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388 relations: Absolute monarchy, Accelerating change, Activism, Acts of Union 1707, Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, Adaptation, Aggression, Agriculture, Alphabet, Altruism, Amartya Sen, Andrew P. Vayda, Anthropology, Antipositivism, Archaeology, Artificial intelligence, Auguste Comte, Autarky, Authority, Band society, Barbarian, Benjamin Kidd, Biogenesis, Biology, Biopolitics, Biopower, Bioregionalism, Biosphere, Body politic, Bow and arrow, Bruce Trigger, Bureaucracy, Canon law, Capitalism, Cartography, Centralisation, Charismatic authority, Charles Darwin, Chiefdom, Chronology of the universe, Civilization, Cladogenesis, Clash of Civilizations, Class conflict, Classical mechanics, Claude Adrien Helvétius, Cloverdale Corporation, Cold War, Collective, ..., Collectivism, Colonialism, Commerce, Communism, Complexity, Conjectural history, Consanguinity, Controversy, Cosmogony, Counterfactual history, Critical theory, Cultural anthropology, Cultural diversity, Cultural evolution, Cultural materialism (anthropology), Cultural neuroscience, Cultural relativism, Cultural selection theory, Culture, Culture-historical archaeology, David Apter, David McClelland, Decentralization, Decolonization, Deforestation, Degeneration theory, Democracy, Dependency theory, Determinism, Development theory, Dichotomy, Diffusion of innovations, Disenchantment, Divine right of kings, Division of labour, DNA, Domestication of animals, Dual inheritance theory, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, E. O. Wilson, Easter Island, Ecological-evolutionary theory, Ecology, Economic determinism, Economic interventionism, Economic sociology, Economic system, Ecoregion, Edward Burnett Tylor, Edward L. Youmans, Edward Smith Deevey Jr., Elman Service, Emotion, Empirical evidence, Energy, Environmental racism, Eric Wolf, Ernst Kantorowicz, Ester Boserup, Ethnocentrism, Ethnography, Ethnology, Ethology, Eugenics, Evolution, Evolutionary anthropology, Evolutionary psychology, Exclusive right, Extended order, Ferdinand Tönnies, Foundationalism, France, Franz Boas, French Revolution, Friedrich Engels, Futures studies, Gaianism, Gene, Genealogy, Genetic diversity, Genetics, Geocentric model, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, George W. Stocking Jr., Gerhard Lenski, Gilded Age, Globalization, Goods, Governance, Gregor Mendel, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Heliocentrism, Henri de Saint-Simon, Herbert Spencer, Heredity, Historical materialism, Historical particularism, Historicism, Historiography, History of communication, History of democracy, History of the world, Human, Human behavioral ecology, Iain McGilchrist, Ideal type, Ideology, Imperialism, Indigenous peoples, Industrial Revolution, Information, Inheritance, Institution, Institutional memory, Instrumental and value rationality, Invention, Jacques Ruffié, Jakob von Uexküll, Jared Diamond, Jürgen Habermas, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Burgess (political scientist), John Fiske (philosopher), John Henry Morgan, John Millar (philosopher), Joseph Henrich, Julian Steward, Kardashev scale, Karl Marx, Language, Law, Law of three stages, Leadership, Learning, Leonard Hobhouse, Leslie White, Lester Frank Ward, Lewis H. Morgan, Liberal democracy, List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field, Logic, Mammoth, Mankind in Transition, Manufacturing, Margaret Mead, Marquis de Condorcet, Marshall Sahlins, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Marvin Harris, Marxism, Material culture, Max Weber, Means of production, Mechanical and organic solidarity, Medicine, Memetics, Metalworking, Metaphysics, Michel de Montaigne, Michel Foucault, Middle Ages, Milieu intérieur, Mind, Modern synthesis (20th century), Modernity, Modernization theory, Morality, Motivation, Multicellular organism, Multilineal evolution, Myth, Mythology, Nation state, Natural and legal rights, Natural Capitalism, Natural selection, Nature, Nazism, Neoevolutionism, Neolithic Revolution, Neotropical realm, Nikolai Kardashev, Noble savage, North American Arctic, Nuclear power, Origin of language, Origin of speech, Origins of society, Orthogenesis, Outline of physical science, Paleontology, Pharaoh, Philosophes, Piotr Sztompka, Political philosophy, Political system, Pope, Population biology, Population density, Population dynamics, Population genetics, Population growth, Positivism, Post-industrial society, Pottery, Power (social and political), Power-knowledge, President, Prime minister, Prison, Probability, Productivity, Progress (history), Progressivism, Psychology, Public administration, Punctuated equilibrium, Raciolinguistics, Racism, Raoul Naroll, Rational-legal authority, Rationalization (sociology), Recent African origin of modern humans, Reformism, Religion, Richard Dawkins, Richard Lewontin, RNA, Robert Boyd (anthropologist), Robert Foley (academic), Robert Redfield, Rostow's stages of growth, Roy Rappaport, Ruth Benedict, Science, Scientific method, Scientific racism, Scottish Enlightenment, Secularization, Security, Territory, Population, Sentience, Sidney Mintz, Signage, Slavery, Social actions, Social behavior, Social change, Social commentary, Social constructionism, Social cycle theory, Social Darwinism, Social dynamics, Social effects of evolutionary theory, Social engineering (political science), Social environment, Social evolution, Social inequality, Social norm, Social progress, Social relation, Social structure, Social system, Social theory, Socialism, Sociality, Societal collapse, Society, Sociobiology, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural system, Sociology, Sociology of religion, Solidarity, Sovereign state, Soviet Union, Species, Standardization, State (polity), State of