of nearly 40,000 in 2011.

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Cleveland Hills

The Cleveland Hills are a range of hills on the north-west edge of the North York Moors in North Yorkshire, England, overlooking Cleveland and Teesside.

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Clocking Off

Clocking Off is a British television drama series which was broadcast on BBC One for four series from 2000 to 2003.

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Clog (British)

A British clog is a wooden soled clog from Great Britain.

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Clog dancing

Clog dancing is a form of step dance characterised by the wearing of inflexible, wooden soled clogs.

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Coal mining in the United Kingdom

Coal mining in the United Kingdom dates back to Roman times and occurred in many different parts of the country.

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Cod Wars

The Cod Wars (Þorskastríðin, "the cod strife", or Landhelgisstríðin, "the wars for the territorial waters") were a series of confrontations between the United Kingdom and Iceland on fishing rights in the North Atlantic.

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Common Fisheries Policy

The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is the fisheries policy of the European Union (EU).

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Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, often known as simply the Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.

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Computus

Computus (Latin for "computation") is a calculation that determines the calendar date of Easter.

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Connacht

ConnachtPage five of An tOrdú Logainmneacha (Contaetha agus Cúigí) 2003 clearly lists the official spellings of the names of the four provinces of the country with Connacht listed for both languages; when used without the term 'The province of' / 'Cúige'.

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Conservative Party (UK)

The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom.

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Continental Europe

Continental or mainland Europe is the continuous continent of Europe excluding its surrounding islands.

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Controlled-access highway

A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated.

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Controlling for a variable

In statistics, controlling for a variable is the attempt to reduce the effect of confounding variables in an observational study or experiment.

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Conurbation

A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area.

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Corn Laws

The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and grain ("corn") enforced in Great Britain between 1815 and 1846.

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Corner kick

A corner kick is the method of restarting play in a game of association football when the ball goes out of play over the goal line, without a goal being scored, and having last been touched by a member of the defending team.

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Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.

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Coronation Street

Coronation Street (also informally referred to as Corrie) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960.

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Corporate services

Corporate services are activities that combine or consolidate certain enterprise-wide needed support services, provided based on specialized knowledge, best practices, and technology to serve internal (and sometimes external) customers and business partners.

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Council of the North

The Council of the North was an administrative body set up in 1472 by King Edward IV of England, the first Yorkist monarch to hold the Crown of England, to improve government control and economic prosperity, to benefit all of Northern England.

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County Championship

The County Championship, currently known as the Specsavers County Championship for sponsorship reasons, is the domestic first-class cricket competition in England and Wales and is organised by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB).

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County cricket

Inter-county cricket matches are known to have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

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County Durham

County Durham (locally) is a county in North East England.

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Creswell Crags

Creswell Crags is an enclosed limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England, near the villages of Creswell and Whitwell.

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Creswellian culture

The Creswellian is a British Upper Palaeolithic culture named after the type site of Creswell Crags in Derbyshire by Dorothy Garrod in 1926.

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Crewe

Crewe ('Cryw' in Welsh) is a railway town and civil parish within the borough of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

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Cricket

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players each on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular pitch with a target at each end called the wicket (a set of three wooden stumps upon which two bails sit).

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Cross Country Route

The Cross Country Route is a long-distance UK rail route that has in its central part superseded the Midland Railway.

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Cross Fell

Cross Fell is the highest mountain in the Pennine Hills of Northern England and the highest point in England outside the Lake District.

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Cultural area

In anthropology and geography, a cultural region, cultural sphere, cultural area or culture area refers to a geographical area with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture).

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Cultural impact of the Beatles

The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960.

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Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler's engagement with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life.

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Culture of England

The culture of England is defined by the idiosyncratic cultural norms of England and the English people.

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Cumberland

Cumberland is a historic county of North West England that had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974.

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Cumberland sausage

Cumberland sausage is a form of sausage that originated in the ancient county of Cumberland, England, now part of Cumbria.

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Cumbria

Cumbria is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England.

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Cumbrian dialect

The Cumbrian dialect is a local Northern English dialect in decline, spoken in Cumbria (including historic Cumberland and Westmorland) and surrounding northern England, not to be confused with the area's extinct Celtic language, Cumbric.

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Cumbric

Cumbric was a variety of the Common Brittonic language spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" in what is now Northern England and southern Lowland Scotland.

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Curry Mile

The Curry Mile is a nickname for the part of Wilmslow Road running through the centre of Rusholme in south Manchester, England.

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Cuthbert

Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) is a saint of the early Northumbrian church in the Celtic tradition.

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Daily Mail

The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-marketPeter Wilby, New Statesman, 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014) tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust and published in London.

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Daily Mirror

The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903.

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Daily Star (United Kingdom)

The Daily Star is a daily tabloid newspaper published from Monday to Saturday in the United Kingdom since 2 November 1978.

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Dandelion and burdock

Dandelion and burdock is a beverage consumed in the British Isles since the Middle Ages.

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Danelaw

The Danelaw (also known as the Danelagh; Dena lagu; Danelagen), as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.

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Danny Dorling

Danny Dorling (born 16 January 1968) is a British social geographer and is the Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography of the School of Geography and the Environment of the University of Oxford.

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Data-rate units

In telecommunications, data-transfer rate is the average number of bits (bitrate), characters or symbols (baudrate), or data blocks per unit time passing through a communication link in a data-transmission system.

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David Cameron

David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016.

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Dazed

Dazed (formerly Dazed & Confused) is a bi-monthly British style magazine founded in 1991.

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Deforestation

Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.

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Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization or deindustrialisation is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

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Deira

Deira (Old English: Derenrice or Dere) was a Celtic kingdom – first recorded (but much older) by the Anglo-Saxons in 559 AD and lasted til 664 AD, in Northern England that was first recorded when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley in the third quarter of the fifth century.

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Department for Transport

The Department for Transport (DfT) is the government department responsible for the English transport network and a limited number of transport matters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland that have not been devolved.

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Derbyshire

Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England.

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Derbyshire Dales

Derbyshire Dales or is a local government district in Derbyshire, England.

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Designer clothing

Designer clothing is clothing that bears the logo of a recognizable fashion designer.

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Deva Victrix

Deva Victrix, or simply Deva, was a legionary fortress and town in the Roman province of Britannia on the site of the modern city of Chester.

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Devolution

Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level.

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Dissolution of the Monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England and Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former personnel and functions.

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Doddington, Northumberland

The village and parish of Doddington are on the east side of the Milfield Plain, nearly 3 miles north of the town of Wooler, in the county of Northumberland, England.

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Domesday Book

Domesday Book (or; Latin: Liber de Wintonia "Book of Winchester") is a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror.

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Domestic tourism

Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that country.

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Doncaster

Doncaster is a large market town in South Yorkshire, England.

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Doncaster Knights

Doncaster Rugby Football Club are a rugby union club representing the town of Doncaster, England. The first XV are known as the "Doncaster Knights", and play in the RFU Championship. Being the most promoted side in English history has led to huge changes at the Castle Park ground and within the team structure. Castle Park Conference and Function centre is a multimillion-pound development and is among the top conference venues in Doncaster, while remaining a supportive place for amateur rugby in the Borough. The club motto "rugby for all" sees amateur side Doncaster Phoenix compete at the same ground, as well as the ladies side Doncaster Demons and every age group from under-7 to under-17s.

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Doncaster Sheffield Airport

Doncaster Sheffield Airport, formerly named Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield, is an international airport located at the former RAF Finningley station, in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster within South Yorkshire, England.

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Double Maxim Beer Company

Maxim Brewery is a beer brewing company based in Houghton-le-Spring, United Kingdom.

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Dress

A dress (also known as a frock or a gown) is a garment consisting of a skirt with an attached bodice (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment).

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Driven grouse shooting

Driven grouse shooting is the hunting of the red grouse, a field sport of the United Kingdom.

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Dual carriageway

A dual carriageway (British English) or divided highway (American English) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation.

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Durham County Cricket Club

Durham County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales.

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Durham Tees Valley Airport

Durham Tees Valley Airport is an international airport located just east of Darlington in County Durham, north-east England, about south-west of Middlesbrough and south of Durham.

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Durham University

Durham University (legally the University of Durham) is a collegiate public research university in Durham, North East England, with a second campus in Stockton-on-Tees.

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Durham, England

Durham (locally) is a historic city and the county town of County Durham in North East England.

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Earl of Northumberland

The title of Earl of Northumberland was created several times in the Peerage of England and of Great Britain, succeeding the title Earl of Northumbria.

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East Anglia

East Anglia is a geographical area in the East of England.

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East Coast Main Line

The East Coast Main Line (ECML) is a major railway link between London and Edinburgh via Peterborough, Doncaster, York, Darlington, Durham and Newcastle; it is presently electrified along the whole route.

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East Midlands

The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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East of England

The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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East Riding of Yorkshire

The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Yorkshire, is a ceremonial county in the North of England.

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Eboracum

Eboracum (Latin /ebo'rakum/, English or) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia.

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Economy of England

The economy of England is the largest economy of the four countries of the United Kingdom.

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Edict of Expulsion

The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by King Edward I of England on 18 July 1290, expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England.

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Electropop

Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound.

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Elizabeth Gaskell

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, (née Stevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer, and short story writer.

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Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603.

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Elmet

Elmet (Elfed) was an area of what later became the West Riding of Yorkshire, and an independent Brittonic kingdom between about the 5th century and early 7th century.

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Emmerdale

Emmerdale (known as Emmerdale Farm until 1989) is a British soap opera set in Emmerdale (known as Beckindale until 1994), a fictional village in the Yorkshire Dales.

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End of Roman rule in Britain

The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English as a second or foreign language

English as a second or foreign language is the use of English by speakers with different native languages.

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English Football League

The English Football League (EFL) is a league competition featuring professional football clubs from England and Wales.

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English of Northumbria

The Northumbrian language or Northumbria English is an English language or dialect of English ("Northumbrian Language" may only refer to the broadly spoken Northumbrian whereas Northumbrian English may just refer to the Standard English as spoken in Northumbria and featuring various Northumbrian words and forms), and a variant of Northern English with the Geordie dialect being one of the subsets of Northumbrian the others being Northern (north of the River Coquet), Western (from Allendale through Hexham up to Kielder), Southern or Pitmatic (the mining towns such as Ashington and much of Durham) Mackem (Wearside) and Smoggie (Teesside). It is spoken mainly if not exclusively in the modern day counties of Northumberland, Tyne and Wear and Durham.

