Table of Contents
521 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abdülmecid II, Abdul Hamid II, Abdulaziz, Abdulcelil Levni, Abolition of the Caliphate, Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, Absolute monarchy, Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, Aftermath of World War I, Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Ahmet Mithat, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Akçe, Akinji, Al-Tasrif, Al-Zahrawi, Alaeddin Pasha (vizier), Alawites, Alevism, Algeria, Ali Qushji, Allies of World War I, Altay S.K., Amasya, Anatolia, Anatolian beyliks, Anatolian Seljuk architecture, Anglicisation, Ankara, Apsis, Arab Revolt, Arabian horse, Arabian Peninsula, Arabic, Arabic music, Aramco World, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian cuisine, Armenian genocide, Armenian language, Armenians, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Association football, Astrology, Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world, Auspicious Incident, Ayan (class), Ayran, Çimpe Castle, ... Expand index (471 more) »
- 1299 establishments in Asia
- 1923 disestablishments in Asia
- 1923 disestablishments in Europe
- Historical transcontinental empires
- Maturidi
- Overseas empires
- States and territories disestablished in 1922
- States and territories disestablished in 1923
- States and territories established in 1299
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ottoman Empire and Abbasid Caliphate are former empires and historical transcontinental empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Abbasid Caliphate
Abdülmecid II
Abdülmecid II or Abdulmejid II (ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i sânî; II.; 29 May 1868 – 23 August 1944) was the last Ottoman caliph, the only caliph of the Republic of Turkey, and head of the Osmanoğlu family from 1926 to 1944.
See Ottoman Empire and Abdülmecid II
Abdul Hamid II
Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī; II.; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.
See Ottoman Empire and Abdul Hamid II
Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz (ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup.
See Ottoman Empire and Abdulaziz
Abdulcelil Levni
Levnî Abdulcelil Çelebi (1680s–1732) was an early 18th century Ottoman court painter (attained the position of court painter during the reign of Mustafa II and Ahmed III).
See Ottoman Empire and Abdulcelil Levni
Abolition of the Caliphate
The Ottoman Caliphate, the world's last widely recognized caliphate, was abolished on 3 March 1924 (27 Rajab AH 1342) by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Abolition of the Caliphate
Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
The abolition of the Ottoman sultanate (Saltanatın kaldırılması) by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 1 November 1922 ended the Ottoman Empire, which had lasted from.
See Ottoman Empire and Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.
See Ottoman Empire and Absolute monarchy
Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
The administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
Aftermath of World War I
The aftermath of World War I saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.
See Ottoman Empire and Aftermath of World War I
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
Ahmad Yousef Al-Hassan (أحمد يوسف الحسن) (June 25, 1925 – April 28, 2012) was a Palestinian/Syrian/Canadian historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology, educated in Jerusalem, Cairo, and London with a PhD in Mechanical engineering from University College London.
See Ottoman Empire and Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
Ahmet Mithat
Ahmet Mithat (c. 1844 – 28 December 1912) was an Ottoman journalist, author, translator and publisher during the Tanzimat period.
See Ottoman Empire and Ahmet Mithat
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (احمد توفیق پاشا‎; 11 February 1843 – 8 October 1936), later Ahmet Tevfik Okday after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman statesman of Crimean Tatar origin.
See Ottoman Empire and Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Akçe
The akçe or akça (also spelled akche, akcheh; آقچه;,, in Europe known as asper or aspre) was a silver coin which was the chief monetary unit of the Ottoman Empire.
Akinji
Akinji or akindji (lit,; plural: akıncılar) were irregular light cavalry, scout divisions (deli) and advance troops of the Ottoman Empire's military.
Al-Tasrif
The Kitāb al-Taṣrīf (lit), known in English as The Method of Medicine, is a 30-volume Arabic encyclopedia on medicine and surgery, written near the year 1000 by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis).
See Ottoman Empire and Al-Tasrif
Al-Zahrawi
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (أبو القاسمخلف بن العباس الزهراوي;‎ 936–1013), popularly known as al-Zahrawi (الزهراوي), Latinised as Albucasis or Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was a physician, surgeon and chemist from al-Andalus.
See Ottoman Empire and Al-Zahrawi
Alaeddin Pasha (vizier)
Alaeddin Pasha (علاء الدين پاشا) was the first Ottoman grand vizier.
See Ottoman Empire and Alaeddin Pasha (vizier)
Alawites
The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.
See Ottoman Empire and Alawites
Alevism
Alevism (Alevilik;; Ələvilik) is a heterodox and syncretic Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical Islamic teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, who supposedly taught the teachings of the Twelve Imams, whilst incorporating some traditions from Tengrism.
See Ottoman Empire and Alevism
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.
See Ottoman Empire and Algeria
Ali Qushji
Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 18 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish: علی قوشچی, kuşçu – falconer in Turkish; Latin: Ali Kushgii) was a Timurid theologian, jurist, astronomer, mathematician and physicist, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472.
See Ottoman Empire and Ali Qushji
Allies of World War I
The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).
See Ottoman Empire and Allies of World War I
Altay S.K.
Altay Spor Kulübü is a Turkish professional football club based in the city of İzmir.
See Ottoman Empire and Altay S.K.
Amasya
Amasya is a city in northern Turkey, in the Black Sea Region.
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
See Ottoman Empire and Anatolia
Anatolian beyliks
Anatolian beyliks (Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: Tavâif-i mülûk, Beylik) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by ''beys'', the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Anatolian beyliks
Anatolian Seljuk architecture
Anatolian Seljuk architecture, or simply Seljuk architecture, refers to building activity that took place under the Sultanate of Rum (late 11th to 13th centuries), ruled by an offshoot of the Seljuk dynasty that emerged from the Great Seljuk Empire (11th–12th centuries) alongside various other local dynasties.
See Ottoman Empire and Anatolian Seljuk architecture
Anglicisation
Anglicisation is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into, influenced by or dominated by the culture of England.
See Ottoman Empire and Anglicisation
Ankara
Ankara, historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (4,130 km2).
Apsis
An apsis is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body.
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية), also known as the Great Arab Revolt, was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916.
See Ottoman Empire and Arab Revolt
Arabian horse
The Arabian or Arab horse (الحصان العربي, DMG al-ḥiṣān al-ʿarabī) is a breed of horse with historic roots on the Arabian Peninsula.
See Ottoman Empire and Arabian horse
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Ottoman Empire and Arabian Peninsula
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arabic music
Arabic music (al-mūsīqā al-ʿarabīyyah) is the music of the Arab world with all its diverse music styles and genres.
See Ottoman Empire and Arabic music
Aramco World
Aramco World (formerly Saudi Aramco World) is a bi-monthly magazine published by Aramco Services Company, a US-based subsidiary of Saudi Aramco, the state-owned oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
See Ottoman Empire and Aramco World
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of Armenia.
See Ottoman Empire and Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian cuisine
Armenian cuisine includes the foods and cooking techniques of the Armenian people and traditional Armenian foods and drinks.
See Ottoman Empire and Armenian cuisine
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
See Ottoman Empire and Armenian genocide
Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
See Ottoman Empire and Armenian language
Armenians
Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Armenians
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Armenian population mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church.
See Ottoman Empire and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
See Ottoman Empire and Association football
Astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
See Ottoman Empire and Astrology
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
See Ottoman Empire and Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Auspicious Incident
The Auspicious Incident or Auspicious EventGoodwin, pp.
See Ottoman Empire and Auspicious Incident
Ayan (class)
The Ayan (Arabic plural: a‘yan أَعْيَان; singular: ‘ayn عَيْن) was the class of local notables or dynasts in the 16th to the early 19th century Ottoman Empire who held varying degrees of authority in provincial towns and districts.
See Ottoman Empire and Ayan (class)
Ayran
Ayran or Doogh and/or dhallë, dew, Jaree'a, leben, avamast, çiqilmast, mastaw, shaneena, or xynogala is a cold savory yogurt-based beverage popular across Central Asia, West Asia, Southeastern Europe, South Asia, North Asia and Eastern Europe.
Çimpe Castle
Çimpe Castle (جنبی, Cinbi; Τζύμπη, Tzympē) was a medieval fortification on the Gallipoli peninsula in modern Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Çimpe Castle
Ülküspor
Ülküspor is a Turkish football club from Izmir.
See Ottoman Empire and Ülküspor
İbrahim Şinasi
İbrahim Şinasi Efendi (translit; 5 August 1826 – 13 September 1871) was a pioneering Ottoman intellectual, founder of Turkish dramaturgy, author, journalist, translator, playwright, linguist and newspaper editor.
See Ottoman Empire and İbrahim Şinasi
İzmir
İzmir is a metropolitan city on the west coast of Anatolia, and capital of İzmir Province.
İznik
İznik is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey.
Şehzade Mosque
The Şehzade Mosque (Şehzade Camii, from the original Persian شاهزاده Šāhzādeh, meaning "prince") is a 16th-century Ottoman imperial mosque located in the district of Fatih, on the third hill of Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Şehzade Mosque
Şeyh Gâlib
Galib Mehmed Esad Dede, known as Sheikh Galib (1757 – 3 January 1799), was a Turkish divan literature poet and mystic.
See Ottoman Empire and Şeyh Gâlib
Bağlama
The bağlama or saz is a family of plucked string instruments and long-necked lutes used in Ottoman classical music, Turkish folk music, Turkish Arabesque music, Azerbaijani music, Bosnian music (Sevdalinka), Kurdish music, and Armenian music.
See Ottoman Empire and Bağlama
Baklava
Baklava (or; باقلوا) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey.
See Ottoman Empire and Baklava
Balkan cuisine
Balkan cuisine is a type of regional cuisine that combines characteristics of European cuisine with some of those from West Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Balkan cuisine
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913.
See Ottoman Empire and Balkan Wars
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
See Ottoman Empire and Balkans
Balyan family
The Balyan family (Պալեաններ; Balyan ailesi) was a prominent Armenian family in the Ottoman Empire of court architects in the service of Ottoman sultans and other members of the Ottoman dynasty during the 18th and 19th centuries.
See Ottoman Empire and Balyan family
Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Baroque architecture
Battle of Ridaniya
The Battle of Ridaniya or Battle of Ridanieh (Ridaniye Muharebesi; معركة الريدانية) was fought on January 22, 1517, in Egypt.
See Ottoman Empire and Battle of Ridaniya
Battle of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months.
See Ottoman Empire and Battle of Vienna
Börek
Börek or burek is a family of pastries or pies found in the Balkans, Turkey, Armenia, Levant, Northern Africa and Central Asia.
Beşiktaş J.K.
Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü, abbreviated as BJK, is a Turkish professional sports club founded in 1903 that is based in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul.
See Ottoman Empire and Beşiktaş J.K.
Beirut
Beirut (help) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
Bektashi Order
The Bektashi Order or Bektashism is an Islamic Sufi mystic order originating in the 13th-century Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Bektashi Order
Belly dance
Belly dance (oriental dance) is a Middle Eastern dance that originated in Egypt, which features movements of the hips and torso.