nature, Stephen Jay Gould, Steven Rose, Sui generis, Survival of the fittest, Symbol, Symbolic culture, Talcott Parsons, Technical progress (economics), Technology, Teleology, The American Historical Review, The Holocaust, The Major Transitions in Evolution, The Master and His Emissary, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, The Selfish Gene, The World Until Yesterday, Theology, Third World, Thomas Robert Malthus, Trade, Tradition, Traditional authority, Traditional society, Trans-cultural diffusion, Trends (journals), Tribalism, Tribe, Tripartite classification of authority, Umwelt, Unilineal evolution, Unit of analysis, United States, United States Constitution, University of California, Davis, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Chicago Press, Urban revolution, V. Gordon Childe, Value (ethics), Voltaire, Walt Whitman Rostow, Western culture, Western world, White supremacy, William C. Wimsatt, William Graham Sumner, Work (physics), World energy consumption, World history, World War I, World War II, World-systems theory, Writing, Yale University Press, Zoology, Zygmunt Bauman. Expand index (338 more) »
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.
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Accelerating change
In futures studies and the history of technology, accelerating change is a perceived increase in the rate of technological change throughout history, which may suggest faster and more profound change in the future and may or may not be accompanied by equally profound social and cultural change.
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Activism
Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society.
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Acts of Union 1707
The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland.
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Adam Ferguson
Adam Ferguson, FRSE (Scottish Gaelic: Adhamh MacFhearghais), also known as Ferguson of Raith (1 JulyGregorian Calendar/20 JuneJulian Calendar 1723 – 22 February 1816), was a Scottish philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment.
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Adam Smith
Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.
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Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
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Aggression
Aggression is overt, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Alphabet
An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that is used to write one or more languages based upon the general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant sounds) of the spoken language.
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Altruism
Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual.
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Amartya Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen, CH, FBA (born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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Andrew P. Vayda
Andrew P. Vayda is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and Ecology at Rutgers University, an Adjunct Professor at Monash University and at the University of Indonesia, and Senior Research Associate of the in Bogor, Indonesia.
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Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.
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Antipositivism
In social science, antipositivism (also interpretivism and negativism) proposes that the social realm cannot be studied with the scientific method of investigation applied to the natural world; investigation of the social realm requires a different epistemology.
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Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
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Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence (NI) displayed by humans and other animals.
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Auguste Comte
Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism.
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Autarky
Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient.
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Authority
Authority derives from the Latin word and is a concept used to indicate the foundational right to exercise power, which can be formalized by the State and exercised by way of judges, monarchs, rulers, police officers or other appointed executives of government, or the ecclesiastical or priestly appointed representatives of a higher spiritual power (God or other deities).
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Band society
A band society, or horde, is the simplest form of human society.
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Barbarian
A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive.
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Benjamin Kidd
Benjamin Kidd (1858–1916) was a British sociologist whose first job was a civil service clerk, but who, by persistent self-education, became internationally famous by the publication of his book Social Evolution in 1894.
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Biogenesis
Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Biopolitics
Biopolitics is an intersectional field between biology and politics.
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Biopower
Biopower (or biopouvoir in French) is a term coined by French scholar, historian, and social theorist Michel Foucault.
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Bioregionalism
Bioregionalism is a political, cultural, and ecological system or set of views based on naturally defined areas called bioregions, similar to ecoregions.
