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Phonograph

Index Phonograph

The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. [1]

231 relations: A-side and B-side, Air bearing, Alexander Graham Bell, Alternating current, Aluminium, American English, Amplifier, Analog signal, Ancient Greek, Archéophone, Au clair de la lune, Audio power amplifier, Audio signal processing, Audio-Technica, Audiobook, Audiophile, Australian English, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, Ball bearing, Bang & Olufsen, Bearing (mechanical), Beatmatching, Beeswax, Big-box store, Brand, British English, Bronze, Canadian Electroacoustic Community, Capacitance Electronic Disc, CD player, Charles Cros, Charles Sumner Tainter, Chicago Tribune, Chichester Bell, Columbia Records, Compact Cassette, Compact disc, Compatible Discrete 4, Compressed air gramophone, Counterweight, Crystal, Cylinder, Denon, Diamond, Diaphragm (acoustics), Dictaphone, Dictation machine, Digital audio workstation, Digital recording, Direct-drive turntable, ..., Disc jockey, Distortion, DJ mixer, Dual (brand), Edison Disc Record, Edwin Booth, Eldridge R. Johnson, Electrical transcription, Electromagnetic induction, Electronic dance music, Electrotyping, Elektro-Mess-Technik, Embossing (manufacturing), Emile Berliner, Engraving, Entertainment center, Equalization (audio), Extended play, Fiber-optic communication, Flutter (electronics and communication), Frank Lambert (inventor), French Academy of Sciences, Frequency, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Garrard Engineering and Manufacturing Company, George Frideric Handel, George W. Johnson (singer), Grado Labs, Grammy Award, Gramophone Company, Grand Wizzard Theodore, Graphophone, Great Depression, Hal Leonard Corporation, Headshell, Helix, Herbie Hancock, Herman Klein, High fidelity, Hip hop music, Horn (acoustic), Hygroscopy, Idler-wheel, Inertia, Kilogram-force, Laboratory, Laser turntable, Lead, LEAK, Lenco Turntables, Library of Congress, Life (magazine), List of phonograph manufacturers, Loudspeaker, LP record, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, Magnet, Magnetic cartridge, Magnetic field, Magnetic tape, Mary Had a Little Lamb, Mass market, Molybdenum disulfide, Monaural, Music industry, National Museum of American History, National Park Service, Needle drop (audio), Newsreel, Newton (unit), Nickel (United States coin), North American Phonograph Company, Ogg, Ohm, Ortofon, Overdubbing, P. T. Barnum, Panasonic, Pantograph, Patent, Pathé, Pathé Records, Philadelphia, Philco, Phonautograph, Phonograph, Phonograph cylinder, Phonograph record, Photoengraving, Photograph, Photophone, Physics, Piezoelectricity, Pitch control, Plain bearing, Polystyrene, Potassium sodium tartrate, Prince Igor, Public domain, Pulley, Quadraphonic sound, Radio, Radio Veronica, Radiogram (device), RCA connector, Record changer, Refurbishment (electronics), Revox, RIAA equalization, Rockit (song), Rolling-element bearing, Rotation around a fixed axis, Rumble (noise), Rutherford B. Hayes, San Francisco, Sapphire, Scientific American, Scientific priority, Scientist, Scratching, Selenium, Servomechanism, Shaded-pole synchronous motor, Shellac, Shorthand, Shure, Single (music), SME Limited, Smithsonian Institution, Software, Sound, Sound recording and reproduction, Sound-on-film, Spiral, Stanton Magnetics, Stereophonic sound, Stethoscope, Strain gauge, Stroboscope, Stroboscopic effect, Stylus, Symphony, Talking Machine World, Tangent, Technics (brand), Technics SL-10, Technics SL-1200, Telegraphy, Telephone, The Crystal Palace, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Thomas Edison, Thomas Young (scientist), Thorens, Thousandth of an inch, Threaded rod, Tin foil, Trademark, Transducer, Transistor, Tungsten, Tuning fork, Turntable anti-skating, Turntablism, Tweaking, University of San Diego, University Press of Mississippi, USB, Utility frequency, V-Disc, Victor Talking Machine Company, Vinyl revival, Vitaphone, Volta Laboratory and Bureau, Voltage, Washington Herald, Waveform, World War II, Wow (recording), 8-track tape. Expand index (181 more) »

A-side and B-side

The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78, 45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, or cassettes, whether singles, extended plays (EPs), or long-playing (LP) records.