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English possessive

In English, possessive words or phrases exist for nouns and most pronouns, as well as some noun phrases.

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English Reformation

The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

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Eruv

An eruv (עירוב, "mixture", also transliterated as eiruv or erub, plural: eruvin) is a ritual enclosure that some Jewish communities, and especially Orthodox Jewish communities, construct in their neighborhoods as a way to permit Jewish residents or visitors to carry certain objects outside their own homes on Sabbath and Yom Kippur.

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Ethnic enclave

In sociology, an ethnic enclave is a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity.

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Etymology

EtymologyThe New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".

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European Investment Bank

The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's nonprofit long-term lending institution established in 1958 under the Treaty of Rome.

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European Parliament election, 2009 (United Kingdom)

The European Parliament election was the United Kingdom's component of the 2009 European Parliament election, the voting for which was held on Thursday 4 June 2009.

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European Regional Development Fund

The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) is a fund allocated by the European Union.

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Euroscepticism

Euroscepticism (also known as EU-scepticism) means criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration.

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Evening Chronicle

The Evening Chronicle is a daily, evening newspaper produced in Newcastle upon Tyne, covering Tyne and Wear, southern Northumberland and northern County Durham.

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Everton F.C.

Everton Football Club is a football club in Liverpool, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football.

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Exclusive economic zone

An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.

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FA Cup

The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic English football.

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Far-right politics

Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.

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Fat rascal

A fat rascal, closely related to the historical turf cake, is a type of cake, similar to a scone or rock cake in both taste and ingredients.

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Federmesser culture

Federmesser group is an archaeological umbrella term including the late Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic cultures of the Northern European Plain, dating to between 14,000 and 12,800 years ago (the late Magdalenian).

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Fen

A fen is one of the main types of wetland, the others being grassy marshes, forested swamps, and peaty bogs.

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Ferret-legging

Ferret-legging was an endurance test or stunt in which ferrets were trapped in trousers worn by a participant.

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Ferriby Boats

The Ferriby Boats are three Bronze Age Britain sewn plank-built boats, parts of which were discovered at North Ferriby in the East Riding of the English county of Yorkshire.

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Financial services

Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry, which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money, including credit unions, banks, credit-card companies, insurance companies, accountancy companies, consumer-finance companies, stock brokerages, investment funds, individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises.

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First English Civil War

The First English Civil War (1642–1646) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War (or "Wars").

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First-class cricket

First-class cricket is an official classification of the highest-standard international or domestic matches in the sport of cricket.

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Fish and chips

Fish and chips is a hot dish of English origin consisting of fried battered fish and hot potato chips.

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Flat cap

A flat cap is a rounded cap with a small stiff brim in front.

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Fleetwood

Fleetwood is a town and civil parish within the Wyre district of Lancashire, England, lying at the northwest corner of the Fylde.

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Flemish people

The Flemish or Flemings are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, in modern Belgium, who speak Dutch, especially any of its dialects spoken in historical Flanders, known collectively as Flemish Dutch.

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Fluorite

Not to be confused with Fluoride. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF2.

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Fluvio-glacial

Fluvio refers to things related to rivers and glacial refers to something that is of ice.

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Folk music

Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival.

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Fountains Abbey

Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England.

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Free trade

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which countries' governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries.

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Freight transport

Freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

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Gateshead

Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear, England, on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne.

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Gatwick Airport

Gatwick Airport (also known as London Gatwick) is a major international airport near Crawley in southeast England, south of Central London.

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General Certificate of Secondary Education

The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is an academic qualification, generally taken in a number of subjects by pupils in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

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Gentlemen v Players

Gentlemen v Players was a first-class cricket match generally held in England twice or more a year for well over a century.

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Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union

Three European Union schemes of geographical indications and traditional specialties, known as protected designation of origin (PDO), protected geographical indication (PGI), and traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG), promote and protect names of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs.

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Geordie

Geordie is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England, and the dialect spoken by its inhabitants.

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George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic whose work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism and outspoken support of democratic socialism.

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Ginger

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or simply ginger, is widely used as a spice or a folk medicine.

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Glacial lake

A glacial lake is a lake with origins in a melted glacier.

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Glacier

A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries.

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Glasgow

Glasgow (Glesga; Glaschu) is the largest city in Scotland, and third most populous in the United Kingdom.

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Glasgow Corporation Tramways

Glasgow Corporation Tramways were formerly one of the largest urban tramway systems in Europe.

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Glorious Twelfth

The Glorious Twelfth is the twelfth day of August, the start of the shooting season for red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotica), and to a lesser extent the ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Glottal stop

The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.

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Golden Triangle (Cheshire)

The Golden Triangle is an area of affluent towns and villages in Cheshire such as Wilmslow, Mottram St.

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Golden Triangle (Yorkshire)

The Golden Triangle is a term commonly used by estate agents for the area of West and North Yorkshire lying between Harrogate, York and North Leeds.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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Grave goods

Grave goods, in archaeology and anthropology, are the items buried along with the body.

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Great Britain

Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe.

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Great Depression in the United Kingdom

The Great Depression in the United Kingdom, also known as the Great Slump, was a period of national economic downturn in the 1930s, which had its origins in the global Great Depression.

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Great Famine (Ireland)

The Great Famine (an Gorta Mór) or the Great Hunger was a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1849.

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Great Lever F.C.

Great Lever Football Club were an English football club founded in 1877.

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Great North Road (Great Britain)

The Great North Road was the main highway between London and Scotland.

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Great Raid of 1322

The Great Raid of 1322 was a major raid on Northern England, carried out by Robert the Bruce during the First Scottish War of Independence between 30 September and 2 November 1322, resulting in the Battle of Old Byland.

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Great Recession

The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s.

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Greater London

Greater London is a region of England which forms the administrative boundaries of London, as well as a county for the purposes of the lieutenancies.

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Greater Manchester

Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2,782,100.

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Greater Manchester Built-up Area

The Greater Manchester Built-up Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), consisting of the large conurbation that encompasses the urban element of the city of Manchester and the continuous metropolitan area that spreads outwards from it, forming much of Greater Manchester in North West England.

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Greater Manchester Statutory City Region

The Greater Manchester Statutory City Region (sometimes called the Greater Manchester City Region or more commonly as the Manchester City Region) is a pilot administrative division of England, consisting of Greater Manchester plus five other borough divisions.

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Greenwich Mean Time

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.

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Greyhound racing

Greyhound racing is an organized, competitive sport in which greyhound dogs are raced around a track.

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Grimsby

Grimsby, also known as Great Grimsby, is a large coastal English town and seaport in North East Lincolnshire, of which it is the administrative centre.

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Grit (personality trait)

Grit in psychology is a positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's perseverance of effort combined with the passion for a particular long-term goal or end state (a powerful motivation to achieve an objective).

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Gross value added

In economics, gross value added (GVA) is the measure of the value of goods and services produced in an area, industry or sector of an economy.

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Gurdwara

A gurdwara (ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, or ਗੁਰਦਵਾਰਾ,; meaning "door to the guru") is a place of worship for Sikhs.

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Haar (fog)

In meteorology, haar or sea fret is a cold sea fog.

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Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall (Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the emperor Hadrian.

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Halewood Body & Assembly

Halewood Body & Assembly is a Jaguar Land Rover production facility in Halewood, Merseyside, England.

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Halite

Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral (natural) form of sodium chloride (NaCl).

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Harald Hardrada

Harald Sigurdsson (– 25 September 1066), given the epithet Hardrada (harðráði, modern Norwegian: Hardråde, roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas, was King of Norway (as Harald III) from 1046 to 1066.

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Hard water

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water").

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Harold Godwinson

Harold Godwinson (– 14 October 1066), often called Harold II, was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England.

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Harrogate

Harrogate is a spa town in North Yorkshire, England.

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Harrying of the North

The Harrying of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069–70 to subjugate northern England.

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Headscarf

Headscarves or head scarves are scarves covering most or all of the top of a person's, usually women, hair and her head, leaving the face uncovered.

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Health technology

Health technology is defined by the World Health Organization as the application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of life.

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Heathrow Airport

Heathrow Airport (also known as London Heathrow) is a major international airport in London, United Kingdom.

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Heavy industry

Heavy industry is industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, and huge buildings); or complex or numerous processes.

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Hen Ogledd

Yr Hen Ogledd, in English the Old North, is the region of Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands inhabited by the Celtic Britons of sub-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages.

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Henry of Scotland

Henry of Scotland (Eanric mac Dabíd, 1114 – 12 June 1152) was heir apparent to the Kingdom of Alba.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death.

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Heritage tourism

Cultural heritage tourism (or just heritage tourism or diaspora tourism) is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring.

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High Peak, Derbyshire

High Peak is a borough in Derbyshire, England.

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High Speed 2

High Speed 2 (HS2) is a planned high-speed railway in the United Kingdom, directly linking London, Birmingham, the East Midlands, Leeds and Manchester.

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Highland

Highlands or uplands are any mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau.

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Hillfort

A hillfort is a type of earthworks used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement, located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage.

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Hillsborough disaster

The Hillsborough disaster was a human crush at Hillsborough football stadium in Sheffield, England on 15 April 1989, during the 1988–89 FA Cup semi-final game between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest.

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Hindu temple

A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, seat and body of god.

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Historic counties of England

The historic counties of England are areas that were established for administration by the Normans, in many cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires created by the Anglo-Saxons and others.

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History of the cooperative movement

The history of the cooperative movement concerns the origins and history of cooperatives.

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History of the formation of the United Kingdom

The formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has involved personal and political union across Great Britain and the wider British Isles.

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History of the Jews in Manchester

By the end of 18th century, the rapidly growing town of Manchester, England, had a small Jewish community, some of whose members had set up businesses, and a place of worship.

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Hitachi Newton Aycliffe

Hitachi Newton Aycliffe is a railway rolling stock assembly plant owned by Hitachi Rail Europe, situated in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham, in the North East of England.

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Hollyoaks

Hollyoaks is a British soap opera, first broadcast on Channel 4 on 23 October 1995.

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Home counties

The home counties are the counties of England that surround London (although several of them do not border it).

