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185 relations: A. D. Gardner, Acetyl-CoA, Adverse drug reaction, Albert Alexander (police officer), Alexander Fleming, Allergy, Allies of World War II, Almecillin, Alpha-aminoadipate pathway, Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, American Chemical Society, Amide, Aminoglycoside, Aminopenicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Anaphylaxis, Andrew J. Moyer, Angioedema, Annals of Internal Medicine, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial resistance, Antistaphylococcal penicillins, Australian Medicines Handbook, Bacampicillin, Bacteria, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Benzylpenicillin, Beta-lactam, Beta-lactamase, Bicyclic molecule, Biotechnology, Bryophyte, Candidiasis, Cantaloupe, Carbapenem, Carbenicillin, Catalysis, Cell culture, Cell wall, Cephalosporin, Charles Thom, Chemical engineer, Chemical structure, Chloroplast, Clavulanic acid, Clearance (pharmacology), Cloxacillin, Cocoanut Grove fire, Colitis, ..., Corn steep liquor, Cross-link, Cyanobacteria, Cycloalkane, Cytolysis, DD-transpeptidase, Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dicloxacillin, Directed evolution, DNA shuffling, Dorothy Hodgkin, Edward Abraham, Enzyme, Epicillin, Epilepsy, Epileptic seizure, Ernst Chain, Erythema, Evolution, Extended-spectrum penicillin, Fed-batch culture, Filtration, Flucloxacillin, Glaucophyte, Glucose, Glycopeptide antibiotic, Gram-negative bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae, Henry Hallett Dale, Hetacillin, Hives, Homocitric acid, Howard Florey, Hydrolysis, Hypersensitivity, Imperial College London, In vivo, Intramuscular injection, Intravenous therapy, Invasion of Normandy, Isopenicillin N N-acyltransferase, Isopenicillin N synthase, Β-lactam antibiotic, Jasper H. Kane, John C. Sheehan, K. C. Nicolaou, Lactose, Lysine, Lysis, Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau, Mass production, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mecillinam, Medical Research Club, Medicinal fungi, Merck & Co., Metampicillin, Methicillin, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mezlocillin, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moiety (chemistry), Molar mass, Nafcillin, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Nausea, Neonatal conjunctivitis, Neurotoxicity, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nonribosomal peptide, Norman Heatley, Oral administration, Organelle, Oxacillin, Pathogenic bacteria, Pathology, Penam, Penicillium, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium rubrum, Peoria, Illinois, Peptide, Peptide bond, Peptidoglycan, Periodic Videos, Pfizer, PH, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Phenylacetic acid, Photosynthesis, Piperacillin, Pivampicillin, Plastid, Polymerase chain reaction, Probenecid, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Protecting group, Protoplast, Redox, Resonance (chemistry), Secondary metabolism, Serendipity, Serum sickness, Serum sickness–like reaction, Sheffield, Sheffield Royal Infirmary, Spheroplast, St Mary's Hospital, London, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Sulbactam, Superinfection, Sycosis vulgaris, Symbiogenesis, Talampicillin, Tazobactam, Teicoplanin, Temocillin, Thiazolidine, Thomson Scientific, Ticarcillin, Total synthesis, Tripeptide, Type I hypersensitivity, Type III hypersensitivity, University of Oxford, Uricosuric, Vancomycin, Vascular plant, War Production Board, World War II, X-ray crystallography, 6-APA. Expand index (135 more) »
A. D. Gardner
Arthur Duncan Gardner, FRCP, FRCS (28 March 1884 – 28 January 1977) was a member of the team of Oxford University scientists who developed penicillin and was Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford from 1948 to 1954.
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Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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Adverse drug reaction
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an injury caused by taking a medication.
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Albert Alexander (police officer)
Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 – 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin.
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Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Almecillin
Almecillin (INN), also known as penicillin O, is a penicillin that is similar in antibiotic action to penicillin G. It is obtained by isolation from Penicillium chrysogenum.
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Alpha-aminoadipate pathway
The amino acid L-lysine The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid L-lysine.
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Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid (2-oxoglutaric acid) is one of two ketone derivatives of glutaric acid.
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American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.
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Amide
An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).