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Biosphere
The biosphere (from Greek βίος bíos "life" and σφαῖρα sphaira "sphere") also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος oîkos "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.
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Body politic
The body politic is a medieval metaphor that likens a nation to a corporation which had serious historical repercussions throughout recent history and therefore giving the Crown: "As a legal entity today the Crown as executive is regarded as a corporation sole or aggregate", a corporate entity.
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Bow and arrow
The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows).
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Bruce Trigger
Bruce Graham Trigger, (June 18, 1937 – December 1, 2006) was a Canadian archaeologist, anthropologist, and ethnohistorian.
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Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy refers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group.
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Canon law
Canon law (from Greek kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.
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Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
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Cartography
Cartography (from Greek χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making maps.
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Centralisation
Centralisation (British), or centralization (both British and American), is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location or group, keeping all of the important decision-making powers within the head office or the centre of the organisation.
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Charismatic authority
Charismatic authority is a concept about leadership that was developed in 1922 (he died in 1920) by the German sociologist Max Weber.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chiefdom
A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'.
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Chronology of the universe
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.
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Civilization
A civilization or civilisation (see English spelling differences) is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication (for example, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.
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Cladogenesis
Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting event where a parent species splits into two distinct species, forming a clade.
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Clash of Civilizations
The Clash of Civilizations is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world.
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Class conflict
Class conflict, frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes.
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Classical mechanics
Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.
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Claude Adrien Helvétius
Claude Adrien Helvétius (26 January 1715 – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher, freemason and littérateur.
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Cloverdale Corporation
Cloverdale Corporation has for 29 years been involved in publishing scholarly research for the scientific community.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Collective
A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together to achieve a common objective.
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Collectivism
Collectivism is a cultural value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among individuals and prioritization of the group over self.
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Colonialism
Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country and of helping the colonies modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion and health.
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Commerce
Commerce relates to "the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale.” Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that operate in any country or internationally.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Complexity
Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.
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Conjectural history
Conjectural history is a type of historiography isolated in the 1790s by Dugald Stewart, who termed it "theoretical or conjectural history", as prevalent in the historians and early social scientists of the Scottish Enlightenment.
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Consanguinity
Consanguinity ("blood relation", from the Latin consanguinitas) is the property of being from the same kinship as another person.
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Controversy
Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view.
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Cosmogony
Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of either the cosmos or universe.
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Counterfactual history
Counterfactual history, also sometimes referred to as virtual history, is a form of historiography that attempts to answer "what if" questions known as counterfactuals.
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Critical theory
Critical theory is a school of thought that stresses the reflective assessment and critique of society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities.
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Cultural anthropology
Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.
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Cultural diversity
Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay.
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Cultural evolution
Cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of social change.
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Cultural materialism (anthropology)
Cultural materialism is an anthropological research orientation first introduced by Marvin Harris in his 1968 book The Rise of Anthropological Theory, Paperback as a theoretical paradigm and research strategy.
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Cultural neuroscience
Cultural neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field studying how cultural values, such as practices and beliefs, shape and are shaped by the mind, brain and genes across multiple timescales.
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Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
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Cultural selection theory
Cultural selection theory is the study of cultural change modelled on theories of evolutionary biology.
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Culture
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.
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Culture-historical archaeology
Culture-historical archaeology is an archaeological theory that emphasises defining historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groupings according to their material culture.
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David Apter
David Ernest Apter (December 18, 1924 – May 4, 2010) was an American political scientist and sociologist.
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David McClelland
David Clarence McClelland (May 20, 1917 – March 27, 1998) was an American psychologist, noted for his work on motivation Need Theory.
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Decentralization
Decentralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group.
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Decolonization
Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.
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Deforestation
Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.
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Degeneration theory
Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface of the social and biological sciences in the 19th century.
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Democracy
Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.
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Dependency theory
Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
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Determinism
Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.
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Development theory
Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved.
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Dichotomy
A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).
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Diffusion of innovations
Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread.
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Disenchantment
In social science, disenchantment (Entzauberung) is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of mysticism apparent in modern society.
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Divine right of kings
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.
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Division of labour
The division of labour is the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Domestication of animals
The domestication of animals is the mutual relationship between animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction.
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Dual inheritance theory
Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.
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E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, FBA (21 September 1902 – 11 September 1973), known as E. E. Evans-Pritchard, was an English anthropologist who was instrumental in the development of social anthropology.