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Air bearing

Air bearings (also known as aerostatic or aerodynamic bearings) are bearings that use a thin film of pressurized gas to provide a low friction load-bearing interface between surfaces.

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Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone.

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Alternating current

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.

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Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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American English

American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.

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Amplifier

An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current).

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Analog signal

An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.

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Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

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Archéophone

The Archéophone is a modern, electric version of the phonographs and ediphones from the 19th and early 20th century.

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Au clair de la lune

"" (lit. "By the Light of the Moon") is a French folk song of the 18th century.

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Audio power amplifier

An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that reproduces low-power electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or electric guitar pickup at a level that is strong enough for driving (or powering) loudspeakers or headphones.

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Audio signal processing

Audio signal processing or audio processing is the intentional alteration of audio signals often through an audio effect or effects unit.

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Audio-Technica

is a Japanese company that designs and manufactures professional microphones, headphones, phonographic magnetic cartridges, and other audio equipment.

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Audiobook

An audiobook (or talking book) is a recording of a text being read.

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Audiophile

An audiophile is a person who is enthusiastic about high-fidelity sound reproduction.

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Australian English

Australian English (AuE, en-AU) is a major variety of the English language, used throughout Australia.

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Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville

Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (25 April 1817 – 26 April 1879) was a French printer and bookseller who lived in Paris.

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Ball bearing

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races.

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Bang & Olufsen

Bang & Olufsen (B&O) (stylized as BANG & OLUFSEN) is a high-end Danish consumer electronics company that designs and manufactures audio products, television sets, and telephones.

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Bearing (mechanical)

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts.

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Beatmatching

Beatmatching or pitch cue is a disc jockey technique of pitch shifting or timestretching an upcoming track to match its tempo to that of the currently playing track, and to adjust them such that the beats (and, usually, the bars) are synchronised — i.e., the kicks and snares in two house records hit at the same time when both records are played simultaneously.

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Beeswax

Beeswax (cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.

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Big-box store

A big-box store (also supercenter, superstore, or megastore) is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain of stores.

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Brand

A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes an organization or product from its rivals in the eyes of the customer.

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British English

British English is the standard dialect of English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

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Canadian Electroacoustic Community

Founded in 1986, La Communauté électroacoustique canadienne / The Canadian Electroacoustic Community (CEC) is Canada’s national electroacoustic / computer music / sonic arts organization and as such is dedicated to promoting this progressive art form in its broadest definition: from “pure” acousmatic and computer music to soundscape and sonic art to hardware hacking and beyond.

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Capacitance Electronic Disc

The Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED) is an analog video disc playback system developed by RCA, in which video and audio could be played back on a TV set using a special needle and high-density groove system similar to phonograph records.

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CD player

A CD player is an electronic device that plays audio compact discs, which are a digital optical disc data storage format.

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Charles Cros

Charles Cros or Émile-Hortensius-Charles Cros (October 1, 1842 – August 9, 1888) was a French poet and inventor.

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Charles Sumner Tainter

Charles Sumner Tainter (April 25, 1854 – April 20, 1940) was an American scientific instrument maker, engineer and inventor, best known for his collaborations with Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, Alexander's father-in-law Gardiner Hubbard, and for his significant improvements to Thomas Edison's phonograph, resulting in the Graphophone, one version of which was the first Dictaphone.

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Chicago Tribune

The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by Tronc, Inc., formerly Tribune Publishing.

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Chichester Bell

Chichester Alexander Bell (1848–1924) was a chemist, first cousin of Alexander Graham Bell, and instrumental in developing improved versions of the phonograph.

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Columbia Records

Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony.

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Compact Cassette

The Compact Audio Cassette (CAC) or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called the cassette tape or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback.

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Compact disc

Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982.

