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Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

Index Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

A Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect. [1]

157 relations: Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator, Alaska, Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter, Alpha decay, Alpha particle, Americium, Americium-241, Apollo 12, Apollo 13, Apollo 17, Apollo Lunar Module, Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package, Apollo program, Applied Physics Laboratory, Arctic Circle, Artificial cardiac pacemaker, Atomic battery, Beacon, Bellona Foundation, Beryllium, BES-5, Beta decay, Beta particle, Beta-M, Betavoltaic device, Bremsstrahlung, Caesium-137, Cassini–Huygens, Cerium, Chain reaction, Chile, Cobalt-60, Curium, Decay chain, Decay energy, Decay heat, Density, Dirty bomb, Discovery Program, Electric generator, Electrical energy, Electricity, Electronvolt, Elsevier, European Space Agency, Fiji, Flexure bearing, Fuel cell, Galileo Probe, Gamma ray, ..., Georgia (country), GPHS-RTG, Gram, Graphite, Half-life, Heat sink, Infrared, Innovative Interstellar Explorer, Interstellar probe, Ion thruster, Iquique, Iridium, Isotope, Isotopes of polonium, Isotopes of promethium, Isotopes of ruthenium, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Kilogram, Lead shielding, Lighthouse, Lincoln Experimental Satellite, Liver, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lunokhod programme, Madagascar, Mars 96, Mars Science Laboratory, Mass, MHW-RTG, Miamisburg, Ohio, Mole (unit), Mound Laboratories, Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, National Air and Space Museum, Neutron radiation, Neutron source, New Frontiers program, New Horizons, Nimbus program, NPR, Nuclear fission, Nuclear power, Nuclear reactor, Nuclear technology, Nuclear weapon, Optoelectric nuclear battery, Orphan source, Outer space, Pacific Ocean, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Plutonium(IV) oxide, Plutonium-238, Plutonium-239, Power (physics), Power density, Radioactive contamination, Radioactive decay, Radioisotope heater unit, Radioisotope thermoelectric generator, Radionuclide, Santa Barbara Channel, Satellite, Saturn, Skeleton, Skutterudite, SNAP-10A, Solar cell, Solar panel, Solubility, Soviet Union, Space probe, Stirling engine, Stirling radioisotope generator, Strontium titanate, Strontium-90, Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power, Table of nuclides, Tellurium, Temperature, Terrorism, Thermal energy, Thermionic converter, Thermionic emission, Thermocouple, Thermoelectric effect, Thermoelectric generator, Thermophotovoltaic, Thulium, Tonga Trench, Transit (satellite), UK Space Agency, Ulysses (spacecraft), United States Air Force, United States Atomic Energy Commission, United States Department of Defense, University of Wisconsin–Madison, US-A, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Viking program, Volume, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Voyager program, Watt, World Information Service on Energy, X-ray. Expand index (107 more) »

Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator

The advanced Stirling radioisotope generator (ASRG) was a radioisotope power system first developed at NASA's Glenn Research Center.

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Alaska

Alaska (Alax̂sxax̂) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America.

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Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter

The alkali-metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC), originally called the sodium heat engine (SHE) was invented by Joseph T. Kummer and Neill Weber at Ford in 1966, and is described in US Patents,, and.

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Alpha decay

Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.

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Alpha particle

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.

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Americium

Americium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95.

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Americium-241

Americium-241 (241Am) is an isotope of americium.

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Apollo 12

Apollo 12 was the sixth manned flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon.

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Apollo 13

Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission in the Apollo space program and the third intended to land on the Moon.

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Apollo 17

Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program.

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Apollo Lunar Module

The Lunar Module (LM, pronounced "Lem"), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back.

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Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package

The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) comprised a set of scientific instruments placed by the astronauts at the landing site of each of the five Apollo missions to land on the Moon following Apollo 11 (Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17).

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Apollo program

The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.

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Applied Physics Laboratory

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, commonly known as simply the Applied Physics Laboratory, or APL, located in Howard County, Maryland, near Laurel and Columbia, is a not-for-profit, university-affiliated research center (or UARC) employing 6,000 people.

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Arctic Circle

The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth.

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Artificial cardiac pacemaker

A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device that generates electrical impulses delivered by electrodes to contract the heart muscles and regulate the electrical conduction system of the heart.

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Atomic battery

The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity.

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Beacon

A beacon is an intentionally conspicuous device designed to attract attention to a specific location.

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Bellona Foundation

The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental NGO based in Oslo, Norway.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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BES-5

BES-5, also known as Bouk or Buk (translation), was a Soviet thermoelectric generator that was used to power 31 satellites in the US-A (RORSAT) project.

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Beta decay

In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.

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Beta particle

A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, (symbol β) is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay.

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Beta-M

Some Soviet era lighthouses and beacons were unique, as they were powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators called the Beta-M. It was capable of generating 10 watts of electricity, almost enough to power a compact fluorescent light bulb with light output equivalent to a 60 watt bulb.