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Home Nations

The home nations, refers collectively to England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (countries of the United Kingdom), and in certain sports (e.g. rugby football) contexts, to England, Scotland, Wales and the whole island of Ireland.

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Homophone

A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning.

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Honesty

Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc.

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House of Lancaster

The House of Lancaster was the name of two cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet.

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House of Stuart

The House of Stuart, originally Stewart, was a European royal house that originated in Scotland.

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House of York

The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet.

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Housewife

A housewife (also known as a homekeeper) is a woman whose work is running or managing her family's home—caring for her children; buying, cooking, and storing food for the family; buying goods that the family needs in everyday life; housekeeping and maintaining the home; and making clothes for the family—and who is not employed outside the home.

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Hull Blitz

The Hull Blitz was the Nazi German bombing campaign targeting the English port city of Kingston upon Hull during the Second World War.

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Hull Daily Mail

The Hull Daily Mail is a daily newspaper for Kingston upon Hull, in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

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Humanists UK

Humanists UK, known from 1967 until May 2017 as the British Humanist Association (BHA), is a charitable organisation which promotes Humanism and aims to represent "people who seek to live good lives without religious or superstitious beliefs" in the United Kingdom by campaigning on issues relating to humanism, secularism, and human rights.

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Humber

The Humber is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England.

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Humber Refinery

The Humber Refinery is a British oil refinery in South Killingholme, North Lincolnshire.

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Humberhead Levels

The Humberhead Levels is a national character area covering a large expanse of flat, low-lying land towards the western end of the Humber estuary in northern England.

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Humberside

Humberside was a non-metropolitan and ceremonial county in Northern England from 1 April 1974 until 1 April 1996.

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Humberside Airport

Humberside Airport is an international airport situated at Kirmington in the Borough of North Lincolnshire, England, west of Grimsby and around from both Kingston upon Hull and Scunthorpe, on the A18.

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Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.

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Hydropower

Hydropower or water power (from ύδωρ, "water") is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

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Ice age

An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Ice sheet

An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than, this is also known as continental glacier.

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Iceland

Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic, with a population of and an area of, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe.

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Immigrant language

Immigrant languages are languages spoken by immigrant communities.

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Independent Methodist Connexion

The Independent Methodist Connexion is a British group of Non-Conformist congregations that have their roots in the 18th century revival.

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Indian religions

Indian religions, sometimes also termed as Dharmic faiths or religions, are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indie rock

Indie rock is a genre of rock music that originated in the United Kingdom in the 1970s.

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Indirect free kick

An indirect free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Industrial tourism

Industrial tourism is tourism in which the desired destination includes industrial sites peculiar to a particular location.

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Insular Celtic languages

Insular Celtic languages are a group of Celtic languages that originated in Britain and Ireland, in contrast to the Continental Celtic languages of mainland Europe and Anatolia.

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Integrated ticketing

Integrated ticketing allows a person to make a journey that involves transfers within or between different transport modes with a single ticket that is valid for the complete journey, modes being buses, trains, subways, ferries, etc.

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Internet exchange point

An Internet exchange point (IX or IXP) is the physical infrastructure through which Internet service providers (ISPs) and content delivery networks (CDNs) exchange Internet traffic between their networks (autonomous systems).

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Interwar Britain

Interwar Britain (1919–1939) was a period of peace and relative economic stagnation.

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Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom

Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom describes a period of poverty in Interwar Britain between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the start of the Second World War in 1939.

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Irish migration to Great Britain

Irish migration to Great Britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to the present.

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Irish Sea

The Irish Sea (Muir Éireann / An Mhuir Mheann, Y Keayn Yernagh, Erse Sea, Muir Èireann, Ulster-Scots: Airish Sea, Môr Iwerddon) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle.

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Iron ore

Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.

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Isle of Man

The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin), also known simply as Mann (Mannin), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Italian Americans

Italian Americans (italoamericani or italo-americani) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans who have ancestry from Italy.

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Jack Sharp

John "Jack" Sharp (15 February 1878 in Hereford – 28 January 1938 in Wavertree, Liverpool) was an English sportsman who is most famous for his eleven-season playing career at Everton F.C. from 1899–1910.

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Jarrow March

The Jarrow March of 5 – 31 October 1936, also known as the Jarrow Crusade, was an organised protest against the unemployment and poverty suffered in the English Tyneside town of Jarrow during the 1930s.

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Jeanette Winterson

Jeanette Winterson, CBE (born 27 August 1959) is an award-winning English writer, who became famous with her first book, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, a semi-autobiographical novel about a sensitive teenage girl rebelling against conventional values.

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Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity.

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Kaiser Chiefs

Kaiser Chiefs are an English indie rock band from Leeds who formed in 2000 as Parva, releasing one studio album, 22, in 2003, before renaming and establishing themselves in their current name that same year.

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KCOM Group

KCOM Group (formerly known as Kingston Communications and latterly KC) is a UK communications and IT services provider.

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Kellingley Colliery

Kellingley Colliery was a deep coal mine in North Yorkshire, England, east of Ferrybridge power station.

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King's Manor

The King's Manor is a Grade I listed building in York, England, and is part of the University of York.

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Kingdom of Lindsey

The Kingdom of Lindsey or Linnuis (Lindesege) was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century.

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Kingdom of Northumbria

The Kingdom of Northumbria (Norþanhymbra rīce) was a medieval Anglian kingdom in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland.

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Kingston upon Hull

Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Kirk (placename element)

Kirk is found as an element in many place names in Scotland, England, and North America.

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Kirklees

Kirklees is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Kirklees Council with the status of a metropolitan borough.

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Labour Party (UK)

The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

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Lake District

The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North West England.

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Lancashire

Lancashire (abbreviated Lancs.) is a county in north west England.

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Lancashire bagpipe

The Lancashire bagpipe or Lancashire greatpipe has been attested in literature, and commentators have noticed that the Lancashire bagpipe was also believed proof against witchcraft.

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Lancashire Coalfield

The Lancashire Coalfield in North West England was one of the most important British coalfields.

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Lancashire County Cricket Club

Lancashire Cricket Club, one of eighteen first-class county clubs in the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales, represents the historic county of Lancashire.

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Lancashire hotpot

Lancashire hotpot is a stew originating from Lancashire in the North West of England.

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Lancaster University

Lancaster University, also officially known as the University of Lancaster, is a public research university in the City of Lancaster, Lancashire, England.

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Lancaster, Lancashire

Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, England. It is on the River Lune and has a population of 52,234; the wider City of Lancaster local government district has a population of 138,375. Long a commercial, cultural and educational centre, Lancaster gives Lancashire its name. The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family, whilst the Duchy of Lancaster holds large estates on behalf of Elizabeth II, who is also the Duke of Lancaster. Lancaster is an ancient settlement, dominated by Lancaster Castle, Lancaster Priory Church and the Ashton Memorial. It is also home to Lancaster University and a campus of the University of Cumbria.

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Language contact

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other.

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Last Tango in Halifax

Last Tango in Halifax is a British comedy-drama series that broadcast on BBC One, beginning November 2012 and ending with a two-part Christmas special in December 2016.

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Laws of the Game (association football)

The Laws of the Game (LOTG) are the codified rules that help define association football.

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Leading question

In common law systems that rely on testimony by witnesses, a leading question or suggestive interrogation is a question that suggests the particular answer or contains the information the examiner is looking to have confirmed.

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Leeds

Leeds is a city in the metropolitan borough of Leeds, in the county of West Yorkshire, England.

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Leeds Blitz

The Leeds Blitz comprised nine air raids on the city of Leeds, the United Kingdom's third largest city, by the Nazi German Luftwaffe.

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Leeds Bradford Airport

Leeds Bradford Airport is located at Yeadon, in the City of Leeds Metropolitan District in West Yorkshire, England, northwest of Leeds city centre itself, and from Bradford city centre.

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Leicester

Leicester ("Lester") is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire.

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Leyland Trucks

Leyland Trucks is the leading medium and heavy duty truck manufacturer in the United Kingdom, and is based in the town of Leyland, Lancashire.

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Liberal Democrats (UK)

The Liberal Democrats (often referred to as Lib Dems) are a liberal British political party, formed in 1988 as a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP), a splinter group from the Labour Party, which had formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance from 1981.

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Liberal Party (UK)

The Liberal Party was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom – with the opposing Conservative Party – in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Life expectancy

Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.

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Light rail

Light rail, light rail transit (LRT), or fast tram is a form of urban rail transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way.

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Lincolnshire

Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in east central England.

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Lincolnshire Wolds

The Lincolnshire Wolds is a range of hills in the county of Lincolnshire, England.

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Lindisfarne

The Holy Island of Lindisfarne, also known simply as Holy Island, is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland.

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Lindisfarne Gospels

The Lindisfarne Gospels (London, British Library Cotton MS Nero D.IV) is an illuminated manuscript gospel book probably produced around the years 715-720 in the monastery at Lindisfarne, off the coast of Northumberland, which is now in the British Library in London.

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Lindsey Oil Refinery

Lindsey Oil Refinery is an oil refinery in North Killingholme, Lincolnshire, England owned by Total S.A..

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List of Catholic dioceses in Great Britain

The Catholic dioceses in Great Britain are organised by two separate hierarchies: the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales, and the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland.

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List of national parks of England and Wales

Within England and Wales there are thirteen areas known as national parks, each administered by its own national park authority, a special purpose local authority, the role of which as set out in the Environment Act 1995 is: to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks. and to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the National Parks by the public. The national park authority for each park addresses these aims in partnership with other organisations, such as the National Trust.

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List of sports rivalries in the United Kingdom

This is a list of the main sporting local derbies and other sports rivalries in the UK.

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List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom

This is a list of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom.

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017.

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Liverpool and Manchester Railway

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR) was a railway opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in England.

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Liverpool Blitz

The Liverpool Blitz was the heavy and sustained bombing of the English city of Liverpool and its surrounding area, during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe.

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Liverpool City Council

Liverpool City Council is the governing body for the city of Liverpool in Merseyside, England.

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Liverpool Echo

The Liverpool Echo is a newspaper published by Trinity Mirror based in Old Hall Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, England.

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Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football.

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Liverpool John Lennon Airport

Liverpool John Lennon Airport is an international airport serving North West England.

