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Table of Contents

1. 796 relations: Abiogenesis, Abiotic component, Acarology, Acid, Actin, Action potential, Activation energy, Activator (genetics), Active transport, Adaptation, Adaptive radiation, Adenine, Adenosine triphosphate, Adhesion, Affinity chromatography, Agnatha, Albedo, Allele, Allele frequency, Allopatric speciation, Alternation of generations, Alternative splicing, Altruism (biology), Amino acid, Amphibian, Anaphase, Anatomy, Angiogenesis, Animal, Animal communication, Annelid, Antheridium, Antibody, Apomorphy and synapomorphy, Apoptosis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Arachnid, Arachnology, Archaea, Archegonium, Artery, Arthropod, Arthropodology, Asexual reproduction, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, Atom, Autotroph, Auxin, Axon, ... Expand index (746 more) » « Shrink index

2. Biology

Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.

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Abiotic component

In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems.

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Acarology

Acarology (from Ancient Greek /,, a type of mite; and, -logia) is the study of mites and ticks, the animals in the order Acarina.

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Acid

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.

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Actin

Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils.

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Action potential

An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.

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Activation energy

In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Activator (genetics)

A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes.

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Active transport

In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.

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Adaptation

In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.

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Adaptive radiation

In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches.

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Adenine

Adenine (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase.

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Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.

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Adhesion

Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another.

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Affinity chromatography

Affinity chromatography is a method of separating a biomolecule from a mixture, based on a highly specific macromolecular binding interaction between the biomolecule and another substance.

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Agnatha

Agnatha is an infraphylum of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both living (cyclostomes) and extinct (conodonts, anaspids, and ostracoderms) species.

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Albedo

Albedo is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body.

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Allele

An allele, or allelomorph, is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule.

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Allele frequency

Allele frequency, or gene frequency, is the relative frequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage.

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Allopatric speciation

Allopatric speciation – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow.

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Alternation of generations

Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis) is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae.

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Alternative splicing

Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to produce different splice variants.

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Altruism (biology)

In biology, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing their own.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

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Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.

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Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell.

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Anatomy

Anatomy is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts.

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Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis.

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Animal

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.

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Animal communication

Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers.

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Annelid

The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.

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Antheridium

An antheridium is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperm).

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.

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Apomorphy and synapomorphy

In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy).

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Apoptosis

Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.

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Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small plant from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and Africa.

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Arachnid

Arachnids are arthropods in the class Arachnida of the subphylum Chelicerata.

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Arachnology

Arachnology is the scientific study of arachnids, which comprise spiders and related invertebrates such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen.

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Archaea

Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.

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Archegonium

An archegonium (archegonia), from the Ancient Greek ἀρχή ("beginning") and γόνος ("offspring"), is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete.

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Artery

An artery is a blood vessel in humans and most other animals that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart in the systemic circulation to one or more parts of the body.

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Arthropod

Arthropods are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.

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Arthropodology

Arthropodology (from Greek ἄρθρον - arthron, "joint", and πούς, gen.: ποδός - pous, podos, "foot", which together mean "jointed feet") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs.

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Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes.

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Astrobiology

Astrobiology is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object.

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Atom

Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements.

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Autotroph

An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms.

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Auxin

Auxins (plural of auxin) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics.

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Axon

An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

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Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them.

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Baculum

The baculum (bacula), also known as the penis bone, penile bone, os penis, os genitale, or os priapi, is a bone in the penis of many placental mammals.

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Bark (botany)

Bark is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

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Batrachology

Batrachology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians including frogs and toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians.

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Behavior

Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment.

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Behavioral ecology

Behavioral ecology, also spelled behavioural ecology, is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures.

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Behavioral neuroscience

Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology,, Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.

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Bibliography of biology

This bibliography of biology is a list of notable works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of biology.

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Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

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Bioarchaeology

Bioarchaeology (osteoarchaeology, osteology or palaeo-osteology) in Europe describes the study of biological remains from archaeological sites.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Biocultural anthropology

Biocultural anthropology can be defined in numerous ways.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.

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Biodiversity loss

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area.

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Biogeochemical cycle

A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.

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Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex.

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Biolinguistics

Biolinguistics can be defined as the study of biology and the evolution of language.

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Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an evolutionary perspective.

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Biological dispersal

Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal').

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Biological economics

Biological economics is an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction of human biology and economics is studied.

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Biological engineering

Biological engineering or bioengineering is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.

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Biological membrane

A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.

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Biological organisation

Biological organisation is the organisation of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach. Outline of biology and biological organisation are biology.

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Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life.

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Biomass (ecology)

Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.

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Biome

A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.

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Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics.

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Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.

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Bioremediation

Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings.

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Biosphere

The biosphere, also called the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Outline of biology and Biotechnology are biology.

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Bird

Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

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Birth rate

Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years.

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Blastulation

Blastulation is the stage in early animal embryonic development that produces the blastula.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Blood cell

A blood cell (also called a hematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte) is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood.

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Body fluid

Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids, sometimes body liquids, are liquids within the body of an organism.

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Bohr model

In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model is an obsolete model of the atom, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Bottlenose dolphin

The bottlenose dolphin is a toothed whale in the genus Tursiops. They are common, cosmopolitan members of the family Delphinidae, the family of oceanic dolphins.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Breathing

Breathing (spiration or ventilation) is the rhythmical process of moving air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen.

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Bryophyte

Bryophytes are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

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Bulbus glandis

The bulbus glandis (also called a bulb or knot) is an erectile tissue structure on the penis of canid mammals.

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Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

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Canine reproduction

Canine reproduction is the process of sexual reproduction in domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes and other canine species.

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Capillary

A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).

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Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is that part of the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of Earth.

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Carbon sink

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial carbon sequestration process that "removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere".

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Carbon–carbon bond

A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.

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Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

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Carcinology

Carcinology is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.

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Carnivore

A carnivore, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements are met by the consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) whether through hunting or scavenging.

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Carotenoid

Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi.

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Carrying capacity

The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available.

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Cartilage

Cartilage is a resilient and smooth type of connective tissue.

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Casparian strip

The Casparian strip is a band-like thickening in the center of the root endodermis (radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells) of vascular plants (Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes).

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Catastrophism

In geology, catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.

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Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.

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Cell biology

Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

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Cell culture

Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment.

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Cell cycle

The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell nucleus

The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cell surface receptor

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells.

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.

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Cellular differentiation

Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.

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Cellular neuroscience

Cellular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience concerned with the study of neurons at a cellular level.

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Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.

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Centromere

The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division.

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Cephalopod

A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural κεφαλόποδες,; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus.

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Cetology

Cetology (from Greek κῆτος, kētos, "whale"; and -λογία, -logia) or whalelore (also known as whaleology) is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises in the scientific order Cetacea.

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Charophyta

Charophyta is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes, sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade.

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Chelicerata

The subphylum Chelicerata (from Neo-Latin) constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda.

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Chemical bond

A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

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Chitin

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.

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Chloride

The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine ion, which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.

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Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Chlorophyta

Chlorophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes.

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Chloroplast

A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.

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Chloroplast membrane

Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function.

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Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage.

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Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells.

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Chromosomal crossover

Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes.

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Chromosome

A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

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Chronobiology

Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.

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Cilium

The cilium (cilia;; in anatomy, cilium is an eyelash) is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell.