See Ottoman Empire and Belly dance
Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Ottoman Empire and Berber languages
Bey
Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg or Beg, is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and an honorific title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East, such as the Ottomans, Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe.
Beylerbey
Beylerbey (lit, meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords') was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Ilkhanids to Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Beylerbey
Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire
This is a bibliography of notable works about the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire
Bibliothèque nationale de France
The ('National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as Richelieu and François-Mitterrand.
See Ottoman Empire and Bibliothèque nationale de France
Boarding school
A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction.
See Ottoman Empire and Boarding school
Bursa
Bursa (Greek: Προῦσα Prusa, Latin: Prusa), historically known as Prusa, is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province.
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
See Ottoman Empire and Byzantine architecture
Byzantine art
Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Byzantine art
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire are former countries in Africa, former countries in the Balkans, former countries in the Middle East, former empires, former monarchies of Europe and historical transcontinental empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire
Byzantine music
Byzantine music (Vyzantiné mousiké) originally consisted of the songs and hymns composed for the courtly and religious ceremonial of the Byzantine Empire and continued, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, in the traditions of the sung Byzantine chant of Eastern Orthodox liturgy.
See Ottoman Empire and Byzantine music
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
See Ottoman Empire and Caliphate
Calligraphy
Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing.
See Ottoman Empire and Calligraphy
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Ottoman Empire and Cambridge University Press
Capitulation (treaty)
A capitulation is a treaty or unilateral contract by which a sovereign state relinquishes jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state.
See Ottoman Empire and Capitulation (treaty)
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and several other Christian powers, particularly France.
See Ottoman Empire and Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
Caravanserai
A caravanserai (or caravansary) was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.
See Ottoman Empire and Caravanserai
Catheter
In medicine, a catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions.
See Ottoman Empire and Catheter
Catholicos of All Armenians
The Catholicos of All Armenians (Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս) is the chief bishop and spiritual leader of Armenia's national church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, and the worldwide Armenian diaspora.
See Ottoman Empire and Catholicos of All Armenians
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See Ottoman Empire and Central Asia
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Central Europe
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
See Ottoman Empire and Central Powers
Chagatai language
Chagatai (چغتای, Čaġatāy), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (Čaġatāy türkīsi), is an extinct Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Chagatai language
Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)
The Chamber of Deputies (مجلس مبعوثان Meclis-i meb'ūs̱ān; Meclis-i Mebusân or Mebuslar Meclisi; Chambre des Députés) of the Ottoman Empire was the lower house of the General Assembly, the Ottoman Parliament.
See Ottoman Empire and Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)
Chief Rabbi
Chief Rabbi (translit) is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities.
See Ottoman Empire and Chief Rabbi
Chinese art
Chinese art is visual art that originated in or is practiced in China, Greater China or by Chinese artists.
See Ottoman Empire and Chinese art
Chivalric romance
As a literary genre, the chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the noble courts of high medieval and early modern Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Chivalric romance
Classical Ottoman architecture
Classical Ottoman architecture is a period in Ottoman architecture generally including the 16th and 17th centuries.
See Ottoman Empire and Classical Ottoman architecture
Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire
Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol.
See Ottoman Empire and Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire
Committee of Union and Progress
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, also translated as the Society of Union and Progress; script) was a revolutionary group and political party active between 1889 and 1926 in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Committee of Union and Progress
Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
See Ottoman Empire and Constantinople
Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
The Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din, founded in Constantinople (today Istanbul) by Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in 1577, was one of the largest astronomical observatories in the pre-modern world.
See Ottoman Empire and Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.
See Ottoman Empire and Constitutional monarchy
Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and corn enforced in the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1846.
See Ottoman Empire and Corn Laws
Corpus Juris Civilis
The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.
See Ottoman Empire and Corpus Juris Civilis
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (lit; translit), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Helle), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Dardanelles
Deindustrialization
Deindustrialization is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry.
See Ottoman Empire and Deindustrialization
Devshirme
Devshirme (collecting, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax") was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam.
See Ottoman Empire and Devshirme
Dhimmi
(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.
Dimitri Kitsikis
Dimitri Kitsikis (Δημήτρης Κιτσίκης; 2 June 1935 – 28 August 2021) was a Greek philosopher, Turkologist and Sinologist, as well as a professor of international relations and geopolitics.
See Ottoman Empire and Dimitri Kitsikis
Din (Arabic)
Dīn (Dīn, also anglicized as Deen) is an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion.
See Ottoman Empire and Din (Arabic)
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) was a period of history of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Young Turk Revolution and ultimately ending with the empire's dissolution and the founding of the modern state of Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
Divan
A divan or diwan (دیوان, dīvān; from Sumerian dub, clay tablet) was a high government ministry in various Islamic states, or its chief official (see dewan).
Diwan (poetry)
In Islamic cultures of the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia, a Diwan (دیوان, divân, ديوان, dīwān) is a collection of poems by one author, usually excluding his or her long poems (mathnawī).
See Ottoman Empire and Diwan (poetry)
Dolma
Dolma (Turkish for "stuffed") is a family of stuffed dishes associated with Turkish or Ottoman cuisine, typically made with a filling of rice, minced meat, offal, seafood, fruit, or any combination of these inside a vegetable or a leaf wrapping.
Dolmabahçe Palace
Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı) located in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey, on the European coast of the Bosporus strait, served as the main administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1856 to 1887 and from 1909 to 1922 (Yıldız Palace was used in the interim period).
See Ottoman Empire and Dolmabahçe Palace
Doner kebab
Doner kebab (döner or döner kebap), also spelled as döner kebab, is a dish of Turkish origin made of meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie.
See Ottoman Empire and Doner kebab
Druze
The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.
Dunam
A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: دونم; dönüm; דונם), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area equivalent to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day.
Duty (tax)
In economics, a duty is a target-specific form of tax levied by a state or other political entity.
See Ottoman Empire and Duty (tax)
Early modern period
The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.
See Ottoman Empire and Early modern period
Early Ottoman architecture
Early Ottoman architecture corresponds to the period of Ottoman architecture roughly up to the 15th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Early Ottoman architecture
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Ottoman Empire and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern question
In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this.
See Ottoman Empire and Eastern question
Eclecticism in architecture
Eclecticism is a 19th and 20th century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.
See Ottoman Empire and Eclecticism in architecture
Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production.
See Ottoman Empire and Economic liberalism
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople (translit) is the archbishop of Constantinople and primus inter pares (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.
See Ottoman Empire and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Edict of Gülhane
The Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif ("Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse"; Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané) or Tanzimât Fermânı ("Imperial Edict of Reorganization") was a proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1839 that launched the Tanzimât period of reforms and reorganization in the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Edict of Gülhane
Edirne
Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Adrianoúpolis), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace.
Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.
See Ottoman Empire and Edward Gibbon
Elections in the Ottoman Empire
Six elections were held in the Ottoman Empire for the Chamber of Deputies, the popularly elected lower house of the General Assembly, the Ottoman parliament.
See Ottoman Empire and Elections in the Ottoman Empire
Empire
An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries".
Empire of the Sultans
Empire of the Sultans: Ottoman Art of the Khalili Collection was a 1995–2004 touring exhibition displaying objects from the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art.
See Ottoman Empire and Empire of the Sultans
Empire style
The Empire style (style Empire) is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism.
See Ottoman Empire and Empire style
Enderûn
(اندرون, from Persian) was the term used in the Ottoman Empire to designate the "Inner Service" of the imperial court, concerned with the private service of the Ottoman sultans, as opposed to the state-administrative "Outer Service".
See Ottoman Empire and Enderûn
Ethnarch
Ethnarch (pronounced, also ethnarches, ἐθνάρχης) is a term that refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom.
See Ottoman Empire and Ethnarch
Evliya Çelebi
Dervish Mehmed Zillî (25 March 1611 – 1682), known as Evliya Çelebi (اوليا چلبى), was an Ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands during the empire's cultural zenith.
See Ottoman Empire and Evliya Çelebi
Eyalet
Eyalets (ایالت), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were the primary administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire.
Falconet (cannon)
The falconet was a light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller shot than the similar falcon.
See Ottoman Empire and Falconet (cannon)
Fall of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Fall of Constantinople
Farce
Farce is a comedy that seeks to entertain an audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, ridiculous, absurd, and improbable.
Fenerbahçe S.K.
Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü (Fenerbahçe Sports Club), commonly known as Fenerbahçe or simply Fener, is a Turkish professional multi-sport club based in the Kadıköy district of Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Fenerbahçe S.K.
Feta
Feta (φέτα) is a Greek brined white cheese made from sheep's milk or from a mixture of sheep and goat's milk.
Fifth column
A fifth column is a group of people who undermine a larger group or nation from within, usually in favor of an enemy group or another nation.
See Ottoman Empire and Fifth column
First Constitutional Era
The First Constitutional Era (مشروطيت; Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Ottoman constitution of 1876 (Kanûn-ı Esâsî, قانون اساسى, meaning 'Basic Law' or 'Fundamental Law' in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, that began on 23 December 1876 and lasted until 14 February 1878.
See Ottoman Empire and First Constitutional Era
First national architectural movement
The First national architectural movement (Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı), also referred to in Turkey as the National architectural Renaissance (Millî Mimari Rönesansı), or Turkish Neoclassical architecture (Neoklasik Türk Üslûbu), was a period of Turkish architecture that was most prevalent between 1908 and 1930 but continued until the end of the 1930s.
See Ottoman Empire and First national architectural movement
Flags of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire used various flags and naval ensigns during its history.
See Ottoman Empire and Flags of the Ottoman Empire
Folk music
Folk music is a music genre that includes traditional folk music and the contemporary genre that evolved from the former during the 20th-century folk revival.
See Ottoman Empire and Folk music
Forceps
Forceps (forceps or considered a plural noun without a singular, often a pair of forceps; the Latin plural forcipes is no longer recorded in most dictionaries) are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and holding objects.
See Ottoman Empire and Forceps
Free trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.
See Ottoman Empire and Free trade
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
See Ottoman Empire and French language
French literature
French literature generally speaking, is literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French.
See Ottoman Empire and French literature
Fuzuli (poet)
Muhammad bin Suleyman (Məhəmməd Süleyman oğlu, italic; 1483–1556), better known by his pen name Fuzuli (Füzuli, italic), was a 16th-century poet who composed works in his native Azerbaijani, as well as Persian and Arabic.
See Ottoman Empire and Fuzuli (poet)
G. P. Putnam's Sons
G.
See Ottoman Empire and G. P. Putnam's Sons
Galatasaray S.K.
Galatasaray Spor Kulübü (Galatasaray Sports Club), more commonly referred to as simply Galatasaray and familiarly as Gala, is a Turkish sports club based on the European side of the city of Istanbul including basketball, wheelchair basketball, volleyball, water polo, handball, athletics, swimming, rowing, sailing, judo, bridge, motorsport, equestrian, esports, and chess.