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Betavoltaic device

Betavoltaic devices, also known as betavoltaic cells, are generators of electric current, in effect a form of battery, which use energy from a radioactive source emitting beta particles (electrons).

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Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.

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Caesium-137

Caesium-137 (Cs-137), cesium-137, or radiocaesium, is a radioactive isotope of caesium which is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

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Cassini–Huygens

The Cassini–Huygens mission, commonly called Cassini, was a collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) to send a probe to study the planet Saturn and its system, including its rings and natural satellites.

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Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

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Chain reaction

A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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Cobalt-60

Cobalt-60,, is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2714 years.

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Curium

Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96.

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Decay chain

In nuclear science, the decay chain refers to a series of radioactive decays of different radioactive decay products as a sequential series of transformations.

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Decay energy

The decay energy is the energy released by a radioactive decay.

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Decay heat

Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay.

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Density

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

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Dirty bomb

A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a speculative radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives.

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Discovery Program

NASA's Discovery Program is a series of lower-cost (as compared to New Frontiers or Flagship Programs), highly focused American scientific space missions that are exploring the Solar System.

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Electric generator

In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power for use in an external circuit.

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Electrical energy

Electrical energy is the energy newly derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy.

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Electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.

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Electronvolt

In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).

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Elsevier

Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.

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European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.

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Fiji

Fiji (Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of Fiji (Matanitu Tugalala o Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी गणराज्य), is an island country in Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island.

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Flexure bearing

A flexure bearing is a category of flexure which is engineered to be compliant in one or more angular degrees of freedom.

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Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

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Galileo Probe

The Galileo Probe was an atmospheric-entry probe carried by the main ''Galileo'' spacecraft to Jupiter, where it directly entered a hot spot and returned data from the planet.

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Gamma ray

A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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GPHS-RTG

GPHS-RTG or General Purpose Heat Source — Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, is a specific design of the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) used on US space missions.

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Gram

The gram (alternative spelling: gramme; SI unit symbol: g) (Latin gramma, from Greek γράμμα, grámma) is a metric system unit of mass.

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Graphite

Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.

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Half-life

Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.

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Heat sink

A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink) is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature at optimal levels.

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Infrared

Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.

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Innovative Interstellar Explorer

Innovative Interstellar Explorer was a NASA "Vision Mission" study funded by NASA following a proposal under NRA-03-OSS-01 on 11 September 2003.

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Interstellar probe

An interstellar probe is a space probe that has left—or is expected to leave—the Solar System and enter interstellar space, which is typically defined as the region beyond the heliopause.

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Ion thruster

An ion thruster or ion drive is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion.

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Iquique

Iquique is a port city and commune in northern Chile, capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region.

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Iridium

Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.

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Isotope

Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.

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Isotopes of polonium

Polonium (84Po) has 33 isotopes, all of which are radioactive, with between 186 and 227 nucleons.

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Isotopes of promethium

Promethium (61Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U and 235U and alpha decay of 151Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given.

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Isotopes of ruthenium

Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes.

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Journal of the British Interplanetary Society

The Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1934.

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Kilogram

The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK, also known as "Le Grand K" or "Big K"), a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy stored by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Saint-Cloud, France.

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Lead shielding

Lead shielding refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose.

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Lighthouse

A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.

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Lincoln Experimental Satellite

The Lincoln Experimental Satellite series was designed and built by Lincoln Laboratory at MIT between 1965 and 1976, under USAF sponsorship, for testing devices and techniques for satellite communication.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos or LANL for short) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project.

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Lunokhod programme

Lunokhod (Луноход, "Moonwalker") was a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1977.

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Madagascar

Madagascar (Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.

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Mars 96

Mars 96 (sometimes called Mars 8) was a failed Mars mission launched in 1996 to investigate Mars by the Russian Space Forces and not directly related to the Soviet Mars probe program of the same name.

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Mars Science Laboratory

Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed Curiosity, a Mars rover, in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012.

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Mass

Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.

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MHW-RTG

The Multihundred-Watt radioisotope thermoelectric generators (MHW RTG) is a type of US radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) developed for the Voyager spacecrafts, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.

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Miamisburg, Ohio

Miamisburg is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States.

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Mole (unit)

The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance.

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Mound Laboratories

Mound Laboratories in Miamisburg, Ohio was an Atomic Energy Commission (later Department of Energy) facility for nuclear weapon research during the Cold War, named after the nearby Miami Indian burial mound.

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Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator

The multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) is a type of radioisotope thermoelectric generator developed for NASA space missions such as the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Energy's Office of Space and Defense Power Systems within the Office of Nuclear Energy.

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National Air and Space Museum

The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, also called the NASM, is a museum in Washington, D.C..

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Neutron radiation

Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons.

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Neutron source

A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons.