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Compatible Discrete 4

Compatible Discrete 4, also known as Quadradisc or CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc) was as a discrete four-channel quadraphonic system for phonograph records.

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Compressed air gramophone

Compressed air gramophones were gramophones which employed compressed air and a pneumatic amplifier to amplify the recorded sound.

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Counterweight

A counterweight is a weight that, by exerting an opposite force, provides balance and stability of a mechanical system.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Cylinder

A cylinder (from Greek κύλινδρος – kulindros, "roller, tumbler"), has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes.

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Denon

is a Japanese electronics company that was involved in the early stages of development of digital audio technology, while specializing in the manufacture of high-fidelity professional and consumer audio equipment.

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Diamond

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.

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Diaphragm (acoustics)

In the field of acoustics, a diaphragm is a transducer intended to inter-convert mechanical vibrations to sounds, or vice versa.

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Dictaphone

Dictaphone was an American company founded by Alexander Graham Bell that produced dictation machines.

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Dictation machine

A dictation machine is a sound recording device most commonly used to record speech for later playback or to be typed into print.

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Digital audio workstation

A digital audio workstation (DAW) is an electronic device or application software used for recording, editing and producing audio files.

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Digital recording

In digital recording, audio signals picked up by a microphone or other transducer or video signals picked up by a camera or similar device are converted into a stream of discrete numbers, representing the changes over time in air pressure for audio, and chroma and luminance values for video, then recorded to a storage device.

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Direct-drive turntable

A direct-drive turntable is one of the three main phonograph designs currently being produced.

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Disc jockey

A disc jockey, often abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays existing recorded music for a live audience.

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Distortion

Distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of something.

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DJ mixer

A DJ mixer is a type of audio mixing console used by DJs for two different purposes: some DJs use the mixer to make seamless transitions from one song to another when they are spinning a set at a dance club.

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Dual (brand)

Dual is a brand name of audio and video electronics.

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Edison Disc Record

The Edison Diamond Disc Record is a type of phonograph record marketed by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on their Edison Record label from 1912 to 1929.

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Edwin Booth

Edwin Thomas Booth (November 13, 1833 – June 7, 1893) was an American actor who toured throughout the United States and the major capitals of Europe, performing Shakespearean plays.

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Eldridge R. Johnson

Eldridge Reeves Johnson (February 6, 1867 in Wilmington, Delaware – November 14, 1945 in Moorestown, New Jersey) was an American businessman and engineer who founded the Victor Talking Machine Company and built it into the leading American producer of phonographs and phonograph records and one of the leading phonograph companies in the world at the time.

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Electrical transcription

Electrical transcriptions are special phonograph recordings made exclusively for radio broadcastingBrowne, Ray B. and Browne, Pat, Eds.

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Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

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Electronic dance music

Electronic dance music (also known as EDM, dance music, club music, or simply dance) is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres made largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals.

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Electrotyping

Electrotyping (also galvanoplasty) is a chemical method for forming metal parts that exactly reproduce a model.

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Elektro-Mess-Technik

Elektro-Mess-Technik (EMT) is a manufacturer of phonograph turntables and professional audio equipment, including a well-regarded line of artificial reverberation devices beginning with the EMT 140 plate reverb.

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Embossing (manufacturing)

Sheet metal embossing is a stamping process for producing raised or sunken designs or relief in sheet metal.

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Emile Berliner

Emile Berliner (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929), originally Emil Berliner, was a German-born American inventor.

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Engraving

Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it.

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Entertainment center

An entertainment center is a piece of furniture designed to house consumer electronic appliances and components, such as televisions.

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Equalization (audio)

Equalization or equalisation is the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal.

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Extended play

An extended play record, often referred to as an EP, is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP.

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Fiber-optic communication

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

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Flutter (electronics and communication)

In electronics and communication, flutter is the rapid variation of signal parameters, such as amplitude, phase, and frequency.

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Frank Lambert (inventor)

Francois Lambert (13 June 1851 – 1937) was a French American inventor.

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French Academy of Sciences

The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.

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Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

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Gardiner Greene Hubbard

Gardiner Greene Hubbard (August 25, 1822 – December 11, 1897) was an American lawyer, financier, and community leader.

