Table of Contents
479 relations: A priori and a posteriori, A Treatise of Human Nature, Abbasid Caliphate, Abstract structure, Academic conference, Academic degree, Academic discipline, Academic institution, Academic journal, Academy, Academy of Gondishapur, Academy of sciences, Accademia dei Lincei, Accretion disk, Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, Administration (government), Advocacy group, Age of Enlightenment, Agent-based computational economics, Aggregate data, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Almagest, American Philosophical Society, Anatomy, Anaximander, Anaximenes of Miletus, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek philosophy, André-Marie Ampère, Anglo-Norman language, Annals of Science, Anthropology, Anti-intellectualism, Antibiotic, Apperception, Applied science, Arabic, Archimedes, Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotelian physics, Aristotle, Arithmetic, Artificial intelligence, Astrology, Astronomy, Atomism, ... Expand index (429 more) »
- Main topic articles
- Observation
A priori and a posteriori
A priori ('from the earlier') and a posteriori ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience.
See Science and A priori and a posteriori
A Treatise of Human Nature
A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects (1739–40) is a book by Scottish philosopher David Hume, considered by many to be Hume's most important work and one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.
See Science and A Treatise of Human Nature
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Science and Abbasid Caliphate
Abstract structure
An abstract structure is an abstraction that might be of the geometric spaces or a set structure, or a hypostatic abstraction that is defined by a set of mathematical theorems and laws, properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects.
See Science and Abstract structure
Academic conference
An academic conference or scientific conference (also congress, symposium, workshop, or meeting) is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics) to present and discuss their scholarly work.
See Science and Academic conference
Academic degree
An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.
See Science and Academic degree
Academic discipline
An academic discipline or academic field is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Science and academic discipline are main topic articles.
See Science and Academic discipline
Academic institution
An academic institution is an educational institution dedicated to education and research, which grants academic degrees.
See Science and Academic institution
Academic journal
An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
See Science and Academic journal
Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership).
Academy of Gondishapur
The Academy of Gondishapur or "'Academy of Jondishapur"'(فرهنگستان گندیشاپور, Farhangestân-e Gondišâpur), also known as the Gondishapur University (دانشگاه گندیشاپور Dânešgâh-e Gondišapur), was one of the three Sasanian centers of education (Ctesiphon, Ras al-Ayn, Gundeshapur) and academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur, Iran during late antiquity, the intellectual center of the Sasanian Empire.
See Science and Academy of Gondishapur
Academy of sciences
An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy (as special scientific institution) dedicated to sciences that may or may not be state funded.
See Science and Academy of sciences
Accademia dei Lincei
The (literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed"), anglicised as the Lincean Academy, is one of the oldest and most prestigious European scientific institutions, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy.
See Science and Accademia dei Lincei
Accretion disk
An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body.
See Science and Accretion disk
Adam Ferguson
Adam Ferguson, (Scottish Gaelic: Adhamh MacFhearghais), also known as Ferguson of Raith (1 July N.S. /20 June O.S. 1723 – 22 February 1816), was a Scottish philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.
Administration (government)
The term administration, as used in the context of government, differs according to the jurisdiction under which it operates.
See Science and Administration (government)
Advocacy group
Advocacy groups, also known as lobby groups, interest groups, special interest groups, pressure groups, or public associations, use various forms of advocacy or lobbying to influence public opinion and ultimate public policy.
See Science and Advocacy group
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Science and Age of Enlightenment
Agent-based computational economics
Agent-based computational economics (ACE) is the area of computational economics that studies economic processes, including whole economies, as dynamic systems of interacting agents.
See Science and Agent-based computational economics
Aggregate data
Aggregate data is high-level data which is acquired by combining individual-level data.
See Science and Aggregate data
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
See Science and Albert Einstein
Alfred Russel Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator.
See Science and Alfred Russel Wallace
Almagest
The Almagest is a 2nd-century mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths, written by Claudius Ptolemy in Koine Greek.
American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS) is an American scholarly organization and learned society founded in 1743 in Philadelphia that promotes knowledge in the humanities and natural sciences through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.
See Science and American Philosophical Society
Anatomy
Anatomy is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts.
Anaximander
Anaximander (Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,"Anaximander" in Chambers's Encyclopædia.
Anaximenes of Miletus
Anaximenes of Miletus (translit) was an Ancient Greek, Pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).
See Science and Anaximenes of Miletus
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Science and Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek literature
Ancient Greek literature is literature written in the Ancient Greek language from the earliest texts until the time of the Byzantine Empire.
See Science and Ancient Greek literature
Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.
See Science and Ancient Greek philosophy
André-Marie Ampère
André-Marie Ampère (20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics".
See Science and André-Marie Ampère
Anglo-Norman language
Anglo-Norman (Anglo-Normaund), also known as Anglo-Norman French, was a dialect of Old Norman that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, other places in Great Britain and Ireland during the Anglo-Norman period.
See Science and Anglo-Norman language
Annals of Science
Annals of Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of science and technology.
See Science and Annals of Science
Anthropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.
Anti-intellectualism
Anti-intellectualism is hostility to and mistrust of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism, commonly expressed as deprecation of education and philosophy and the dismissal of art, literature, history, and science as impractical, politically motivated, and even contemptible human pursuits.
See Science and Anti-intellectualism
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Apperception
Apperception (from the Latin ad-, "to, toward" and percipere, "to perceive, gain, secure, learn, or feel") is any of several aspects of perception and consciousness in such fields as psychology, philosophy and epistemology.
Applied science
Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals.
See Science and Applied science
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.
Aristarchus of Samos
Aristarchus of Samos (Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος, Aristarkhos ho Samios) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the universe, with the Earth revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day.