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Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar); the term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains aminosugar substructures.
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Aminopenicillin
The aminopenicillins are a group of antibiotics in the penicillin family that are structural analogs of ampicillin (which is the 2-amino derivative of benzylpenicillin, hence the name).
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Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin, also spelled amoxycillin, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Ampicillin
Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis.
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Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.
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Andrew J. Moyer
Andrew J. Moyer (November 30, 1899 – February 17, 1959) was an American microbiologist.
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Angioedema
Angioedema is an area of swelling of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes.
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Annals of Internal Medicine
Annals of Internal Medicine is an academic medical journal published by the American College of Physicians (ACP).
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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Antistaphylococcal penicillins
Antistaphylococcal penicillins are a class of Beta lactam antibiotics used to treat infections caused by bacteria.
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Australian Medicines Handbook
Australian Medicines Handbook (AMH) is a peer-reviewed medicines prescribing guide for Australian health professionals.
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Bacampicillin
Bacampicillin (INN) is a penicillin antibiotic.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Benzathine benzylpenicillin
Benzathine benzylpenicillin, also known as benzathine penicillin G, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Beta-lactam
A beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam.
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Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem), although carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase.
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Bicyclic molecule
A bicyclic molecule (bi.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Bryophyte
Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
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Candidiasis
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast).
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Cantaloupe
Cantaloupe (muskmelon, mushmelon, rockmelon, sweet melon) or spanspek (South Africa) is a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family.
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Carbapenem
Carbapenems are a class of highly effective antibiotic agents commonly used for the treatment of severe or high-risk bacterial infections.
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Carbenicillin
Carbenicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.
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Cephalosporin
The cephalosporins (sg.) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium".
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Charles Thom
Charles Thom (November 11, 1872 – May 24, 1956) was an American microbiologist and mycologist.
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Chemical engineer
In the field of engineering, a chemical engineer is a professional, who is equipped with the knowledge of chemical engineering, works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products, and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment.
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Chemical structure
A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Clavulanic acid
Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam drug that functions as a mechanism-based β-lactamase inhibitor.
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Clearance (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, the clearance is a pharmacokinetic measurement of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed per unit time; the usual units are mL/min.
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Cloxacillin
Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Cocoanut Grove fire
The Cocoanut Grove Fire was a nightclub fire in the United States.
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Colitis
Colitis is an inflammation of the colon.
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Corn steep liquor
Corn steep liquor is a by-product of corn wet-milling.
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Cross-link
A cross-link is a bond that links one polymer chain to another.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cycloalkane
In organic chemistry, the cycloalkanes (also called naphthenes, but distinct from naphthalene) are the monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons.
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Cytolysis
Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell.
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DD-transpeptidase
DD-transpeptidase (DD-peptidase, DD-transpeptidase, DD-carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving-peptidase, D-alanine carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl carboxypeptidase, and serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase.) is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the R-L-aca-D-alanyl moiety of R-L-aca-D-alanyl-D-alanine carbonyl donors to the γ-OH of their active-site serine and from this to a final acceptor.
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Dermatitis
Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.
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Directed evolution
Directed evolution (DE, "gelenkte Evolution") is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural selection to evolve proteins or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal.
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DNA shuffling
DNA shuffling is a way to rapidly propagate beneficial mutations in a directed evolution experiment.
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Dorothy Hodgkin
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a British chemist who developed protein crystallography, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
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Edward Abraham
Sir Edward Penley Abraham, (10 June 1913 – 8 May 1999) was an English biochemist instrumental in the development of the first antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epicillin
Epicillin (INN) is a penicillin antibiotic.
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Ernst Chain
Sir Ernst Boris Chain, FRS (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin.
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Erythema
Erythema (from the Greek erythros, meaning red) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Extended-spectrum penicillin
The extended-spectrum penicillins are a group of antibiotics that have the widest antibacterial spectrum of all penicillins.
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Fed-batch culture
Fed-batch culture is, in the broadest sense, defined as an operational technique in biotechnological processes where one or more nutrients (substrates) are fed (supplied) to the bioreactor during cultivation and in which the product(s) remain in the bioreactor until the end of the run.