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Garrard Engineering and Manufacturing Company

The Garrard Engineering and Manufacturing Company of Swindon, Wiltshire, was a British company that was famous for producing high-quality gramophone turntables.

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George Frideric Handel

George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (born italic; 23 February 1685 (O.S.) – 14 April 1759) was a German, later British, Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London, becoming well-known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos.

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George W. Johnson (singer)

George Washington Johnson (c. October 1846 – January 23, 1914) was a singer and pioneer sound recording artist, the first African-American recording star of the phonograph.

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Grado Labs

Grado Labs is an audio manufacturer known for hand building high-end dynamic open-air headphones and cartridges in Brooklyn, New York.

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Grammy Award

A Grammy Award (stylized as GRAMMY, originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievement in the music industry.

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Gramophone Company

The Gramophone Company, based in the United Kingdom and founded on behalf of Emil Berliner, was one of the early recording companies, the parent organisation for the His Master's Voice (HMV) label, and the European affiliate of the American Victor Talking Machine Company.

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Grand Wizzard Theodore

Theodore Livingston (born March 5, 1963), better known as Grand Wizzard Theodore, is an American hip hop DJ.

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Graphophone

The Graphophone was the name and trademark of an improved version of the phonograph.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Hal Leonard Corporation

Hal Leonard Corporation is a United States music publishing and distribution company founded in Winona, Minnesota, by Harold "Hal" Edstrom, his brother, Everett "Leonard" Edstrom, and fellow musician Roger Busdicker.

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Headshell

A head-shell is a head piece designed to be attached to the end of a turntable's or record player,'s "tone arm" and the cartridge is bolted to it.

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Helix

A helix, plural helixes or helices, is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space.

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Herbie Hancock

Herbert Jeffrey "Herbie" Hancock (born April 12, 1940) is an American pianist, keyboardist, bandleader, composer and actor.

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Herman Klein

Herman Klein (born Hermann Klein; 23 July 1856 – 10 March 1934) was an English music critic, author and teacher of singing.

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High fidelity

High fidelity (often shortened to hi-fi or hifi) is a term used by listeners, audiophiles and home audio enthusiasts to refer to high-quality reproduction of sound.

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Hip hop music

Hip hop music, also called hip-hopMerriam-Webster Dictionary entry on hip-hop, retrieved from: A subculture especially of inner-city black youths who are typically devotees of rap music; the stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rap; also rap together with this music.

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Horn (acoustic)

An acoustic horn or waveguide is a tapered sound guide designed to provide an acoustic impedance match between a sound source and free air.

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Hygroscopy

Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature.

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Idler-wheel

An idler-wheel drive is a system used to transmit the rotation of the main shaft of a motor to another rotating device, for example the platter of a record-reproducing turntable or the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear train of an automobile.

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Inertia

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its position and state of motion.

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Kilogram-force

The kilogram-force (kgf or kgF), or kilopond (kp, from Latin pondus meaning weight), is a gravitational metric unit of force.

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Laboratory

A laboratory (informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.

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Laser turntable

A laser turntable (or optical turntable) is a phonograph that plays standard LP records (and other gramophone records) using laser beams as the pickup instead of using a stylus as in conventional turntables.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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LEAK

LEAK is the brand name for high-fidelity audio equipment made by H. J. Leak & Co.

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Lenco Turntables

Lenco is currently a Dutch owned brand of audio & video equipment and part of Commaxx International NV and a sister company of Trebs BV '. Lenco became very well known (A Brand) especially because of the Lenco turntables, the SwissLenco AG (from Oberburg, Burgdorf was founded in 1946), a turntable manufacturer prominent during the 1950–1980s.

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Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States.

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Life (magazine)

Life was an American magazine that ran regularly from 1883 to 1972 and again from 1978 to 2000.

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List of phonograph manufacturers

This is a list of phonograph manufacturers.

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Loudspeaker

A loudspeaker (or loud-speaker or speaker) is an electroacoustic transducer; which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound.

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LP record

The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of rpm, a 12- or 10-inch (30 or 25 cm) diameter, and use of the "microgroove" groove specification.