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E. O. Wilson
Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929), usually cited as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist, researcher, theorist, naturalist and author.
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Easter Island
Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua) is a Chilean island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania.
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Ecological-evolutionary theory
Ecological-evolutionary theory (EET) is a sociological theory of sociocultural evolution that attempts to explain the origin and changes of society and culture.
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Ecology
Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
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Economic determinism
Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist, or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other social and political arrangements in society are based.
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Economic interventionism
Economic interventionism (sometimes state interventionism) is an economic policy perspective favoring government intervention in the market process to correct the market failures and promote the general welfare of the people.
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Economic sociology
Economic sociology is the study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena.
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Economic system
An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area.
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Ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than an ecozone.
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Edward Burnett Tylor
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917) was an English anthropologist, the founder of cultural anthropology.
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Edward L. Youmans
Edward Livingston Youmans (June 3, 1821 in Coeymans, New York – January 18, 1887 in New York City) was an American scientific writer, editor, and lecturer and founder of Popular Science magazine.
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Edward Smith Deevey Jr.
Edward Smith Deevey Jr. (3 December 1914 – 29 November 1988), born in Albany, New York, was a prominent American ecologist and paleolimnologist, and an early protégé of G. Evelyn Hutchinson at Yale University.
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Elman Service
Elman Rogers Service (1915–1996) was an American cultural anthropologist.
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Emotion
Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.
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Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence, also known as sensory experience, is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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Environmental racism
Environmental racism is a term used to describe environmental injustice within a racialized context.
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Eric Wolf
Eric Robert Wolf (February 1, 1923 – March 6, 1999) was an anthropologist, best known for his studies of peasants, Latin America, and his advocacy of Marxist perspectives within anthropology.
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Ernst Kantorowicz
Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German-American historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early modern ideologies of monarchy and the state.
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Ester Boserup
Ester Boserup (18 May 1910 – 24 September 1999) was a Danish and French economist.
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Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.
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Ethnography
Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos "folk, people, nation" and γράφω grapho "I write") is the systematic study of people and cultures.
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Ethnology
Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "nation") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them (cf. cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).
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Ethology
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.
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Eugenics
Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary anthropology
Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates.
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Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.
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Exclusive right
In Anglo-Saxon law, an exclusive right, or exclusivity, is a de facto, non-tangible prerogative existing in law (that is, the power or, in a wider sense, right) to perform an action or acquire a benefit and to permit or deny others the right to perform the same action or to acquire the same benefit.
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Extended order
Extended order is an economics and sociology concept introduced by Friedrich Hayek in his book The Fatal Conceit.
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Ferdinand Tönnies
Ferdinand Tönnies (26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist and philosopher.
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Foundationalism
Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Franz Boas
Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.
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Futures studies
Futures studies (also called futurology) is the study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them.
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Gaianism
Gaianism (also referred to as Gaian Religion, with an offshoot termed "New Age Gaian") is an earth-centered philosophical, holistic, scientifically non-religiously supported, and the spiritual opinion that shares expressions with various religions such as Earth religions and Paganism while not identifying exclusively with any specific one.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Genealogy
Genealogy (from γενεαλογία from γενεά, "generation" and λόγος, "knowledge"), also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history.
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Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Geocentric model
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure of German idealism.
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George W. Stocking Jr.
George W. Stocking Jr. (December 28, 1928July 13, 2013) was a German-born American scholar noted for his scholarship on the history of anthropology.
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Gerhard Lenski
Gerhard Emmanuel "Gerry" Lenski, Jr. (August 13, 1924 – December 7, 2015) was an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and introducing the ecological-evolutionary theory.
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Gilded Age
The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900.
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Globalization
Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.
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Goods
In economics, goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product.
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Governance
Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, a market or a network, over a social system (family, tribe, formal or informal organization, a territory or across territories) and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia.
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (also titled Guns, Germs and Steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years) is a 1997 transdisciplinary non-fiction book by Jared Diamond, professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
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Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
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Henri de Saint-Simon
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon (17 October 1760 – 19 May 1825), was a French political and economic theorist and businessman whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science.
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Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Historical materialism
Historical materialism is the methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time, claiming that they follow a number of observable tendencies.
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Historical particularism
Historical particularism (coined by Marvin Harris in 1968) is widely considered the first American anthropological school of thought.
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Historicism
Historicism is the idea of attributing meaningful significance to space and time, such as historical period, geographical place, and local culture.
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Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
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History of communication
Since prehistoric times, significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) have evolved in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power.