See Science and Aristarchus of Samos
Aristotelian physics
Aristotelian physics is the form of natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC).
See Science and Aristotelian physics
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Arithmetic
Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.
See Science and Artificial intelligence
Astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Atomism
Atomism (from Greek ἄτομον, atomon, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
Axiom
An axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
Back-formation
In etymology, back-formation is the process or result of creating a new word via inflection, typically by removing or substituting actual or supposed affixes from a lexical item, in a way that expands the number of lexemes associated with the corresponding root word.
See Science and Back-formation
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Basic research
Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.
See Science and Basic research
Bayesian probability
Bayesian probability is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief.
See Science and Bayesian probability
Beat reporting
Beat reporting, also known as specialized reporting, is a genre of journalism focused on a particular issue, sector, organization, or institution over time.
See Science and Beat reporting
Big Bang
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.
Big science
Big science is a term used by scientists and historians of science to describe a series of changes in science which occurred in industrial nations during and after World War II, as scientific progress increasingly came to rely on large-scale projects usually funded by national governments or groups of governments.
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex.
See Science and Bioinformatics
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it.
Book of Optics
The Book of Optics (Kitāb al-Manāẓir; De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965–c. 1040 AD).
See Science and Book of Optics
Branches of science
The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientific fields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups.
See Science and Branches of science
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Science and Byzantine Empire
Calculus
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Science and Cambridge University Press
Camera obscura
A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole.
See Science and Camera obscura
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.
Carolingian Renaissance
The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.
See Science and Carolingian Renaissance
Case study
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases) within a real-world context.
Causality
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause.
CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (Conseil européen pour la Recherche nucléaire), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.
See Science and CERN
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
See Science and Charles Darwin
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the national academy for natural sciences and the highest consultancy for science and technology of the People's Republic of China.
See Science and Chinese Academy of Sciences
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Science and Classical antiquity
Classical genetics
Classical genetics is the branch of genetics based solely on visible results of reproductive acts.
See Science and Classical genetics
Classical mechanics
Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of objects such as projectiles, parts of machinery, spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies.
See Science and Classical mechanics
Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
See Science and Climate change
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.
See Science and Cognitive science
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Communications satellite
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.
See Science and Communications satellite
Company
A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether natural, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective.
Computation
A computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined.
Computational science
Computational science, also known as scientific computing, technical computing or scientific computation (SC), is a division of science that uses advanced computing capabilities to understand and solve complex physical problems.
See Science and Computational science
Computer simulation
Computer simulation is the process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system.
See Science and Computer simulation
Concept
A concept is defined as an abstract idea. Science and concept are main topic articles.
Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, or congeniality bias) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values.
See Science and Confirmation bias
Conflict theories
Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and sociology which argue that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power structures, social movements, and social arrangements within a society.
See Science and Conflict theories
Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof.
Conservation of energy
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be ''conserved'' over time.
See Science and Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so the quantity can neither be added nor be removed.
See Science and Conservation of mass
Consilience
In science and history, consilience (also convergence of evidence or concordance of evidence) is the principle that evidence from independent, unrelated sources can "converge" on strong conclusions.
Consistency
In classical deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction.
Constructive empiricism
In philosophy of science, constructive empiricism is a form of empiricism.
See Science and Constructive empiricism
Correlation
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data.
Correlation does not imply causation
The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or variables solely on the basis of an observed association or correlation between them.
See Science and Correlation does not imply causation
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB or CMBR) is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe.
See Science and Cosmic microwave background
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Creation science
Creation science or scientific creationism is a pseudoscientific form of Young Earth creationism which claims to offer scientific arguments for certain literalist and inerrantist interpretations of the Bible.
See Science and Creation science
Critical rationalism
Critical rationalism is an epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper on the basis that, if a statement cannot be logically deduced (from what is known), it might nevertheless be possible to logically falsify it.
See Science and Critical rationalism
Criticism of science
Criticism of science addresses problems within science in order to improve science as a whole and its role in society.
See Science and Criticism of science
Cross-cultural studies
Cross-cultural studies, sometimes called holocultural studies or comparative studies, is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences such as sociology, psychology, economics, political science that uses field data from many societies through comparative research to examine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses about human behavior and culture.
See Science and Cross-cultural studies
CSIRO
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an Australian Government agency responsible for scientific research.
Curiosity
Curiosity (from Latin cūriōsitās, from cūriōsus "careful, diligent, curious", akin to cura "care") is a quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident in humans and other animals.
De rerum natura
(On the Nature of Things) is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience.
See Science and De rerum natura
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences.
See Science and Deductive reasoning
Democritus
Democritus (Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people"; –) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera, primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.
Design of experiments
The design of experiments (DOE or DOX), also known as experiment design or experimental design, is the design of any task that aims to describe and explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.
See Science and Design of experiments
Developed country
A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
See Science and Developed country
Dialectic
Dialectic (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argumentation.
Discovery science
Discovery science (also known as discovery-based science) is a scientific methodology which aims to find new patterns, correlations, and form hypotheses through the analysis of large-scale experimental data.
See Science and Discovery science
Divination
Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic ritual or practice.
Dutch people
The Dutch (Dutch) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
See Science and Early Middle Ages
Earth science
Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth.
Economic materialism
Economic materialism can be described as either a personal attitude that attaches importance to acquiring and consuming material goods or as a logistical analysis of how physical resources are shaped into consumable products.
See Science and Economic materialism
Economic sector
One classical breakdown of economic activity distinguishes three sectors.
See Science and Economic sector
Economics
Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Education
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms. Science and Education are main topic articles.
Egyptian calendar
The ancient Egyptian calendar – a civil calendar – was a solar calendar with a 365-day year.
See Science and Egyptian calendar
Electromagnetism
In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields.