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Mabel Gardiner Hubbard

Mabel Gardiner Hubbard (November 25, 1857 – January 3, 1923), was the daughter of Boston lawyer Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who was the first president of the Bell Telephone Company.

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Magnet

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

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Magnetic cartridge

A magnetic cartridge, more commonly called a phonograph cartridge or phono cartridge or (colloquially) a pickup, is an electromechanical transducer used in the playback of analog sound recordings called records on a record player, now commonly called a turntable because of its most prominent component but formally known as a phonograph in the US and a gramophone in the UK.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.

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Magnetic tape

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film.

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Mary Had a Little Lamb

"Mary Had a Little Lamb" is an English language nursery rhyme of the early nineteenth-century American origin.

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Mass market

Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group of significant number of end consumers.

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Molybdenum disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.

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Monaural

Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position.

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Music industry

The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and selling live concerts and shows, audio and video recordings, compositions and sheet music, and the organizations and associations that aid and represent music creators.

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National Museum of American History

The National Museum of American History: Kenneth E. Behring Center collects, preserves, and displays the heritage of the United States in the areas of social, political, cultural, scientific, and military history.

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National Park Service

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations.

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Needle drop (audio)

A needle drop is a version of a music album that has been transferred from a vinyl record to digital audio or other formats.

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Newsreel

A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the late 1960s.

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Newton (unit)

The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force.

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Nickel (United States coin)

A nickel, in American usage, is a five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint.

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North American Phonograph Company

The North American Phonograph Company was an early attempt to commercialize the maturing technologies of sound recording in the late 1880s and early 1890s.

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Ogg

Ogg is a free, open container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation.

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Ohm

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.

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Ortofon

Ortofon is a Danish manufacturer of electronic audio equipment.

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Overdubbing

Overdubbing (the process of making an overdub, or overdubs) is a technique used in audio recording, whereby a musical passage is recorded twice.

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P. T. Barnum

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, politician and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus (1871–2017).

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Panasonic

, formerly known as, is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan.

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Pantograph

A pantograph (Greek roots παντ- "all, every" and γραφ- "to write", from their original use for copying writing) is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen.

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Patent

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.

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Pathé

Pathé or Pathé Frères (styled as PATHÉ!) is the name of various French businesses that were founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France starting in 1896.

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Pathé Records

Pathé Records was a France-based international record company and label and producer of phonographs, active from the 1890s through the 1930s.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Philco

Philco (founded as Helios Electric Company, renamed Philadelphia Storage Battery Company) was a pioneer in battery, radio, and television production.

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Phonautograph

The phonautograph is the earliest known device for recording sound.

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Phonograph

The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.

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Phonograph cylinder

Phonograph cylinders are the earliest commercial medium for recording and reproducing sound.

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Phonograph record

A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English, or record) is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.

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Photoengraving

Photoengraving is a process that uses a light-sensitive photoresist applied to the surface to be engraved to create a mask that shields some areas during a subsequent operation which etches, dissolves, or otherwise removes some or all of the material from the unshielded areas.

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Photograph

A photograph or photo is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic medium such as a CCD or a CMOS chip.

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Photophone

The photophone is a telecommunications device that allows transmission of speech on a beam of light.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.

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Pitch control

A variable speed pitch control (or vari-speed) is a control on an audio device such as a turntable, tape recorder, or CD player that allows the operator to deviate from a standard speed (such as 33⅓, 45 or even 78 rpm on a turntable).

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Plain bearing

A plain bearing, or more commonly sliding bearing and slide bearing (in railroading sometimes called a solid bearing or friction bearing), is the simplest type of bearing, comprising just a bearing surface and no rolling elements.

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Polystyrene

Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer made from the monomer styrene.

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Potassium sodium tartrate

Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.

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Prince Igor

Prince Igor (Князь Игорь, Knyaz' Igor') is an opera in four acts with a prologue, written and composed by Alexander Borodin.

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Public domain

The public domain consists of all the creative works to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply.

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Pulley

A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable or belt, or transfer of power between the shaft and cable or belt.