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New Frontiers program

The New Frontiers program is a series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA with the purpose of researching several of the Solar System bodies, including the dwarf planet Pluto.

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New Horizons

New Horizons is an interplanetary space probe that was launched as a part of NASA's New Frontiers program.

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Nimbus program

The Nimbus satellites were second-generation U.S. robotic spacecraft used for meteorological research and development.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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Nuclear fission

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).

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Nuclear power

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear technology

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Optoelectric nuclear battery

An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy.

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Orphan source

An orphan source is a self-contained radioactive source that is no longer under proper regulatory control.

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Outer space

Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.

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Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions.

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Pioneer 10

Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing, that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter.

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Pioneer 11

Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind and cosmic rays.

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Plutonium(IV) oxide

Plutonium(IV) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula PuO2.

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Plutonium-238

Plutonium-238 (also known as Pu-238 or 238Pu) is a radioactive isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 87.7 years.

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Plutonium-239

Plutonium-239 is an isotope of plutonium.

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Power (physics)

In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.

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Power density

Power density (or volume power density or volume specific power) is the amount of power (time rate of energy transfer) per unit volume.

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Radioactive contamination

Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable (from the International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA - definition).

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Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.

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Radioisotope heater unit

Radioisotope heater units (RHU) are small devices that provide heat through radioactive decay.

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Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

A Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.

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Radionuclide

A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.

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Santa Barbara Channel

The Santa Barbara Channel is a portion of the Pacific Ocean which separates the mainland of California from the northern Channel Islands.

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Satellite

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit.

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Saturn

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.

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Skeleton

The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism.

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Skutterudite

Named after the city of Skotterud, Norway, Skutterudite is a cobalt arsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with a general formula: CoAs3.

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SNAP-10A

SNAP-10A (Systems for Nuclear, Auxiliary Power), also called SNAPSHOT is an experimental nuclear powered satellite launched into space in 1965.

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Solar cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

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Solar panel

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity.

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Solubility

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Space probe

A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that does not orbit the Earth, but, instead, explores further into outer space.

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Stirling engine

A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.

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Stirling radioisotope generator

The Stirling radioisotope generator (SRG) is a generator based on a Stirling engine powered by a large radioisotope heater unit.

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Strontium titanate

Strontium titanate is an oxide of strontium and titanium with the chemical formula SrTiO3.

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Strontium-90

Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years.

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Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power

The Systems Nuclear Auxiliary POWER (SNAP) program was a program of experimental radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and space nuclear reactors flown during the 1960s by NASA.

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Table of nuclides

A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus.

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Tellurium

Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52.

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Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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Thermal energy

Thermal energy is a term used loosely as a synonym for more rigorously-defined thermodynamic quantities such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of transfer of energy (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system kT, where T is temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.

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Thermionic converter

A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a potential energy barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful electric power output.

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Thermionic emission

Thermionic emission is the thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential-energy barrier.

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Thermocouple

A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures.

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Thermoelectric effect

The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple.

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Thermoelectric generator

A thermoelectric generator (TEG), also called a Seebeck generator, is a solid state device that converts heat flux (temperature differences) directly into electrical energy through a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect (a form of thermoelectric effect).

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Thermophotovoltaic

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons.

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Thulium

Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69.

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Tonga Trench

The Tonga Trench is an oceanic trench located in the south-west Pacific Ocean.

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Transit (satellite)

The Transit system, also known as NAVSAT or NNSS (for Navy Navigation Satellite System), was the first satellite navigation system to be used operationally.

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UK Space Agency

The United Kingdom Space Agency (commonly known as the UK Space Agency or UKSA) is an executive agency of the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the United Kingdom's civil space programme.

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Ulysses (spacecraft)

Ulysses is a decommissioned robotic space probe whose primary mission was to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes.

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United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial and space warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Atomic Energy Commission

The United States Atomic Energy Commission, commonly known as the AEC, was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by U.S. Congress to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology.

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United States Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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University of Wisconsin–Madison

The University of Wisconsin–Madison (also known as University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, or regionally as UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.

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US-A

Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyy (Управляемый Спутник Активный for Controlled Active Satellite), or US-A, also known in the west as Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite or RORSAT, was a series of Soviet reconnaissance satellites.

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Vandenberg Air Force Base

Vandenberg Air Force Base is a United States Air Force Base northwest of Lompoc, California.

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Viking program

The Viking program consisted of a pair of American space probes sent to Mars, Viking 1 and Viking 2.

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Volume

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.

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Voyager 1

Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977.

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Voyager 2

Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets.

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Voyager program

The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, to study the outer Solar System.

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Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.

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World Information Service on Energy

The World Information Service on Energy (WISE) is an anti-nuclear group founded in 1978 to be an information and networking center for citizens and organizations concerned about nuclear power, radioactive waste, radiation and sustainable energy issues.

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X-ray

X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator

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