See Science and Electromagnetism
Electron
The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.
Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure.
See Science and Empirical evidence
Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence. Science and empiricism are observation.
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Science and Encyclopædia Britannica
Energy quality
Energy quality is a measure of the ease with which a form of energy can be converted to useful work or to another form of energy: i.e. its content of thermodynamic free energy.
See Science and Energy quality
Entropy
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
Environmental issues
Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems.
See Science and Environmental issues
Environmental protection
Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by individuals, groups and governments.
See Science and Environmental protection
Environmental studies
Environmental studies (EVS or EVST) is a multidisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment.
See Science and Environmental studies
Epicurus
Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy.
Ethology
Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of microorganisms that may deplete the oxygen of water.
See Science and Eutrophication
Event Horizon Telescope
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes.
See Science and Event Horizon Telescope
Experiments on Plant Hybridization
"Experiments on Plant Hybridization" (German: "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden") is a seminal paper written in 1865 and published in 1866 by Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar considered to be the founder of modern genetics.
See Science and Experiments on Plant Hybridization
Faience
Faience or faïence is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery.
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
See Science and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Falsifiability
Falsifiability (or refutability) is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934).
See Science and Falsifiability
Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.
First observation of gravitational waves
The first direct observation of gravitational waves was made on 14 September 2015 and was announced by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations on 11 February 2016.
See Science and First observation of gravitational waves
Fixed asset
A fixed asset, also known as long-lived assets or property, plant and equipment (PP&E), is a term used in accounting for assets and property that may not easily be converted into cash.
Formal science
Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics.
See Science and Formal science
Formal system
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for inferring theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules.
Four causes
The four causes or four explanations are, in Aristotelian thought, four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?" in analysis of change or movement in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final.
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.
Franco Modigliani
Franco Modigliani (18 June 1918 – 25 September 2003) was an Italian-American economist and the recipient of the 1985 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
See Science and Franco Modigliani
French Academy of Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.
See Science and French Academy of Sciences
French National Centre for Scientific Research
The French National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.
See Science and French National Centre for Scientific Research
Fringe science
Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted.
See Science and Fringe science
Funding of science
Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of natural science, technology, and social science.
See Science and Funding of science
Galileo Galilei
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei or simply Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.
See Science and Galileo Galilei
General relativity
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
See Science and General relativity
Geocentric model
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.
See Science and Geocentric model
Geometry
Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures.
Georges Lemaître
Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic priest, theoretical physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain.
See Science and Georges Lemaître
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
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Government agency
A government agency or 1 Branches, state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government (bureaucracy) that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an administration.
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Government scientist
A government scientist is a scientist employed by a country's government, either in a research-driven job (for example J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project), or for another role that requires scientific training and methods.
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Gravitational wave
Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity that are generated by the accelerated masses of binary stars and other motions of gravitating masses, and propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light.
See Science and Gravitational wave
Gravity
In physics, gravity is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass.
Great power
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
Greek scholars in the Renaissance
The migration waves of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés in the period following the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science.
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Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel OSA (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian-Czech biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno (Brünn), Margraviate of Moravia.
Hans Christian Ørsted
Hans Christian Ørsted (often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August 17779 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism.
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Harcourt (publisher)
Harcourt was an American publishing firm with a long history of publishing fiction and nonfiction for adults and children.
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Health effects of pesticides
Health effects of pesticides may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed.
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Health effects of tobacco
Tobacco products, especially when smoked or used orally, have serious negative effects on human health.
See Science and Health effects of tobacco
Heat death of the universe
The heat death of the universe (also known as the Big Chill or Big Freeze) is a hypothesis on the ultimate fate of the universe, which suggests the universe will evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy.
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Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism.
See Science and Heinrich Hertz
Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.
Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover radioactivity.
See Science and Henri Becquerel
Higgs boson
The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory.
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (also known as the Indo-Arabic numeral system,Audun Holme,, 2000 Hindu numeral system, Arabic numeral system) is a positional base ten numeral system for representing integers; its extension to non-integers is the decimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kôios), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician and philosopher of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
Historical method
Historical method is the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past.
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History of atomic theory
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms.
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History of science
The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.
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House of Wisdom
The House of Wisdom (بَيْت الْحِكْمَة), also known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, was believed to be a major Abbasid-era public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad.
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Human genome
The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
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Human geography
Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography which studies spatial relationships between human communities, cultures, economies, and their interactions with the environment, examples of which include urban sprawl and urban redevelopment.
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Humanities
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including certain fundamental questions asked by humans. Science and Humanities are main topic articles.
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal published by Nature Portfolio.
See Science and Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
Hypothesis
A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
Hypothetico-deductive model
The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of the scientific method.
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Ibn al-Haytham
Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhazen;; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq.
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Incantation
An incantation, a spell, a charm, an enchantment, or a bewitchery, is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects.
Individual
An individual is one that exists as a distinct entity.
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (commonly abbreviated IEED) is a research project of the Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University, initiated in 1991 by Peter Schrijver and others.
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Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies (Indogermanistik) is a field of linguistics and an interdisciplinary field of study dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct.
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell.
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Inductivism
Inductivism is the traditional and still commonplace philosophy of scientific method to develop scientific theories.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.
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Institutionalisation
In sociology, institutionalisation (or institutionalization) is the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole.
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Instrumentalism
In philosophy of science and in epistemology, instrumentalism is a methodological view that ideas are useful instruments, and that the worth of an idea is based on how effective it is in explaining and predicting natural phenomena.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip, computer chip, or simply chip, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
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Interactionism
In micro-sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that sees social behavior as an interactive product of the individual and the situation.
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Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project).