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Quadraphonic sound

Quadraphonic (or Quadrophonic and sometimes Quadrasonic) sound – equivalent to what is now called 4.0 surround sound – uses four channels in which speakers are positioned at the four corners of the listening space, reproducing signals that are (wholly or in part) independent of one another.

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Radio

Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information, such as sound, by systematically modulating properties of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width.

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Radio Veronica

Radio Veronica was an offshore radio station that began broadcasting in 1960, and broadcast from offshore for over fourteen years.

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Radiogram (device)

In British English, a radiogram is a piece of furniture that combined a radio and record player.

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RCA connector

An RCA connector, sometimes called a phono connector or (in other languages) Cinch connector, is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry audio and video signals.

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Record changer

A record changer or autochanger is a device that plays multiple phonograph records in sequence without user intervention.

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Refurbishment (electronics)

Refurbishment is the distribution of products, usually electronics and electricals, that have been previously returned to a manufacturer or vendor for various reasons.

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Revox

ReVox is a brand name, registered by Studer on March 27, 1951, for Swiss audio equipment.

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RIAA equalization

RIAA equalization is a specification for the recording and playback of phonograph records, established by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

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Rockit (song)

"Rockit" is a composition recorded by jazz pianist Herbie Hancock and produced by Bill Laswell.

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Rolling-element bearing

A rolling-element bearing, also known as a rolling bearing, is a bearing which carries a load by placing rolling elements (such as balls or rollers) between two bearing rings called races.

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Rotation around a fixed axis

Rotation around a fixed axis or about a fixed axis of revolution or motion with respect to a fixed axis of rotation is a special case of rotational motion.

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Rumble (noise)

A rumble is a continuous deep, resonant sound, such as the sound made by heavy vehicles or thunder.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States from 1877 to 1881, an American congressman, and governor of Ohio.

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San Francisco

San Francisco (initials SF;, Spanish for 'Saint Francis'), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.

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Sapphire

Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Scientific priority

In science, priority is the credit given to the individual or group of individuals who first made the discovery or propose the theory.

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Scientist

A scientist is a person engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge that describes and predicts the natural world.

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Scratching

Scratching, sometimes referred to as scrubbing, is a DJ and turntablist technique of moving a vinyl record back and forth on a turntable to produce percussive or rhythmic sounds.

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Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

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Servomechanism

In control engineering a servomechanism, sometimes shortened to servo, is an automatic device that uses error-sensing negative feedback to correct the action of a mechanism.

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Shaded-pole synchronous motor

Shaded-pole synchronous motors are a class of AC motor.

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Shellac

Shellac is a resin secreted by the female lac bug, on trees in the forests of India and Thailand.

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Shorthand

Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language.

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Shure

Shure Incorporated is an American audio products corporation.

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Single (music)

In music, a single, record single or music single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record.

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SME Limited

SME is a brand name of an English company that produces high end tonearms and turntables, whose name has become synonymous with the industry standard detachable headshell mount.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.

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Software

Computer software, or simply software, is a generic term that refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, that actually performs the work.

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Sound

In physics, sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.

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Sound recording and reproduction

Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.

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Sound-on-film

Sound-on-film is a class of sound film processes where the sound accompanying picture is physically recorded onto photographic film, usually, but not always, the same strip of film carrying the picture.

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Spiral

In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point.

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Stanton Magnetics

Stanton Magnetics, founded in 1946 by Walter O. Stanton, is a manufacturer of professional and consumer audio equipment.

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Stereophonic sound

Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective.

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Stethoscope

The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.

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Strain gauge

A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain on an object.

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Stroboscope

A stroboscope also known as a strobe, is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or stationary.

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Stroboscopic effect

The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples.

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Stylus

A stylus, plural styli or styluses, is a writing utensil or a small tool for some other form of marking or shaping, for example, in pottery.

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Symphony

A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often written by composers for orchestra.

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Talking Machine World

The Talking Machine World was a monthly magazine published in New York City between 1905 and 1928.

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Tangent

In geometry, the tangent line (or simply tangent) to a plane curve at a given point is the straight line that "just touches" the curve at that point.

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Technics (brand)

is a Japanese brand name of the Panasonic Corporation for audio equipment.