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Filtration
Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
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Flucloxacillin
Flucloxacillin (INN) or floxacillin (USAN) is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.
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Glaucophyte
The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of rare freshwater microscopic algae.
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Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
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Glycopeptide antibiotic
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.
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Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family.
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Henry Hallett Dale
Sir Henry Hallett Dale (9 June 1875 – 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist and physiologist.
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Hetacillin
Hetacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that is part of the aminopenicillin family.
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Hives
Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps.
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Homocitric acid
Homocitric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)(C2H4CO2H).
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Howard Florey
Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey, (24 September 189821 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.
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Imperial College London
Imperial College London (officially Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Intramuscular injection
Intramuscular (also IM or im) injection is the injection of a substance directly into muscle.
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Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).
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Invasion of Normandy
The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944.
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Isopenicillin N N-acyltransferase
In enzymology, an isopenicillin N N-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are phenylacetyl-CoA, isopenicillin N, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are CoA, penicillin G, and L-2-aminohexanedioate.
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Isopenicillin N synthase
Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) is a non-heme iron-dependent enzyme belonging to the oxidoreductase family.
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Β-lactam antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures.
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Jasper H. Kane
Jasper Herbert Kane (July 15, 1903 – November 23, 2004) was an American biochemist who had a central role in moving antibiotics such as penicillin from the laboratory table into industrial production in World War II.
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John C. Sheehan
John Clark Sheehan (23 September 1915 – 21 March 1992) was an American organic chemist whose work on synthetic penicillin led to tailor-made forms of the drug.
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K. C. Nicolaou
Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou (Κυριάκος Κ. Νικολάου) is a Cypriot-American chemist known for his research in the area of natural products total synthesis.
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Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide.
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Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Lysis
Lysis (Greek λύσις lýsis, "a loosing" from λύειν lýein, "to unbind") refers to the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
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Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau
Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau (October 27, 1910 – January 12, 2000) was an American chemical engineer who designed the first commercial penicillin production plant.
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Mass production
Mass production, also known as flow production or continuous production, is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
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Mecillinam
Mecillinam (INN) or amdinocillin (USAN) is an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic of the amidinopenicillin class that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Medical Research Club
The London Medical Research Club is a society founded in 1891 composed of scientists and medical doctors carrying out research in all fields of medicine and related disciplines.
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Medicinal fungi
Medicinal fungi are those fungi which produce medically significant metabolites or can be induced to produce such metabolites using biotechnology.
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Merck & Co.
Merck & Company, Inc., d.b.a. Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside the United States and Canada, is an American pharmaceutical company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
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Metampicillin
Metampicillin (INN) is a penicillin antibiotic.
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Methicillin
Methicillin, also known as meticillin, is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) refers to a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Mezlocillin
Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic.
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Minimum bactericidal concentration
The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent required to kill a particular bacterium.
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Minimum inhibitory concentration
In, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical which prevents visible growth of a bacterium.
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Moiety (chemistry)
In organic chemistry, a moiety is a part of a molecule.
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Molar mass
In chemistry, the molar mass M is a physical property defined as the mass of a given substance (chemical element or chemical compound) divided by the amount of substance.
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Nafcillin
Nafcillin sodium is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.
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National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research
The National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) (sometimes still called the Northern Lab) is a United States Department of Agriculture laboratory center in Peoria, Illinois.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal conjunctivitis, also known as ophthalmia neonatorum, is a form of conjunctivitis and a type of neonatal infection contracted by newborns during delivery.
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Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Nonribosomal peptide
Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
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Norman Heatley
Norman George Heatley OBE (10 January 1911 – 5 January 2004) was a member of the team of Oxford University scientists who developed penicillin.
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Oral administration
| name.
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Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.
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Oxacillin
Oxacillin sodium (trade name Bactocill) is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class developed by Beecham.
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Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Penam
Penams are a subclass of the broader β-lactam family of antibiotics and related compounds.
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Penicillium
Penicillium ascomycetous fungi are of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production.
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Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum or P. notatum (formerly) is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae.
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Penicillium rubrum
Penicillium rubrum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces kojic acid, mitorubrin, mitorubrinol, rubratoxin A, rubratoxin B rubralactone, rubramin and occurs in grain corn and soybeans.