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Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral

Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, officially known as the Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King, is the seat of the Archbishop of Liverpool and the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool in Liverpool, England.

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Liverpool Muslim Institute

The Liverpool Muslim Institute was founded by the Liverpudlian Abdullah Quilliam in 1887.

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Livestock

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.

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Long Parliament

The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660.

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Low-cost carrier

A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as ''no-frills'', ''discount'' or budget carrier or airline, or LCC) is an airline without most of the traditional services provided in the fare, resulting in lower fares and fewer comforts.

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Lower Allithwaite

Lower Allithwaite is a civil parish in the South Lakeland district of the English county of Cumbria.

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Luftwaffe

The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II.

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M1 motorway

The M1 is a motorway in England connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford, to connect to Newcastle.

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M6 motorway

The M6 motorway runs from junction 19 of the M1 at the Catthorpe Interchange, near Rugby via Birmingham then heads north, passing Stoke-on-Trent, Liverpool, Manchester, Preston, Lancaster, Carlisle and terminating at the Gretna junction (J45).

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M62 coach bombing

The M62 coach bombing occurred on 4 February 1974 on the M62 motorway in northern England, when a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bomb exploded in a coach carrying off-duty British Armed Forces personnel and their family members.

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M62 motorway

The M62 is a west–east trans-Pennine motorway in Northern England, connecting Liverpool and Hull via Manchester and Leeds; of the route is shared with the M60 orbital motorway around Manchester.

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Madchester

Madchester was a music and cultural scene that developed in the Manchester area of North West England in the late 1980s, in which artists merged alternative rock with acid house culture and other sources, including psychedelia and 1960s pop.

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Mamucium

Mamucium, also known as Mancunium, is a former Roman fort in the Castlefield area of Manchester in North West England.

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Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 530,300.

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Manchester Airport

Manchester Airport is an international airport in Ringway, Manchester, England, south-west of Manchester city centre.

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Manchester Blitz

The Manchester Blitz (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the Nazi German Luftwaffe.

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Manchester City Council

Manchester City Council is the local government authority for Manchester, a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England.

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Manchester City F.C.

Manchester City Football Club is a football club in Manchester, England.

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Manchester dialect

Mancunian (or Manc) is the dialect spoken in Manchester, North West England, and its environs.

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Manchester Evening News

The Manchester Evening News (MEN) is a regional daily newspaper covering Greater Manchester in North West England.

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Manchester Liberalism

Manchester Liberalism, Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism and Manchesterism are terms for the political, economic and social movements of the 19th century that originated in Manchester, England.

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Manchester Metrolink

Metrolink (also known as Manchester Metrolink) is a tram/light rail system in Greater Manchester, England.

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Manchester Network Access Point

Manchester Network Access Point was a Manchester-based internet exchange point (IXP).

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Manchester Reform Synagogue

Manchester Reform Synagogue, a member of the Movement for Reform Judaism, is one of the oldest Reform synagogues in the United Kingdom.

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Manchester Ship Canal

The Manchester Ship Canal is a inland waterway in the North West of England linking Manchester to the Irish Sea.

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Manchester United F.C.

Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football.

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Manorialism

Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society.

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Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

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Marine layer

A marine layer is an air mass which develops over the surface of a large body of water such as the ocean or large lake in the presence of a temperature inversion.

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Marylebone Cricket Club

Marylebone Cricket Club, generally known as the MCC, is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's cricket ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London, England.

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Matriarchy

Matriarchy is a social system in which females (most notably in mammals) hold the primary power positions in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property at the specific exclusion of males - at least to a large degree.

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Maxïmo Park

Maxïmo Park are an English alternative rock band, formed in 2000 in Newcastle upon Tyne.

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Meat pie

A meat pie is a pie with a filling of meat and often other savory ingredients.

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MediaCityUK

MediaCityUK is a mixed-use property development on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal in Salford and Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.

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Member of the European Parliament

A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.

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Merseyside

Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1.38 million.

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Merseytravel

Merseytravel is the passenger transport executive responsible for the coordination of public transport in the Liverpool City Region, North West England.

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Mesolithic

In Old World archaeology, Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos "middle"; λίθος, lithos "stone") is the period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

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Methodism

Methodism or the Methodist movement is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley, an Anglican minister in England.

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Metropolitan county

The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level administrative division of England.

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Middle Eastern cuisine

Middle Eastern cuisine is the cuisine of the various countries and peoples of the Middle East.

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Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough is a large post-industrial town on the south bank of the River Tees in North Yorkshire, north-east England, founded in 1830.

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Middlesbrough F.C.

Middlesbrough Football Club is a professional association football club based in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England.

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Middlesex County Cricket Club

Middlesex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales.

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Middleton Railway

The Middleton Railway is the world's oldest continuously working public railway, situated in the English city of Leeds.

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Militant in Liverpool

The Trotskyist group Militant (also known as the Militant tendency) took control of the Liverpool City Council through much of the 1980s, defining the city's politics.

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Military band

A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces.

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Millstone

Millstones or mill stones are stones used in gristmills, for grinding wheat or other grains.

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Millstone Grit

Millstone Grit is the name given to any of a number of coarse-grained sandstones of Carboniferous age which occur in the British Isles.

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Ministry of Transport

A Ministry of Transport or Transportation is a ministry responsible for transportation within a country.

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Mobile broadband

Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access through a portable modem, USB wireless modem, tablet/smartphone or other mobile device.

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Molasses

Molasses, or black treacle (British, for human consumption; known as molasses otherwise), is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.

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Morecambe

Morecambe is a town on Morecambe Bay in Lancashire, England, which had a population of 34,768 at the 2011 Census.

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Morrisons

Wm Morrison Supermarkets plc, trading as Morrisons, is the fourth largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, and is headquartered in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.

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Mosque

A mosque (from masjid) is a place of worship for Muslims.

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Motown

Motown is an American record company.

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Movement for Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism (formally, The Movement for Reform Judaism and, until 2005, known as Reform Synagogues of Great Britain) is one of the two World Union for Progressive Judaism-affiliated denominations in Britain.

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Multiple deprivation index

The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK government qualitative study of deprived areas in English local councils.

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Municipal bus company

A municipal bus company is an operator of bus services owned by the local government authority.

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Mushy peas

Mushy peas are dried marrowfat peas which are first soaked overnight in water with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), then rinsed in fresh water and simmered with a little sugar and salt until they form a thick green lumpy mash.

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Music of Northumbria

Here Northumbria is taken to mean Northumberland, the northernmost county of England, and County Durham, as is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary.

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N8 Research Partnership

The N8 Research Partnership is a partnership created in 2007 of the eight research-intensive universities in Northern England - Durham, Lancaster, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield and York.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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National Graphene Institute

The National Graphene Institute is a research institute and building at the University of Manchester that is focused on the research of graphene.

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National Grid (Great Britain)

The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in Great Britain, connecting power stations and major substations and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere in GB (England, Scotland and Wales) can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere.

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National Museums of the United Kingdom

There are a number of National Museums in the United Kingdom, which are owned and operated by the state.

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National parks of England and Wales

The national parks of England and Wales are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape that are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act (2016).

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Neanderthal

Neanderthals (also; also Neanderthal Man, taxonomically Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived in Eurasia during at least 430,000 to 38,000 years ago.

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Near-open front unrounded vowel

No description.

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Negative equity

Negative equity occurs when the value of an asset used to secure a loan is less than the outstanding balance on the loan.

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New Brighton, Merseyside

New Brighton is a seaside resort forming part of the town of Wallasey within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England.

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New Yorkshire

New Yorkshire was a musical movement identified by UK music magazine NME in 2005, in response to the success of Yorkshire bands such as Arctic Monkeys, The Cribs, and Kaiser Chiefs at the time.

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New Zealand national rugby union team

The New Zealand national rugby union team, called the All Blacks, represents New Zealand in men's rugby union, which is known as the country's national sport.

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Newcastle Airport

Newcastle International Airport is an international airport located near the main area of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, about 6.5 miles (10.5km) north-west of the city centre.

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Newcastle Blitz

The Newcastle Blitz refers to the strategic bombing of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the second world war.

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Newcastle Brown Ale

Newcastle Brown Ale is a brown ale, originally produced in Newcastle upon Tyne, but now brewed by Heineken at the Zoeterwoude Brewery in the Netherlands.

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Newcastle City Council

Newcastle City Council is the local government authority for Newcastle upon Tyne, a city in Tyne and Wear, England.

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Newcastle Falcons

The Newcastle Falcons (formerly Gosforth FC/Newcastle Gosforth until 1996) is an English rugby union team that plays in the English Premiership.

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Newcastle United F.C.

Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne, that plays in the Premier League, the top tier of English football.

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Newcastle University

Newcastle University (officially, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne) is a public research university in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North-East of England.

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Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne, commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, from the North Sea.

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Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK

Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd, or NMUK, is a car manufacturing plant in Sunderland.

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Non-communicable disease

A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible).

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Non-denominational

A non-denominational person or organization is not restricted to any particular or specific religious denomination.

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Norman conquest of England

The Norman conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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Norse funeral

Norse funerals, or the burial customs of Viking Age North Germanic Norsemen (early medieval Scandinavians), are known both from archaeology and from historical accounts such as the Icelandic sagas, Old Norse poetry, and notably from the account of Ahmad ibn Fadlan.

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North and South (Gaskell novel)

North and South is a social novel by English writer Elizabeth Gaskell.

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North East Derbyshire

North East Derbyshire is a local government district in Derbyshire, England.

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North East England

North East England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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North East England devolution referendum, 2004

The North East England devolution referendum was an all postal ballot referendum that took place on 4 November 2004 throughout North East England on whether or not to establish an elected assembly for the region.

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North East Lincolnshire

North East Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire in England.

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North East of England Process Industry Cluster

The North East of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) is an economic cluster created following the industrial cluster ideas and strategy of Michael Porter.

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North East Party

The North East Party (NEP) is a regionalist political party in North East England founded in 2014 by 16 people including the former Labour MP Hilton Dawson and 7 members of the FAIR party.

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North Lincolnshire

North Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in Lincolnshire, England, with a population of 167,446 at the 2011 census.

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North Pennine Ring

The North Pennine Ring is a canal ring which crosses the Pennines between Manchester, Leeds and Castleford.