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Technics SL-10

The Technics SL-10 is a direct-drive, linear tracking automatic turntable, which was produced from 1979 to 1985.

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Technics SL-1200

Technics SL-1200 is a series of direct-drive turntables originally manufactured from October 1972 until 2010, and resumed in 2016, by Matsushita under the brand name of Technics.

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Telegraphy

Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

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Telephone

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

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The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass structure originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.

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Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.

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Thomas Young (scientist)

Thomas Young FRS (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was a British polymath and physician.

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Thorens

Thorens is a Swiss manufacturer of high-end audio equipment.

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Thousandth of an inch

A thousandth of an inch is a derived unit of length in an inch-based system of units.

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Threaded rod

A threaded rod, also known as a stud, is a relatively long rod that is threaded on both ends; the thread may extend along the complete length of the rod.

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Tin foil

Tin foil, also spelled tinfoil, is a thin foil made of tin.

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Trademark

A trademark, trade mark, or trade-markThe styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two-word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses "trade-mark" pursuant to the Trade-mark Act, "trade mark" and "trademark" are also commonly used).

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Transducer

A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another.

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Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Tuning fork

A tuning fork is an acoustic resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the prongs (tines) formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic metal (usually steel).

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Turntable anti-skating

Turntable anti-skating is a feature used in phonograph turntables to prevent skating of the tonearm.

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Turntablism

Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating new music, sound effects, mixes and other creative sounds and beats, typically by using two or more turntables and a cross fader-equipped DJ mixer.

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Tweaking

Tweaking refers to fine-tuning or adjusting a complex system, usually an electronic device.

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University of San Diego

The University of San Diego (USD) is a private Roman Catholic research university in San Diego, California, United States.

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University Press of Mississippi

The University Press of Mississippi, founded in 1970, is a publisher that is sponsored by the eight state universities in Mississippi.

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USB

USB (abbreviation of Universal Serial Bus), is an industry standard that was developed to define cables, connectors and protocols for connection, communication, and power supply between personal computers and their peripheral devices.

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Utility frequency

The utility frequency, (power) line frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the nominal frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power station to the end-user.

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V-Disc

V-Disc ("V" for Victory) was a record label that was formed in 1943 to provide records for U.S. military personnel.

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Victor Talking Machine Company

The Victor Talking Machine Company was an American record company and phonograph manufacturer headquartered in Camden, New Jersey.

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Vinyl revival

The Vinyl revival is the renewed interest and increased sales of vinyl records, or gramophone records, that has been taking place in the Western world since about 2007.

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Vitaphone

Vitaphone was a sound film system used for feature films and nearly 1,000 short subjects made by Warner Bros. and its sister studio First National from 1926 to 1931.

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Volta Laboratory and Bureau

The Volta Laboratory (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory", the "Bell Carriage House" and the "Bell Laboratory") and the Volta Bureau were created in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. by Alexander Graham Bell.

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Voltage

Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension (formally denoted or, but more often simply as V or U, for instance in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws) is the difference in electric potential between two points.

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Washington Herald

The Washington Herald was an American daily newspaper in Washington, D.C., from October 8, 1906, to January 31, 1939.

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Waveform

A waveform is the shape and form of a signal such as a wave moving in a physical medium or an abstract representation.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wow (recording)

Wow is a relatively slow form of flutter (pitch variation) that can affect gramophone records and tape recorders.

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8-track tape

The 8-track tape (formally Stereo 8; commonly known as the eight-track cartridge, eight-track tape, or simply eight-track) is a magnetic tape sound-recording technology that was popular in the United States from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, when the Compact Cassette format took over.

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DJ turntables, Gramaphone, Gramaphones, Gramophone player, Linear tracking, Paleophone, Phono cartridge, Phonogenic, Phonograph cartridge, Phonographic, Phonographs, Record Player, Record deck, Record player, Record players, Record turntable, Straight-line phonograph, Talking machine, Talking-Machine, Talking-machine, The Phonograph, Tonearm, Turn table, Turn-table, Turntable, Turntables, Victor Columbia Edison, Vinyl player.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph

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