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History of democracy
A democracy is a political system, or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization or a country, in which all members have an equal share of power.
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History of the world
The history of the world is the history of humanity (or human history), as determined from archaeology, anthropology, genetics, linguistics, and other disciplines; and, for periods since the invention of writing, from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Human behavioral ecology
Human behavioral ecology (HBE) or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity.
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Iain McGilchrist
Iain McGilchrist is a psychiatrist, doctor, writer, and former Oxford literary scholar.
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Ideal type
Ideal type (Idealtypus), also known as pure type, is a typological term most closely associated with sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920).
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Ideology
An Ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group holds for other than purely epistemic reasons.
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Imperialism
Imperialism is a policy that involves a nation extending its power by the acquisition of lands by purchase, diplomacy or military force.
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Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples, also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples or native peoples, are ethnic groups who are the pre-colonial original inhabitants of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Information
Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty.
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Inheritance
Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual.
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Institution
Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".
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Institutional memory
Institutional memory is a collective set of facts, concepts, experiences and knowledge held by a group of people.
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Instrumental and value rationality
Instrumental and value-rationality are modern labels for the ancient belief that human reasoning is bipolar, split in two.
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Invention
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process.
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Jacques Ruffié
Jacques Ruffié, born 22 November 1921 in Limoux, France died 1 July 2004 was a French haematologist, geneticist and Anthropologist.
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Jakob von Uexküll
Jakob Johann Baron von Uexküll (8 September 1864 – 25 July 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology, animal behaviour studies, and the cybernetics of life.
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Jared Diamond
Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American ecologist, geographer, biologist, anthropologist and author best known for his popular science books The Third Chimpanzee (1991); Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997, awarded a Pulitzer Prize); Collapse (2005); and The World Until Yesterday (2012).
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Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.
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John Burgess (political scientist)
John William Burgess (August 26, 1844 – January 13, 1931) was a pioneering American political scientist.
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John Fiske (philosopher)
John Fiske (March 30, 1842 – July 4, 1901) was an American philosopher and historian.
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John Henry Morgan
John Henry Morgan is the Karl Mannheim Professor of the History and Philosophy of Social Sciences at the Graduate Theological Foundation, where he also served as president until 2013.
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John Millar (philosopher)
John Millar of Glasgow (22 June 1735 – 30 May 1801) was a Scottish philosopher, historian and Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow from 1761 to 1800.
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Joseph Henrich
Joseph Henrich is a professor in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology of the Harvard University.
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Julian Steward
Julian Haynes Steward (January 31, 1902 – February 6, 1972) was an American anthropologist best known for his role in developing "the concept and method" of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change.
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Kardashev scale
The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement, based on the amount of energy a civilization is able to use for communication, proposed by Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev.
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Karl Marx
Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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Law of three stages
The law of three stages is an idea developed by Auguste Comte in his work The Course in Positive Philosophy.
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Leadership
Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations.
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Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
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Leonard Hobhouse
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (8 September 1864 – 21 June 1929) was a British liberal political theorist and sociologist, who has been considered one of the leading and earliest proponents of social liberalism.
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Leslie White
Leslie Alvin White (January 19, 1900, Salida, Colorado – March 31, 1975, Lone Pine, California) was an American anthropologist known for his advocacy of theories of cultural evolution, sociocultural evolution, and especially neoevolutionism, and for his role in creating the department of anthropology at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor.
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Lester Frank Ward
Lester F. Ward (June 18, 1841 – April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist.
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Lewis H. Morgan
Lewis Henry Morgan (November 21, 1818 – December 17, 1881) was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer.
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Liberal democracy
Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism.
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List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Mammoth
A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair.
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Mankind in Transition
Mankind in Transition is a book by Masse Bloomfield.
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
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Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist who featured frequently as an author and speaker in the mass media during the 1960s and 1970s.
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Marquis de Condorcet
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election.
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Marshall Sahlins
Marshall David Sahlins (born December 27, 1930) is an American anthropologist best known for his ethnographic work in the Pacific and for his contributions to anthropological theory.
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Marta Mirazón Lahr
Dr.
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Marvin Harris
Marvin Harris (August 18, 1927 – October 25, 2001) was an American anthropologist.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Material culture
Material culture is the physical aspect of culture in the objects and architecture that surround people.
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Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.
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Means of production
In economics and sociology, the means of production (also called capital goods) are physical non-human and non-financial inputs used in the production of economic value.