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North v South

The North of England and South of England cricket teams appeared in first-class cricket between the 1836 and 1961 seasons, most often in matches against each other but also individually in games against touring teams, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and others.

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North Wales

North Wales (Gogledd Cymru) is an unofficial region of Wales.

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North West England

North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside.

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North York Moors

The North York Moors is a national park in North Yorkshire, England, containing one of the largest expanses of heather moorland in the United Kingdom.

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North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county (or shire county) and larger ceremonial county in England.

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Northallerton

Northallerton is a market town and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England.

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Northampton

Northampton is the county town of Northamptonshire in the East Midlands of England.

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North–South divide (England)

In England, the term North–South divide refers to the cultural, economic, and social differences between.

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Northern (train operating company)

Northern, the trading name of Arriva Rail North, is a train operating company in Northern England.

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Northern Forest (England)

The Northern Forest is a proposed forest in England to encompass five community forests.

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Northern Hub

The Northern Hub is a rail programme in Northern England to improve and increase train services and reduce journey times between its major cities and towns by electrifying lines and removing a major rail bottleneck in Manchester.

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Northern Party

The Northern Party was a regionalist political party in Northern England, founded by leader Michael Dawson and former Blackpool MP Harold Elletson in March 2015 to contest five marginal seats in Lancashire at the 2015 general election.

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Northern Powerhouse

The Northern Powerhouse is a proposal to boost economic growth in the North of England by the 2010-15 coalition government and 2015-2017 Conservative government in the United Kingdom, particularly in the "Core Cities" of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Hull and Newcastle.

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Northern Powerhouse Rail

Northern Powerhouse Rail (NPR) also known as High Speed 3 (HS3) or Crossrail for the North is a proposed railway network that aims to improve connectivity in the north of England, connecting Liverpool, Manchester, Manchester Airport, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Newcastle, and Hull, as well as other significant economic centres.

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Northern soul

Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in Northern England in the late 1960s from the British mod scene, based on a particular style of black American soul music, especially in the mid-1960s, with a heavy beat and fast tempo.

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Northumberland

Northumberland (abbreviated Northd) is a county in North East England.

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Northumberland and Durham Coalfield

The Northumberland and Durham Coalfield is a coalfield in North East England, otherwise known as the Durham and Northumberland Coalfield or the Great Northern Coalfield.

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Northumberland National Park

Northumberland National Park is the northernmost national park in England.

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Northumbria's Golden Age

The Northumbrian Renaissance or Northumbria's Golden Age is the name given to a period of cultural flowering in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, broadly speaking from the mid-seventh to the mid-eighth centuries.

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Northumbrian dialect (Old English)

Northumbrian was a dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria.

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Northumbrian smallpipes

The Northumbrian smallpipes (also known as the Northumbrian pipes) are bellows-blown bagpipes from North East England, particularly Northumberland and Tyne and Wear.

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Nottinghamshire

Nottinghamshire (pronounced or; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west.

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Oasis (band)

Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991.

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Oat

The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).

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Oatmeal

Oatmeal is made of hulled oat grains – groats – that have either been milled (ground), steel-cut, or rolled.

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Oceanic climate

An oceanic or highland climate, also known as a marine or maritime climate, is the Köppen classification of climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature, with the exception for transitional areas to continental, subarctic and highland climates.

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Offal

Offal, also called variety meats, pluck or organ meats, refers to the internal organs and entrails of a butchered animal.

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Office for National Statistics

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the UK Parliament.

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Offshore drilling

Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed.

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Old English

Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Old Norse

Old Norse was a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements from about the 9th to the 13th century.

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Online shopping

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser.

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Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom

Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom is in decline.

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Orange Order

The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal order based primarily in Northern Ireland.

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Ormskirk

Ormskirk is a market town in West Lancashire, England, north of Liverpool, northwest of St Helens, southeast of Southport and southwest of Preston.

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Ostend

Ostend (Oostende, or; Ostende; Ostende) is a Belgian coastal city and municipality, located in the province of West Flanders.

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Oswald of Northumbria

Oswald (c 604 – 5 August 641/642Bede gives the year of Oswald's death as 642, however there is some question as to whether what Bede considered 642 is the same as what would now be considered 642. R. L. Poole (Studies in Chronology and History, 1934) put forward the theory that Bede's years began in September, and if this theory is followed (as it was, for instance, by Frank Stenton in his notable history Anglo-Saxon England, first published in 1943), then the date of the Battle of Heavenfield (and the beginning of Oswald's reign) is pushed back from 634 to 633. Thus, if Oswald subsequently reigned for eight years, he would have actually been killed in 641. Poole's theory has been contested, however, and arguments have been made that Bede began his year on 25 December or 1 January, in which case Bede's years would be accurate as he gives them.) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death, and is venerated as a saint, of whom there was a particular cult in the Middle Ages.

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Our Friends in the North

Our Friends in the North is a British television drama serial produced by the BBC.

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Overfishing

Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate that the species cannot replenish in time, resulting in those species either becoming depleted or very underpopulated in that given area.

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Owenism

Owenism is the utopian socialist philosophy of 19th-century social reformer Robert Owen and his followers and successors, who are known as Owenites.

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Oxbridge

Oxbridge is a portmanteau of "Oxford" and "Cambridge"; the two oldest, most prestigious, and consistently most highly-ranked universities in the United Kingdom.

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Oxford Professor of Poetry

The Professor of Poetry is an academic appointment at the University of Oxford.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Package tour

A package tour, package vacation, or package holiday comprises transport and accommodation advertised and sold together by a vendor known as a tour operator.

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Pakistan

Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers c. 95% of human technological prehistory.

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Parish councils in England

A parish council is a civil local authority found in England and is the first tier of local government.

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Parisi (Yorkshire)

The Parisi were a British Celtic tribe located somewhere within the present-day East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, known from a single brief reference by Ptolemy in his Geographica of about AD 150.

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Parkin (cake)

Parkin or perkin is a gingerbread cake traditionally made with oatmeal and black treacle, which originated in northern England.

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Parmo

The Parmo or Teesside Parmesan is a breaded cutlet dish originating in Middlesbrough and a popular item of take-away food in the North East of England.

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Pashto

Pashto (پښتو Pax̌tō), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is the language of the Pashtuns.

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Passenger transport executive

In the United Kingdom, passenger transport executives (PTEs) are local government bodies which are responsible for public transport within large urban areas.

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Pastoralism

Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.

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Patron saint

A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or particular branches of Islam, is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family or person.

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Peak District

The Peak District is an upland area in England at the southern end of the Pennines.

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Peat

Peat, also called turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs.

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Pennines

The Pennines, also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills, are a range of mountains and hills in England separating North West England from Yorkshire and North East England.

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People's Republic of South Yorkshire

The People's Republic of South Yorkshire or the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire is the nickname often given to South Yorkshire under the left-wing local governments of the 1980s, especially the municipal socialist administration of Sheffield City Council led by David Blunkett, used by both detractors and supporters of the councils.

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Percentage point

A percentage point or percent point (pp) is the unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages.

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Personal Rule

The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years' Tyranny) was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland ruled without recourse to Parliament.

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Peterloo Massacre

The Peterloo Massacre occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.

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Phonological history of English high back vowels

Most dialects of modern English have two high back vowels: the near-close near-back rounded vowel found in words like foot, and the close back rounded vowel (realized as central in many dialects) found in words like goose.

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Pier Head

The Pier Head (properly, George's Pier Head) is a riverside location in the city centre of Liverpool, England.

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Pigeon racing

Pigeon racing is the sport of releasing specially trained racing pigeons, which then return to their homes over a carefully measured distance.

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Pilgrimage of Grace

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular uprising that began in Yorkshire in October 1536, before spreading to other parts of Northern England including Cumberland, Northumberland and north Lancashire, under the leadership of lawyer Robert Aske.

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Pitmatic

Pitmatic (originally "pitmatical"), also colloquially known as "yakka", is a dialect of English used in the counties of Northumberland and Durham in England.

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Plate glass university

The term plate glass university or plateglass university refers to a group of universities in the United Kingdom established or promoted to university status in the 1960s.

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Pleistocene

The Pleistocene (often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations.

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Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom

The British Poet Laureate is an honorary position appointed by the monarch of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Prime Minister.

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Pogrom

The term pogrom has multiple meanings, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities.

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Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

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Popular music

Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry.

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Port of Grimsby

The Port of Grimsby is located on the south bank of the Humber Estuary at Grimsby in North East Lincolnshire.

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Port of Immingham

The Port of Immingham, also known as Immingham Docks, is a major east coast port, located on the south bank of the Humber Estuary west of Grimsby, near the town of Immingham.

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Port of Liverpool

The Port of Liverpool is the enclosed dock system that runs from Brunswick Dock in Liverpool to Seaforth Dock, Seaforth, on the east side of the River Mersey and the Birkenhead Docks between Birkenhead and Wallasey on the west side of the river.

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Potash

Potash is some of various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form.

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Premier League

The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system.

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Premiership Rugby

Premiership Rugby (officially known as Gallagher Premiership Rugby, or the Gallagher Premiership due to sponsorship reasons) is an English professional rugby union competition.

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Preston By-pass

The Preston By-pass was Britain's first motorway.

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Preston North End F.C.

Preston North End Football Club (often shortened to PNE) is a professional football club in Preston, Lancashire, who play in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system.

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Preston, Lancashire

Preston is the administrative centre of Lancashire, England, on the north bank of the River Ribble.

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Prevailing winds

Prevailing winds are winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth's surface.

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Primitive Methodist Church

The Primitive Methodist Church is a body of Holiness Christians within the Methodist tradition, which began in England in the early 19th century, with the influence of American evangelist Lorenzo Dow (1777–1834).

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Productivity

Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production.

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Professionalism in association football

Association football is the world's most popular sport, and is worth US$600 billion worldwide.

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Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated) is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.

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Province of York

The Province of York is one of two ecclesiastical provinces making up the Church of England and consists of 12 dioceses which cover the northern third of England and the Isle of Man.

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Provisional Irish Republican Army

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA or Provisional IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate the reunification of Ireland and bring about an independent socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland.

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Public school (United Kingdom)

A public school in England and Wales is a long-established, student-selective, fee-charging independent secondary school that caters primarily for children aged between 11 or 13 and 18, and whose head teacher is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC).

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Public sector

The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.