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International Science Council
The International Science Council (ISC) is an international non-governmental organization that unites scientific bodies at various levels across the social and natural sciences.
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Intersubjective verifiability
Intersubjective verifiability is the capacity of a concept to be readily and accurately communicated between different individuals ("intersubjectively"), and to be reproduced under varying circumstances for the purposes of verification.
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Invention
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process.
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
Isidore of Seville
Isidore of Seville (Isidorus Hispalensis; 4 April 636) was a Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville.
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Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.
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James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (baptised 25 October 1714 – 26 May 1799) was a Scottish judge, scholar of linguistic evolution, philosopher and deist.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish physicist with broad interests who was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon.
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James M. Buchanan
James McGill Buchanan Jr. (October 3, 1919 – January 9, 2013) was an American economist known for his work on public choice theory originally outlined in his most famous work, The Calculus of Consent, co-authored with Gordon Tullock in 1962.
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James Tobin
James Tobin (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist who served on the Council of Economic Advisers and consulted with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and taught at Harvard and Yale Universities.
Jan Tinbergen
Jan Tinbergen (12 April 19039 June 1994) was a Dutch economist who was awarded the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
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John Dalton
John Dalton (5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.
John Millar (philosopher)
John Millar of Glasgow (22 June 1735 – 30 May 1801) was a Scottish philosopher, historian and Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow from 1761 to 1800.
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John Peckham
John Peckham (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was a Franciscan friar and Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292.
John Philoponus
John Philoponus (Greek:; Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος; c. 490 – c. 570), also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria, was a Byzantine Greek philologist, Aristotelian commentator, Christian theologian and an author of a considerable number of philosophical treatises and theological works.
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Journal des sçavans
The (later renamed Journal des savans and then Journal des savants), established by Denis de Sallo, is the earliest academic journal published in Europe.
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Journal of Mathematical Physics
The Journal of Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of papers in mathematical physics.
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JSTOR
JSTOR (short for Journal Storage) is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994.
Junk science
Junk science is spurious or fraudulent scientific data, research, or analysis.
Kaiser Wilhelm Society
The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften) was a German scientific institution established in the German Empire in 1911.
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Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian–British philosopher, academic and social commentator.
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.
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Knowledge
Knowledge is an awareness of facts, a familiarity with individuals and situations, or a practical skill. Science and Knowledge are main topic articles.
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
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Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Lawrence Klein
Lawrence Robert Klein (September 14, 1920 – October 20, 2013) was an American economist.
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Le Figaro
() is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826.
Learned society
A learned society (also learned academy, scholarly society, or academic association) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences.
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Length
Length is a measure of distance.
Leucippus
Leucippus (Λεύκιππος, Leúkippos) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
The Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (LIV, Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs) is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb.
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Lime plaster
Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime).
List of climate change controversies
The list of climate change controversies (or list of global warming controversies) concerns past or present public debates over certain aspects of climate change: whether it is occurring (climate change deniers dispute this), how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether action should be taken to curb it now or later, and so forth.
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List of life sciences
This list of life sciences comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings.
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List of natural phenomena
A natural phenomenon is an observable event which is not man-made.
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List of science magazines
A science magazine is a periodical publication with news, opinions, and reports about science, generally written for a non-expert audience.
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List of scientific occupations
This is a list of science and science-related occupations, which include various scientific occupations and careers based upon scientific research disciplines and explorers.
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List of years in science
The following entries cover events related to science or technology which occurred in the listed year.
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Lists of science and technology awards
This is a list of notable awards for specific areas of science and technology.
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Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning.
Lucretius
Titus Lucretius Carus (–) was a Roman poet and philosopher.
Machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions.
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Macmillan Publishers
Macmillan Publishers (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group; formally Macmillan Publishers Ltd in the UK and Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC in the US) is a British publishing company traditionally considered to be one of the 'Big Five' English language publishers (along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster).
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Magnetism
Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other.
Marie Curie
Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as Marie Curie, was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
Mary Somerville
Mary Somerville (formerly Greig; 26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath.
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Mathematical and theoretical biology
Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of experiments to test scientific theories.
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Mathematical chemistry
Mathematical chemistry is the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.
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Mathematical economics
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.
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Mathematical finance
Mathematical finance, also known as quantitative finance and financial mathematics, is a field of applied mathematics, concerned with mathematical modeling in the financial field.
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Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics.
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Mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. Science and mathematics are main topic articles.
Maurice Allais
Maurice Félix Charles Allais (31 May 19119 October 2010) was a French physicist and economist, the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources", along with John Hicks (Value and Capital, 1939) and Paul Samuelson (The Foundations of Economic Analysis, 1947), to neoclassical synthesis.
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Max Planck Society
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes.
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Measurement
Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events.
Mechanism (philosophy)
Mechanism is the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are similar to complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other.
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Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. Science and Medical diagnosis are observation.
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Medical prescription
A prescription, often abbreviated or Rx, is a formal communication from a physician or other registered healthcare professional to a pharmacist, authorizing them to dispense a specific prescription drug for a specific patient.
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Medieval renaissances
The medieval renaissances were periods of cultural renewal across medieval Western Europe.
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Merriam-Webster
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated is an American company that publishes reference books and is mostly known for its dictionaries.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.
Metascience
Metascience (also known as meta-research) is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself.
Methodology
In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods.
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
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Michiel de Vaan
Michiel Arnoud Cor de Vaan (born 1973) is a Dutch linguist and Indo-Europeanist.
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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (published as MMBR) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.
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Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century.
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Mississippi Quarterly
The Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal of Southern Cultures is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal that mainly covers Southern history and literature.
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Mobile computing
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction in which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage and allow for transmission of data, which can include voice and video transmissions.
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework.
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Modernity
Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era) and the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissancein the Age of Reason of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century Enlightenment.
Momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
Mondino de Luzzi
Mondino de Luzzi, or de Liuzzi or de Lucci, (– 1326), also known as Mundinus, was an Italian physician, anatomist and professor of surgery, who lived and worked in Bologna.
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Mongol invasions and conquests
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia.
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Monophysitism
Monophysitism or monophysism (from Greek μόνος, "solitary" and φύσις, "nature") is a Christology that states that in the person of the incarnated Word (that is, in Jesus Christ) there was only one nature—the divine.
Morphological derivation
Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy. It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.
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Motion
In physics, motion is when an object changes its position with respect to a reference point in a given time.
Multilateralism
In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
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Musica universalis
The musica universalis (literally universal music), also called music of the spheres or harmony of the spheres, is a philosophical concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies—the Sun, Moon, and planets—as a form of music.
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National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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National Science Foundation
The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
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National Scientific and Technical Research Council
The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes.
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Natural history
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study.
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Natural History (Pliny)
The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.
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Natural law
Natural law (ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a system of law based on a close observation of natural order and human nature, from which values, thought by natural law's proponents to be intrinsic to human nature, can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).
Natural philosophy
Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe.
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Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Naturalism (philosophy)
In philosophy, naturalism is the idea that only natural laws and forces (as opposed to supernatural ones) operate in the universe.
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Nature
Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole. Science and Nature are main topic articles.
Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
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Nestorian schism
The Nestorian schism (431) was a split between the Christian churches of Sassanid Persia, which affiliated with Nestorius, and those that later became the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
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New Scientist
New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
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Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.
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Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
Nomenclature
Nomenclature is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.
Novum Organum
The Novum Organum, fully Novum Organum, sive Indicia Vera de Interpretatione Naturae ("New organon, or true directions concerning the interpretation of nature") or Instaurationis Magnae, Pars II ("Part II of The Great Instauration"), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620.
Nuclear arms race
The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.
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Objectivity (science)
In science, objectivity refers to attempts to do higher quality research by eliminating personal biases, emotions, and false beliefs, while focusing mainly on proven facts and evidence.
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Observation
Observation in the natural sciences is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving and the acquisition of information from a primary source.
Occam's razor
In philosophy, Occam's razor (also spelled Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; novacula Occami) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements.
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
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Oliver Heaviside
Oliver Heaviside FRS (18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was an English self-taught mathematician and physicist who invented a new technique for solving differential equations (equivalent to the Laplace transform), independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations in the form commonly used today.
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On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, by Mary Somerville, is one of the best-selling science books of the 19th century.
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On the Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
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Ontology
Ontology is the philosophical study of being.
Orbital period
The orbital period (also revolution period) is the amount of time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object.
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Ottonian Renaissance
The Ottonian Renaissance was a renaissance of Byzantine and Late Antique art in Central and Southern Europe that accompanied the reigns of the first three Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (or Saxon) dynasty: Otto I (936–973), Otto II (973–983), and Otto III (983–1002), and which in large part depended upon their patronage.
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Outline of physical science
Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions.
See Science and Ozone depletion
Paradigm shift
A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
See Science and Paradigm shift
Participle
In linguistics, a participle (abbr.) is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.
Paul Samuelson
Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
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Peer review
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers).
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
Perspective (graphical)
Linear or point-projection perspective is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts; the other is parallel projection.
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Perspectivism
Perspectivism (Perspektivismus; also called perspectivalism) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it.
Philadelphia
Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the nation, with a population of 1,603,797 in the 2020 census.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often referred to as simply the Principia, is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.
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Philosophical Magazine
The Philosophical Magazine is one of the oldest scientific journals published in English.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.
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Physics
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.
Physis
Physis (φύσις; pl. physeis, φύσεις) is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature".
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
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Political science
Political science is the scientific study of politics.
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Politicization of science
The politicization of science for political gain occurs when government, business, or advocacy groups use legal or economic pressure to influence the findings of scientific research or the way it is disseminated, reported or interpreted.
See Science and Politicization of science
Popular culture
Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time.
See Science and Popular culture
Positional notation
Positional notation (or place-value notation, or positional numeral system) usually denotes the extension to any base of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system (or decimal system).
See Science and Positional notation
Pottery
Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form.
Pre-Socratic philosophy
Pre-Socratic philosophy, also known as Early Greek Philosophy, is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates.
See Science and Pre-Socratic philosophy
Prediction
A prediction (Latin præ-, "before," and dictum, "something said") or '''forecast''' is a statement about a future event or about future data.
Presentism (historical analysis)
In literary and historical analysis, presentism is a term for the introduction of present-day ideas and perspectives into depictions or interpretations of the past.
See Science and Presentism (historical analysis)
Presupposition
In the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics, a presupposition (or PSP) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.
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Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.
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Printing press
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.
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Private sector
The private sector is the part of the economy which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government.
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Private sphere
The private sphere is the complement or opposite to the public sphere.
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Product (business)
In marketing, a product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer.
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Profession
A profession is a field of work that has been successfully professionalized.
Professional association
A professional association (also called a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest.
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Professionalization
Professionalization or professionalisation is a social process by which any trade or occupation transforms itself into a true "profession of the highest integrity and competence." The definition of what constitutes a profession is often contested.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
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Proto-Italic language
The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, most notably Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages.
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Protoscience
In the philosophy of science, protoscience is a research field that has the characteristics of an undeveloped science that may ultimately develop into an established science.
Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.
Psychologist
A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior.
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
Public infrastructure
Public infrastructure is infrastructure owned or available for use by the public (represented by the government).
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Pythagoreanism
Pythagoreanism originated in the 6th century BC, based on and around the teachings and beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans.
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Qualitative research
Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation.