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Ciona intestinalis

Ciona intestinalis (sometimes known by the common name of vase tunicate) is an ascidian (sea squirt), a tunicate with very soft tunic.

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Circulatory system

The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.

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Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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Clade

In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.

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Cladistics

Cladistics is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry.

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Class (biology)

In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.

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Climate change

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.

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Climate change feedbacks

Climate change feedbacks are natural processes which impact how much global temperatures will increase for a given amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

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Cloning

Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means.

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Cnidaria

Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in fresh water and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some of the smallest marine parasites.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.

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Cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes.

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Cohesion (chemistry)

In chemistry and physics, cohesion, also called cohesive attraction or cohesive force, is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive.

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Coleopterology

Coleopterology (from Coleoptera and Greek -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of beetles, a branch of entomology.

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Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.

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Colony (biology)

In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.

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Commensalism

Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.

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Community (ecology)

In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.

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Comparative anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

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Competition (biology)

Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory).

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Complementation (genetics)

Complementation refers to a genetic process when two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype (for example, a change in wing structure in flies) have offspring that express the wild-type phenotype when mated or crossed.

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Computational biology

Computational biology refers to the use of data analysis, mathematical modeling and computational simulations to understand biological systems and relationships.

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Computational neuroscience

Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.

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Computational phylogenetics

Computational phylogenetics, phylogeny inference, or phylogenetic inference focuses on computational and optimization algorithms, heuristics, and approaches involved in phylogenetic analyses.

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Conifer

Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.

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Conservation biology

Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.

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Consumer–resource interactions

Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems.

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Continental drift

Continental drift is the hypothesis, originating in the early 20th century, that Earth's continents move or drift relative to each other over geologic time.

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Convergent evolution

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.

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Cooperativity

Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act dependently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently.

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Coral

Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Corepressor

In genetics and molecular biology, a corepressor is a molecule that represses the expression of genes.

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Cork cambium

Cork cambium (cambia or cambiums) is a tissue found in many vascular plants as a part of the epidermis.

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Cotyledon

A cotyledon ("a cavity, small cup, any cup-shaped hollow", gen.) is a "seed leaf" - a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is formally defined as "the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed." Botanists use the number of cotyledons present as one characteristic to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms): species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous ("monocots"); plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous ("dicots").

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Covalent bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.

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CRISPR gene editing

CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR, pronounced "crisper", refers to "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified.

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Crustacean

Crustaceans are a group of arthropods that are a part of the subphylum Crustacea, a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthropods including decapods (shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters and crayfish), seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, opossum shrimps, amphipods and mantis shrimp.

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Culture

Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

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Cycad

Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves.

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Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process and part of mitosis during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.

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Cytoplasm

In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.

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Cytosine

Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

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Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.

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Data

In common usage, data is a collection of discrete or continuous values that convey information, describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted formally.

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Decomposer

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms; they carry out decomposition, a process possible by only certain kingdoms, such as fungi.

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Decomposition

Decomposition or rot is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts.

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Dendrite

A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") or dendron is a branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.

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Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree.

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Development of the nervous system

The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood.

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Developmental biology

Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma.

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Dihybrid cross

Dihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes.

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Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.

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Directional selection

In population genetics, directional selection is a type of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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DNA microarray

A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.

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DNA mismatch repair

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.

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DNA paternity testing

DNA paternity testing is the use of DNA profiles to determine whether an individual is the biological parent of another individual.

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DNA profiling

DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics.

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DNA replication

In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

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DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.

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DNA virus

A DNA virus is a virus that has a genome made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is replicated by a DNA polymerase.

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Domain (biology)

In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also dominion, superkingdom, realm, or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of all organisms taken together.

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Dominance (genetics)

In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.

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Drinking water

Drinking water or potable water is water that is safe for ingestion, either when drunk directly in liquid form or consumed indirectly through food preparation.

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Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (an insect of the order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.

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Earliest known life forms

The earliest known life forms on Earth may be as old as 4.1 billion years old (or Ga) according to biologically fractionated graphite inside a single zircon grain in the Jack Hills range of Australia.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Ecological niche

In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.

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Ecology

Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.

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Economics

Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Ecosystem

An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.

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Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the various benefits that humans derive from healthy ecosystems.

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Edge effects

In ecology, edge effects are changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two or more habitats.

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Egg

An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches.

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Egg cell

The egg cell or ovum (ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one).

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Electrochemical gradient

An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.

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Electron

The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.

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Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

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Electron transport chain

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

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Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis is the motion of charged dispersed particles or dissolved charged molecules relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.

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Electrophysiology

Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτ, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.

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Embryo

An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.

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Embryology

Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.

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Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.

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Endemism

Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.

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Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs.

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Endocrinology

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.

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Endosymbiont

An endosymbiont or endobiont is an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.

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Enhancer (genetics)

In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.

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Entomology

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

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Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.

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Epistasis

Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed modifier genes.

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Equine anatomy

Equine anatomy encompasses the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses, ponies and other equids, including donkeys, mules and zebras.

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Escherichia coli

Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.

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Ethology

Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals.

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Ethylene (plant hormone)

Ethylene (.

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Eukaryote

The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.

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Evo-devo gene toolkit

The evo-devo gene toolkit is the small subset of genes in an organism's genome whose products control the organism's embryonic development.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

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Evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer how developmental processes evolved.

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Excretion

Excretion is elimination of metabolic waste, which is an essential process in all organisms.

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Experiment

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried.

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Exponential growth

Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity over time at an ever-increasing rate.

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Extinction

Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.

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Extinction event

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.

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Eye

An eye is a sensory organ that allows an organism to perceive visual information.

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Family (biology)

Family (familia,: familiae) is one of the nine major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.

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Fat

In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.

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Fermentation

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes.

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Fern

The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.

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Fetus

A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.

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Fish

A fish (fish or fishes) is an aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits.

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Fixed action pattern

"Fixed action pattern" is an ethological term describing an instinctive behavioral sequence that is highly stereotyped and species-characteristic.

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Flagellum

A flagellum (flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.

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Flatworm

The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates.

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Flightless bird

Flightless birds have, through evolution, lost the ability to fly.

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Flow cytometry

Flow cytometry (FC) is a technique used to detect and measure the physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles.

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Flower

A flower, also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae).

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Flowering plant

Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae, commonly called angiosperms.

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Food chain

A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web, often starting with an autotroph (such as grass or algae), also called a producer, and typically ending at an apex predator (such as grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivore (such as earthworms and woodlice), or decomposer (such as fungi or bacteria).

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Food web

A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.

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French flag model

The French flag model is a conceptual definition of a morphogen, described by Lewis Wolpert in the 1960s.

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Fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering (see Fruit anatomy).

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.

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Fungus

A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Gamete

A gamete (ultimately) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually.

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Gametophyte

A gametophyte is one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae.

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Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

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Gastrulation

Gastrulation is the stage in the early embryonic development of most animals, during which the blastula (a single-layered hollow sphere of cells), or in mammals the blastocyst, is reorganized into a two-layered or three-layered embryo known as the gastrula.

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Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

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Gene

In biology, the word gene has two meanings.

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Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.

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Gene knockout

Gene knockouts (also known as gene deletion or gene inactivation) are a widely used genetic engineering technique that involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome.

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Gene therapy

Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.

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Genetic code

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins.

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Genetic drift

Genetic drift, also known as random genetic drift, allelic drift or the Wright effect, refers to random fluctuations in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population.