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Mechanical and organic solidarity
In sociology, "mechanical solidarity" and "organic solidarity" refer to the concepts of solidarity as developed by Émile Durkheim.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Memetics
Memetics is the study of information and culture based on an analogy with Darwinian evolution.
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Metalworking
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Michel de Montaigne
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, Lord of Montaigne (28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592) was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre.
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Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), generally known as Michel Foucault, was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Milieu intérieur
Milieu intérieur or interior milieu, from the French, milieu intérieur (the internal environment), is a phrase coined by Claude Bernard to refer to the extra-cellular fluid environment, more particularly the interstitial fluid, and its physiological capacity to ensure protective stability for the tissues and organs of multicellular organism.
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Mind
The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory.
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.
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Modernity
Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of Renaissance, in the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment".
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Modernization theory
Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies.
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Morality
Morality (from) is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.
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Motivation
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs.
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Multicellular organism
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.
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Multilineal evolution
Multilineal evolution is a 20th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures.
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Myth
Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in society, such as foundational tales.
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Mythology
Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths.
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Nation state
A nation state (or nation-state), in the most specific sense, is a country where a distinct cultural or ethnic group (a "nation" or "people") inhabits a territory and have formed a state (often a sovereign state) that they predominantly govern.
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Natural and legal rights
Natural and legal rights are two types of rights.
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Natural Capitalism
Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution is a 1999 book co-authored by Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Neoevolutionism
Neoevolutionism as a social theory attempts to explain the evolution of societies by drawing on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution while discarding some dogmas of the previous theories of social evolutionism.
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Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, Neolithic Demographic Transition, Agricultural Revolution, or First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly larger population possible.
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Neotropical realm
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface.
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Nikolai Kardashev
Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev (p; born April 25, 1932) is a Russian astrophysicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and is the deputy director of the Astro Space Center (Russia) of PN Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
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Noble savage
A noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, an "other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness.
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North American Arctic
The North American Arctic comprises the northern portions of Alaska (USA), Northern Canada and Greenland.
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Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.
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Origin of language
The evolutionary emergence of language in the human species has been a subject of speculation for several centuries.
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Origin of speech
The origin of speech refers to the more general problem of the origin of language in the context of the physiological development of the human speech organs such as the tongue, lips and vocal organs used to produce phonological units in all human languages.
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Origins of society
The origins of society — the evolutionary emergence of distinctively human social organization — is an important topic within evolutionary biology, anthropology, prehistory and palaeolithic archaeology.
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Orthogenesis
Orthogenesis, also known as orthogenetic evolution, progressive evolution, evolutionary progress, or progressionism, is the biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal (teleology) due to some internal mechanism or "driving force".
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Outline of physical science
Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.
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Paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ Prro) is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE.
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Philosophes
The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment.
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Piotr Sztompka
Piotr Sztompka (born 2 March 1944, in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish sociologist known for his work on the theory of social trust.
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Political philosophy
Political philosophy, or political theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
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Political system
A political system is a system of politics and government.
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Pope
The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.
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Population biology
Population biology is an interdisciplinary field combining the areas of ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Population density
Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.
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Population dynamics
Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems, and the biological and environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration).
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Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.
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Population growth
In biology or human geography, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.
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Positivism
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.
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Post-industrial society
In sociology, the post-industrial society is the stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy.
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Pottery
Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.
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Power (social and political)
In social science and politics, power is the ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people.
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Power-knowledge
Power-knowledge (le savoir-pouvoir) is a concept coined by the French philosopher Michel Foucault.
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President
The president is a common title for the head of state in most republics.
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Prime minister
A prime minister is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.
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Prison
A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), or remand center is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state.
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Probability
Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
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Productivity
Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production.
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Progress (history)
In historiography, progress (from Latin progressus, "advance", "(a) step onwards") is the study of how specific societies improved over time in terms of science, technology, modernization, liberty, democracy, longevity, quality of life, freedom from pollution and so on.
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Progressivism
Progressivism is the support for or advocacy of improvement of society by reform.
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Psychology
Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.
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Public administration
Public Administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service.
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Punctuated equilibrium
Punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that once species appear in the fossil record the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history.
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Raciolinguistics
Raciolinguistics examines how language is used to construct race and how ideas of race influence language and language use.
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Racism
Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.
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Raoul Naroll
Raoul Naroll (September 10, 1920 – June 25, 1985) was an anthropologist who did much to promote the methodology of cross-cultural studies.
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Rational-legal authority
Rational-legal authority (also known as rational authority, legal authority, rational domination, legal domination, or bureaucratic authority) is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to legal rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy.