See Ottoman Empire and Galatasaray S.K.
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia (. Collins English Dictionary Galicja,; translit,; Galitsye) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
See Ottoman Empire and Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Gazel
Gazel is a form of Turkish music.
General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire
The General Assembly (French romanization: "Medjliss Oumoumi" or Genel Parlamento; Assemblée Générale) was the first attempt at representative democracy by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire
George Amiroutzes
George Amiroutzes (1400–1470) was a Pontic Greek Renaissance scholar, philosopher and civil servant of the late Byzantine era.
See Ottoman Empire and George Amiroutzes
German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic. Ottoman Empire and German Empire are former empires, former monarchies of Europe and Overseas empires.
See Ottoman Empire and German Empire
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See Ottoman Empire and German language
Ghaza thesis
The Ghaza or Ghazi thesis (from غزا, ġazā, "holy war", or simply "raid") is a since discredited historical paradigm first formulated by Paul Wittek which has been used to interpret the nature of the Ottoman Empire during the earliest period of its history, the fourteenth century, and its subsequent history.
See Ottoman Empire and Ghaza thesis
Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi
Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi (1749, in Kandiye (Heraklion) – 29 October 1798, in Berlin) was a late-18th century Ottoman ambassador and author.
See Ottoman Empire and Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi
Golden Horn
The Golden Horn (Altın Boynuz or Haliç; Χρυσόκερας, Chrysókeras; Sinus Ceratinus) is a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Golden Horn
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.
See Ottoman Empire and Google Books
Government of the classical Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants.
See Ottoman Empire and Government of the classical Ottoman Empire
Government of the Grand National Assembly
The Government of the Grand National Assembly (Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti), self-identified as the State of Turkey (Türkiye Devleti) or Turkey (Türkiye), commonly known as the Ankara Government (Ankara Hükûmeti), or archaically the Angora Government, was the provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in Ankara (then known as Angora) during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) and during the final years of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire and government of the Grand National Assembly are states and territories disestablished in 1923.
See Ottoman Empire and Government of the Grand National Assembly
Government of the late Ottoman Empire
Starting in the 19th century the Ottoman Empire's governing structure slowly transitioned and standardized itself into a Western style system of government, sometimes known as the Imperial Government.
See Ottoman Empire and Government of the late Ottoman Empire
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament (Meclis or Parlamento), is the unicameral Turkish legislature.
See Ottoman Empire and Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Greek cuisine
Greek cuisine is the cuisine of Greece and the Greek diaspora.
See Ottoman Empire and Greek cuisine
Greek genocide
The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia, which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) – including the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) – on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.
See Ottoman Empire and Greek genocide
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Ottoman Empire and Greek language
Gunpowder empires
The gunpowder empires, or Islamic gunpowder empires, is a collective term coined by Marshall G. S. Hodgson and William H. McNeill at the University of Chicago, referring to three early modern Muslim empires: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire, in the period they flourished from mid-16th to the early 18th century. Ottoman Empire and gunpowder empires are former empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Gunpowder empires
Gyros
Gyros, sometimes anglicized as a gyro (turn) in some regions, is meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie, then sliced and served wrapped or stuffed in pita bread, along with other ingredients such as tomato, onion, fried potatoes, and tzatziki.
Habsburg monarchy
The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. Ottoman Empire and Habsburg monarchy are former empires and former monarchies of Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Habsburg monarchy
Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia ('Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi), is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Hagia Sophia
Hakham Bashi
Hakham Bashi - חכם באשי (حاخامباشی, Hahambaşı,; xaxam (חכם) baši; translated into French as: khakham-bachi) is the Turkish name for the Chief Rabbi of the nation's Jewish community.
See Ottoman Empire and Hakham Bashi
Halil İnalcık
Halil İnalcık (7 September 1916 – 25 July 2016) was a Turkish historian.
See Ottoman Empire and Halil İnalcık
Hamidiye Marşı
The Hamidiye Marşı (March of Hamid) was the imperial anthem of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909.
See Ottoman Empire and Hamidiye Marşı
Hammam
A hammam (translit, hamam), called a Moorish bath (in reference to the Muslim Spain of Al-Andalus) and a Turkish bath by Westerners, is a type of steam bath or a place of public bathing associated with the Islamic world.
Hanafi school
The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
See Ottoman Empire and Hanafi school
Hanbali school
The Hanbali school or Hanbalism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
See Ottoman Empire and Hanbali school
Hüsn ü Aşk
Hüsn ü Aşk (literally: Beauty and Love) is the magnum opus of Turkish Mevlevî poet Şeyh Gâlib.
See Ottoman Empire and Hüsn ü Aşk
Heath W. Lowry
Heath Ward Lowry (born 23 December 1942) is the Atatürk Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies emeritus at Princeton University and Bahçeşehir University.
See Ottoman Empire and Heath W. Lowry
Historiography of the Ottoman Empire
The historiography of the Ottoman Empire refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to develop a history of the Ottoman Dynasty's empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Historiography of the Ottoman Empire
History Channel
History (stylized in all caps), formerly and commonly known as the History Channel, is an American pay television network and flagship channel owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between Hearst Communications and The Walt Disney Company's General Entertainment Content Division.
See Ottoman Empire and History Channel
History of Albania
During classical antiquity, Albania was home to several Illyrian tribes such as the Albanoi, Ardiaei, Bylliones, Dassaretii, Enchele, Labeatae, Taulantii, Parthini, Penestae, Amantes, and many others, but also Bryges and Epirote tribes, as well as several Greek colonies established on the Illyrian coast in cooperation with the local Illyrians, notably Epidamnos-Dyrrhachium and Apollonia.
See Ottoman Empire and History of Albania
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in Southeast Europe on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Ottoman Empire and History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
The history of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1953) spanned the later period of Ottoman Egypt, the Khedivate of Egypt under British occupation, and the nominally independent Sultanate of Egypt and Kingdom of Egypt, ending with the Revolution of 1952 and the formation of the Republic of Egypt.
See Ottoman Empire and History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
History of Kuwait
Kuwait is a sovereign state in Western Asia located at the head of the Persian Gulf.
See Ottoman Empire and History of Kuwait
History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
By the time the Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 14th and 15th centuries, there had been Jewish communities established throughout the region.
See Ottoman Empire and History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.
See Ottoman Empire and Horn of Africa
House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.
See Ottoman Empire and House of Habsburg
Hovhannes Hisarian
Hovhannes Hisarian (Հովհաննես Հիսարյան, Ovannes Hisaryan; born 1827 in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire – died 1916 in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire) was an Ottoman Armenian writer, novelist, archeologist, editor, and educator.
See Ottoman Empire and Hovhannes Hisarian
Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Hungary
Husk
Husk (or hull) in botany is the outer shell or coating of a seed.
Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Taymiyya (ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328)Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.
See Ottoman Empire and Ibn Taymiyya
Ijma
Ijma (lit) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law.
Ijtihad
Ijtihad (اجتهاد) is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question.
See Ottoman Empire and Ijtihad
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate, ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (translit), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Ilkhanate
Illuminated manuscript
An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations.
See Ottoman Empire and Illuminated manuscript
Imaret
Imaret, sometimes also known as a darüzziyafe, is one of several names used to identify the public soup kitchens built throughout the Ottoman Empire from the 14th to the 19th centuries.
Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
See Ottoman Empire and Indiana University Press
International Studies Quarterly
International Studies Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of international studies and an official journal of the International Studies Association.
See Ottoman Empire and International Studies Quarterly
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iranian architecture
Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (معمارى ایرانی, Me'māri e Irāni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Iranian architecture
Ironworks
An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made.
See Ottoman Empire and Ironworks
Ishak Efendi
Hoca Ishak Efendi (– 1835) was an Ottoman mathematician and engineer.
See Ottoman Empire and Ishak Efendi
Iskendername
The İskendernâme (Epic of Alexander) is a poem by the Turkish poet Taceddin Ahmedi (1334–1413), completed in the early fifteenth century.
See Ottoman Empire and Iskendername
Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam.
See Ottoman Empire and Islamic architecture
Islamic calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, in the languages which use Arabic alphabet or the alphabets derived from it.
See Ottoman Empire and Islamic calligraphy
Islamic philosophy
Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.
See Ottoman Empire and Islamic philosophy
Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.
See Ottoman Empire and Isma'ilism
Istanbul
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Istanbul
Iznik pottery
Iznik pottery, or Iznik ware, named after the town of İznik in Anatolia where it was made, is a decorated ceramic that was produced from the last quarter of the 15th century until the end of the 17th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Iznik pottery
Janissary
A janissary (yeŋiçeri) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.
See Ottoman Empire and Janissary
Jereed
Jereed (also jerreed, jerid, or jerrid; Cirit) is a traditional Turkish equestrian team sport played outdoors on horseback in which the objective is to score points by throwing a blunt wooden javelin at opposing team's horsemen.
Jihad
Jihad (jihād) is an Arabic word which literally means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.
Jizya
Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.
John Ramsay McCulloch
John Ramsay McCulloch (1 March 1789 – 11 November 1864) was a Scottish economist, author and editor, widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823.
See Ottoman Empire and John Ramsay McCulloch
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the philosophy and theory of law.
See Ottoman Empire and Jurisprudence
Karagöz and Hacivat
Karagöz (in Turkish) and Hacivat (shortened in time from "Hacı İvaz" meaning "İvaz the Pilgrim", and also sometimes written as Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish shadow play, popularized during the Ottoman period and then spread to most nation states of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Karagöz and Hacivat
Karşıyaka S.K.
Karşıyaka Spor Kulübü (English: Karşıyaka Sports Club) also known as Karşıyaka is a Turkish sports club located in Karşıyaka, İzmir.
See Ottoman Empire and Karşıyaka S.K.
Kashk
Kashk (کشک Kašk, keş), qurut (Tuvan and курут, құрт, gurt, qurt, qurut, قروت, Turkish: kurut), chortan (չորթան chort’an), or aaruul and khuruud (Mongolian: ааруул or хурууд) is a range of dairy products popular in Iranian cuisine, Caucasian cuisine, and Central Asian cuisine.
Kaza
A kaza (قضا, "judgment" or "jurisdiction") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.
Külliye
A külliye (كلیه) is a complex of buildings associated with Turkish architecture centered on a mosque and managed within a single institution, often based on a waqf (charitable foundation) and composed of a madrasa, a Dar al-Shifa (clinic), kitchens, bakery, hammam, other buildings for various charitable services for the community and further annexes.
See Ottoman Empire and Külliye
Keşkek
Keşkek, also known as kashkak, kashkek, or keške, is a ceremonial meat or chicken and wheat or barley stew found in Turkish, Iranian, Greek, Armenian and Balkan cuisines.
Kemenche
Kemenche (kemençe) or Lyra is a name used for various types of stringed bowed musical instruments originating in the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly in Greece, Armenia, Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan.