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Quantitative research
Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
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Random forest
Random forests or random decision forests is an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks that operates by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time.
Rationalism
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
Relativism
Relativism is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain and assert that valuations in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed.
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Renaissance of the 12th century
The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
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Replication crisis
The replication crisis is an ongoing methodological crisis in which the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to reproduce.
See Science and Replication crisis
Reproducibility
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.
See Science and Reproducibility
Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
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Research institute
A research institute, research centre, research center or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research.
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Research program
A research program (British English: research programme) is a professional network of scientists conducting basic research.
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Responsible Research and Innovation
Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a term used by the European Union's Framework Programmes to describe scientific research and technological development processes that take into account effects and potential impacts on the environment and society.
See Science and Responsible Research and Innovation
Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.
See Science and Richard Feynman
Richard Stone
Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist.
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.
Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon (Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Rogerus), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, was a medieval English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Royal Literary Fund
The Royal Literary Fund (RLF) is a benevolent fund that gives assistance to published British writers in financial difficulties.
See Science and Royal Literary Fund
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
See Science and Sasanian Empire
Scholasticism
Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.
Science & Vie
Science & Vie (Science and Life) is a monthly science magazine published in France.
Science education
Science education is the teaching and learning of science to school children, college students, or adults within the general public.
See Science and Science education
Science in classical antiquity
Science in classical antiquity encompasses inquiries into the workings of the world or universe aimed at both practical goals (e.g., establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses) as well as more abstract investigations belonging to natural philosophy.
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Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in Persia and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258.
See Science and Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science policy
Science policy is concerned with the allocation of resources for the conduct of science towards the goal of best serving the public interest.
See Science and Science policy
Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
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Scientific community
The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists.
See Science and Scientific community
Scientific consensus
Scientific consensus is the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of the majority or the supermajority of scientists in a particular field of study at any particular time.
See Science and Scientific consensus
Scientific controversy
Sustained scientific debate, sometimes scientific controversy or persistent disagreement, is any a substantial disagreement among scientists.
See Science and Scientific controversy
Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community.
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Scientific law
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.
See Science and Scientific law
Scientific literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences.
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Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
See Science and Scientific method
Scientific misconduct
Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.
See Science and Scientific misconduct
Scientific modelling
Scientific modelling is an activity that produces models representing empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes, to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate.
See Science and Scientific modelling
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
See Science and Scientific Revolution
Scientific skepticism
Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism (also spelled scepticism), sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a position in which one questions the veracity of claims lacking empirical evidence.
See Science and Scientific skepticism
Scientific theory
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.
See Science and Scientific theory
Self-criticism
Self-criticism involves how an individual evaluates oneself.
See Science and Self-criticism
Sexism
Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender.
Shape of the universe
In physical cosmology, the shape of the universe refers to both its local and global geometry.
See Science and Shape of the universe
Skeptical Inquirer
Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American general-audience magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) with the subtitle: The Magazine for Science and Reason.
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Smartphone
A smartphone, often simply called a phone, is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities.
Social exclusion
Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society.
See Science and Social exclusion
Social group
In the social sciences, a social group is defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity.
Social science
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.
See Science and Social science
Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.
Socrates
Socrates (– 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.
Socratic method
The Socratic method (also known as method of Elenchus or Socratic debate) is a form of argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions.
See Science and Socratic method
Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
Space Race
The Space Race (Космическая гонка) was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability.
Spanish National Research Council
The Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) is the largest public institution dedicated to research in Spain and the third largest in Europe.
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Speculative fiction
Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses all the subgenres that depart from realism, or strictly imitating everyday reality, instead presenting fantastical, supernatural, futuristic, or other imaginative realms.
See Science and Speculative fiction
Springer Nature
Springer Nature or the Springer Nature Group is a German-British academic publishing company created by the May 2015 merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education.
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Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
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Standard of living
Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society.
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is a freely available online philosophy resource published and maintained by Stanford University, encompassing both an online encyclopedia of philosophy and peer-reviewed original publication.
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Steady-state model
In cosmology, the steady-state model or steady state theory is an alternative to the Big Bang theory.
See Science and Steady-state model
Steam engine
A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
Structural functionalism
Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability".
See Science and Structural functionalism
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
The distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is a basic idea of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics.
See Science and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Sumerian language
Sumerian (Also written 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi.ePSD2 entry for emegir.|'native language'|) was the language of ancient Sumer.
See Science and Sumerian language
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
See Science and Sun
Supernatural
Supernatural refers to phenomena or entities that are beyond the laws of nature.
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!
"Surely You're Joking, Mr.
See Science and Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!
Systems theory
Systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or artificial.
See Science and Systems theory
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
See Science and Taxonomy (biology)
Teleology
Teleology (from, and)Partridge, Eric.
Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.
Terminal degree
A terminal degree is the highest-level university degree that can be achieved and awarded in an academic discipline or professional field.
See Science and Terminal degree
Testability
Testability is a primary aspect of science and the scientific method. Science and Testability are observation.
Thales of Miletus
Thales of Miletus (Θαλῆς) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor.
See Science and Thales of Miletus
The Canon of Medicine
The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb; Qānun dar Teb; Canon Medicinae) is an encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Muslim Persian physician-philosopher Avicenna (ابن سینا, ibn Sina) and completed in 1025.
See Science and The Canon of Medicine
The Dawn of Everything
The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity is a 2021 book by anthropologist and activist David Graeber, and archaeologist David Wengrow.
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The Wealth of Nations
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the ''magnum opus'' of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith (1723–1790).
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Theodore Schultz
Theodore William Schultz (30 April 1902 – 26 February 1998) was an American agricultural economist and chairman of the University of Chicago Department of Economics.
See Science and Theodore Schultz
Theorem
In mathematics and formal logic, a theorem is a statement that has been proven, or can be proven.