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Genetic linkage

Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.

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Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

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Genetic screen

A genetic screen or mutagenesis screen is an experimental technique used to identify and select individuals who possess a phenotype of interest in a mutagenized population.

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Genetic transformation

In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.

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Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the female or male parent.

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Genomics

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.

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Genotype

The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Outline of biology and genotype are biology.

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Genotype–phenotype distinction

The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics.

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Genus

Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.

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Geobiology

Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere.

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Geologic time scale

The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.

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Gerontology

Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging.

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Ginkgoopsida

Ginkgoopsida is a proposed class of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves.

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Glossary of invasion biology terms

The need for a clearly defined and consistent invasion biology terminology has been acknowledged by many sources.

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Glycogen

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol).

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Gnetophyta

Gnetophyta is a division of plants (alternatively considered the subclass Gnetidae or order Gnetales), grouped within the gymnosperms (which also includes conifers, cycads, and ginkgos), that consists of some 70 species across the three relict genera: Gnetum (family Gnetaceae), Welwitschia (family Welwitschiaceae), and Ephedra (family Ephedraceae).

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Gondwana

Gondwana was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent.

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Gravity

In physics, gravity is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass.

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Green algae

The green algae (green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta.

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Green Revolution

The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields.

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Growth curve (biology)

A growth curve is an empirical model of the evolution of a quantity over time.

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Guanine

Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

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Habitat

In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.

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Hardy–Weinberg principle

In population genetics, the Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

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Hearing

Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds through an organ, such as an ear, by detecting vibrations as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ found in most animals.

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Helminthology

Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths).

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Herbivore

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

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Heredity

Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.

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Herpetology

Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν herpetón, meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and tuataras).

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Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.

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Heterotroph

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.

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Histology

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.

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Histone

In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla.

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History of anatomy

The history of anatomy extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern anatomists and scientists.

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History of biochemistry

The history of biochemistry can be said to have started with the ancient Greeks who were interested in the composition and processes of life, although biochemistry as a specific scientific discipline has its beginning around the early 19th century.

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History of biotechnology

Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services.

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History of botany

The history of botany examines the human effort to understand life on Earth by tracing the historical development of the discipline of botany—that part of natural science dealing with organisms traditionally treated as plants.

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History of ecology

Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century.

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History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity—in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Church Fathers as well as in medieval Islamic science.

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History of genetics

The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, and others.

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History of life

The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day.

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History of marine biology

Marine biology is a hybrid subject that combines aspects of organismal function, ecological interaction and the study of marine biodiversity.

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History of medicine

The history of medicine is both a study of medicine throughout history as well as a multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand medical practices, both past and present, throughout human societies.

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History of model organisms

The history of model organisms began with the idea that certain organisms can be studied and used to gain knowledge of other organisms or as a control (ideal) for other organisms of the same species.

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History of molecular biology

The history of molecular biology begins in the 1930s with the convergence of various, previously distinct biological and physical disciplines: biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, virology and physics.

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History of molecular evolution

The history of molecular evolution starts in the early 20th century with "comparative biochemistry", but the field of molecular evolution came into its own in the 1960s and 1970s, following the rise of molecular biology.

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History of neuroscience

From the ancient Egyptian mummifications to 18th-century scientific research on "globules" and neurons, there is evidence of neuroscience practice throughout the early periods of history.

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History of pathology

The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.

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History of plant systematics

The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists.

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History of speciation

The scientific study of speciation — how species evolve to become new species — began around the time of Charles Darwin in the middle of the 19th century.

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History of virology

The history of virology – the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century.

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History of zoology (1859–present)

This article considers the history of zoology since the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859.

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Holocene extinction

The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch.

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Homeobox

A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development.

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Homeostasis

In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

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Homogeneity and heterogeneity

Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity of a substance, process or image.

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Homology (biology)

In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.

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Hornwort

Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta.

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Host (biology)

In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont).

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Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

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Human behavioral ecology

Human behavioral ecology (HBE) or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity.

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Human biology

Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of academic study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy, epidemiology, anthropology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics, and sociocultural influences.

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Human digestive system

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

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Human evolution

Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family that includes all the great apes.

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Human reproductive system

The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system, which functions to produce and deposit sperm, and the female reproductive system, which functions to produce egg cells and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.

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Humidity

Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air.

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Hybrid (biology)

In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction.

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Hydra (genus)

Hydra is a genus of small freshwater hydrozoans of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrogen bond

In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).

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Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite.

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Hypothesis

A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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Ichthyology

Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha).

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Immigration

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents.

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Immune system

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.

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Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.

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Inbreeding

Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.

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Insect

Insects (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta.

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Integumentary system

The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body.

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Interphase

Interphase is the active portion of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis, respectively.

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Invasive species

An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment.

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Invertebrate

Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.

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Ion channel

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.

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Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.

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Isotope

Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.

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Jellyfish

Jellyfish, also known as sea jellies, are the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, which is a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Joint

A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole.

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Keystone species

A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance.

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Kidney

In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation.

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Kingdom (biology)

In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.

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Lamarckism

Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime.

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Lambda phage

Enterobacteria phage λ (lambda phage, coliphage λ, officially Escherichia virus Lambda) is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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Lancelet

The lancelets, also known as amphioxi (amphioxus), consist of some 30 to 35 species of "fish-like" benthic filter feeding chordates in the subphylum Cephalochordata, class Leptocardii, and family Branchiostomatidae.

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Language

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.

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Leaf

A leaf (leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis.

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Lepidopterology

Lepidopterology) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the two superfamilies of butterflies.

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Life

Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.

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Ligament

A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

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Light

Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.

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Light-dependent reactions

Light-dependent reactions are certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy.

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Limbic system

The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.

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Lineage (evolution)

An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant.

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Linnaean taxonomy

Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts.

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Lipid

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.

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List of authors of names published under the ICZN

This is a list of notable zoologists who have published names of new taxa under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

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List of biochemists

This is a list of biochemists.

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List of biologists

This is a list of notable biologists with a biography in Wikipedia.

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List of biology journals

This is a list of articles about scientific journals in biology and its various subfields.

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List of ecologists

This is a list of notable ecologists.

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List of neuroscientists

Many famous neuroscientists are from the 20th and 21st century, as neuroscience is a fairly new science.

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List of omics topics in biology

Inspired by the terms genome and genomics, other words to describe complete biological datasets, mostly sets of biomolecules originating from one organism, have been coined with the suffix -ome and -omics.

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List of physiologists

This is a list of physiologists who have Wikipedia articles, in alphabetical order by surname.

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List of research methods in biology

This list of research methods in biology is an index to articles about research methodologies used in various branches of biology. Outline of biology and list of research methods in biology are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Lists of biologists by author abbreviation

Lists of biologists by author abbreviation include lists of botanists and of zoologists.

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Lithosphere

A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite.

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Live-cell imaging

Live-cell imaging is the study of living cells using time-lapse microscopy.

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Liver

The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.

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Locus (genetics)

In genetics, a locus (loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

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Logistic function

A logistic function or logistic curve is a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation where The logistic function has domain the real numbers, the limit as x \to -\infty is 0, and the limit as x \to +\infty is L. The standard logistic function, depicted at right, where L.

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Lung

The lungs are the central organs of the respiratory system in humans and some other animals, including tetrapods, some snails and a small number of fish.