See Ottoman Empire and Kemenche
Kilim
A kilim (گلیمkilim کیلیم; kilim; kilim) is a flat tapestry-woven carpet or rug traditionally produced in countries of the former Persian Empire, including Iran, but also in the Balkans and the Turkic countries.
Knafeh
Knafeh (كنافة) is a traditional Arabic dessert, made with spun pastry called kataifi, soaked in a sweet, sugar-based syrup called attar, and typically layered with cheese, or with other ingredients such as clotted cream, pistachio or nuts, depending on the region.
Kofta
Kofta is a family of meatball or meatloaf dishes found in South Asian, Central Asian, Balkan, Middle Eastern, North African, and South Caucasian cuisines.
Konya
Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province.
Kuruş
Kuruş, also gurush, ersh, gersh, grush, grosha, and grosi, are all names for currency denominations in and around the territories formerly part of the Ottoman Empire.
Kuttab
A kuttab (كُتَّاب kuttāb, plural: kataatiib, كَتاتِيبُ) or maktab (مَكْتَب) is a type of elementary school in the Muslim world.
Lahmacun
Lahmacun, Lahmajun, or Lahmajo (լահմաջո), is a Middle Eastern flatbread topped with minced meat (most commonly beef or lamb), minced vegetables, and herbs including onions, garlic, tomatoes, red peppers, and parsley, flavored with spices such as chili pepper and paprika, then baked.
See Ottoman Empire and Lahmacun
Languages of the Ottoman Empire
The language of the court and government of the Ottoman Empire was Ottoman Turkish, but many other languages were in contemporary use in parts of the empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Languages of the Ottoman Empire
Lanzarote
Lanzarote is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, off the north coast of Africa and from the Iberian Peninsula.
See Ottoman Empire and Lanzarote
Late Ottoman genocides
The late Ottoman genocides is a historiographical theory which sees the concurrent Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian genocides that occurred during the 1910s–1920s as parts of a single event rather than separate events, which were initiated by the Young Turks.
See Ottoman Empire and Late Ottoman genocides
Lavash
Lavash (լավաշ) is a thin flatbread usually leavened, traditionally baked in a tandoor (tonir or tanoor) or on a sajj, and common to the cuisines of South Caucasus, West Asia, and the areas surrounding the Caspian Sea.
Laz people
The Laz people, or Lazi (ლაზი Lazi; ლაზი, lazi; or ჭანი, ch'ani; Laz), are a Kartvelian ethnic group native to the South Caucasus, who mainly live in Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.
See Ottoman Empire and Laz people
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Leyli and Majnun (Fuzuli)
Leyli and Majnun (Leyli və Məcnun, لیلی و مجنون) is an epic poem written in Azerbaijani by the 16th-century poet Fuzuli.
See Ottoman Empire and Leyli and Majnun (Fuzuli)
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
See Ottoman Empire and Lingua franca
List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
List of the main battles in the history of the Ottoman Empire are shown below.
See Ottoman Empire and List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire
This is an incomplete list that refers to those who were not from the Ottoman Empire, but later served the country.
See Ottoman Empire and List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire
List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings
The following is a list of Ottoman sieges and landings from the late 1200s to World War I.
See Ottoman Empire and List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings
List of Ottoman grand viziers
The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظمor وزیر اعظم) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution.
See Ottoman Empire and List of Ottoman grand viziers
List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.
See Ottoman Empire and List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
This is a List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.
See Ottoman Empire and List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
Lucy Garnett
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett (1849–1934) was a British folklorist and traveller.
See Ottoman Empire and Lucy Garnett
Lyric poetry
Modern lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person.
See Ottoman Empire and Lyric poetry
Madhhab
A madhhab (way to act,, pl. label) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence.
See Ottoman Empire and Madhhab
Madrasa
Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.
See Ottoman Empire and Madrasa
Mahallah
A mahallah, also mahalla, mahallya, mahalle, mohalla, mehalla, or mehalle is an Arabic word variously translated as district, quarter, ward, or neighborhood in many parts of the Arab world, the Balkans, Western Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and nearby nations.
See Ottoman Empire and Mahallah
Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, II.; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.
See Ottoman Empire and Mahmud II
Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries. Ottoman Empire and Mamluk Sultanate are former countries in Africa, former empires and historical transcontinental empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Mamluk Sultanate
Manisa
Manisa, historically known as Magnesia, is a city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province, lying approximately 40 km northeast of the major city of İzmir.
Manti (food)
Manti is a type of dumpling mainly found in Turkish cuisine, Armenian cuisine and Central Asian cuisine but also in West Asia, South Caucasus, and the Balkans.
See Ottoman Empire and Manti (food)
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg.
See Ottoman Empire and Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built upon syntheses of Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
See Ottoman Empire and Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Maturidism
Maturidism (translit) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu Mansur al-Maturidi. Ottoman Empire and Maturidism are Maturidi.
See Ottoman Empire and Maturidism
Mecelle
The Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye (مجلۀ احكامعدلیە), or the Mecelle in short, was the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Mecelle
Mecidiye Marşı
The Mecidiye Marşı was the national anthem of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdülmecid I (2 July 1839 – 25 June 1861) & Abdülmecid II (19 November 1922 - 3 March 1924).
See Ottoman Empire and Mecidiye Marşı
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
In the history of medicine, "Islamic medicine" Also known as "Arabian medicine" is the science of medicine developed in the Middle East, and usually written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization.
See Ottoman Empire and Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
Mediterranean Basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin, also known as the Mediterranean Region or sometimes Mediterranea, is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have mostly a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
See Ottoman Empire and Mediterranean Basin
Megleno-Romanians
The Megleno-Romanians, also known as Meglenites (Miglinits), Moglenite Vlachs or simply Vlachs (Vlaș), are an Eastern Romance ethnic group, originally inhabiting seven villages in the Moglena region spanning the Pella and Kilkis regional units of Central Macedonia, Greece, and one village, Huma, across the border in North Macedonia.
See Ottoman Empire and Megleno-Romanians
Mehmed II
Mehmed II (translit; II.,; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (lit; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.
See Ottoman Empire and Mehmed II
Mehmed VI
Mehmed VI Vahideddin (محمد سادس Meḥmed-i sâdis or وحيد الدين Vaḥîdü'd-Dîn; VI. or Vahdeddin/Vahideddin; 14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926), also known as Şahbaba among the Osmanoğlu family, was the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the penultimate Ottoman caliph, reigning from 4 July 1918 until 1 November 1922, when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished and replaced by the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
See Ottoman Empire and Mehmed VI
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (December 5, 1890 – June 28, 1966), also known as Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad, was a highly influential Turkish sociologist, Turkologist, scholar, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
Melody
A melody, also tune, voice or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See Ottoman Empire and Mesopotamia
Metre (music)
In music, metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling) refers to regularly recurring patterns and accents such as bars and beats.
See Ottoman Empire and Metre (music)
Mevlevi Order
The Mevlevi Order or Mawlawiyya (Mevlevilik; طریقت مولویه) is a Sufi order that originated in Konya, Turkey (formerly capital of the Sultanate of Rum) and which was founded by the followers of Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi Rumi, a 13th-century Persian poet, Sufi mystic, and theologian.
See Ottoman Empire and Mevlevi Order
Meze
Meze (also spelled mezze or mezé) is a selection of small dishes served as appetizers in Levantine, Turkish, Balkan, Armenian, Kurdish, and Greek cuisines.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
See Ottoman Empire and Middle East
Middle Eastern cuisine
Middle Eastern cuisine or West Asian cuisine includes a number of cuisines from the Middle East.
See Ottoman Empire and Middle Eastern cuisine
Midhat Pasha
Ahmed Shefik Midhat Pasha (translit; 1822 – 26 April 1883) was an Ottoman politician, reformist, and statesman.
See Ottoman Empire and Midhat Pasha
Military of the Ottoman Empire
The military of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Military of the Ottoman Empire
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet (ملت) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
See Ottoman Empire and Millet (Ottoman Empire)
Mimar Kemaleddin
Ahmed Kemaleddin (احمد كمال الدين; 187013 July 1927), widely known as Mimar Kemaleddin (Architect Kemaleddin) was a Turkish architect, and one of the leading figures of the First National architectural movement, alongside Vedat Tek.
See Ottoman Empire and Mimar Kemaleddin
Mimar Sinan
Mimar Sinan (translit;,; – 17 July 1588) also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ, ("Sinan Agha the Grand Architect" or "Grand Sinan") was the chief Ottoman architect, engineer and mathematician for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II and Murad III.
See Ottoman Empire and Mimar Sinan
Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı) is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for culture and tourism affairs in Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)
MKE Ankaragücü
MKE Ankaragücü or fully Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Ankaragücü, is a Turkish professional sports club located in the city of Ankara.
See Ottoman Empire and MKE Ankaragücü
Mode (music)
In music theory, the term mode or modus is used in a number of distinct senses, depending on context.
See Ottoman Empire and Mode (music)
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history. Ottoman Empire and Mongol Empire are former empires, former monarchies of Europe and historical transcontinental empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Mongol Empire
Mount Athos
Mount Athos (Ἄθως) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece.
See Ottoman Empire and Mount Athos
Moussaka
Moussaka is an eggplant (aubergine)- or potato-based dish, often including ground meat, which is common in the Balkans and the Middle East, with many local and regional variations.
See Ottoman Empire and Moussaka
Muhacir
Muhacir are the estimated millions of Ottoman Muslim citizens, and their descendants born after the onset of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, mostly Turks but also Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Pomaks, Macedonian Muslims, Greek Muslims, Serb Muslims, Georgian Muslims, and Muslim Roma who emigrated to East Thrace and Anatolia from the late 18th century until the end of the 20th century, mainly to escape ongoing persecution in their homelands.
See Ottoman Empire and Muhacir
Muhammad in Islam
In Islam, Muḥammad (مُحَمَّد) is venerated as the Seal of the Prophets and earthly manifestation of primordial divine light (Nūr), who transmitted the eternal word of God (Qur'ān) from the angel Gabriel (Jabrāʾīl) to humans and jinn.
See Ottoman Empire and Muhammad in Islam
Muraqqa
A Muraqqa (مُرَقّع, مورّقة Murakka) is an album in book form containing Islamic miniature paintings and specimens of Islamic calligraphy, normally from several different sources, and perhaps other matter.
See Ottoman Empire and Muraqqa
Music of Armenia
The music of Armenia (հայկական երաժշտություն haykakan yerazhshtut’yun) has its origins in the Armenian highlands, dating back to the 3rd millennium BCE, and is a long-standing musical tradition that encompasses diverse secular and religious, or sacred, music (such as the sharakan Armenian chant and taghs, along with the indigenous khaz musical notation).
See Ottoman Empire and Music of Armenia
Musical instrument
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds.
See Ottoman Empire and Musical instrument
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
The Muslim conquest of Transoxiana or Arab conquest of Transoxiana were the 7th and 8th century early Muslim conquests by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates of of Transoxiana, the land between the Amu Darya or Oxus and the Syr Darya or Jaxartes, a part of Central Asia that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
See Ottoman Empire and Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
See Ottoman Empire and Muslim world
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
See Ottoman Empire and Muslims
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938.