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Rationalization (sociology)
In sociology, rationalization or rationalisation refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with concepts based on rationality and reason.
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Recent African origin of modern humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens).
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Reformism
Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement.
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Religion
Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.
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Richard Dawkins
Clinton Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author.
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Richard Lewontin
Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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Robert Boyd (anthropologist)
Robert Turner Boyd (born February 11, 1948) is an American anthropologist.
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Robert Foley (academic)
Robert Andrew Foley, FBA (born 18 March 1953) is a British anthropologist, archaeologist, and academic, specialising in human evolution.
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Robert Redfield
Robert Redfield (December 4, 1897 – October 16, 1958) was an American anthropologist and ethnolinguist, whose ethnographic work in Tepoztlán, Mexico is considered a landmark Latin American ethnography.
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Rostow's stages of growth
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth model is one of the major historical models of economic growth.
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Roy Rappaport
Roy A. Rappaport (1926–1997) was an American anthropologist known for his contributions to the anthropological study of ritual and to ecological anthropology.
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Ruth Benedict
Ruth Fulton Benedict (June 5, 1887September 17, 1948) was an American anthropologist and folklorist.
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Science
R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Scientific racism
Scientific racism (sometimes referred to as race biology, racial biology, or race realism) is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.
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Scottish Enlightenment
The Scottish Enlightenment (Scots Enlichtenment, Soillseachadh na h-Alba) was the period in 18th and early 19th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments.
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Secularization
Secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification and affiliation with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.
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Security, Territory, Population
Security, Territory, Population is a part of a lecture series given by French philosopher Michel Foucault at the Collège de France between 1977 and 1978 and published posthumously based on audio recordings.
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Sentience
Sentience is the capacity to feel, perceive or experience subjectively.
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Sidney Mintz
Sidney Wilfred Mintz (November 16, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an anthropologist best known for his studies of the Caribbean, creolization, and the anthropology of food.
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Signage
Signage is the design or use of signs and symbols to communicate a message to a specific group, usually for the purpose of marketing or a kind of advocacy.
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Slavery
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.
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Social actions
In sociology, social action, also known as "Weberian social action", refers to an act which takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals (or 'agents').
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Social behavior
Social behavior is behavior among two or more organisms, typically from the same species.
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Social change
Social change is an alteration in the social order of a society.
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Social commentary
Social commentary is the act of using rhetorical means to provide commentary on issues in a society.
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Social constructionism
Social constructionism or the social construction of reality (also social concept) is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.
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Social cycle theory
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology.
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Social Darwinism
The term Social Darwinism is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society.
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Social dynamics
Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.
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Social effects of evolutionary theory
The social effects of evolutionary thought have been considerable.
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Social engineering (political science)
Social engineering is a discipline in social science that refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale, whether by governments, media or private groups in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population.
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Social environment
The social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops.
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Social evolution
Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology that is concerned with social behaviors that have fitness consequences for individuals other than the actor.
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Social inequality
Social inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
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Social norm
From a sociological perspective, social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society.
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Social progress
Social progress is the idea that societies can or do improve in terms of their social, political, and economic structures.
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Social relation
In social science, a social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more individuals.
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Social structure
In the social sciences, social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of the individuals.
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Social system
In sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions.
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Social theory
Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Sociality
Sociality is the degree to which individuals in an animal population tend to associate in social groups (Gregariousness) and form cooperative societies.
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Societal collapse
Societal collapse is the fall of a complex human society.
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Society
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
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Sociobiology
Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.
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Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975; 25th anniversary edition 2000) is a book by the biologist E. O. Wilson.
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Sociocultural evolution
Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time.
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Sociocultural system
A sociocultural system is a "human population viewed (1) in its ecological context and (2) as one of the many subsystems of a larger ecological system".
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Sociology of religion
Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.
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Solidarity
Solidarity is unity (as of a group or class) which produces or is based on unities of interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies.
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Sovereign state
A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Standardization
Standardization or standardisation is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments Standardization can help to maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality.
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State (polity)
A state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory.
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State of nature
The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence.
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Stephen Jay Gould
Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.
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Steven Rose
Steven Peter Russell Rose (born 4 July 1938) is an English neuroscientist, author, and social commentator.
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Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its (his, her, their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique." A number of disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities.
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Survival of the fittest
"Survival of the fittest" is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection.
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Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.