Theoretical computer science
Theoretical computer science is a subfield of computer science and mathematics that focuses on the abstract and mathematical foundations of computation.
See Science and Theoretical computer science
Theory
A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.
Theory of forms
In philosophy and specifically metaphysics, the theory of Forms, theory of Ideas, Platonic idealism, or Platonic realism is a theory widely credited to the Classical Greek philosopher Plato.
See Science and Theory of forms
Theory of impetus
The theory of impetus is an auxiliary or secondary theory of Aristotelian dynamics, put forth initially to explain projectile motion against gravity.
See Science and Theory of impetus
Theory of relativity
The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively.
See Science and Theory of relativity
Therapy
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.
See Science and Thermodynamics
Third Dynasty of Ur
The Third Dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire, refers to a 22nd to 21st century BC (middle chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.
See Science and Third Dynasty of Ur
Thomas Kuhn
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American historian and philosopher of science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom.
Thought experiment
A thought experiment is a hypothetical situation in which a hypothesis, theory, or principle is laid out for the purpose of thinking through its consequences.
See Science and Thought experiment
Topic model
In statistics and natural language processing, a topic model is a type of statistical model for discovering the abstract "topics" that occur in a collection of documents.
Trial and error
Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem-solving characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the practicer stops trying.
See Science and Trial and error
Unethical human experimentation
Unethical human experimentation is human experimentation that violates the principles of medical ethics.
See Science and Unethical human experimentation
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents. Science and universe are main topic articles.
University of Bologna
The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, abbreviated Unibo) is a public research university in Bologna, Italy.
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University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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Vitello
Vitello (Witelon; Witelo; – 1280/1314) was a Polish friar, theologian, natural philosopher and an important figure in the history of philosophy in Poland.
Wassily Leontief
Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (Васи́лий Васи́льевич Лео́нтьев; August 5, 1905 – February 5, 1999), was a Soviet-American economist known for his research on input–output analysis and how changes in one economic sector may affect other sectors.
See Science and Wassily Leontief
Wayne State University Press
Wayne State University Press (or WSU Press) is a university press that is part of Wayne State University.
See Science and Wayne State University Press
Weapon
A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill.
Western Publishing
Western Publishing, also known as Western Printing and Lithographing Company, was a Racine, Wisconsin, firm responsible for publishing the Little Golden Books.
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, one of the fathers of modern psychology.
William Robertson (historian)
William Robertson FRSE FSA Scot (19 September 1721 – 11 June 1793) was a Scottish historian, minister in the Church of Scotland, and Principal of the University of Edinburgh.
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William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 17946 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science.
See Science and William Whewell
Women in science
The presence of women in science spans the earliest times of the history of science wherein they have made significant contributions.
See Science and Women in science
Work (thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal processes by which a thermodynamic system can interact with its surroundings and exchange energy.
See Science and Work (thermodynamics)
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Writing system
A writing system comprises a particular set of symbols, called a script, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular language.
See Science and Writing system
X-ray
X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
YouTube in education
The popular American video sharing platform YouTube has become widely used in educational settings.
See Science and YouTube in education
19th century in science
The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.
See Science and 19th century in science
See also
Main topic articles
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- Concept
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- Information
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Observation
- Audience
- Discoveries
- Discovery (observation)
- Earth observation
- El monstruo (audience)
- Empiricism
- Instructional rounds
- Introspection
- Journalism
- Looking
- Medical diagnosis
- Observation
- Observation car
- Observation decks
- Observation towers
- Observational comedy
- Observational study
- Observationalism
- Phenomena
- Phenomenon
- Physical examination
- Planetarium
- Problem of the speckled hen
- Psychoanalytic infant observation
- Science
- Social facilitation
- Testability
- The Lost Continent: Travels in Small-Town America
- Theory-ladenness
- Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
References
Also known as Basic theories of science, Classification of the sciences, Definition of science, Definitions of science, Empirical sciences, General Science, ScienCes, Science and society, Science fact, Science labour, Scientific, Scientific concept, Scientific knowledge, Scientifically, Scientificity.
, Avicenna, Axiom, Babylonia, Back-formation, Baghdad, Basic research, Bayesian probability, Beat reporting, Big Bang, Big science, Bioinformatics, Biology, Black hole, Book of Optics, Branches of science, Bronze Age, Byzantine Empire, Calculus, Caliphate, Cambridge University Press, Camera obscura, Carl Linnaeus, Carolingian Renaissance, Case study, Causality, CERN, Charles Darwin, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Classical antiquity, Classical genetics, Classical mechanics, Climate change, Cognitive science, Cold War, Common Era, Communications satellite, Company, Computation, Computational science, Computer simulation, Concept, Confirmation bias, Conflict theories, Conjecture, Conservation of energy, Conservation of mass, Consilience, Consistency, Constructive empiricism, Correlation, Correlation does not imply causation, Cosmic microwave background, COVID-19, Creation science, Critical rationalism, Criticism of science, Cross-cultural studies, CSIRO, Curiosity, De rerum natura, Deductive reasoning, Democritus, Design of experiments, Developed country, Dialectic, Discovery science, Divination, Dutch people, Early Middle Ages, Earth science, Economic materialism, Economic sector, Economics, Education, Egyptian calendar, Electromagnetism, Electron, Empirical evidence, Empiricism, Encyclopædia Britannica, Energy quality, Entropy, Environmental issues, Environmental protection, Environmental studies, Epicurus, Ethology, Eutrophication, Event Horizon Telescope, Experiments on Plant Hybridization, Faience, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Falsifiability, Fertilizer, First observation of gravitational waves, Fixed asset, Formal science, Formal system, Four causes, Francis Bacon, Franco Modigliani, French Academy of Sciences, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Fringe science, Funding of science, Galileo Galilei, General relativity, Geocentric model, Geometry, Georges Lemaître, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Government agency, Government scientist, Gravitational wave, Gravity, Great power, Greek scholars in the Renaissance, Greenwood Publishing Group, Gregor Mendel, Hans Christian Ørsted, Harcourt (publisher), Health effects of pesticides, Health effects of tobacco, Heat death of the universe, Heinrich Hertz, Heliocentrism, Henri Becquerel, Higgs boson, Hindu–Arabic numeral system, Hippocrates, Historical method, History of atomic theory, History of science, House of Wisdom, Human genome, Human Genome Project, Human geography, Humanities, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Hypothesis, Hypothetico-deductive model, Ibn al-Haytham, Incantation, Individual, Indo-European Etymological Dictionary, Indo-European studies, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Inductivism, Industrial Revolution, Institutionalisation, Instrumentalism, Integrated circuit, Interactionism, Interdisciplinarity, International Science Council, Intersubjective verifiability, Invention, Iraq, Isaac Newton, Isidore of Seville, Islamic Golden Age, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, James Clerk Maxwell, James M. Buchanan, James Tobin, Jan Tinbergen, Johannes Kepler, John Dalton, John Millar (philosopher), John Peckham, John Philoponus, Journal des sçavans, Journal of Mathematical Physics, JSTOR, Junk science, Kaiser Wilhelm Society, Karl Popper, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Knowledge, Late antiquity, Latin, Lawrence Klein, Le Figaro, Learned society, Length, Leucippus, Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, Lime plaster, List of climate change controversies, List of life sciences, List of natural phenomena, List of science magazines, List of scientific occupations, List of years in science, Lists of science and technology awards, Logic, Lucretius, Machine learning, Macmillan Publishers, Magnetism, Marie Curie, Mary Somerville, Mathematical and theoretical biology, Mathematical chemistry, Mathematical economics, Mathematical finance, Mathematical physics, Mathematics, Maurice Allais, Max Planck Society, Measurement, Mechanism (philosophy), Medical diagnosis, Medical prescription, Medieval renaissances, Merriam-Webster, Mesopotamia, Metaphysics, Metascience, Methodology, Michael Faraday, Michiel de Vaan, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Middle English, Mississippi Quarterly, Mobile computing, Modern synthesis (20th century), Modernity, Momentum, Mondino de Luzzi, Mongol invasions and conquests, Monophysitism, Morphological derivation, Motion, Multilateralism, Musica universalis, National Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Natural history, Natural History (Pliny), Natural law, Natural philosophy, Natural science, Natural selection, Naturalism (philosophy), Nature, Nature Geoscience, Nestorian schism, New Scientist, Nicolaus Copernicus, Nobel Foundation, Nobel Prize, Nomenclature, Novum Organum, Nuclear arms race, Objectivity (science), Observation, Occam's razor, Ocean acidification, OECD, Oliver Heaviside, On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, On the Origin of Species, Ontology, Orbital period, Ottonian Renaissance, Outline of physical science, Oxford University Press, Ozone depletion, Paradigm shift, Participle, Paul Samuelson, Peer review, Penguin Books, Perspective (graphical), Perspectivism, Philadelphia, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Philosophical Magazine, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Philosophy of science, Physics, Physiology, Physis, Plato, Pliny the Elder, Political science, Politicization of science, Popular culture, Positional notation, Pottery, Pre-Socratic philosophy, Prediction, Presentism (historical analysis), Presupposition, Preventive healthcare, Printing press, Private sector, Private sphere, Product (business), Profession, Professional association, Professionalization, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Italic language, Protoscience, Pseudoscience, Psychologist, Psychology, Public infrastructure, Pythagoreanism, Qualitative research, Quantitative research, Quantum mechanics, Radioactive decay, Random forest, Rationalism, Reason, Relativism, Renaissance, Renaissance of the 12th century, René Descartes, Replication crisis, Reproducibility, Research and development, Research institute, Research program, Responsible Research and Innovation, Richard Feynman, Richard Stone, Robert Boyle, Roger Bacon, Routledge, Royal Literary Fund, Royal Society, Sasanian Empire, Scholasticism, Science & Vie, Science education, Science in classical antiquity, Science in the medieval Islamic world, Science policy, Scientific American, Scientific community, Scientific consensus, Scientific controversy, Scientific journal, Scientific law, Scientific literature, Scientific method, Scientific misconduct, Scientific modelling, Scientific Revolution, Scientific skepticism, Scientific theory, Self-criticism, Sexism, Shape of the universe, Skeptical Inquirer, Smartphone, Social exclusion, Social group, Social science, Sociology, Socrates, Socratic method, Solar System, Space Race, Spanish National Research Council, Speculative fiction, Springer Nature, Standard Model, Standard of living, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Steady-state model, Steam engine, Stem cell, Structural functionalism, Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), Sumerian language, Sun, Supernatural, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, Systems theory, Taxonomy (biology), Teleology, Telescope, Terminal degree, Testability, Thales of Miletus, The Canon of Medicine, The Dawn of Everything, The Wealth of Nations, Theodore Schultz, Theorem, Theoretical computer science, Theory, Theory of forms, Theory of impetus, Theory of relativity, Therapy, Thermodynamics, Third Dynasty of Ur, Thomas Kuhn, Thought experiment, Topic model, Trial and error, Unethical human experimentation, Universe, University of Bologna, University of Chicago Press, Vitello, Wassily Leontief, Wayne State University Press, Weapon, Western Publishing, Wilhelm Wundt, William Robertson (historian), William Whewell, Women in science, Work (thermodynamics), World War I, World War II, Writing system, X-ray, YouTube in education, 19th century in science.