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Lycophyte

The lycophytes, when broadly circumscribed, are a group of vascular plants that include the clubmosses.

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Lymph node

A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the adaptive immune system.

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Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system.

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Lysosome

A lysosome is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells.

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Macroevolution

Macroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution (including speciation).

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Macromolecule

A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.

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Malacology

Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods.

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Mammal

A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.

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Mammalian reproduction

Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young.

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Mammalogy

In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems.

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Marchantiophyta

The Marchantiophyta are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts.

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Marine biology

Marine biology is the scientific study of the biology of marine life, organisms that inhabit the sea.

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Marsupial

Marsupials are a diverse group of mammals belonging to the infraclass Marsupialia.

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Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.

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Maternal effect

A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother.

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Mathematical and theoretical biology

Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of experiments to test scientific theories.

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Mating

In biology, mating is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms for the purposes of sexual reproduction.

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Matter

In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

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Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)

In phylogenetics and computational phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes (or minimizes the cost of differentially weighted character-state changes).

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Mechanism (philosophy)

Mechanism is the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are similar to complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other.

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Meiosis

Meiosis ((since it is a reductional division) is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).

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Melanin

Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms.

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Membrane transport protein

A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.

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Memory

Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.

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Mendelian inheritance

Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and later popularized by William Bateson.

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Meristem

In cell biology, the meristem is a type of tissue found in plants.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

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Metabolome

The metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample.

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Metabolomics

Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism.

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Metaphase

Metaphase (and) is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase).

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Microbiological culture

A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.

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Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).

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Microevolution

Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

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Microsatellite

A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from one to six or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.

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Microscope

A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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Migration (ecology)

Migration, in ecology, is the large-scale movement of members of a species to a different environment.

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Miller–Urey experiment

The Miller–Urey experiment (or Miller experiment) was an experiment in chemical synthesis carried out in 1952 that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present in the atmosphere of the early, prebiotic Earth.

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Mimicry

In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species.

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Mitochondrion

A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.

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Mitosis

Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

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Model organism

A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Modern synthesis (20th century)

The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework.

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Mold

A mold or mould is one of the structures that certain fungi can form.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.

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Molecular clock

The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.

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Molecular neuroscience

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals.

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Molecule

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.

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Mollusca

Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after Arthropoda; members are known as molluscs or mollusks.

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Monomer

A monomer (mono-, "one" + -mer, "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.

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Monophyly

In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria.

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Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.

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Monotreme

Monotremes are mammals of the order Monotremata.

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Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally "the generation of form") is the biological process that causes a cell, tissue or organism to develop its shape.

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Morphology (biology)

Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

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Mortality rate

Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

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Mosaic (genetics)

Mosaicism or genetic mosaicism is a condition in which a multicellular organism possesses more than one genetic line as the result of genetic mutation.

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Moss

Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta sensu stricto.

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Mouse

A mouse (mice) is a small rodent.

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Muscle

Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.

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Muscular system

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

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Mushroom

A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

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Mutation rate

In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time.

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Mutationism

Mutationism is one of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection that have existed both before and after the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species.

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Mutualism (biology)

Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.

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Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans.

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Myosin

Myosins are a superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes.

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Myriapoda

Myriapods are the members of subphylum Myriapoda, containing arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes.

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Myriapodology

Myriapodology is the scientific study of myriapods which includes centipedes and millipedes.

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Myrmecology

Myrmecology (from Greek: μύρμηξ, myrmex, "ant" and λόγος, logos, "study") is a branch of entomology focusing on the scientific study of ants.

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Native state

In biochemistry, the native state of a protein or nucleic acid is its properly folded and/or assembled form, which is operative and functional.

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Natural environment

The natural environment or natural world encompasses all biotic and abiotic things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.

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Natural gas

Natural gas (also called fossil gas, methane gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane (95%) in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes.

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Natural history

Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study.

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Natural science

Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Nectar

Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide herbivore protection.

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Nematode

The nematodes (or; Νηματώδη; Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda.

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Nematology

Nematology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms.

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Neognathae

Neognathae is an infraclass of birds, called neognaths, within the class Aves of the clade Archosauria.

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Nerve

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system.

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Nervous system

In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system.

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Neuroendocrinology

Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system; i.e. how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body.

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Neuroethology

Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system.

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Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system.

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Neuron

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.

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Neuropharmacology

Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior.

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Neurophysics

Neurophysics (or neurobiophysics) is the branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system.

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Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that studies nervous system function rather than nervous system architecture.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.

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Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.

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Neutral theory of molecular evolution

The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level, and most of the variation within and between species are due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral.

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Neutron

| magnetic_moment.

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Nitrogen cycle

The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.

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Nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.

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Nucleic acid double helix

In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.

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Nucleic acid sequence

A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.

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Nucleolus

The nucleolus (nucleoli) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleoplasm

The nucleoplasm, also known as karyoplasm, is the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus, the most prominent organelle of the eukaryotic cell.

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Nucleosome

A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes.

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Nucleotide

Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.

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Nucleotide base

Nucleotide bases (also nucleobases, nitrogenous bases) are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which, in turn, are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

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Nutrient cycle

A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter.

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Nutrition

Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life.

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Observation

Observation in the natural sciences is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving and the acquisition of information from a primary source.

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Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer.

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Operon

In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.

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Optical microscope

The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects.

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Order (biology)

Order (ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.

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Organ (biology)

In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.

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Organ system

An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.

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Organic compound

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Organic matter

Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments.

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Organism

An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.

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Ornithology

Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds.

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Orthogenesis

Orthogenesis, also known as orthogenetic evolution, progressive evolution, evolutionary progress, or progressionism, is an obsolete biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal (teleology) due to some internal mechanism or "driving force".

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Osmosis

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

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Osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.

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Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes, also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue.

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Osteology

Osteology is the scientific study of bones, practised by osteologists.

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Outgroup (cladistics)

In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup, the set of organisms under study, and is distinct from sociological outgroups.

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Outline (list)

An outline, also called a hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure.

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Outline of biochemistry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biochemistry: Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms, including living matter. Outline of biology and outline of biochemistry are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of botany

The following outline is an overview of and topical guide to botany, the biological academic discipline involving the study of plants. Outline of biology and outline of botany are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of cell biology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death. Outline of biology and outline of cell biology are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of ecology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ecology: Ecology – scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. Outline of biology and outline of ecology are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of engineering

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to engineering: Engineering is the scientific discipline and profession that applies scientific theories, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to design, create, and analyze technological solutions cognizant of safety, human factors, physical laws, regulations, practicality, and cost. Outline of biology and outline of engineering are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of evolution

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution: In biology, evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Outline of biology and outline of evolution are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of genetics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics: Genetics – science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Outline of biology and outline of genetics are outlines and outlines of sciences.

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Outline of life forms

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to life forms: A life form (also spelled life-form or lifeform) is an entity that is living, such as plants (flora), animals (fauna), and fungi (funga). Outline of biology and outline of life forms are outlines.

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Outline of social science

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to social science: Social science – main branch of science comprising scientific fields concerned with societies, human behaviour, and social relationships. Outline of biology and outline of social science are outlines.

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Outline of technology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to technology: Technology – collection of tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures used by humans. Outline of biology and outline of technology are outlines.

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Outline of zoology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to zoology: Zoology – study of animals. Outline of biology and outline of zoology are outlines.