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Public transport

Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) is transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.

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Pulp (band)

Pulp were an English rock band formed in Sheffield in 1978.

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Punjabi language

Punjabi (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; Shahmukhi: پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, ranking as the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world.

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Quintus Petillius Cerialis

Quintus Petillius Cerialis Caesius Rufus, otherwise known as Quintus Petillius Cerialis (born ca. AD 30—died after AD 83) was a Roman general and administrator who served in Britain during Boudica's rebellion and who went on to participate in the civil wars after the death of Nero.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Rail freight transport

Rail freight transport is the use of railroads and trains to transport cargo as opposed to human passengers.

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Rail transport

Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.

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Rain shadow

A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind).

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Rave

A rave (from the verb: to rave) is an organized dance party at a nightclub, outdoor festival, warehouse, or other private property typically featuring performances by DJs, playing a seamless flow of electronic dance music.

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Recusancy

Recusancy was the state of those who refused to attend Anglican services during the history of England and Wales and of Ireland; these individuals were known as recusants.

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Red brick university

Red brick university (or redbrick university) is a term originally used to refer to nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century, but with the 1960s proliferation of universities and the reclassification of polytechnics in the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, it is sometimes used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities.

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Red grouse

The red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scotica, is a medium-sized bird of the grouse family which is found in heather moorland in Great Britain and Ireland.

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Red Rose of Lancaster

The Red Rose of Lancaster (a rose gules) is the county flower of Lancashire.

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Redcar and Cleveland

The borough of Redcar & Cleveland is a unitary authority area of North Yorkshire in the North East of England, consisting of Redcar, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Guisborough, and small towns such as Brotton, Eston, Skelton and Loftus.

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Reformed Baptists

Reformed Baptists (sometimes known as Particular Baptists or Calvinistic Baptists) are Baptists that hold to a Calvinist soteriology.

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Regional assembly (England)

The regional chambers of England were a group of indirectly elected regional bodies that were created by the provisions of the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998.

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Regionalism (politics)

In politics, regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the national or normative interests of a particular region, group of regions or another subnational entity.

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Regions of England

The regions of England, formerly known as the government office regions, are the highest tier of sub-national division in England.

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Resettlement of the Jews in England

The resettlement of the Jews in England was an informal arrangement during the Commonwealth of England in the mid-1650s, which allowed Jews to practise their faith openly.

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Respiratory disease

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.

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RFU Championship

The RFU Championship, known for sponsorship reasons as the Greene King IPA Championship from 2013–14, is the second tier of the English rugby union league system and was founded in September 1987.

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Rheged

Rheged was one of the kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd ("Old North"), the Brittonic-speaking region of what is now Northern England and southern Scotland, during the post-Roman era and Early Middle Ages.

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Rhotic consonant

In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including r in the Latin script and p in the Cyrillic script.

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Rhoticity in English

Rhoticity in English refers to English speakers' pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant, and is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified.

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Rhubarb Triangle

The Rhubarb Triangle is a triangle in West Yorkshire, England between Wakefield, Morley and Rothwell famous for producing early forced rhubarb.

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Rhyl

Rhyl (Y Rhyl) is a Welsh seaside resort town and community in the county of Denbighshire.

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Richmond, North Yorkshire

Richmond is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England and the administrative centre of the district of Richmondshire.

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Rising of the North

The Rising of the North of 1569, also called the Revolt of the Northern Earls or Northern Rebellion, was an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.

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River Lune

The River Lune (archaically sometimes Loyne) is a river in length in Cumbria and Lancashire, England.

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River Mersey

The River Mersey is a river in the North West of England.

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River Tees

The River Tees is in northern England.

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River Trent

The River Trent is the third-longest river in the United Kingdom.

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River Tyne

The River Tyne is a river in North East England and its length (excluding tributaries) is.

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River Wharfe

The River Wharfe is a river in Yorkshire, England.

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Robert the Bruce

Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; Early Scots: Robert Brus; Robertus Brussius), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329.

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Rochdale

Rochdale is a town in Greater Manchester, England, at the foothills of the South Pennines on the River Roch, northwest of Oldham and northeast of Manchester.

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Roll-on/roll-off

Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham

The Diocese of Nottingham, England, is a Roman Catholic diocese of the Latin Rite and a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Diocese of Westminster.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury is a Roman Catholic diocese which encompasses the pre-1974 counties of Shropshire and Cheshire in the North West and West Midlands of England.

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Roman conquest of Britain

The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain (Britannia).

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Roman legion

A Roman legion (from Latin legio "military levy, conscription", from legere "to choose") was a large unit of the Roman army.

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Roman roads in Britannia

Roman roads in Britannia were initially designed for military use, created by the Roman Army during the nearly four centuries (43 – 410 AD) that Britannia was a province of the Roman Empire.

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Romantic literature in English

Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century.

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Room at the Top (novel)

Room at the Top is a novel by John Braine, first published in the United Kingdom by Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1957, about the rise of an ambitious young man of humble origin, and the socio-economic struggles undergone in realising his social ambitions in post-war Britain.

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Roses Match

The Roses Match refers to any game of cricket played between Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club.

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Roses rivalry

The term "Roses rivalry" can refer to sporting rivalries between teams from the English counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire.

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Rotherham Titans

Rotherham Rugby Union Football Club, or Rotherham Titans is a professional rugby union team from Rotherham, South Yorkshire, currently playing in the third tier of the English rugby union league system, following their relegation from the RFU Championship at the end of the 2017-18 season.

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Rugby football

Rugby football refers to the team sports rugby league and rugby union.

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Rugby Football League

The Rugby Football League is the governing body for professional rugby league in England.

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Rugby Football Union

The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the governing body for rugby union in England.

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Rugby league

Rugby league football is a full-contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field.

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Rugby union

Rugby union, commonly known in most of the world as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century.

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Russell Group

The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom.

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Sale Sharks

Sale Sharks is an English professional rugby union club from the Greater Manchester that plays in the English Premiership.

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Salford, Greater Manchester

Salford is a town in the City of Salford, North West England.

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Salt in Cheshire

Cheshire is a county in North West England.

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Samuel Smith Brewery

Samuel Smith's Old Brewery, popularly known as Samuel Smith's or Sam Smith's, is an independent British brewery in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England.

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Sandstone

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.

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Sankey Canal

The Sankey Canal in North West England connects St Helens to the River Mersey at Spike Island.

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Satellite town

A satellite town or satellite city is a concept in urban planning that refers essentially to smaller metropolitan areas which are located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of larger metropolitan areas.

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Scafell Pike

Scafell Pike or is the highest mountain in England, at an elevation of above sea level.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties.

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Scone

A scone is a baked good, usually made of wheat, or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent and baked on sheet pans.

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Scorched earth

A scorched-earth policy is a military strategy that aims to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy while it is advancing through or withdrawing from a location.

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Scotland

Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

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Scottish English

Scottish English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Scotland.

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Scouse

Scouse (also, in academic sources, called Liverpool English or Merseyside English) is an accent and dialect of English found primarily in the Metropolitan county of Merseyside, and closely associated with the city of Liverpool.

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Scunthorpe

Scunthorpe is a large industrial town in North Lincolnshire, England.

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Sea breeze

A sea breeze or onshore breeze is any wind that blows from a large body of water toward or onto a landmass; it develops due to differences in air pressure created by the differing heat capacities of water and dry land.

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Seafood

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans.

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Seathwaite Fell

Seathwaite Fell is an area of the Lake District in Cumbria, England.

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Sellafield

Sellafield is a nuclear fuel reprocessing and nuclear decommissioning site, close to the village of Seascale on the coast of the Irish Sea in Cumbria, England.

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Service economy

Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments.

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Shale gas

Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations.

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Shameless (UK TV series)

Shameless is a British comedy-drama series set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate.

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Shawl

A shawl (from lang-Urdu شال shāl, which may be from दुशाला duśālā, ultimately from Sanskrit: शाटी śāṭī) is a simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, and sometimes also over the head.

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Sheffield

Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.

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Sheffield Blitz

The Sheffield Blitz is the name given to the worst nights of German Luftwaffe bombing in Sheffield, England, during the Second World War.

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Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough (UK Parliament constituency)

Sheffield, Brightside and Hillsborough is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Gill Furniss, a member of the Labour Party.

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Sheffield City Council

Sheffield City Council is the city council for the metropolitan borough of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England.

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Sheffield City Region Combined Authority

The Sheffield City Region Combined Authority (formally the Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield Combined Authority) is the combined authority for South Yorkshire in England, with powers over transport (public transport and major trunk roads only), economic development and regeneration.

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Sheffield F.C.

Sheffield Football Club is an English football club from Sheffield, South Yorkshire, although now based in Dronfield, Derbyshire.

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Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)

Sheffield Hallam is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Jared O'Mara.

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Sheffield Rules

The Sheffield Rules was a code of football devised and played in the English city of Sheffield between 1857 and 1877.

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Sheffield Supertram

The Sheffield Supertram (officially the Stagecoach Supertram) is a light rail tram system in the city of Sheffield, England.

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Sheffield Tramway

Sheffield Tramway was an extensive tramway network serving the English city of Sheffield and its suburbs.

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Sheffield urban area

The Sheffield Urban Area is a conurbation in the North of England with a population of 685,368 according to the 2011 census.

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Shibboleth

A shibboleth is any custom or tradition, particularly a speech pattern, that distinguishes one group of people (an ingroup) from others (outgroups).

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Shipyard

A shipyard (also called a dockyard) is a place where ships are built and repaired.

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Simon Armitage

Simon Robert Armitage CBE (born 26 May 1963) is an English poet, playwright and novelist.

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Singing hinny

A singing hinny or singin' hinny is a type of bannock, griddle cake or scone, made in the north of England, especially Northumberland and the coal-mining areas of the North East.

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Skirt

A skirt is the lower part of a dress or gown, covering the person from the waist downwards, or a separate outer garment serving this purpose.

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Slum clearance

Slum clearance, slum eviction or slum removal is an urban renewal strategy used to transform low income settlements with poor reputation into another type of development or housing.

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Soap opera

A soap opera or soaper is an ongoing, episodic work of fiction presented in serial format on television, radio and in novels, featuring the lives of many characters and focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama.

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Social realism

Social realism is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working class and to voice the authors' critique of the social structures behind these conditions.