See Ottoman Empire and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mutasarrif
Mutasarrif, mutesarrif, mutasarriff, or mutesarriff (متصرّف) was the title used in the Ottoman Empire and places like post-Ottoman Iraq for the governor of an administrative district in place of the usual sanjakbey.
See Ottoman Empire and Mutasarrif
Mysticism
Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning.
See Ottoman Empire and Mysticism
Nahiyah
A nāḥiyah (نَاحِيَة, plural nawāḥī نَوَاحِي), also nahiya or nahia, is a regional or local type of administrative division that usually consists of a number of villages or sometimes smaller towns.
See Ottoman Empire and Nahiyah
Namık Kemal
Namık Kemal (translit,; 21 December 1840 – 2 December 1888) was an Ottoman writer, poet, democrat, intellectual, reformer, journalist, playwright, and political activist who was influential in the formation of the Young Ottomans and their struggle for governmental reform in the Ottoman Empire during the late Tanzimat period, which would lead to the First Constitutional Era in the Empire in 1876.
See Ottoman Empire and Namık Kemal
Names of Istanbul
The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names.
See Ottoman Empire and Names of Istanbul
Narrative poetry
Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often using the voices of both a narrator and characters; the entire story is usually written in metered verse.
See Ottoman Empire and Narrative poetry
Nationalities Papers
Nationalities Papers is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Cambridge University Press for the Association for the Study of Nationalities.
See Ottoman Empire and Nationalities Papers
Naturalism (literature)
Naturalism is a literary movement beginning in the late nineteenth century, similar to literary realism in its rejection of Romanticism, but distinct in its embrace of determinism, detachment, scientific objectivism, and social commentary.
See Ottoman Empire and Naturalism (literature)
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture, sometimes referred to as Classical Revival architecture, is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy, France and Germany.
See Ottoman Empire and Neoclassical architecture
Ney
The ney (Ney/نی), is an end-blown flute that figures prominently in Egyptian Music, Persian music, Turkish music, Jewish music and Arabic music.
Nicaea
Nicaea (also spelled Nicæa or Nicea), also known as Nikaia (Νίκαια, Attic:, Koine), was an ancient Greek city in the north-western Anatolian region of Bithynia that is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christian Church), the Nicene Creed (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, until the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261.
Nizam-i Cedid
The Nizam-i Cedid (lit) was a series of reforms carried out by Ottoman Sultan Selim III during the late 18th and the early 19th centuries in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western powers.
See Ottoman Empire and Nizam-i Cedid
Noël Duret
Noël Duret or Natalis Durret (1590 in Montbrison, Loire – 1650 in Paris), was a French mathematician and astronomer, cosmographer for King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu.
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Nomad
Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.
Norman Stone
Norman Stone (8 March 1941 – 19 June 2019) was a British historian and author.
See Ottoman Empire and Norman Stone
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
See Ottoman Empire and North Africa
Notia
Nótia (Νότια, formerly Νώτια; Nânti or Nânta) is a village in the Exaplatanos municipal unit of the Pella regional unit, Macedonia, Greece.
Nuruosmaniye Mosque
The Nuruosmaniye Mosque (Nuruosmaniye Camii) is an 18th-century Ottoman mosque located in the Çemberlitaş neighbourhood of Fatih district in Istanbul, Turkey, which was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey in 2016.
See Ottoman Empire and Nuruosmaniye Mosque
Occupation of Istanbul
The occupation of Istanbul (İstanbul'un işgali) or occupation of Constantinople (12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War.
See Ottoman Empire and Occupation of Istanbul
Oghuz languages
The Oghuz languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family, spoken by approximately 108 million people.
See Ottoman Empire and Oghuz languages
Oghuz Turks
The Oghuz Turks (Middle Turkic: ٱغُز, Oγuz) were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.
See Ottoman Empire and Oghuz Turks
Oil
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils).
One-act play
A one-act play is a play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over several acts.
See Ottoman Empire and One-act play
Orbital eccentricity
In astrodynamics, the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle.
See Ottoman Empire and Orbital eccentricity
Orhan
Orhan Ghazi (اورخان غازی; Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan; died 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362.
Orient-Institut Istanbul
The Orient-Institut Istanbul is a research institute of the Max Weber Foundation based in Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Orient-Institut Istanbul
Osman I
Osman I or Osman Ghazi (translit; I. or Osman Gazi; died 1323/4) was the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Beylik or Emirate).
See Ottoman Empire and Osman I
Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
The Aviation Squadrons of the Ottoman Empire were military aviation units of the Ottoman Army and Navy.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
Ottoman Baroque architecture
Ottoman Baroque architecture, also known as Turkish Baroque, was a period in Ottoman architecture in the 18th century and early 19th century which was influenced by European Baroque architecture.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Baroque architecture
Ottoman cuisine
Ottoman cuisine is the cuisine of the Ottoman Empire and its continuation in the cuisines of Greece, Turkey, the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East and Northern Africa.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman cuisine
Ottoman decline thesis
The Ottoman decline thesis or Ottoman decline paradigm (Osmanlı Gerileme Tezi) is an obsolete.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman decline thesis
Ottoman dynasty
The Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı) consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman (Ḫānedān-ı Āl-i ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Osmanlılar).
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman dynasty
Ottoman Egypt
Ottoman Egypt was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Egypt
Ottoman embassy to Aceh
The Ottoman expedition to Aceh started from around 1565 when the Ottoman Empire endeavoured to support the Aceh Sultanate in its fight against the Portuguese Empire in Malacca.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman embassy to Aceh
Ottoman Greeks
Ottoman Greeks (Ρωμιοί; Osmanlı Rumları) were ethnic Greeks who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), much of which is in modern Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Greeks
Ottoman illumination
Turkish or Ottoman illumination refers to non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art found in manuscripts or on sheets in muraqqa.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman illumination
Ottoman Imperial Harem
The Imperial Harem (Harem-i Hümâyûn) of the Ottoman Empire was the Ottoman sultan's harem – composed of the wives, servants (both female slaves and eunuchs), female relatives and the sultan's concubines – occupying a secluded portion (seraglio) of the Ottoman imperial household.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Imperial Harem
Ottoman Interregnum
The Ottoman Interregnum, or the Ottoman Civil War (Fetret devri), was a civil war in the Ottoman Empire between the sons of Sultan Bayezid I following their father's defeat at the hands of Timur in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Interregnum
Ottoman lira
The pound or lira (sign: LT) was the currency of the Ottoman Empire from 1844 until 1927, when it was replaced by the Turkish lira.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman lira
Ottoman military band
Ottoman military bands were the first-recorded military marching bands.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman military band
Ottoman miniature
Ottoman miniature (Turkish: Osmanlı minyatürü) is a style of illustration found in Ottoman manuscripts, often depicting portraits or historic events.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman miniature
Ottoman music
Ottoman music (Osmanlı müziği) or Turkish classical music (Klasik Türk musıkîsi, or more recently label) is the tradition of classical music originating in the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman music
Ottoman Navy
The Ottoman Navy (Osmanlı Donanması) or The Imperial Navy (Donanma-yı Humâyûn.), also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was the naval warfare arm of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Navy
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî,; Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE).
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman wars in Europe
A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman wars in Europe
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
Oud
The oud (translit) is a Middle Eastern short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped, fretless stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of instruments), usually with 11 strings grouped in six courses, but some models have five or seven courses, with 10 or 13 strings respectively.
Outline of the Ottoman Empire
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman Empire – historical Muslim empire that lasted from c. 1299 to 1922.
See Ottoman Empire and Outline of the Ottoman Empire
Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Ottoman Empire and Oxford University Press
Padishah
Padishah (پادشاه;; from Persian:, 'master', and shāh, 'king'), sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; pâdişâh; padişah,; بَادْشَاہ‎, baadashaah), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin.
See Ottoman Empire and Padishah
Palace School
The Palace School (Enderun-i Hümayun Mektebi) was a special school inside of the innermost court of Topkapı Palace that provided the education for the servants of the Ottoman dynasty, who went on to staff the administrative elite of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Palace School
Paper marbling
Paper marbling is a method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to smooth marble or other kinds of stone.
See Ottoman Empire and Paper marbling
Paper mill
A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients.
See Ottoman Empire and Paper mill
Para (currency)
The para (from Persian, pâre, 'piece'; Cyrillic: пара) was a former currency of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, Egypt, Montenegro, Albania and Yugoslavia and is the current subunit, although rarely used, of the Serbian dinar.
See Ottoman Empire and Para (currency)
Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.
See Ottoman Empire and Parliamentary system
Parnassianism
Parnassianism (or Parnassism) was a group of French poets that began during the positivist period of the 19th century (1860s–1890s), occurring after romanticism and prior to symbolism.
See Ottoman Empire and Parnassianism
Partition of the Ottoman Empire
The Partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 19181 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French, and Italian troops in November 1918.
See Ottoman Empire and Partition of the Ottoman Empire
Pasha
Pasha (پاشا; paşa; translit) was a high rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others.
Paul Bairoch
Paul Bairoch (24 July 1930 in Antwerp – 12 February 1999 in Geneva) was a (in 1985 naturalised) Swiss economic historian of Belgian descent who specialized in urban history and historical demography.
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Paul Wittek
Paul Wittek (11 January 1894, Baden bei Wien — 13 June 1978, Eastcote, Middlesex) was an Austrian Orientalist and historian.
See Ottoman Empire and Paul Wittek
People of the Book
People of the Book or Ahl al-kitāb (أهل الكتاب) is an Islamic term referring to followers of those religions which Muslims regard as having been guided by previous revelations, generally in the form of a scripture.
See Ottoman Empire and People of the Book
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Persian Gulf
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Ottoman Empire and Persian language
Persian literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
See Ottoman Empire and Persian literature
Persian miniature
A Persian miniature (Persian: نگارگری ایرانی negârgari Irâni) is a small Persian painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa.
See Ottoman Empire and Persian miniature
Persian traditional music
Persian traditional music or Iranian traditional music, also known as Persian classical music or Iranian classical music, refers to the classical music of Iran (also known as Persia).
See Ottoman Empire and Persian traditional music
Petty kingdom
A petty kingdom is a kingdom described as minor or "petty" (from the French 'petit' meaning small) by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it (e.g. the numerous kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England unified into the Kingdom of England in the 10th century, or the numerous Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland as the Kingdom of Ireland in the 16th century).
See Ottoman Empire and Petty kingdom
Physics in the medieval Islamic world
The natural sciences saw various advancements during the Golden Age of Islam (from roughly the mid 8th to the mid 13th centuries), adding a number of innovations to the Transmission of the Classics (such as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Neoplatonism).
See Ottoman Empire and Physics in the medieval Islamic world
Piastre
The piastre or piaster is any of a number of units of currency.
See Ottoman Empire and Piastre
Pilaf
Pilaf, pilav or pilau is a rice dish, usually sautéed, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or meat, and employing some technique for achieving cooked grains that do not adhere to each other.
Pincers (tool)
Pincers are a hand tool used in many situations where a mechanical advantage is required to pinch, cut or pull an object.
See Ottoman Empire and Pincers (tool)
Pita
Pita (pita or) or pitta (British English) is a family of yeast-leavened round flatbreads baked from wheat flour, common in the Mediterranean, Levant, and neighboring areas.
Plague (disease)
Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
See Ottoman Empire and Plague (disease)
Prague
Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.
Principality
A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall under the generic meaning of the term prince.
See Ottoman Empire and Principality
Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey
The proclamation of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilanı), formally declared during the session of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 29 October 1923, signifies the definitive establishment of Turkey's governance structure as a republic.
See Ottoman Empire and Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey
Pronoia
The pronoia (plural pronoiai; Greek: πρόνοια, meaning "care", "forethought" or "providence," from πρό, "before," and νόος, "mind") was a system of granting dedicated streams of state income to individuals and institutions in the late Byzantine Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Pronoia
Prose
Prose is the form of written language (including written speech or dialogue) that follows the natural flow of speech, a language's ordinary grammatical structures, or typical writing conventions and formatting.
Prose of the Ottoman Empire
Roughly speaking, the prose of the Ottoman Empire can be divided along the lines of two broad periods: early Ottoman prose, written prior to the 19th century CE and exclusively nonfictional in nature; and later Ottoman prose, which extended from the mid-19th century Tanzimat period of reform to the final fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, and in which prose fiction was first introduced.
See Ottoman Empire and Prose of the Ottoman Empire
Protectionism
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.
See Ottoman Empire and Protectionism
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
See Ottoman Empire and Ptolemy
Qanun (instrument)
The qanun, kanun, ganoun or kanoon (qānūn; k’anon; qānūn; kanonáki, qanun; قانون, qānūn; kanun; qanun) is a Middle Eastern string instrument played either solo, or more often as part of an ensemble, in much of Iran, Arab East, and Arab Maghreb region of North Africa, later it reached West Africa, Central Asia due to Arab migration.
See Ottoman Empire and Qanun (instrument)
Qanun (law)
Qanun is an Arabic term that refers to laws established by Muslim sovereigns, especially the body of administrative, economic and criminal law promulgated by Ottoman sultans.
See Ottoman Empire and Qanun (law)
Qiyas
In Islamic jurisprudence, qiyas (قياس) is the process of deductive analogy in which the teachings of the hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Quran, in order to apply a known injunction (nass) to a new circumstance and create a new injunction.
Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbashitalic (Latin script: qızılbaş); قزيل باش; qizilbāš (modern Iranian reading: qezelbāš); lit were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman "The Qizilbash, composed mainly of Turkman tribesmen, were the military force introduced by the conquering Safavis to the Iranian domains in the sixteenth century." Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, the Armenian highlands, the Caucasus, and Kurdistan from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid and Afsharid empires in early modern Iran.
See Ottoman Empire and Qizilbash
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
Rakı
Rakı or raki (Turkish pronunciation) is an alcoholic beverage made of twice-distilled grape pomace and flavored with aniseed.
Rakia
Rakija, rakia, rachiu, rakı or rakiya, is the collective term for fruit spirits (or fruit brandy) popular in the Balkans.
Ramadan
Ramadan (Ramaḍān; also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.
See Ottoman Empire and Ramadan
Rationality
Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason.
See Ottoman Empire and Rationality
Realism (arts)
Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative and supernatural elements.
See Ottoman Empire and Realism (arts)
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
Reşadiye Marşı
The Reşadiye Marşı (Ottoman Turkish: رشادیه مارشی) (March of Reşad) was the imperial anthem of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918.
See Ottoman Empire and Reşadiye Marşı
Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.
See Ottoman Empire and Reconquista
Religious law
Religious law includes ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions.
See Ottoman Empire and Religious law
Religious pluralism
Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society.
See Ottoman Empire and Religious pluralism
Resm-i çift
The Resm-i Çift (Çift Akçesi or Çift resmi) was a tax in the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Resm-i çift
Rhymed prose
Rhymed prose is a literary form and literary genre, written in unmetrical rhymes.
See Ottoman Empire and Rhymed prose
Rhythm in Turkish music
In Ottoman classical music, usul is an underlying rhythmic cycle that complements the melodic rhythm and sometimes helps shape the overall structure of a composition.
See Ottoman Empire and Rhythm in Turkish music
Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Western notion of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet system.
See Ottoman Empire and Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality (Turkish: Osmanlı Beyliği) in, and ended.
See Ottoman Empire and Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Roasting jack
A roasting jack is a machine which rotates meat roasting on a spit.
See Ottoman Empire and Roasting jack
Romani music
Romani music (often referred to as gypsy or gipsy music, which is sometimes considered a derogatory term) is the music of the Romani people who have their origins in northern India but today live mostly in Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Romani music
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Romanticism
Rum millet
Rūm millet (millet-i Rûm), or "Roman nation", was the name of the Eastern Orthodox Christian community in the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Rum millet
Rumelia
Rumelia (Rum İli,; Rumeli; Ρωμυλία) was the name of a historical region in Southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire, roughly corresponding to the Balkans.
See Ottoman Empire and Rumelia
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917. Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire are former empires, former monarchies of Europe and historical transcontinental empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire
Sabil (fountain)
A sabil or sebil (sabīl; sebil) is a small kiosk in the Islamic architectural tradition where water is freely dispensed to members of the public by an attendant behind a grilled window.
See Ottoman Empire and Sabil (fountain)
Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin
Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385–1468) (Ottoman Turkish: شرفالدّین صابونجیاوغلی) was a medieval Ottoman surgeon and physician.
See Ottoman Empire and Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin
Sacred language
A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.
See Ottoman Empire and Sacred language
Safavid Iran
Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran are historical transcontinental empires.
See Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran
Saj'
Saj‘ (سجع) is a form of rhymed prose in Persian and Arabic literature.
Samarkand
Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Samarkand
Sanjak
A sanjak (سنجاق,, "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.
Sarma (food)
Sarma (Turkish for "wrapping" or "rolling") is a traditional food in Ottoman cuisine (nowadays, Turkish, Greek, Armenian, etc.) made of vegetable leaves rolled around a filling of minced meat, grains such as rice, or both.
See Ottoman Empire and Sarma (food)
Sayfo
The Sayfo (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.
Söğüt
Söğüt is a town in Bilecik Province, Turkey.
Süleymaniye Mosque
The Süleymaniye Mosque (Süleymaniye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Süleymaniye Mosque
Scalpel
A scalpel, lancet, or bistoury is a small and extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgery, anatomical dissection, podiatry and various handicrafts.
See Ottoman Empire and Scalpel
Schools of Islamic theology
Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding creed.
See Ottoman Empire and Schools of Islamic theology
Scribe
A scribe is a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of automatic printing.
Secession
Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.
See Ottoman Empire and Secession
Second Constitutional Era
The Second Constitutional Era (ایكنجی مشروطیت دورى; İkinci Meşrutiyet Devri) was the period of restored parliamentary rule in the Ottoman Empire between the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and the 1920 dissolution of the General Assembly, during the empire's twilight years.
See Ottoman Empire and Second Constitutional Era
Selim I
Selim I (سليماول; I.; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.
See Ottoman Empire and Selim I
Selim III
Selim III (Selim-i sâlis; III.; 24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.
See Ottoman Empire and Selim III
Selimiye Mosque, Edirne
The Selimiye Mosque (Selimiye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial mosque, located in the city of Edirne (formerly Adrianople), Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Selimiye Mosque, Edirne
Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Seljuk dynasty
Senate of the Ottoman Empire
The Senate of the Ottoman Empire (مجلس أعيان, Heyet-i Ayan or Meclis-i Ayan; Ayan Meclisi; lit. "Assembly of Notables"; Chambre des Seigneurs/Sénat) was the upper house of the parliament of the Ottoman Empire, the General Assembly.
See Ottoman Empire and Senate of the Ottoman Empire
Seyahatnâme
Seyahatname (book of travels) is the name of a literary form and tradition whose examples can be found throughout centuries in the Middle Ages around the Islamic world, starting with the Arab travellers of the Umayyad period.
See Ottoman Empire and Seyahatnâme
Shadow play
Shadow play, also known as shadow puppetry, is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim.
See Ottoman Empire and Shadow play
Shamanism
Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.
See Ottoman Empire and Shamanism
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
Shawarma
Shawarma (شاورما) is a Middle Eastern dish that originated in the Levant region of the Arab world during the Ottoman Empire, consisting of meat that is cut into thin slices, stacked in an inverted cone, and roasted on a slow-turning vertical spit.
See Ottoman Empire and Shawarma
Shaybanids
The Shibanids or Shaybanids (Шайбонийлар, ShayboniylarShiban Han divani., دودمان شیبانیان) or more accurately the Abu'l-Khayrid-Shibanids, were a dynasty of Turko-Mongol origin, who ruled over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, much of Uzbekistan, and parts of southern Russia (including Siberia) in the 15th century.
See Ottoman Empire and Shaybanids
Sick man of Europe
"Sick man of Europe" is a label given to a state located in Europe experiencing economic difficulties, social unrest or impoverishment.
See Ottoman Empire and Sick man of Europe
Siege of Constantinople (1422)
The first full-scale Ottoman siege of Constantinople took place in 1422 as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421.
See Ottoman Empire and Siege of Constantinople (1422)
Sipahi
The sipahi were professional cavalrymen deployed by the Seljuk Turks and later by the Ottoman Empire.
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
See Ottoman Empire and Slavery
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a major institution and a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society.
See Ottoman Empire and Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Smyrna
Smyrna (Smýrnē, or Σμύρνα) was an Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia.
Social structure
In the social sciences, social structure is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals.
See Ottoman Empire and Social structure
Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.
See Ottoman Empire and Southeast Europe
Speros Vryonis
Speros Vryonis Jr. (Σπυρίδων "Σπύρος" Βρυώνης, July 18, 1928 – March 12, 2019) was an American historian of Greek descent and a specialist in Byzantine, Balkan, and Greek history.
See Ottoman Empire and Speros Vryonis
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
See Ottoman Empire and State religion
Steam engine
A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
See Ottoman Empire and Steam engine
Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
See Ottoman Empire and Steam turbine
Stremma
The stremma (stremmata; στρέμμα, strémma) is unit of land area used mainly in Greece and Cyprus, equal to 1,000 square metres or approximately ¼ acre.
See Ottoman Empire and Stremma
Submarine
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.
See Ottoman Empire and Submarine
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
Sujuk
Sujuk or sucuk (/suːˈd͡ʒʊk/) is a dry, spicy and fermented sausage which is consumed in several Balkan, Middle Eastern and Central Asian cuisines.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman I (Süleyman-ı Evvel; I.,; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.