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Symbolic culture
Symbolic culture is the ability to learn and transmit behavioural traditions from one generation to the next by the invention of things that exist entirely in the symbolic realm.
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Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) was an American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism.
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Technical progress (economics)
Technical progress (or technological progress) is an economic measure of innovation.
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Technology
Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".
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Teleology
Teleology or finality is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or goal.
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The American Historical Review
The American Historical Review is the official publication of the American Historical Association.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.
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The Major Transitions in Evolution
The Major Transitions in Evolution is a book written by John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry (Oxford University Press, 1995).
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The Master and His Emissary
The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World is a 2009 book written by Iain McGilchrist that deals with the specialist hemispheric functioning of the brain.
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The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan (Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats) is an 1884 historical materialist treatise by Friedrich Engels.
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The Selfish Gene
The Selfish Gene is a 1976 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, in which the author builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966).
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The World Until Yesterday
The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies? is a 2012 popular science book by American intellectual Jared Diamond.
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Theology
Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.
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Third World
The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc.
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Thomas Robert Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography.
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Trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
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Tradition
A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.
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Traditional authority
Traditional authority (also known as traditional domination) is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom.
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Traditional society
In sociology, traditional society refers to a society characterized by an orientation to the past, not the future, with a predominant role for custom and habit.
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Trans-cultural diffusion
In cultural anthropology and cultural geography, cultural diffusion, as conceptualized by Leo Frobenius in his 1897/98 publication Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis, is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.
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Trends (journals)
Trends is a series of scientific journals owned by Elsevier that publish review articles in a range of areas of biology.
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Tribalism
Tribalism is the state of being organized by, or advocating for, tribes or tribal lifestyles.
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Tribe
A tribe is viewed developmentally, economically and historically as a social group existing outside of or before the development of states.
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Tripartite classification of authority
Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of legitimate political leadership, domination and authority.
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Umwelt
In the semiotic theories of Jakob von Uexküll and Thomas A. Sebeok, umwelt (plural: umwelten; from the German Umwelt meaning "environment" or "surroundings") is the "biological foundations that lie at the very epicenter of the study of both communication and signification in the human animal".
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Unilineal evolution
Unilineal evolution (also referred to as classical social evolution) is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures.
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Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis is the major entity that is being analyzed in a study.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Constitution
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.
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University of California, Davis
The University of California, Davis (also referred to as UCD, UC Davis, or Davis), is a public research university and land-grant university as well as one of the 10 campuses of the University of California (UC) system.
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University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, United States.
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University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.
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Urban revolution
In anthropology and archaeology, the Urban Revolution is the process by which small, kin-based, nonliterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies.
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V. Gordon Childe
Vere Gordon Childe (14 April 1892 – 19 October 1957), better known as V. Gordon Childe, was an Australian archaeologist and philologist who specialized in the study of European prehistory.
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Value (ethics)
In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.
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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.
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Walt Whitman Rostow
Walt Whitman Rostow (also known as Walt Rostow or W.W. Rostow) (October 7, 1916 – February 13, 2003) was an American economist and political theorist who served as Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to US President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1969.
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Western culture
Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.
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Western world
The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.
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White supremacy
White supremacy or white supremacism is a racist ideology based upon the belief that white people are superior in many ways to people of other races and that therefore white people should be dominant over other races.
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William C. Wimsatt
William C. Wimsatt (born May 27, 1941) is professor emeritus in the Department of Philosophy, the Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science (previously Conceptual Foundations of Science), and the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago.
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William Graham Sumner
William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was a classical liberal American social scientist.
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Work (physics)
In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force.
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World energy consumption
World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization.
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World history
World history or global history (not to be confused with diplomatic, transnational or international history) is a field of historical study that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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World-systems theory
World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective)Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History, ed.
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Writing
Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and emotion with signs and symbols.
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Yale University Press
Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University.
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Zoology
Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.
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Zygmunt Bauman
Zygmunt Bauman (19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish sociologist and philosopher.
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Cultural Evolution, Cultural development, Cultural evolutionism, Cumulative culture, Evolution in sociology, Evolution of culture, Evolution of societies, Evolution of society, Evolutionary sociology, Psycho-social evolution, Social evolutionism, Social evolutionist, Social evolutionists, Societal evolution, Socio-cultural development, Socio-cultural evolutionism, Sociocultural, Sociocultural Evolution, Sociocultural evolution theory, Sociocultural evolutionism, Socioevolutionary, Socioevolutionism, Sociogenesis, Theory of modernization.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution