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Ovary

The ovary is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova.

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Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).

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Paleobiology

Paleobiology (or palaeobiology) is an interdisciplinary field that combines the methods and findings found in both the earth sciences and the life sciences.

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Paleobotany

Paleobotany, also spelled as palaeobotany, is the branch of botany dealing with the recovery and identification of plant remains from geological contexts, and their use for the biological reconstruction of past environments (paleogeography), and the evolutionary history of plants, with a bearing upon the evolution of life in general.

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Paleontology

Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).

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Paleopathology

Paleopathology, also spelled palaeopathology, is the study of ancient diseases and injuries in organisms through the examination of fossils, mummified tissue, skeletal remains, and analysis of coprolites.

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Pangaea

Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.

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Paraphyly

Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages.

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Parasitism

Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Parasitology

Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.

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Peer review

Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers).

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Penetrance

Penetrance in genetics is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype).

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Penile spines

Many mammalian species have developed keratinized penile spines along the glans and/or shaft, which may be involved in sexual selection.

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Penis

A penis (penises or penes) is a male sex organ that is used to inseminate female or hermaphrodite animals during copulation.

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Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS).

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Peroxisome

A peroxisome is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells.

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Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.

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PH

In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").

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Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.

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Phenotype

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

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Phenotypic trait

A phenotypic trait, simply trait, or character state is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.

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Phloem

Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant.

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Phospholipid

Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).

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Photobiology

Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) in living organisms.

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Photoperiodism

Photoperiod is the change of day length around the seasons.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.

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Phototropin

Phototropins are blue light photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses across many species of algae, fungi and higher plants.

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Phototropism

In biology, phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus.

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Phycology

Phycology is the scientific study of algae.

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Phylogenetic tree

A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.

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Phylum

In biology, a phylum (phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.

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Phytochrome

Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins found in plants, bacteria and fungi.

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Pigment

A pigment is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance.

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Placenta

The placenta (placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation.

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Placentalia

Placental mammals (infraclass Placentalia) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia.

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Plankton

Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that drift in water (or air) but are unable to actively propel themselves against currents (or wind).

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Plant

Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.

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Plant development

Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues.

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Plant hormone

Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations.

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Plant physiology

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.

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Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root.

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Plasmid

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.

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Plastid

A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.

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Plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.

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Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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Point mutation

A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome.

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Pollen

Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

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Pollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds.

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Pollinator

A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower.

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Polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.

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Polymorphism (biology)

In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.

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Polyphyly

A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor.

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Polyploidy

Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes.

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Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.

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Population

Population is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area.

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Population density

Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area.

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Population ecology

Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment, such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration.

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Population genetics

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.

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Population growth

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.

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Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.

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Precipitation

In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.

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Predation

Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.

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Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb).

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Primary nutritional groups

Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.

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Primate

Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.

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Primatology

Primatology is the scientific study of non-human primates.

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Primer (molecular biology)

A primer is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis.

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Primer walking

Primer walking is a technique used to clone a gene (e.g., disease gene) from its known closest markers (e.g., known gene).

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Prion

A prion is a misfolded protein that can induce misfolding of normal variants of the same protein and trigger cellular death.

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Programmed cell death

Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy.

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Promoter (genetics)

In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter.

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Proofreading (biology)

The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, and enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity.

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Properties of water

Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on the surface of Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.

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Prophase

Prophase is the first stage of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis.

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Proprioception

Proprioception is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein biosynthesis

Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins.

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Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure.

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Protein primary structure

Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.

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Protein secondary structure

Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains.

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Protein structure

Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.

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Protein tag

Protein tags are peptide sequences genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein.

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Protein tertiary structure

Protein tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein.

See Outline of biology and Protein tertiary structure

Proteolysis

Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

See Outline of biology and Proteolysis

Proteome

The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.

See Outline of biology and Proteome

Proteomics

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.

See Outline of biology and Proteomics

Protist

A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.

See Outline of biology and Protist

Proton

A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).

See Outline of biology and Proton

Pseudopodia

A pseudopod or pseudopodium (pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement.

See Outline of biology and Pseudopodia

Pteridophyte

A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores.

See Outline of biology and Pteridophyte

Punnett square

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

See Outline of biology and Punnett square

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation.

See Outline of biology and Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Quantitative genetics

Quantitative genetics is the study of quantitative traits, which are phenotypes that vary continuously—such as height or mass—as opposed to phenotypes and gene-products that are discretely identifiable—such as eye-colour, or the presence of a particular biochemical.

See Outline of biology and Quantitative genetics

Quantum biology

Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. Outline of biology and quantum biology are biology.

See Outline of biology and Quantum biology

Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.

See Outline of biology and Quantum mechanics

Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.

See Outline of biology and Radiation

Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.

See Outline of biology and Receptor (biochemistry)

Reflex

In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus.

See Outline of biology and Reflex

Region

In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography).

See Outline of biology and Region

Regulation of gene expression

Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).

See Outline of biology and Regulation of gene expression

Repressor

In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.

See Outline of biology and Repressor

Reproduction

Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.

See Outline of biology and Reproduction

Reproductive system

The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.

See Outline of biology and Reproductive system

Reptile

Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.

See Outline of biology and Reptile

Research question

A research question is "a question that a research project sets out to answer".

See Outline of biology and Research question

Resource

Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants.

See Outline of biology and Resource

Respiratory system

The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

See Outline of biology and Respiratory system

Restriction enzyme

A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites.

See Outline of biology and Restriction enzyme

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences, known as polymorphisms, populations, or species or to pinpoint the locations of genes within a sequence.

See Outline of biology and Restriction fragment length polymorphism

Retrovirus

A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.

See Outline of biology and Retrovirus

Ribosome

Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).

See Outline of biology and Ribosome

Ripening

Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable.

See Outline of biology and Ripening

RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).

See Outline of biology and RNA

RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA, through translational or transcriptional repression.

See Outline of biology and RNA interference

RNA polymerase

In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.

See Outline of biology and RNA polymerase

RNA virus

An RNA virus is a virusother than a retrovirusthat has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material.

See Outline of biology and RNA virus

Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke (18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ("natural philosopher"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect.

See Outline of biology and Robert Hooke

Root

In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster.

See Outline of biology and Root

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).

See Outline of biology and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saprotrophic nutrition

Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.

See Outline of biology and Saprotrophic nutrition

Scanning electron microscope

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.

See Outline of biology and Scanning electron microscope

Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

See Outline of biology and Science

Scientific law

Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.

See Outline of biology and Scientific law

Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

See Outline of biology and Scientific method

Scientific theory

A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.

See Outline of biology and Scientific theory

Sea anemone

Sea anemones are a group of predatory marine invertebrates constituting the order Actiniaria.

See Outline of biology and Sea anemone

Seed

In botany, a seed is a plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering called a seed coat (testa).

See Outline of biology and Seed

Seed plant

A seed plant or spermatophyte, also known as a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds.

See Outline of biology and Seed plant

Self-pollination

Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from one plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms) of the same plant.

See Outline of biology and Self-pollination

Senescence

Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms.

See Outline of biology and Senescence

Sense of smell

The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived.

See Outline of biology and Sense of smell

Sensory nervous system

The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.

See Outline of biology and Sensory nervous system

Sequencing

In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.

See Outline of biology and Sequencing

Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).

See Outline of biology and Sexual reproduction

Sexual selection

Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).