See Ottoman Empire and Suleiman the Magnificent
Sultanate of Women
The Sultanate of Women was a period when some consorts and mothers of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence.
See Ottoman Empire and Sultanate of Women
Sultani
The sultani was an Ottoman gold coin.
See Ottoman Empire and Sultani
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
See Ottoman Empire and Sunni Islam
Surname-i Hümayun
The Surname-i Hümayun (Ottoman Turkish and Imperial Festival Books) were albums that commemorated celebrations in the Ottoman Empire in pictorial and textual detail.
See Ottoman Empire and Surname-i Hümayun
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Sykes–Picot Agreement
Symbolism (arts)
Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realism.
See Ottoman Empire and Symbolism (arts)
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Taceddin Ahmedi
Taj ad-Dīn İbrahim ibn Hizr Ahmedi (1334–1413), better known by his pen name Taceddin Ahmedi, was an Ottoman poet and is considered one of the greatest poets in 14th-century Anatolia.
See Ottoman Empire and Taceddin Ahmedi
Tambourine
The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zills".
See Ottoman Empire and Tambourine
Tanbur
The term Tanbur (تنبور) can refer to various long-necked string instruments originating in Mesopotamia, Southern or Central Asia.
Tanzimat
The (lit, see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
See Ottoman Empire and Tanzimat
Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي; تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي السعدي; Takiyüddin‎ 1526–1585) was an Ottoman polymath active in Cairo and Istanbul.
See Ottoman Empire and Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Tariqa
A tariqa is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking, which translates as "ultimate truth".
Textile manufacturing
Textile manufacturing or textile engineering is a major industry.
See Ottoman Empire and Textile manufacturing
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Ottoman Empire and The New York Times
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.
See Ottoman Empire and Thessaloniki
Three Pashas
The Three Pashas, also known as the Young Turk triumvirate or CUP triumvirate, consisted of Mehmed Talaat Pasha, the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha, the Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief to the Sultan; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha, the Minister of the Navy and governor-general of Syria, who effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire after the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état and the subsequent assassination of Mahmud Shevket Pasha.
See Ottoman Empire and Three Pashas
Timar
A timar was a land grant by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, with an annual tax revenue of less than 20,000 akçes.
Timariots
Timariot (or tımar holder; tımarlı in Turkish) was the name given to a Sipahi cavalryman in the Ottoman army.
See Ottoman Empire and Timariots
Topkapı Palace
The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı; lit), or the Seraglio, is a large museum and library in the east of the Fatih district of Istanbul in Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Topkapı Palace
Town council
A town council, city council or municipal council is a form of local government for small municipalities.
See Ottoman Empire and Town council
Trabzon
Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province.
See Ottoman Empire and Trabzon
Treaty of Balta Liman
The 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman, or the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, is a formal trade agreement signed between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain.
See Ottoman Empire and Treaty of Balta Liman
Treaty of Karlowitz
The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz, in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), on 26 January 1699.
See Ottoman Empire and Treaty of Karlowitz
Treaty of Lausanne
The Treaty of Lausanne (Traité de Lausanne, Lozan Antlaşması.) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923.
See Ottoman Empire and Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Sèvres
The Treaty of Sèvres (Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Treaty of Sèvres
Tsikoudia
Tsikoudia (tsikoudiá, literally "terebinth") is an alcoholic beverage, a fragrant, grape-based pomace brandy of Cretan origin that contains 40% to 65% alcohol by volume.
See Ottoman Empire and Tsikoudia
Tsipouro
Tsipouro (tsípouro) is an un-aged brandy from Greece and in particular Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia.
See Ottoman Empire and Tsipouro
Tughra
A tughra (ṭuġrā; tuğra) is a calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence.
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
Turkic history
Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkic history
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkic languages
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkic peoples
Turkish archery
Turkish archery (Türk okçuluğu) is a tradition of archery which became highly developed in the Ottoman Empire, although its origins date back to the Eurasian Steppe in the second millennium BC.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish archery
Turkish coffee
Turkish coffee is a style of coffee prepared in a cezve using very finely ground coffee beans without filtering.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish coffee
Turkish cuisine
Turkish cuisine is the cuisine of Turkey and the Turkish diaspora.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish cuisine
Turkish folk literature
Turkish folk literature is an oral tradition deeply rooted, in its form, in Anatolian traditions.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish folk literature
Turkish folk music
Turkish folk music (Türk Halk Müziği) is the traditional music of Turkish people living in Turkey influenced by the cultures of Anatolia and former territories in Europe and Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish folk music
Turkish makam
The Turkish makam (Turkish: makam pl. makamlar; from the Arabic word مقام) is a system of melody types used in Turkish classical music and Turkish folk music.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish makam
Turkish people
Turkish people or Turks (Türkler) are the largest Turkic people who speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish people
Turkish War of Independence
The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially national self-determination, in post-World War I Anatolia and eastern Thrace.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkish War of Independence
Turkoman (ethnonym)
Turkoman, also known as Turcoman, was a term for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin, widely used during the Middle Ages.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkoman (ethnonym)
Turkoman horse
The Turkoman horse, or Turkmene, is an Oriental horse breed from the steppes of Central Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Turkoman horse
Tzatziki
Tzatziki (τζατζίκι, tzatzíki), also known as cacık or tarator, is a class of dip, soup, or sauce found in the cuisines of Southeastern Europe and West Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and Tzatziki
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
See Ottoman Empire and Ukraine
Ummah
(أُمَّة) is an Arabic word meaning "nation".
Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
See Ottoman Empire and Unitary state
University of Aleppo
University of Aleppo (Jāmiʿat Ḥalab, also called Aleppo University) is a public university located in Aleppo, Syria.
See Ottoman Empire and University of Aleppo
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
See Ottoman Empire and University of Chicago Press
Uthman (name)
Uthman (translit), also spelled Othman, is a male Arabic given name with the general meaning of "wise, most powerful, dragon cub".
See Ottoman Empire and Uthman (name)
Valide sultan
Valide Sultan (والده سلطان, lit. "Sultana mother") was the title held by the mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Valide sultan
Vartan Pasha
Hovsep Vartanian (Յովսէփ Վարդանեան), better known as Vartan Pasha (Վարդան փաշա; 1813 – 1879), was an Ottoman Armenian statesman, author, and journalist of the 19th century, promoted to the rank of pasha after three decades in the service of the state.
See Ottoman Empire and Vartan Pasha
Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history.
See Ottoman Empire and Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
Vedat Tek
Mehmet Vedat Tek (label; 1873 – 1942) was a Turkish architect.
See Ottoman Empire and Vedat Tek
Vilayet
A vilayet (lang, "province"), also known by various other names, was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Vilayet
Waqf
A (وَقْف;, plural), also called a (plural حُبوس or أَحْباس), or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law.
Würzburg
Würzburg (Main-Franconian: Wörtzburch) is, after Nuremberg and Fürth, the third-largest city in Franconia located in the north of Bavaria.
See Ottoman Empire and Würzburg
Weaving
Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
See Ottoman Empire and Weaving
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
See Ottoman Empire and West Asia
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
See Ottoman Empire and World War I
Wrestling in Turkey
Wrestling (Turkish: güreş) is considered as an "ancestral sport" in Turkey, represented foremost by the annual Kırkpınar tournament in oil wrestling.
See Ottoman Empire and Wrestling in Turkey
Yalı
A yalı (yalı, from Greek γιαλή yialí (mod. γιαλός yialós), literally "seashore, beach") is a house or mansion built right on the waterside (almost exclusively seaside, particularly on the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul) and usually built with an architectural concept that takes into account the characteristics of the coastal location.
Yassa
The Yassa (alternatively Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag or Zasag; Ikh Zasag) was the oral law code of the Mongols, gradually built up through the reign of Genghis Khan.
Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy (meaning "Green Village"; prior to 1926, San Stefano or Santo Stefano Ágios Stéfanos, Ayastefanos) is an affluent neighbourhood (mahalle) in the municipality and district of Bakırköy, Istanbul Province, Turkey.
See Ottoman Empire and Yeşilköy
Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.
Yogurt
Yogurt (from; also spelled yoghurt, yogourt or yoghourt) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
Young Ottomans
The Young Ottomans (translit) were a secret society established in 1865 by a group of Ottoman intellectuals who were dissatisfied with the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which they believed did not go far enough.
See Ottoman Empire and Young Ottomans
Young Turk Revolution
The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire.
See Ottoman Empire and Young Turk Revolution
Yuvarlakia
Yuvarlakia or giouvarlakia (γιουβαρλάκιαΛεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής (Dictionary of Common Modern Greek), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998.) is a Greek dish with a name of Turkish origin (yuvarlak, meaning spherical); it consists of balls of ground meat, rice, and seasonings, cooked in a pot in water or meat broth.
See Ottoman Empire and Yuvarlakia
Zakat
Zakat (or Zakāh) is one of the five pillars of Islam.
16 Great Turkic Empires
The 16 Great Turkic Empires (16 Büyük Türk Devleti) is a concept in Turkish ethnic nationalism, introduced in 1969 by Akib Özbek, map officer and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of Kenan Evren.
See Ottoman Empire and 16 Great Turkic Empires
1913 Ottoman coup d'état
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (23 January 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âlî).