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Soft drink

A soft drink (see terminology for other names) typically contains carbonated water (although some lemonades are not carbonated), a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring.

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Soft water

Soft water is surface water that contains low concentrations of ions and in particular is low in ions of calcium and magnesium.

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Solway Plain

The Solway Plain or Solway Basin is a coastal plain in the northwest of Cumbria, England and stretching over the Scottish border to the low-lying area around Gretna and Annan It is an area generally lying north and west of Carlisle along the Solway Firth and drained by the rivers Esk and Lyne.

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South Asian cuisine

South Asian cuisine includes the cuisines from South Asia (also known as the Indian subcontinent) comprising the traditional cuisines from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives and when included in the definition, also that of Afghanistan.

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South Pennine Ring

The South Pennine Ring is an English canal ring which crosses the Pennines between Manchester and Huddersfield.

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South Yorkshire

South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England.

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South Yorkshire Coalfield

The South Yorkshire Coalfield is so named from its position within Yorkshire.

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South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive

The South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive is the passenger transport executive for South Yorkshire in England.

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Southern England

Southern England, or the South of England, also known as the South, refers roughly to the southern counties of England.

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Spiritualism

Spiritualism is a new religious movement based on the belief that the spirits of the dead exist and have both the ability and the inclination to communicate with the living.

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Spoke–hub distribution paradigm

The spoke-hub distribution paradigm is a form of transport topology optimization in which traffic routes are organized as a series of 'spokes' that connect outlying points to a central 'hub.' Simple forms of this distribution/connection model may be contrasted with point-to-point transit systems in which each point has a direct route to every other point, and which was the principal method of transporting passengers and freight until the 1970s.

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Sportswear (fashion)

Sportswear is an American fashion term originally used to describe separates, but which, since the 1930s, has come to be applied to day and evening fashions of varying degrees of formality that demonstrate a specific relaxed approach to their design, while remaining appropriate for a wide range of social occasions.

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Sprachraum

In linguistics, a sprachraum ("language space") is a geographical region where a common first language (mother tongue), with dialect varieties, or group of languages is spoken.

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Springfields

Springfields is a nuclear fuel production installation in Salwick, near Preston in Lancashire, England.

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St Helens, Merseyside

St Helens is a large town in Merseyside, England.

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Staffordshire

Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England.

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Stanlow Refinery

Stanlow Refinery is an oil refinery owned by Essar Energy in Ellesmere Port, North West England.

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Star Carr

Star Carr is a Mesolithic archaeological site in North Yorkshire, England.

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Steam locomotive

A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.

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Steelmaking

Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap.

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Stockton and Darlington Railway

The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) was a railway company that operated in north-east England from 1825 to 1863.

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Stoke-on-Trent

Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England, with an area of.

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Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund

The Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund are financial tools set up to implement the regional policy of the European Union.

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Suburb

A suburb is a mixed-use or residential area, existing either as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.

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Sui generis

Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its (his, her, their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique." A number of disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities.

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Sunderland A.F.C.

Sunderland Association Football Club is an English professional football club based in the city of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear.

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Sunshine duration

Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years.

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Super League

Super League (currently known as the Betfred Super League for sponsorship reasons) is the top-level professional rugby league club competition in the Northern hemisphere.

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Super League XXIII

The 2018 Super League season, known as the Betfred Super League XXIII for sponsor reasons, is the 23rd season of Super League and 124th season of rugby league in Britain. Twelve teams compete over 23 rounds, including the Magic Weekend, which took place at St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, after which the eight highest enter the Super League play-offs for a place in the Super League Grand Final. The four lowest teams then enter the qualifying play-offs, along with the four highest teams from the Championship, to determine which teams will play again in Super League XXIV. Leeds Rhinos are the current champions, after beating Castleford Tigers 24–6 in last year's Final, in front of a sell out crowd of 72,827 at Old Trafford, to win a record 8th super league championship. Super League XXIII features twelve teams, the fourth year in which this number has taken part. This is also the third year since promotion and relegation was reintroduced into the competition, seeing Hull KR promoted and Leigh Centurions relegated from last season. This season also saw the first Super League game played outside Europe, as Wigan Warriors faced Hull at WIN Stadium in Wollongong, Australia on Saturday 10 February 2018, which Wigan won, 24–10.

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Surrey

Surrey is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties.

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Surrey County Cricket Club

Surrey County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales.

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Survey of English Dialects

The Survey of English Dialects was undertaken between 1950 and 1961 under the direction of Professor Harold Orton of the English department of the University of Leeds.

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Suspenders

Suspenders (American English, Canadian English) or braces (British English, Australian English) are fabric or leather straps worn over the shoulders to hold up trousers.

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Swaledale cheese

Swaledale is a full fat hard cheese produced in the town of Richmond in Swaledale, North Yorkshire, England.

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Swallows and Amazons

Swallows and Amazons is the first book in the ''Swallows and Amazons'' series by English author Arthur Ransome; it was first published in 1930, with the action taking place in the summer of 1929 in the Lake District.

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Synod of Whitby

The Synod of Whitby (664 A.D.) was a Northumbrian synod where King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and observe the monastic tonsure according to the customs of Rome, rather than the customs practised by Irish monks at Iona and its satellite institutions.

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Tacitus

Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (–) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire.

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Ted Hughes

Edward James Hughes (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and children's writer.

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Tees Valley

The Tees Valley is a city region and combined authority area in the North East of England nestled between North Yorkshire and County Durham and consisting of the following five unitary authorities: Darlington, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton-on-Tees, the latter four previously formed the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland between 1974 and 1996.

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Teesport

Teesport is a large sea port located in the unitary authority of Redcar and Cleveland, in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, Northern England.

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Teesside

Teesside is the conurbation in the north east of England around the urban centre of Middlesbrough that is primarily made up of the towns Billingham, Redcar, Stockton-on-Tees, Thornaby and surrounding settlements near the River Tees.

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Temperance bar

A temperance bar is a type of bar that does not serve alcoholic beverages.

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Tertiary sector of the economy

The tertiary sector or service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three-sector theory.

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Test cricket

Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard.

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Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution in Britain was centred in south Lancashire and the towns on both sides of the Pennines.

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The Anarchy

The Anarchy was a civil war in England and Normandy between 1135 and 1153, which resulted in a widespread breakdown in law and order.

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The Beatles

The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960.

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The Blitz

The Blitz was a German bombing offensive against Britain in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War.

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The Co-operative Group

The Co-operative Group, trading as the Co-op, is a British consumer co-operative with a diverse family of retail businesses including food retail and wholesale; electrical retail; financial services; insurance services; legal services and funeralcare, with in excess of 4,200 locations.

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The Condition of the Working Class in England

The Condition of the Working Class in England (German: Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England) is an 1845 book by the German philosopher Friedrich Engels, a study of the industrial working class in Victorian England.

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The Football Association

The Football Association (FA) is the governing body of association football in England, the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The Leeds Studios

The Leeds Studios (also known as the Yorkshire Television Studios or YTV Studios) is a television production complex on Kirkstall Road in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

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The Midlands

The Midlands is a cultural and geographic area roughly spanning central England that broadly corresponds to the early medieval Kingdom of Mercia.

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The Northern Echo

The Northern Echo is a regional daily morning newspaper, based in the town of Darlington in North East England; serving County Durham and Teesside.

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The Northern Way

The Northern Way was a collaboration initiated in February 2004 between the three northern regional development agencies (RDAs), Northwest Development Agency, One NorthEast and Yorkshire Forward at the instigation of the then Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott to focus on issues important for the whole of the North of England with a dimension larger than could be tackled by one region alone — for example, transport infrastructure, or marketing the North internationally.

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The Railway Children

The Railway Children is a children's book by Edith Nesbit, originally serialised in The London Magazine during 1905 and first published in book form in 1906.

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The Road to Wigan Pier

The Road to Wigan Pier is a book by the British writer George Orwell, first published in 1937.

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The Salvation Army

The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organisation structured in a quasi-military fashion.

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The Secret Garden

The Secret Garden is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett first published as a book in 1911, after a version was published as an American magazine serial beginning in 1910.

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The Sun (United Kingdom)

The Sun is a tabloid newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.

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The Troubles

The Troubles (Na Trioblóidí) was an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century.

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The Wash

The Wash is a largely rectangular bay and estuary at the north-west corner of East Anglia on the East coast of England, where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire.

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The Yorkshire Post

The Yorkshire Post is a daily broadsheet newspaper, published in Leeds in northern England.

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Thirsk

Thirsk is a small market town and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England.

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This Sporting Life (novel)

This Sporting Life is a 1960 novel by the English writer David Storey.

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Thorp

Thorp is a Middle English word for a hamlet or small village, from Old English (Anglo-Saxon)/Old Norse þorp (also thorp).

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Thou

The word thou is a second person singular pronoun in English.

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Throw-in

A throw-in is a method of restarting play in a game of football (or soccer) when the ball has exited the side of the field of play.

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Tizer

Tizer is a red-coloured, citrus-flavoured soft drink bottled in Cumbernauld and sold in the United Kingdom.

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Tom Blenkinsop

Thomas Francis Blenkinsop (born 14 August 1980) is a former British Labour Party politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland.

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Tonsure

Tonsure is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility.

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Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

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Toponymy of England

The toponymy of England, like the English language itself, derives from various linguistic origins.

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Trade union

A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union (Canada) or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers.

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Trades Union Congress

The Trades Union Congress (TUC) is a national trade union centre, a federation of trade unions in England and Wales, representing the majority of trade unions.

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Traditional Grimsby smoked fish

Traditional Grimsby smoked fish are regionally processed fish food products from the British fishing town of Grimsby, England.

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Tram

A tram (also tramcar; and in North America streetcar, trolley or trolley car) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way.

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TransPennine Express

TransPennine Express (legally known as First TransPennine Express Limited) First TransPennine Express Limited is a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup operating the TransPennine Express franchise.

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Transport for Greater Manchester

Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) is the public body responsible for co-ordinating transport services throughout Greater Manchester, in North West England.

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Transport for the North

Transport for the North (TfN) is the first sub-national transport body in the UK since the 1 April 2018.

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Trap-bath split

The split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in mainstream and southeastern accents of English in England (including Received Pronunciation), in New Zealand English and South African English, and also to a lesser extent in Australian English as well as older Northeastern New England English (notably, older Boston accents), by which the Early Modern English phoneme was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long of father.