See Outline of biology and Sexual selection

Shoot (botany)

In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages like leaves, lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds.

See Outline of biology and Shoot (botany)

Shotgun sequencing

In genetics, shotgun sequencing is a method used for sequencing random DNA strands.

See Outline of biology and Shotgun sequencing

Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.

See Outline of biology and Signal transduction

Site-directed mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional mutating changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.

See Outline of biology and Site-directed mutagenesis

Skeleton

A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals.

See Outline of biology and Skeleton

Skin

Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.

See Outline of biology and Skin

Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

See Outline of biology and Sodium

Solar energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of technologies such as solar power to generate electricity, solar thermal energy (including solar water heating), and solar architecture.

See Outline of biology and Solar energy

Solvent

A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

See Outline of biology and Solvent

Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.

See Outline of biology and Speciation

Species

A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.

See Outline of biology and Species

Sperm

Sperm (sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one).

See Outline of biology and Sperm

Spermatid

The spermatid is the haploid male gametid that results from division of secondary spermatocytes.

See Outline of biology and Spermatid

Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.

See Outline of biology and Spinal cord

Spindle apparatus

In cell biology, the spindle apparatus is the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.

See Outline of biology and Spindle apparatus

Sponge

Sponges (also known as sea sponges), the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts.

See Outline of biology and Sponge

Sporangium

A sporangium (from Late Latin);: sporangia) is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. Virtually all plants, fungi, and many other groups form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in land plants and many fungi, sporangia produce genetically distinct haploid spores by meiosis.

See Outline of biology and Sporangium

Spore

In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.

See Outline of biology and Spore

Sporophyte

A sporophyte is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga which produces asexual spores.

See Outline of biology and Sporophyte

Spotted hyena

The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus Crocuta, native to sub-Saharan Africa.

See Outline of biology and Spotted hyena

Starch

Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

See Outline of biology and Starch

Statistics

Statistics (from German: Statistik, "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

See Outline of biology and Statistics

Stem cell

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.

See Outline of biology and Stem cell

Stimulus (physiology)

In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment.

See Outline of biology and Stimulus (physiology)

Stomach

The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.

See Outline of biology and Stomach

Structural biology

Structural biology, as defined by the Journal of Structural Biology, deals with structural analysis of living material (formed, composed of, and/or maintained and refined by living cells) at every level of organization.

See Outline of biology and Structural biology

Structuralism

Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system.

See Outline of biology and Structuralism

Sugar

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.

See Outline of biology and Sugar

Surface tension

Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.

See Outline of biology and Surface tension

Sustainability

Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time.

See Outline of biology and Sustainability

Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek,, "living with, companionship, camaraderie", from,, "together", and, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species, termed symbionts, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

See Outline of biology and Symbiosis

Synapse

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

See Outline of biology and Synapse

Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a multidisciplinary field of science that focuses on living systems and organisms, and it applies engineering principles to develop new biological parts, devices, and systems or to redesign existing systems found in nature.

See Outline of biology and Synthetic biology

Systems biology

Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems.

See Outline of biology and Systems biology

Systems neuroscience

Systems neuroscience is a subdiscipline of neuroscience and systems biology that studies the structure and function of neural circuits and systems.

See Outline of biology and Systems neuroscience

T cell

T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response.

See Outline of biology and T cell

Taphonomy

Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record.

See Outline of biology and Taphonomy

Taxis

A taxis (taxes) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.

See Outline of biology and Taxis

Taxon

In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy;: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.

See Outline of biology and Taxon

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization.

See Outline of biology and Taxonomy

Technology

Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way.

See Outline of biology and Technology

Telomere

A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences associated with specialized proteins at the ends of linear chromosomes (see Sequences).

See Outline of biology and Telomere

Telophase

Telophase is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.

See Outline of biology and Telophase

Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.

See Outline of biology and Temperature

Tendon

A tendon or sinew is a tough band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

See Outline of biology and Tendon

Testability

Testability is a primary aspect of science and the scientific method.

See Outline of biology and Testability

Testicle

A testicle or testis (testes) is the male gonad in all bilaterians, including humans.

See Outline of biology and Testicle

Tetrapod

A tetrapod is any four-limbed vertebrate animal of the superclass Tetrapoda.

See Outline of biology and Tetrapod

Teuthology

Teuthology (from Greek τεῦθος, "cuttlefish, squid", and -λογία, -logia) is the study of cephalopods.

See Outline of biology and Teuthology

The eclipse of Darwinism

Julian Huxley used the phrase "the eclipse of Darwinism" to describe the state of affairs prior to what he called the "modern synthesis".

See Outline of biology and The eclipse of Darwinism

Theoretical chemistry

Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule activation.

See Outline of biology and Theoretical chemistry

Thermocline

A thermocline (also known as the thermal layer or the metalimnion in lakes) is a distinct layer based on temperature within a large body of fluid (e.g. water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth.

See Outline of biology and Thermocline

Three-domain system

The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990.

See Outline of biology and Three-domain system

Thymine

---> Thymine (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.

See Outline of biology and Thymine

Tiktaalik

Tiktaalik (Inuktitut ᑎᒃᑖᓕᒃ) is a monospecific genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) from the Late Devonian Period, about 375 Mya (million years ago), having many features akin to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals).

See Outline of biology and Tiktaalik

Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.

See Outline of biology and Tissue (biology)

Tonicity

In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane.

See Outline of biology and Tonicity

Topography

Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces.

See Outline of biology and Topography

Toxin

A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.

See Outline of biology and Toxin

Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

See Outline of biology and Transcription (biology)

Transcription factor

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

See Outline of biology and Transcription factor

Translation (biology)

In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.

See Outline of biology and Translation (biology)

Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.

See Outline of biology and Transmission electron microscopy

Transpiration

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.

See Outline of biology and Transpiration

Transposable element

A transposable element (TE, transposon, or jumping gene) is a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.

See Outline of biology and Transposable element

Trophic level

The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web.

See Outline of biology and Trophic level

Tropism

In biology, a tropism is a phenomenon indicating the growth or turning movement of an organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.

See Outline of biology and Tropism

Trunk (botany)

In botany, the trunk (or bole) is the stem and main wooden axis of a tree, which is an important feature in tree identification, and which often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species.

See Outline of biology and Trunk (botany)

Turgor pressure

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

See Outline of biology and Turgor pressure

Uracil

Uracil (symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA.

See Outline of biology and Uracil

Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.

See Outline of biology and Vaccine

Vacuole

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells.

See Outline of biology and Vacuole

Vascular cambium

The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain other vascular plants.

See Outline of biology and Vascular cambium

Vascular tissue

Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants.

See Outline of biology and Vascular tissue

Vein

Veins are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart.

See Outline of biology and Vein

Vertebrate

Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

See Outline of biology and Vertebrate

Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

See Outline of biology and Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

Vestibular system

The vestibular system, in vertebrates, is a sensory system that creates the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance.

See Outline of biology and Vestibular system

Virology

Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses.

See Outline of biology and Virology

Virophysics

Virophysics is a branch of biophysics in which the theoretical concepts and experimental techniques of physics are applied to study the mechanics and dynamics driving the interactions between virions and cells.

See Outline of biology and Virophysics

Virus

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

See Outline of biology and Virus

Visual perception

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment.

See Outline of biology and Visual perception

Vitalism

Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul.

See Outline of biology and Vitalism

Vitamin

Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.

See Outline of biology and Vitamin

Volume

Volume is a measure of regions in three-dimensional space.

See Outline of biology and Volume

Water

Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.

See Outline of biology and Water

Water cycle

The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

See Outline of biology and Water cycle

Water vapor

Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water.

See Outline of biology and Water vapor

Wax

Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures.

See Outline of biology and Wax

White blood cell

White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

See Outline of biology and White blood cell

Windward and leeward

In geography and seamanship, windward and leeward are directions relative to the wind.

See Outline of biology and Windward and leeward

World energy supply and consumption

World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption.

See Outline of biology and World energy supply and consumption

World population

In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living.

See Outline of biology and World population

X-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms.

See Outline of biology and X-ray diffraction

Xanthophyll

Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes.

See Outline of biology and Xanthophyll

Xenopus

Xenopus (Gk., ξενος, xenos.

See Outline of biology and Xenopus

Xylem

Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem.

See Outline of biology and Xylem

Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

See Outline of biology and Yeast

Zebrafish

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes.

See Outline of biology and Zebrafish

Zoology

ZoologyThe pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon.

See Outline of biology and Zoology

Zygosity

Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek "yoked," from "yoke") is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence.

See Outline of biology and Zygosity

Zygote

A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

See Outline of biology and Zygote

See also

Biology

• Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
• Bioactive agents
• Bioactive terrarium
• Bioelectricity
• Bioelectromagnetics
• Biological classification
• Biological constraints
• Biological contamination
• Biological data
• Biological interactions
• Biological life cycle
• Biological organisation
• Biological processes
• Biological rules
• Biological systems
• Biological waste
• Biologist
• Biologists
• Biology
• Biology education
• Biology terminology
• Biomagnetics
• Bioresilience
• Biosemiotics
• Biostasis
• Biotechnology
• Branches of biology
• Comparator system
• Dermestarium
• Dying
• Endogeny (biology)
• Feminist biology
• Fenestra
• Food science
• Genotype
• High throughput biology
• History of biology
• Outline of biology
• Philosophy of biology
• Quantum biology
• Tokogeny
• Universality–diversity paradigm
• Unsolved problems in biology

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology

Also known as Biology basic topics, Biology branches, Biology/Additional biology topics and keywords, Branches of biology, List of basic biological topics, List of basic biology topics, List of biology topics, List of branches of biology, Organismal biology, Outline of animal anatomy, Outline of animal sexuality, Outline of ethology, Outline of mammal anatomy, Outline of organismal biology, Subfields of biology, Topic outline of biology, Topical outline of biology.

, Bacteria, Bacteriology, Baculum, Bark (botany), Batrachology, Behavior, Behavioral ecology, Behavioral neuroscience, Bibliography of biology, Binomial nomenclature, Bioarchaeology, Biochemistry, Biocultural anthropology, Biodiversity, Biodiversity loss, Biogeochemical cycle, Biogeography, Bioinformatics, Biolinguistics, Biological anthropology, Biological dispersal, Biological economics, Biological engineering, Biological membrane, Biological organisation, Biology, Biomass (ecology), Biome, Biomechanics, Biophysics, Bioremediation, Biosphere, Biotechnology, Bird, Birth rate, Blastulation, Blood, Blood cell, Body fluid, Bohr model, Bone, Botany, Bottlenose dolphin, Brain, Breathing, Bryophyte, Bulbus glandis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Calcium, Calvin cycle, Canine reproduction, Capillary, Carbohydrate, Carbon, Carbon cycle, Carbon sink, Carbon–carbon bond, Carcinogenesis, Carcinology, Carl Linnaeus, Carnivore, Carotenoid, Carrying capacity, Cartilage, Casparian strip, Catastrophism, Cell (biology), Cell biology, Cell culture, Cell cycle, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell surface receptor, Cell wall, Cellular differentiation, Cellular neuroscience, Cellular respiration, Cellulose, Central dogma of molecular biology, Central nervous system, Centromere, Cephalopod, Cetology, Charophyta, Chelicerata, Chemical bond, Chemical element, Chitin, Chloride, Chlorophyll, Chlorophyta, Chloroplast, Chloroplast membrane, Chondrichthyes, Chromatin, Chromosomal crossover, Chromosome, Chronobiology, Cilium, Ciona intestinalis, Circulatory system, Citric acid cycle, Clade, Cladistics, Class (biology), Climate change, Climate change feedbacks, Cloning, Cnidaria, Coal, Cognitive neuroscience, Cohesion (chemistry), Coleopterology, Collagen, Colony (biology), Commensalism, Community (ecology), Comparative anatomy, Competition (biology), Complementation (genetics), Computational biology, Computational neuroscience, Computational phylogenetics, Conifer, Conservation biology, Consumer–resource interactions, Continental drift, Convergent evolution, Cooperativity, Coral, Corepressor, Cork cambium, Cotyledon, Covalent bond, CRISPR gene editing, Crustacean, Culture, Cycad, Cytokinesis, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, Cytoskeleton, Data, Decomposer, Decomposition, Dendrite, Dendrochronology, Development of the nervous system, Developmental biology, Diffusion, Digestion, Dihybrid cross, Dinosaur, Directional selection, DNA, DNA microarray, DNA mismatch repair, DNA paternity testing, DNA profiling, DNA replication, DNA sequencing, DNA virus, Domain (biology), Dominance (genetics), Drinking water, Drosophila melanogaster, Earliest known life forms, Earth, Ecological niche, Ecology, Economics, Ecosystem, Ecosystem service, Edge effects, Egg, Egg cell, Electrochemical gradient, Electron, Electron microscope, Electron transport chain, Electrophoresis, Electrophysiology, Embryo, Embryology, Emergence, Endemism, Endocrine system, Endocrinology, Endomembrane system, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endosymbiont, Enhancer (genetics), Entomology, Enzyme, Epidemiology, Epistasis, Equine anatomy, Escherichia coli, Ethology, Ethylene (plant hormone), Eukaryote, Evo-devo gene toolkit, Evolution, Evolutionary biology, Evolutionary developmental biology, Excretion, Experiment, Exponential growth, Extinction, Extinction event, Eye, Family (biology), Fat, Fermentation, Fern, Fetus, Fish, Fixed action pattern, Flagellum, Flatworm, Flightless bird, Flow cytometry, Flower, Flowering plant, Food chain, Food web, Fossil, Fossil fuel, French flag model, Fruit, Functional group, Fungus, Gamete, Gametophyte, Gastrointestinal tract, Gastrulation, Gel electrophoresis, Gene, Gene expression, Gene knockout, Gene therapy, Genetic code, Genetic drift, Genetic linkage, Genetic recombination, Genetic screen, Genetic transformation, Genetics, Genome, Genomic imprinting, Genomics, Genotype, Genotype–phenotype distinction, Genus, Geobiology, Geologic time scale, Gerontology, Ginkgoopsida, Glossary of invasion biology terms, Glycogen, Glycolysis, Gnetophyta, Golgi apparatus, Gondwana, Gravity, Green algae, Green Revolution, Growth curve (biology), Guanine, Habitat, Hardy–Weinberg principle, Hearing, Heart, Helminthology, Herbivore, Heredity, Herpetology, Heterochromatin, Heterotroph, Histology, Histone, History of anatomy, History of biochemistry, History of biotechnology, History of botany, History of ecology, History of evolutionary thought, History of genetics, History of life, History of marine biology, History of medicine, History of model organisms, History of molecular biology, History of molecular evolution, History of neuroscience, History of pathology, History of plant systematics, History of speciation, History of virology, History of zoology (1859–present), Holocene extinction, Homeobox, Homeostasis, Homogeneity and heterogeneity, Homology (biology), Hormone, Hornwort, Host (biology), Human, Human behavioral ecology, Human biology, Human digestive system, Human evolution, Human reproductive system, Humidity, Hybrid (biology), Hydra (genus), Hydrocarbon, Hydrogen bond, Hydrosphere, Hypothesis, Ichthyology, Immigration, Immune system, Immunology, Inbreeding, Insect, Integumentary system, Interphase, Invasive species, Invertebrate, Ion, Ion channel, Ionic bonding, Isotope, Jellyfish, Joint, Keystone species, Kidney, Kingdom (biology), Lamarckism, Lambda phage, Lancelet, Language, Leaf, Lepidopterology, Life, Ligament, Light, Light-dependent reactions, Limbic system, Lineage (evolution), Linnaean taxonomy, Lipid, List of authors of names published under the ICZN, List of biochemists, List of biologists, List of biology journals, List of ecologists, List of neuroscientists, List of omics topics in biology, List of physiologists, List of research methods in biology, Lists of biologists by author abbreviation, Lithosphere, Live-cell imaging, Liver, Locus (genetics), Logistic function, Lung, Lycophyte, Lymph node, Lymphatic system, Lysosome, Macroevolution, Macromolecule, Malacology, Mammal, Mammalian reproduction, Mammalogy, Marchantiophyta, Marine biology, Marsupial, Mass spectrometry, Maternal effect, Mathematical and theoretical biology, Mating, Matter, Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics), Mechanism (philosophy), Meiosis, Melanin, Membrane transport protein, Memory, Mendelian inheritance, Meristem, Metabolism, Metabolome, Metabolomics, Metaphase, Microbiological culture, Microbiology, Microevolution, Microorganism, Microsatellite, Microscope, Migration (ecology), Miller–Urey experiment, Mimicry, Mitochondrion, Mitosis, Model organism, Modern synthesis (20th century), Mold, Molecular biology, Molecular clock, Molecular neuroscience, Molecule, Mollusca, Monomer, Monophyly, Monosaccharide, Monotreme, Morphogenesis, Morphology (biology), Mortality rate, Mosaic (genetics), Moss, Mouse, Muscle, Muscular system, Mushroom, Mutation, Mutation rate, Mutationism, Mutualism (biology), Mycology, Myosin, Myriapoda, Myriapodology, Myrmecology, Native state, Natural environment, Natural gas, Natural history, Natural science, Natural selection, Nectar, Nematode, Nematology, Neognathae, Nerve, Nervous system, Neuroanatomy, Neuroendocrinology, Neuroethology, Neuroimmunology, Neuron, Neuropharmacology, Neurophysics, Neurophysiology, Neuroscience, Neurotransmitter, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Neutron, Nitrogen cycle, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nuclear envelope, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid double helix, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm, Nucleosome, Nucleotide, Nucleotide base, Nutrient cycle, Nutrition, Observation, Oncology, Operon, Optical microscope, Order (biology), Organ (biology), Organ system, Organelle, Organic compound, Organic matter, Organism, Ornithology, Orthogenesis, Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, Osteichthyes, Osteology, Outgroup (cladistics), Outline (list), Outline of biochemistry, Outline of botany, Outline of cell biology, Outline of ecology, Outline of engineering, Outline of evolution, Outline of genetics, Outline of life forms, Outline of social science, Outline of technology, Outline of zoology, Ovary, Paleoanthropology, Paleobiology, Paleobotany, Paleontology, Paleopathology, Pangaea, Paraphyly, Parasitism, Parasitology, Peer review, Penetrance, Penile spines, Penis, Peripheral nervous system, Peroxisome, Petroleum, PH, Phagocytosis, Phenotype, Phenotypic trait, Phloem, Phospholipid, Photobiology, Photoperiodism, Photosynthesis, Phototropin, Phototropism, Phycology, Phylogenetic tree, Phylum, Physiology, Phytochrome, Pigment, Placenta, Placentalia, Plankton, Plant, Plant development, Plant hormone, Plant physiology, Plant stem, Plasmid, Plastid, Plate tectonics, Ploidy, Point mutation, Pollen, Pollination, Pollinator, Polymerase chain reaction, Polymorphism (biology), Polyphyly, Polyploidy, Polysaccharide, Population, Population density, Population ecology, Population genetics, Population growth, Potassium, Precipitation, Predation, Pregnancy, Primary nutritional groups, Primate, Primatology, Primer (molecular biology), Primer walking, Prion, Programmed cell death, Promoter (genetics), Proofreading (biology), Properties of water, Prophase, Proprioception, Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Protein folding, Protein primary structure, Protein secondary structure, Protein structure, Protein tag, Protein tertiary structure, Proteolysis, Proteome, Proteomics, Protist, Proton, Pseudopodia, Pteridophyte, Punnett square, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Quantitative genetics, Quantum biology, Quantum mechanics, Radiation, Receptor (biochemistry), Reflex, Region, Regulation of gene expression, Repressor, Reproduction, Reproductive system, Reptile, Research question, Resource, Respiratory system, Restriction enzyme, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Retrovirus, Ribosome, Ripening, RNA, RNA interference, RNA polymerase, RNA virus, Robert Hooke, Root, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saprotrophic nutrition, Scanning electron microscope, Science, Scientific law, Scientific method, Scientific theory, Sea anemone, Seed, Seed plant, Self-pollination, Senescence, Sense of smell, Sensory nervous system, Sequencing, Sexual reproduction, Sexual selection, Shoot (botany), Shotgun sequencing, Signal transduction, Site-directed mutagenesis, Skeleton, Skin, Sodium, Solar energy, Solvent, Speciation, Species, Sperm, Spermatid, Spinal cord, Spindle apparatus, Sponge, Sporangium, Spore, Sporophyte, Spotted hyena, Starch, Statistics, Stem cell, Stimulus (physiology), Stomach, Structural biology, Structuralism, Sugar, Surface tension, Sustainability, Symbiosis, Synapse, Synthetic biology, Systems biology, Systems neuroscience, T cell, Taphonomy, Taxis, Taxon, Taxonomy, Technology, Telomere, Telophase, Temperature, Tendon, Testability, Testicle, Tetrapod, Teuthology, The eclipse of Darwinism, Theoretical chemistry, Thermocline, Three-domain system, Thymine, Tiktaalik, Tissue (biology), Tonicity, Topography, Toxin, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Translation (biology), Transmission electron microscopy, Transpiration, Transposable element, Trophic level, Tropism, Trunk (botany), Turgor pressure, Uracil, Vaccine, Vacuole, Vascular cambium, Vascular tissue, Vein, Vertebrate, Vesicle (biology and chemistry), Vestibular system, Virology, Virophysics, Virus, Visual perception, Vitalism, Vitamin, Volume, Water, Water cycle, Water vapor, Wax, White blood cell, Windward and leeward, World energy supply and consumption, World population, X-ray diffraction, Xanthophyll, Xenopus, Xylem, Yeast, Zebrafish, Zoology, Zygosity, Zygote.

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