See Ottoman Empire and 1913 Ottoman coup d'état
See also
1299 establishments in Asia
- Kingdom of Singapura
- Ottoman Empire
1923 disestablishments in Asia
- Ottoman Empire
1923 disestablishments in Europe
- Neutral Zone of Junik
- Ottoman Empire
- Rhenish Republic
Historical transcontinental empires
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Achaemenid Empire
- Afsharid Iran
- Almohad Caliphate
- Almoravid dynasty
- Ayyubid dynasty
- Belgian colonial empire
- British Empire
- Byzantine Empire
- Danish overseas colonies
- Dutch colonial empire
- Fatimid Caliphate
- First French Empire
- First Turkic Khaganate
- French colonial empire
- Golden Horde
- Italian Empire
- Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
- Mamluk Sultanate
- Mongol Empire
- Ottoman Empire
- Portuguese Empire
- Rashidun Caliphate
- Roman Empire
- Russian Empire
- Safavid Iran
- Soviet Union
- Spanish Empire
- Timurid Empire
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Western Roman Empire
- Western Turkic Khaganate
Maturidi
- 2020 International Maturidi Conference
- Darul Uloom Banskandi
- Deobandi movement
- Firangi Mahal
- Imam Maturidi International Scientific Research Center
- Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom
- Maturidis
- Maturidism
- Ottoman Empire
- Sayed Tanveer Hashmi
Overseas empires
- 1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola
- American imperialism
- Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
- Athenian Empire
- Austrian colonial policy
- Belgian colonial empire
- British Empire
- Chola Empire
- Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
- Chola invasion of Srivijaya
- Colonial empire
- Curonian colonisation
- Danish overseas colonies
- Dutch colonial empire
- English overseas possessions
- Factory (trading post)
- French colonial empire
- Genoese colonies
- German Empire
- German colonial empire
- History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
- Informal empire
- Italian Empire
- Japanese colonial empire
- Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
- Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
- List of countries that have gained independence from Spain
- List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom
- List of possessions of Norway
- Omani Empire
- Ottoman Empire
- Pandyan Empire
- Polysynodial System
- Portuguese Empire
- Realm of New Zealand
- Russian colonization of North America
- Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)
- Scottish colonization of the Americas
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta
- Spanish Empire
- Stato da Màr
- Swedish colonial empire
- Swedish overseas colonies
- Taiwan under Qing rule
- Timeline of British diplomatic history
- Timeline of European imperialism
- Tuʻi Tonga Empire
- Yapese Empire
States and territories disestablished in 1922
- Adana vilayet
- Adrianople vilayet
- Amur Oblast (Russian Empire)
- Angora vilayet
- Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
- Banat, Bačka and Baranja
- Bjelovar-Križevci County
- Bolu Sanjak
- Constantinople vilayet
- Diyarbekir vilayet
- Far Eastern Republic
- Green Ukraine
- Hüdavendigâr vilayet
- Irish Republic
- Kamchatka Oblast (Russian Empire)
- Kastamonu vilayet
- Kholodny Yar Republic
- Kyawkku State
- Landkreis Kattowitz
- Modruš-Rijeka County
- Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
- Occupation of Smyrna
- Olonets Governorate
- Ottoman Empire
- Outer Mongolia
- Primorskaya Oblast
- Republic of Central Lithuania
- Sivas vilayet
- South Serbia (1919–1922)
- Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
- Sultanate of Egypt
- Syrmia County
- Third Federal State of Loreto
- Trebizond vilayet
- Tripolitanian Republic
- Ufa Governorate
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- Van vilayet
- Varaždin County (former)
- Zaporizhzhia Governorate
States and territories disestablished in 1923
- Akhtyrsky Uyezd
- Arad County (former)
- Bereg County
- Bitlis vilayet
- Bogodukhovsky Uyezd
- Borsod County
- Csanád County
- Erzurum vilayet
- Esztergom County
- Free State of Bottleneck
- Gömör and Kishont County
- Government of the Grand National Assembly
- Győr County
- Hont County
- Karelian United Government
- Kharkovsky Uyezd
- Klaipėda Region
- Komárom County
- Konya vilayet
- Maku Khanate
- Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet
- Moson County
- Nógrád County (former)
- Ottoman Empire
- Perm Governorate
- Pozsony County
- Rhenish Republic
- Sanjak of Karasi
- Starobelsky Uyezd
- Szabolcs County
- Szatmár County
- Torontál County
- Ugocsa County
- Ung County
- Verkhotursky Uyezd
- Volchansky Uyezd
- Wilno County, Wilno Land
- Zmiev Uyezd
States and territories established in 1299
- Kingdom of Singapura
- Ottoman Empire
References
Also known as Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye, Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye, Empire of Ottoman, History of Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of turkey, Osman Empire, Osmanian Empire, Osmanic Empire, Osmanli Imparatorlugu, Osmanlı Devleti, Osmanlı Empire, Osmanlı Imparatorlugu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Ottaman Empire, Ottoman Empire Society, Ottoman State, Ottoman Sultanate, Ottoman Turkey, Ottoman Turkish Empire, Ottoman era, Ottoman period, Ottoman rule, Ottomen empire, Ottomon Empire, Religion in the Ottoman Empire, Sublime Ottoman State, The Eternal Republic of Ottomans, The High Porte, The Ottoman Empire, Turk Empire, Turkey Empire, Turkish Empire, Turkish Ottoman Empire, Turkish Sultanate, Turkish régime, Turkish-Ottoman Empire, Türk imparatorluğu, دولت ابد مدت, دولت عالیه عثمانیه, دولت عليه عثمانیه, دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه.
, Ülküspor, İbrahim Şinasi, İzmir, İznik, Şehzade Mosque, Şeyh Gâlib, Bağlama, Baklava, Balkan cuisine, Balkan Wars, Balkans, Balyan family, Baroque architecture, Battle of Ridaniya, Battle of Vienna, Börek, Beşiktaş J.K., Beirut, Bektashi Order, Belly dance, Berber languages, Bey, Beylerbey, Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Boarding school, Bursa, Byzantine architecture, Byzantine art, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine music, Caliphate, Calligraphy, Cambridge University Press, Capitulation (treaty), Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, Caravanserai, Catheter, Catholicos of All Armenians, Central Asia, Central Europe, Central Powers, Chagatai language, Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire), Chief Rabbi, Chinese art, Chivalric romance, Classical Ottoman architecture, Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire, Committee of Union and Progress, Constantinople, Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din, Constitutional monarchy, Corn Laws, Corpus Juris Civilis, Dardanelles, Deindustrialization, Devshirme, Dhimmi, Dimitri Kitsikis, Din (Arabic), Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Divan, Diwan (poetry), Dolma, Dolmabahçe Palace, Doner kebab, Druze, Dunam, Duty (tax), Early modern period, Early Ottoman architecture, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern question, Eclecticism in architecture, Economic liberalism, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Edict of Gülhane, Edirne, Edward Gibbon, Elections in the Ottoman Empire, Empire, Empire of the Sultans, Empire style, Enderûn, Ethnarch, Evliya Çelebi, Eyalet, Falconet (cannon), Fall of Constantinople, Farce, Fenerbahçe S.K., Feta, Fifth column, First Constitutional Era, First national architectural movement, Flags of the Ottoman Empire, Folk music, Forceps, Free trade, French language, French literature, Fuzuli (poet), G. P. Putnam's Sons, Galatasaray S.K., Galicia (Eastern Europe), Gazel, General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, George Amiroutzes, German Empire, German language, Ghaza thesis, Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, Golden Horn, Google Books, Government of the classical Ottoman Empire, Government of the Grand National Assembly, Government of the late Ottoman Empire, Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Greek cuisine, Greek genocide, Greek language, Gunpowder empires, Gyros, Habsburg monarchy, Hadith, Hagia Sophia, Hakham Bashi, Halil İnalcık, Hamidiye Marşı, Hammam, Hanafi school, Hanbali school, Hüsn ü Aşk, Heath W. Lowry, Historiography of the Ottoman Empire, History Channel, History of Albania, History of Bosnia and Herzegovina, History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, History of Kuwait, History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Horn of Africa, House of Habsburg, Hovhannes Hisarian, Hungary, Husk, Ibn Taymiyya, Ijma, Ijtihad, Ilkhanate, Illuminated manuscript, Imaret, Indiana University Press, International Studies Quarterly, Iran, Iranian architecture, Ironworks, Ishak Efendi, Iskendername, Islamic architecture, Islamic calligraphy, Islamic philosophy, Isma'ilism, Istanbul, Iznik pottery, Janissary, Jereed, Jihad, Jizya, John Ramsay McCulloch, Jurisprudence, Karagöz and Hacivat, Karşıyaka S.K., Kashk, Kaza, Külliye, Keşkek, Kemenche, Kilim, Knafeh, Kofta, Konya, Kuruş, Kuttab, Lahmacun, Languages of the Ottoman Empire, Lanzarote, Late Ottoman genocides, Lavash, Laz people, Levant, Leyli and Majnun (Fuzuli), Lingua franca, List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire, List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire, List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings, List of Ottoman grand viziers, List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire, Lucy Garnett, Lyric poetry, Madhhab, Madrasa, Mahallah, Mahmud II, Mamluk Sultanate, Manisa, Manti (food), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world, Maturidism, Mecelle, Mecidiye Marşı, Medicine in the medieval Islamic world, Mediterranean Basin, Megleno-Romanians, Mehmed II, Mehmed VI, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Melody, Mesopotamia, Metre (music), Mevlevi Order, Meze, Middle East, Middle Eastern cuisine, Midhat Pasha, Military of the Ottoman Empire, Millet (Ottoman Empire), Mimar Kemaleddin, Mimar Sinan, Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey), MKE Ankaragücü, Mode (music), Mongol Empire, Mount Athos, Moussaka, Muhacir, Muhammad in Islam, Muraqqa, Music of Armenia, Musical instrument, Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, Muslim world, Muslims, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Mutasarrif, Mysticism, Nahiyah, Namık Kemal, Names of Istanbul, Narrative poetry, Nationalities Papers, Naturalism (literature), Neoclassical architecture, Ney, Nicaea, Nizam-i Cedid, Noël Duret, Nomad, Norman Stone, North Africa, Notia, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Occupation of Istanbul, Oghuz languages, Oghuz Turks, Oil, One-act play, Orbital eccentricity, Orhan, Orient-Institut Istanbul, Osman I, Ottoman Aviation Squadrons, Ottoman Baroque architecture, Ottoman cuisine, Ottoman decline thesis, Ottoman dynasty, Ottoman Egypt, Ottoman embassy to Aceh, Ottoman Greeks, Ottoman illumination, Ottoman Imperial Harem, Ottoman Interregnum, Ottoman lira, Ottoman military band, Ottoman miniature, Ottoman music, Ottoman Navy, Ottoman Turkish, Ottoman wars in Europe, Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517), Oud, Outline of the Ottoman Empire, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Padishah, Palace School, Paper marbling, Paper mill, Para (currency), Parliamentary system, Parnassianism, 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Scribe, Secession, Second Constitutional Era, Selim I, Selim III, Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Seljuk dynasty, Senate of the Ottoman Empire, Seyahatnâme, Shadow play, Shamanism, Sharia, Shawarma, Shaybanids, Sick man of Europe, Siege of Constantinople (1422), Sipahi, Slavery, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, Smyrna, Social structure, Southeast Europe, Speros Vryonis, State religion, Steam engine, Steam turbine, Stremma, Submarine, Sufism, Sujuk, Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultanate of Women, Sultani, Sunni Islam, Surname-i Hümayun, Sykes–Picot Agreement, Symbolism (arts), Syria, Taceddin Ahmedi, Tambourine, Tanbur, Tanzimat, Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Tariqa, Textile manufacturing, The New York Times, Thessaloniki, Three Pashas, Timar, Timariots, Topkapı Palace, Town council, Trabzon, Treaty of Balta Liman, Treaty of Karlowitz, Treaty of Lausanne, Treaty of Sèvres, Tsikoudia, Tsipouro, Tughra, Turkey, Turkic history, Turkic languages, Turkic peoples, Turkish archery, Turkish coffee, Turkish cuisine, Turkish folk literature, Turkish folk music, Turkish makam, Turkish people, Turkish War of Independence, Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman horse, Tzatziki, Ukraine, Ummah, Unitary state, University of Aleppo, University of Chicago Press, Uthman (name), Valide sultan, Vartan Pasha, Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire, Vedat Tek, Vilayet, Waqf, Würzburg, Weaving, West Asia, World War I, Wrestling in Turkey, Yalı, Yassa, Yeşilköy, Yemen, Yogurt, Young Ottomans, Young Turk Revolution, Yuvarlakia, Zakat, 16 Great Turkic Empires, 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.