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Treaty of Durham (1139)

The second treaty of Durham was a peace treaty concluded between kings Stephen of England and David I of Scotland, on 9 April 1139.

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Treaty of Ripon

The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Scottish Covenanters on 26 October 1640, in the aftermath of the Second Bishops' War.

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Trent and Mersey Canal

The Trent and Mersey Canal is a in the East Midlands, West Midlands, and north-west of England.

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Tripe

Tripe is a type of edible lining from the stomachs of various farm animals.

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Trolleybus

A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram Joyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). British Trolleybus Systems, pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing.. or trolleyDunbar, Charles S. (1967). Buses, Trolleys & Trams. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK). Republished 2004 with or 9780753709702.) is an electric bus that draws power from overhead wires (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles.

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Tyne and Wear

Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear.

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Tyne and Wear Metro

The Tyne and Wear Metro, referred to locally as simply The Metro, is a rapid transit and light rail system in North East England, serving Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside and Sunderland in the Tyne and Wear region.

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Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive

Nexus is the passenger transport executive responsible for the coordination of public transport in Tyne and Wear, England.

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Tyneside

Tyneside is a conurbation on the banks of the River Tyne in North East England which includes Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, Tynemouth, Wallsend, South Shields, and Jarrow.

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UK Independence Party

The UK Independence Party (UKIP) is a Eurosceptic and right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom.

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UK miners' strike (1984–85)

The miners' strike of 1984–85 was a major industrial action to shut down the British coal industry in an attempt to prevent colliery closures.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Kingdom census, 1851

The United Kingdom Census of 1851 recorded the people residing in every household on the night of Sunday 30 March 1851, and was the second of the UK censuses to include details of household members.

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United Kingdom census, 2011

A census of the population of the United Kingdom is taken every ten years.

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United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the EU referendum and the Brexit referendum, took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of, or leaving, the European Union (EU) under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 and also the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.

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United Kingdom general election, 2015

The 2015 United Kingdom general election was held on 7 May 2015 to elect 650 members to the House of Commons.

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United Kingdom government austerity programme

The United Kingdom government austerity programme is a fiscal policy undertaken in response to the Great Recession.

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United Kingdom local elections, 2016

The 2016 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 5 May 2016 were a series of local elections which were held in 124 local councils and also saw 4 mayoral elections in England which also coincided with elections to the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the London Assembly, the London mayoral election and the England and Wales Police and crime commissioners.

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United Reformed Church

The United Reformed Church (URC) is a Christian church in the United Kingdom.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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University of Leeds

The University of Leeds is a Russell Group university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

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University of Liverpool

The University of Liverpool is a public university based in the city of Liverpool, England.

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University of Manchester

The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England, formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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University of Sheffield

The University of Sheffield (informally Sheffield University) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

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University of York

The University of York (abbreviated as Ebor or York for post-nominals) is a collegiate plate glass research university located in the city of York, England.

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University spin-off

University spin-offs transform technological inventions developed from university research that are likely to remain unexploited otherwise.

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Upton Park F.C.

Upton Park Football Club was an amateur football club from Upton Park, London in the late 19th and early 20th century, now defunct.

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Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.

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Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.

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UTC±00:00

UTC±00:00 is the following time.

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Varieties of Chinese

Chinese, also known as Sinitic, is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible.

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Vauxhall Ellesmere Port

Vauxhall Ellesmere Port is a motor vehicle assembly plant, located in the town of Ellesmere Port, south of the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire, England.

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Video game development

Video game development is the process of creating a video game.

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Viking Age

The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) is a period in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, following the Germanic Iron Age.

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Vimto

Vimto is a soft drink sold in the United Kingdom.

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VisitBritain

VisitBritain is the name used by the British Tourist Authority, the tourist board of Great Britain incorporated under the Development of Tourism Act 1969.

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Vote splitting

Vote splitting is an electoral effect in which the distribution of votes among multiple similar candidates reduces the chance of winning for any of the similar candidates, and increases the chance of winning for a dissimilar candidate.

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Warrington

Warrington is a large town and unitary authority area in Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Mersey, east of Liverpool, and west of Manchester.

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Warrington bomb attacks

The Warrington bombings were two separate bomb attacks that took place during early 1993 in Warrington, England.

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Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose.

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Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651.

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Wast Water

Wast Water or Wastwater is a lake located in Wasdale, a valley in the western part of the Lake District National Park, England.

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Watford

Watford is a town and borough in North West London, England, situated northwest of central London and inside the circumference of the M25 motorway.

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Watford Gap

Watford Gap is a low-lying point between two hills, close to the village of Watford, Northamptonshire, England.

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Wearside

Wearside is an area of North East England centred on the continuous urban area of Sunderland by the River Wear, and in the wider sense, including separate neighbouring settlements such as Seaham.

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Welsh Marches

The Welsh Marches (Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along and around the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.

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Wensleydale cheese

Wensleydale is a style of cheese originally produced in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England, but now mostly made in large commercial creameries throughout the UK.

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West Coast Main Line

The West Coast Main Line (WCML) is one of the most important railway corridors in the United Kingdom, connecting the major cities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, and Glasgow.

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West Country

The West Country is a loosely defined area of south western England.

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West Midlands (region)

The West Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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West of England

The West of England is a loose and locationally unspecific term sometimes given to the area surrounding the city and county of Bristol, England, and also sometimes applied more widely and in other parts of South West England.

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West Yorkshire

West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England.

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West Yorkshire Metro

Metro is the passenger information brand used by the West Yorkshire Combined Authority in England.

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West Yorkshire Urban Area

The West Yorkshire Built-up Area, previously known as the West Yorkshire Urban Area is a term used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to refer to a conurbation in West Yorkshire, England, based on the cities of Leeds, Bradford and Wakefield, and the large towns of Huddersfield and Halifax.

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Westerlies

The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.

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Westmorland

Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland;R. Wilkinson The British Isles, Sheet The British Isles. even older spellings are Westmerland and Westmereland) is a historic county in north west England.

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Wheat

Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.

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Whippet

The Whippet (also English Whippet or Snap dog) is a dog breed of medium-size.

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Whitby

Whitby is a seaside town, port and civil parish in the Borough of Scarborough and English county of North Yorkshire.

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White Rose of York

The White Rose of York (also called the Rose alba or rose argent), a white heraldic rose, is the symbol of the House of York and has since been adopted as a symbol of Yorkshire as a whole.

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Whitley Bay

Whitley Bay is a seaside town on the north east coast of England.

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William the Conqueror

William I (c. 1028Bates William the Conqueror p. 33 – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087.

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William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).

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Windermere

Windermere is the largest natural lake in England.

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Winifred Holtby

Winifred Holtby (23 June 1898 – 29 September 1935) was an English novelist and journalist, now best known for her novel South Riding, which was posthumously published in 1936.

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Wirral Peninsula

Wirral, also known as The Wirral, is a peninsula in northwest England.

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Working class

The working class (also labouring class) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yale University Press

Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University.

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Yan Tan Tethera

Yan Tan Tethera is a sheep-counting rhyme/system traditionally used by shepherds in Northern England and earlier in some other parts of Britain.

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Ye (pronoun)

Ye is a second-person, plural, personal pronoun (nominative), spelled in Old English as "ge".

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York

York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England.

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York Minster

The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is the cathedral of York, England, and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe.

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Yorkshire

Yorkshire (abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom.

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Yorkshire and the Humber

Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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Yorkshire bagpipe

The Yorkshire bagpipe is a type of bagpipe once native to the county of Yorkshire in northern England.

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Yorkshire Carnegie

Yorkshire Carnegie (formerly Leeds Carnegie, Leeds Tykes and Leeds RUFC) are an English rugby union club in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, who play in the RFU Championship.

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Yorkshire County Cricket Club

Yorkshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales.

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Yorkshire Dales

The Yorkshire Dales is an upland area of the Pennines in Northern England in the historic county of Yorkshire, most of it in the Yorkshire Dales National Park created in 1954.

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Yorkshire dialect

The Yorkshire dialect (also Broad Yorkshire, Tyke, Yorkie, or Yorkshire English) is an English dialect of Northern England spoken in England's historic county of Yorkshire.

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Yorkshire Evening Post

The Yorkshire Evening Post is a daily evening publication (delivered to newsagents every morning) published by Yorkshire Post Newspapers in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

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Yorkshire Party

The Yorkshire Party is a regionalist political party in Yorkshire, a historic county of England.

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Yorkshire pudding

Yorkshire pudding is a common British side dish baked pudding made from batter consisting of eggs, flour, and milk or water.

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Yorkshire Tea

Yorkshire Tea is a black tea blend produced by The Bettys & Taylors Group.

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Yorkshire Wolds

The Yorkshire Wolds are low hills in the counties of East Riding of Yorkshire and North Yorkshire in north-eastern England.

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Yorkstone

Yorkstone or York stone is a variety of sandstone, specifically from quarries in Yorkshire that have been worked since mediaeval times.

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1883 FA Cup Final

The 1883 FA Cup Final was contested by Blackburn Olympic and Old Etonians at the Kennington Oval.

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1924 County Championship

The 1924 County Championship was the 31st officially organised running of the County Championship.

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1926 United Kingdom general strike

The 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom was a general strike that lasted 9 days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926.

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1979 New Zealand rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy

The 1979 New Zealand rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy was a series of eleven matches played by the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) in England, Scotland and Italy in October and November 1979.

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1992 Manchester bombing

The 1992 Manchester bombing was an attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on Thursday 3 December 1992.

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1996 Manchester bombing

The 1996 Manchester bombing was an attack carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on Saturday 15 June 1996.

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2001 Bradford riots

The Bradford Riots were a short but intense period of rioting which began on 7 July 2001, in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.

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2017–18 English Premiership

The 2017–18 English Premiership was the 31st season of the top flight of English domestic rugby union competition and the eighth and final to be sponsored by Aviva, with naming rights being purchased by Gallagher.

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2017–18 Premier League

The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992.

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3G

3G, short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology.

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4G

4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G.

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53rd parallel north

The 53rd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 53 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.

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Redirects here:

England, Northern, Its Hard Up North, North England, North of England, The NORTH, United Kingdom, The North of England, The North, United Kingdom.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England