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Peoria, Illinois
Peoria is the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois, and the largest city on the Illinois River.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Peptide bond
A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain.
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Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.
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Periodic Videos
The Periodic Table of Videos (usually shortened to Periodic Videos) is a series of videos about chemical elements and the periodic table.
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Pfizer
Pfizer Inc. is an American pharmaceutical conglomerate headquartered in New York City, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin, also known as penicillin V and penicillin VK, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Phenylacetic acid
Phenylacetic acid (PAA) (conjugate base phenylacetate), also known by various synonyms, is an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Piperacillin
Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class.
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Pivampicillin
Pivampicillin is a pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin.
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Plastid
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
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Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
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Probenecid
Probenecid, also sold under the brandname Probalan, is a medication that increases uric acid excretion in the urine.
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Procaine benzylpenicillin
Procaine benzylpenicillin also known as penicillin G procaine, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Protecting group
A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction.
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Protoplast
Protoplast, from ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos, "first-formed"), is a biological term proposed by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall, but currently has several definitions.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Resonance (chemistry)
In chemistry, resonance or mesomerism is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis structure.
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Secondary metabolism
Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
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Serendipity
Serendipity means an unplanned, fortuitous discovery.
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Serum sickness
Serum sickness in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human animal source, occurring 5–10 days after exposure.
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Serum sickness–like reaction
Serum sickness–like reactions (SSLRs) refer to adverse reactions that have symptoms similar to those of serum sickness (type III immune complex hypersensitivity) but in which immune complexes are not found.
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Sheffield
Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.
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Sheffield Royal Infirmary
The Royal Infirmary was a hospital in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
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Spheroplast
A spheroplast is a cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin.
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St Mary's Hospital, London
St Mary's Hospital is an NHS hospital in Paddington, in the City of Westminster, London, founded in 1845.
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Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus (from the σταφυλή, staphylē, "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Streptococcus
Streptococcus (term coined by Viennese surgeon Albert Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) from strepto- "twisted" + Modern Latin coccus "spherical bacterium," from Greek kokkos meaning "berry") is a genus of coccus (spherical) Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria).
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Sulbactam
Sulbactam is a β-lactamase inhibitor.
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Superinfection
A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.
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Sycosis vulgaris
Sycosis vulgaris (also known as "Barber's itch," and "Sycosis barbae") is a cutaneous condition characterized by a chronic infection of the chin or bearded region.
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Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.
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Talampicillin
Talampicillin is a beta lactam antibiotic from the penicillin family.
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Tazobactam
Tazobactam is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of bacterial β-lactamases, especially those belonging to the SHV-1 and TEM groups.
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Teicoplanin
Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and Enterococcus faecalis.
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Temocillin
Temocillin is a β-lactamase-resistant penicillin introduced by Beecham, marketed by Eumedica Pharmaceuticals as Negaban.
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Thiazolidine
Thiazolidine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(NH)S.
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Thomson Scientific
Thomson Scientific was one of the five operating divisions of The Thomson Corporation from 2006 to 2008.
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Ticarcillin
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin.
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Total synthesis
Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially available precursors.
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Tripeptide
A tripeptide is a peptide consisting of three amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
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Type I hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.
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Type III hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.
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Uricosuric
Uricosuric medications (drugs) are substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine, thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma.
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Vancomycin
Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Vascular plant
Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants (c. 308,312 accepted known species) that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.
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War Production Board
The War Production Board (WPB) was an agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
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6-APA
6-APA is the chemical compound (+)-6-aminopenicillanic acid.
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Allergic to penicillin, B-Cillin K, Bicillin, Cerocillin, Crysticillin, Duracillin, Penacillin, Pencilin, Penecilin, Penecillin, Penhexal VK, Penicilin, Peniciline, Penicillan, Penicillian, Penicillin Desensitization, Penicillin allergies, Penicillin desensitization, Penicillin drug reaction, Penicilline, Penicillins, Penincillin, Pennicilin, Penniciline, Pennicillin, Pennicilline, Permapen, Pfizerpen, Pfizerpen as, Pfizerpen g, Pfizerpen-as.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin
