Table of Contents
829 relations: Abkhazia, Absolute monarchy, Adolf Hitler, Aeroflot, Affirmative action, Afghan conflict, Aftermath of World War II, Agriculture in the Soviet Union, Albanian–Soviet split, Alcohol in Russia, Alexander Chervyakov, Alexei Kosygin, Alexei Leonov, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Allied-occupied Germany, Allies of World War I, Allies of World War II, Alma-Ata Protocol, American Journal of Public Health, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Andrei Gromyko, Andrew Jennings, Andrey Vyshinsky, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Anti-fascism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Stalinist left, Antisemitism in the Soviet Union, Antony Beevor, Apollo 11, Archie Brown (historian), Armenia, Armenian language, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenians, Armistice, Arms race, Ashgate Publishing, Asia, Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin, Atheism, Autarky, Automotive industry in the Soviet Union, Avalon Project, Axis powers, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijani language, Baku, Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991), Balts, ... Expand index (779 more) »
- 20th century in Russia
- Communism in Russia
- Historical transcontinental empires
- States and territories disestablished in 1991
- States and territories established in 1922
Abkhazia
Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.
See Soviet Union and Absolute monarchy
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
See Soviet Union and Adolf Hitler
Aeroflot
PJSC AeroflotRussian Airlines (ПАО "Аэрофло́т — Росси́йские авиали́нии"), commonly known as Aeroflot (or; Аэрофлот), is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Russia.
Affirmative action
Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups.
See Soviet Union and Affirmative action
Afghan conflict
The Afghan conflict (دافغانستان جنګونه; درگیری افغانستان) refers to the series of events that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s.
See Soviet Union and Afghan conflict
Aftermath of World War II
The aftermath of World War II saw the rise of two superpowers, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US).
See Soviet Union and Aftermath of World War II
Agriculture in the Soviet Union
Agriculture in the Soviet Union was mostly collectivized, with some limited cultivation of private plots.
See Soviet Union and Agriculture in the Soviet Union
Albanian–Soviet split
The Albanian–Soviet split was the gradual worsening of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Republic of Albania, which occurred in the 1956–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia along with his "Secret Speech" and subsequent de-Stalinization, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other Eastern Bloc states at the time.
See Soviet Union and Albanian–Soviet split
Alcohol in Russia
Alcohol consumption in Russia remains among the highest in the world.
See Soviet Union and Alcohol in Russia
Alexander Chervyakov
Alexander Grigoryevich Chervyakov (Aliaksandr Charviakou, Аляксандр Рыгоравіч Чарвякоў, Aliaksandr Ryhoravič Čarviakoŭ Александр Григорьевич Червяков, Aleksandr Grigor'evič Červjakov; 25 February 1892 — 16 June 1937) was a Soviet Politician and revolutionary and one of the founders of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, who eventually became the leader of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
See Soviet Union and Alexander Chervyakov
Alexei Kosygin
Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (p; – 18 December 1980) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War.
See Soviet Union and Alexei Kosygin
Alexei Leonov
Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (30 May 1934 – 11 October 2019) was a Soviet and Russian cosmonaut, Air Force major general, writer, and artist.
See Soviet Union and Alexei Leonov
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
The Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions that began in 1918.
See Soviet Union and Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Allied-occupied Germany
The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949.
See Soviet Union and Allied-occupied Germany
Allies of World War I
The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).
See Soviet Union and Allies of World War I
Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.
See Soviet Union and Allies of World War II
Alma-Ata Protocol
The Alma-Ata Protocols were the founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
See Soviet Union and Alma-Ata Protocol
American Journal of Public Health
The American Journal of Public Health is a monthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by the American Public Health Association that covers health policy and public health.
See Soviet Union and American Journal of Public Health
Anatoly Lunacharsky
Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (Анато́лий Васи́льевич Лунача́рский, born Anatoly Aleksandrovich Antonov; – 26 December 1933) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Bolshevik Soviet People's Commissar (Narkompros) responsible for the Ministry of Education as well as an active playwright, critic, essayist, and journalist throughout his career.
See Soviet Union and Anatoly Lunacharsky
Andrei Gromyko
Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Андрей Андреевич Громыко; Андрэй Андрэевіч Грамыка; – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet politician and diplomat during the Cold War.
See Soviet Union and Andrei Gromyko
Andrew Jennings
Andrew Jennings (3 September 1943 – 8 January 2022) was a British investigative reporter.
See Soviet Union and Andrew Jennings
Andrey Vyshinsky
Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский; Andrzej Wyszyński) (– 22 November 1954) was a Soviet politician, jurist and diplomat.
See Soviet Union and Andrey Vyshinsky
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons.
See Soviet Union and Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals.
See Soviet Union and Anti-fascism
Anti-Sovietism
Anti-Sovietism (translit) or anti-Soviet sentiment refers to persons and activities that were actually or allegedly aimed against the Soviet Union or government power within the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Anti-Sovietism
Anti-Stalinist left
The anti-Stalinist left is a term that refers to various kinds of Marxist political movements that oppose Joseph Stalin, Stalinism, Neo-Stalinism and the system of governance that Stalin implemented as leader of the Soviet Union between 1924 and 1953.
See Soviet Union and Anti-Stalinist left
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
The February Revolution in Russia officially ended a centuries-old regime of antisemitism in the Russian Empire, legally abolishing the Pale of Settlement.
See Soviet Union and Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
Antony Beevor
Sir Antony James Beevor, (born 14 December 1946) is a British military historian.
See Soviet Union and Antony Beevor
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969) was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon.
See Soviet Union and Apollo 11
Archie Brown (historian)
Archibald Haworth Brown, (born 10 May 1938) is a British political scientist.
See Soviet Union and Archie Brown (historian)
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.
Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
See Soviet Union and Armenian language
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Armenia, or simply Armenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Soviet Armenia bordered the Soviet Republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia and the independent states of Iran and Turkey. Soviet Union and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former countries in West Asia, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
Armenians
Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
See Soviet Union and Armenians
Armistice
An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting.
See Soviet Union and Armistice
Arms race
An arms race occurs when two or more groups compete in military superiority.
See Soviet Union and Arms race
Ashgate Publishing
Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).
See Soviet Union and Ashgate Publishing
Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin
Several attempts are known to have been made on Vladimir Lenin's life.
See Soviet Union and Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin
Atheism
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.
Autarky
Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems.
Automotive industry in the Soviet Union
The automotive industry in the Soviet Union spanned the history of the state from 1929 to 1991.
See Soviet Union and Automotive industry in the Soviet Union
Avalon Project
The Avalon Project is a digital library of documents relating to law, history and diplomacy.
See Soviet Union and Avalon Project
Axis powers
The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.
See Soviet Union and Axis powers
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, also referred to as the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Azerbaijani SSR, AzSSR, Soviet Azerbaijan or simply Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991. Soviet Union and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former countries in West Asia, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.
See Soviet Union and Azerbaijani language
Baku
Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.
Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)
The three Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – were re-occupied in 1944–1945 by the Soviet Union (USSR) following the German occupation.
See Soviet Union and Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)
Balts
The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.
Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
In 1921, factions were banned in the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) according to democratic centralism.
See Soviet Union and Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Baptists
Baptists form a major branch of evangelicalism distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete immersion.
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea (also; Barentshavet,; Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.
See Soviet Union and Barents Sea
Barrier troops
Barrier troops, blocking units, or anti-retreat forces are military units that are located in the rear or on the front line (behind the main forces) to maintain military discipline, prevent the flight of servicemen from the battlefield, capture spies, saboteurs and deserters, and return troops who flee from the battlefield or lag behind their units.
See Soviet Union and Barrier troops
Barter
In trade, barter (derived from baretor) is a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.
Battle of Moscow
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See Soviet Union and Battle of Moscow
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia.
See Soviet Union and Battle of Stalingrad
Battlecruiser
The battlecruiser (also written as battle cruiser or battle-cruiser) was a type of capital ship of the first half of the 20th century.
See Soviet Union and Battlecruiser
Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.
Belarusian language
Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.
See Soviet Union and Belarusian language
Belarusians
Belarusians (biełarusy) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Belarus.
See Soviet Union and Belarusians
Bell P-39 Airacobra
The Bell P-39 Airacobra is a fighter produced by Bell Aircraft for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.
See Soviet Union and Bell P-39 Airacobra
Bell P-63 Kingcobra
The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is an American fighter aircraft that was developed by Bell Aircraft during World War II.
See Soviet Union and Bell P-63 Kingcobra
Belovezha Accords
The Belovezha Accords (translit, translit, translit) is the agreement declaring that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had effectively ceased to exist and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place as a successor entity.
See Soviet Union and Belovezha Accords
Bering Strait
The Bering Strait (Beringov proliv) is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
See Soviet Union and Bering Strait
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).
See Soviet Union and Berlin Wall
Beyond Oil
Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak is a 2005 book by Kenneth S. Deffeyes.
See Soviet Union and Beyond Oil
Bible study (Christianity)
In Christian communities, Bible study is the study of the Bible by people as a personal religious or spiritual practice.
See Soviet Union and Bible study (Christianity)
Birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy.
See Soviet Union and Birth control
Birth rate
Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years.
See Soviet Union and Birth rate
Black market
A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules.
See Soviet Union and Black market
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
See Soviet Union and Bolsheviks
Bolshoi Theatre
The Bolshoi Theatre (t) is a historic opera house in Moscow, Russia, originally designed by architect Joseph Bové.
See Soviet Union and Bolshoi Theatre
Border
Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities.
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Борис Николаевич Ельцин,; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as President of Russia from 1991 to 1999.
See Soviet Union and Boris Yeltsin
Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy that proclaimed that any threat to "socialist rule" in any state of the Soviet Bloc in Central and Eastern Europe was a threat to all of them, and therefore, it justified the intervention of fellow socialist states.
See Soviet Union and Brezhnev Doctrine
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
See Soviet Union and Brill Publishers
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic
The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was a Soviet state that governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the years immediately following the Russian Revolution. Soviet Union and Bukharan People's Soviet Republic are early Soviet republics and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Bukharan People's Soviet Republic
Buran (spacecraft)
Buran (Буран,, meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: 11F35 1K, construction number: 1.01) was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran program.
See Soviet Union and Buran (spacecraft)
Bureaucratic collectivism
Bureaucratic collectivism is a theory of class society.
See Soviet Union and Bureaucratic collectivism
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR or Byelorussian SSR; Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика), also known as Byelorussia, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR). Soviet Union and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Cabinet of Ministers (Soviet Union)
The Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR (Кабинет Министров СССР) served as the administrative and executive body of the Soviet Union after the dissolution of the previous Council of Ministers.
See Soviet Union and Cabinet of Ministers (Soviet Union)
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Soviet Union and Cambridge University Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.
See Soviet Union and Cambridge, Massachusetts
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
See Soviet Union and Capitalism
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.
See Soviet Union and Caspian Sea
Casualty (person)
A casualty, as a term in military usage, is a person in military service, combatant or non-combatant, who becomes unavailable for duty due to any of several circumstances, including death, injury, illness, missing, capture or desertion.
See Soviet Union and Casualty (person)
Catherine Merridale
Catherine Anne Merridale, FBA (born 12 October 1959) is a British writer and historian with a special interest in Russian history.
See Soviet Union and Catherine Merridale
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Soviet Union and Catholic Church
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See Soviet Union and Central Asia
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between two congresses.
See Soviet Union and Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
The Central Executive Committee of the USSR (Tsentralʹnyĭ ispolnitelʹnyĭ komitet SSSR), which may be abbreviated as the CEC, was the supreme governing body of the USSR in between sessions of the All-Union Congress of Soviets from 1922 to 1938.
See Soviet Union and Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
See Soviet Union and Central Powers
Challenge (economics magazine)
Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs is a bimonthly magazine covering current affairs in economics.
See Soviet Union and Challenge (economics magazine)
Charter of the United Nations
The Charter of the United Nations (UN) is the foundational treaty of the United Nations.
See Soviet Union and Charter of the United Nations
Chauvinism
Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.
See Soviet Union and Chauvinism
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Nóxçiyn Respublik Içkeri; Chechenskaya Respublika Ichkeriya; abbreviated as "CHRI" or "CRI"), known simply as Ichkeria, and also known as Chechnya, was a de facto state that controlled most of the former Checheno-Ingush ASSR from 1991 to 2000. Soviet Union and Chechen Republic of Ichkeria are former countries in Europe.
See Soviet Union and Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
Chechnya
Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia.
Cheka
The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (p), abbreviated as VChK (p), and commonly known as the Cheka (p), was the first Soviet secret police organization.
Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster began on 26 April 1986 with the explosion of the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR, close to the border with the Byelorussian SSR, in the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Chernobyl disaster
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
See Soviet Union and Chinese Communist Party
Christian denomination
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder.
See Soviet Union and Christian denomination
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
See Soviet Union and Christianity
Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
There were a succession of Soviet secret police agencies over time.
See Soviet Union and Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
City Lights Bookstore
City Lights is an independent bookstore-publisher combination in San Francisco, California, that specializes in world literature, the arts, and progressive politics.
See Soviet Union and City Lights Bookstore
Civil liberties
Civil liberties are guarantees and freedoms that governments commit not to abridge, either by constitution, legislation, or judicial interpretation, without due process.
See Soviet Union and Civil liberties
Class consciousness
In Marxism, class consciousness is the set of beliefs that persons hold regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests.
See Soviet Union and Class consciousness
Coast
A coastalso called the coastline, shoreline, or seashoreis the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Cold war (term)
A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates.
See Soviet Union and Cold war (term)
Cold War espionage
Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War (1947–1991) between the Western allies (primarily the US and Western Europe) and the Eastern Bloc (primarily the Soviet Union and allied countries of the Warsaw Pact).
See Soviet Union and Cold War espionage
Collective leadership
In communist and socialist theory, collective leadership is a shared distribution of power within an organizational structure.
See Soviet Union and Collective leadership
Collective security
Collective security is a multi-lateral security arrangement between states in which each state in the institution accepts that an attack on one state is the concern of all and merits a collective response to threats by all.
See Soviet Union and Collective security
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union introduced forced collectivization (Коллективизация) of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascension of Joseph Stalin.
See Soviet Union and Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of socialist states elsewhere in the world.
Cominform
The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, commonly known as Cominform, was a co-ordination body of Marxist-Leninist communist parties in Europe during the early Cold War that was formed in part as a replacement of the Communist International.
See Soviet Union and Cominform
Commissar
Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр (komissar), which means 'commissary'.
See Soviet Union and Commissar
Committee
A committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly or other form of organization.
See Soviet Union and Committee
Commonwealth of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia.
See Soviet Union and Commonwealth of Independent States
Communism
Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.
See Soviet Union and Communism
Communist International
The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism, and which was led and controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Communist International
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), at some points known as the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet Communist Party (SCP), was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist revolution
A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism.
See Soviet Union and Communist revolution
Communist state
A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.
See Soviet Union and Communist state
Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments
The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments, generally known as the Geneva Conference or World Disarmament Conference, was an international conference of states held in Geneva, Switzerland, between February 1932 and November 1934 to accomplish disarmament in accordance with the Covenant of the League of Nations.
See Soviet Union and Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments
Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (Sʺezd narodnykh deputatov SSSR) was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991.
See Soviet Union and Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
The All-Union Congress of Soviets (Всесоюзный съезд Советов) was formally the supreme governing body of the Soviet Union from its formation (30 December 1922) until the adoption of its second constitution in 1936.
See Soviet Union and Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (S"ezd Kommunisticheskoy partii Sovetskogo Soyuza) was the supreme decision-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Conscription
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.
See Soviet Union and Conscription
Constitution of the Soviet Union
During its existence, the Soviet Union had three different constitutions enforced individually at different times between 31 January 1924 to 26 December 1991.
See Soviet Union and Constitution of the Soviet Union
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.
See Soviet Union and Constitutional monarchy
Consumer goods in the Soviet Union
Consumer goods in the Soviet Union were usually produced by a two-category industry.
See Soviet Union and Consumer goods in the Soviet Union
Coordinated Universal Time
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the primary time standard globally used to regulate clocks and time.
See Soviet Union and Coordinated Universal Time
Corporation
A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a legal person in a legal context) and recognized as such in law for certain purposes.
See Soviet Union and Corporation
Council communism
Council communism or Councilism is a current of communist thought that emerged in the 1920s.
See Soviet Union and Council communism
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (p; sometimes abbreviated to Sovmin or referred to as the Soviet of Ministers), was the de jure government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), comprising the main executive and administrative agency of the USSR from 1946 until 1991.
See Soviet Union and Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
Council of People's Commissars
The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) (Sovet narodnykh kommissarov (SNK)), commonly known as the Sovnarkom (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946.
See Soviet Union and Council of People's Commissars
Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union was the highest collegial body of executive and administrative authority of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1946.
See Soviet Union and Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
Credit
Credit (from Latin verb credit, meaning "one believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but promises either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date.
Criminal justice
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes.
See Soviet Union and Criminal justice
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, or the Caribbean Crisis, was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba.
See Soviet Union and Cuban Missile Crisis
Cultural backwardness
Cultural backwardness (культурная отсталость) was a term used by Soviet politicians and ethnographers.
See Soviet Union and Cultural backwardness
Cultural imperialism
Cultural imperialism (also cultural colonialism) comprises the cultural dimensions of imperialism.
See Soviet Union and Cultural imperialism
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.
See Soviet Union and Cyrillic script
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, known from 1948 to 1960 as the Czechoslovak Republic, Fourth Czechoslovak Republic, or simply Czechoslovakia, was the Czechoslovak state from 1948 until 1989, when the country was under communist rule, and was regarded as a satellite state in the Soviet sphere of interest. Soviet Union and Czechoslovak Socialist Republic are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.
See Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia
David Christian (historian)
David Gilbert Christian (born June 30, 1946), a historian and scholar of Russian history, has become notable for teaching and promoting the emerging discipline of Big History.
See Soviet Union and David Christian (historian)
David North (socialist)
David North (born David Green in 1950) is an American Marxist, who has been active in the international Trotskyist movement since 1971.
See Soviet Union and David North (socialist)
Détente
Détente (paren) is the relaxation of strained relations, especially political ones, through verbal communication.
De jure
In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.
De-Stalinization
De-Stalinization (translit) comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power, and his 1956 secret speech "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", which denounced Stalin's cult of personality and the Stalinist political system.
See Soviet Union and De-Stalinization
Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin, second leader of the Soviet Union, died on 5 March 1953 at his Kuntsevo Dacha after suffering a stroke, at age 74.
See Soviet Union and Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin
Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin
On Monday, 21 January 1924, at 18:50 EET, Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Revolution and the first leader and founder of the Soviet Union, died in Gorki aged 53 after falling into a coma.
See Soviet Union and Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin
Decembrist revolt
The Decembrist Revolt (translation) was a failed coup d'état led by liberal military and political dissidents against the Russian Empire.
See Soviet Union and Decembrist revolt
Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR (r) was a political act of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of constitutional reform in Russia.
Declaration of the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The Declaration on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a historical document which, together with the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formed the constitutional basis for the creation of the USSR as a multinational state.
See Soviet Union and Declaration of the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia (translit) was a document promulgated by the Bolshevik government of Russia on 15 November 1917 (2 November in Julian calendar) and signed by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.
See Soviet Union and Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
Defender of the Fatherland Day
Defender of the Fatherland Day (День защитника Отечества Den' zashchitnika Otechestva; translit; translit; translit; translit) is a holiday observed in Russia, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.
See Soviet Union and Defender of the Fatherland Day
Deformed workers' state
In Trotskyist political theory, deformed workers' states are states where the capitalist class has been overthrown, the economy is largely state-owned and planned, but there is no internal democracy or workers' control of industry.
See Soviet Union and Deformed workers' state
Degenerated workers' state
In Trotskyist political theory, a degenerated workers' state is a dictatorship of the proletariat in which the working class' democratic control over the state has given way to control by a bureaucratic clique.
See Soviet Union and Degenerated workers' state
Democratic centralism
Democratic centralism is the organisational principle of communist states and of most communist parties to reach dictatorship of the proletariat.
See Soviet Union and Democratic centralism
Democratic Kampuchea
Democratic Kampuchea (renamed from Kampuchea in 1976) was the Cambodian state from 1975 to 1979, under the totalitarian dictatorship of Pol Pot and the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), commonly known as the Khmer Rouge. Soviet Union and Democratic Kampuchea are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Democratic Kampuchea
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), renamed the Republic of Afghanistan in 1987, was the Afghan state during the one-party rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) from 1978 to 1992. Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Demographics of the Soviet Union
According to data from the 1989 Soviet census, the population of the USSR was made up of 70% East Slavs and 17% Turkic peoples, with no other single ethnic group making up more than 2%.
See Soviet Union and Demographics of the Soviet Union
Desert
A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems.
Dialect
Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.
Dictator
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power.
Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state).
See Soviet Union and Diplomatic recognition
Dirt road
A dirt road or track is a type of unpaved road not paved with asphalt, concrete, brick, or stone; made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material.
See Soviet Union and Dirt road
Dissolution of the Russian Empire
The Russian Empire, also known as Russia, disintegrated as the result of the Russian Revolution which started in 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas II, the defeat of Russia in World War I, and the Russian Civil War.
See Soviet Union and Dissolution of the Russian Empire
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dmitry Manuilsky
Dmitriy Zakharovich Manuilsky or Dmytro Zakharovych Manuilsky (Дми́трий Заха́рович Мануи́льский; Дмитро Захарович Мануїльський; 3 October 1883 – 22 February 1959) was an important Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet politician and academic who was Secretary of the Executive Committee of Comintern, the Communist International, from December 1926 to its dissolution in May 1943.
See Soviet Union and Dmitry Manuilsky
Douglas A-20 Havoc
The Douglas A-20 Havoc (company designation DB-7) is an American light bomber, attack aircraft, night intruder, night fighter, and reconnaissance aircraft of World War II.
See Soviet Union and Douglas A-20 Havoc
Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
Throughout Russian history famines, droughts and crop failures occurred on the territory of Russia, the Russian Empire and the USSR on more or less regular basis.
See Soviet Union and Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
Drug test
A drug test (also often toxicology screen or tox screen) is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva—to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites.
See Soviet Union and Drug test
Duke University Press
Duke University Press is an academic publisher and university press affiliated with Duke University.
See Soviet Union and Duke University Press
Dynamo Sports Club
"Dynamo", also Dinamo (Dynama; tr), is a sports and fitness society created in 1923 in the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Dynamo Sports Club
East German uprising of 1953
The East German uprising of 1953 (Volksaufstand vom 17.&thinsp) was an uprising that occurred in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 16 to 17 June 1953.
See Soviet Union and East German uprising of 1953
East Germany
East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990. Soviet Union and East Germany are former countries in Europe and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and East Germany
East Slavs
The East Slavs are the most populous subgroup of the Slavs.
See Soviet Union and East Slavs
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991). Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.
See Soviet Union and Eastern Christianity
Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.
See Soviet Union and Eastern Front (World War II)
Economic planning
Economic planning is a resource allocation mechanism based on a computational procedure for solving a constrained maximization problem with an iterative process for obtaining its solution.
See Soviet Union and Economic planning
Economic sanctions
Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals.
See Soviet Union and Economic sanctions
Economy of the Soviet Union
The economy of the Soviet Union was based on state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, and industrial manufacturing.
See Soviet Union and Economy of the Soviet Union
Education in the Soviet Union
Education in the Soviet Union was guaranteed as a constitutional right to all people provided through state schools and universities.
See Soviet Union and Education in the Soviet Union
Electrification
Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source.
See Soviet Union and Electrification
Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
After World War II, emigration restrictions were imposed by countries in the Eastern Bloc, which consisted of the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe.
See Soviet Union and Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan, also referred to as the Japanese Empire, Imperial Japan, or simply Japan, was the Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the reformed Constitution of Japan in 1947.
See Soviet Union and Empire of Japan
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Soviet Union and Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.
See Soviet Union and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
End of World War II in Europe
The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 (VE Day) in Karlshorst, Berlin.
See Soviet Union and End of World War II in Europe
Energia (rocket)
Energia (Energy; GRAU 11K25) was a 1980s super-heavy lift launch vehicle.
See Soviet Union and Energia (rocket)
Engineer
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost.
Enterprises in the Soviet Union
Enterprises in the Soviet Union were legal entities engaged in some kind of economic activity, such as production, distribution, the provision of services, or any other economic operation.
See Soviet Union and Enterprises in the Soviet Union
Era of Stagnation
The "Era of Stagnation" (Períod zastóya, or Эпо́ха засто́я) is a term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev in order to describe the negative way in which he viewed the economic, political, and social policies of the Soviet Union that began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985).
See Soviet Union and Era of Stagnation
Estonian language
Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.
See Soviet Union and Estonian language
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR), Soviet Estonia, or simply Estonia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union (USSR), covering the occupied and annexed territory of Estonia in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991. Soviet Union and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence, also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Soviet Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the 1919 aggression of the pro–German Baltische Landeswehr.
See Soviet Union and Estonian War of Independence
Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union
There are many different ethnic groups present in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union today.
See Soviet Union and Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union
Eurasia
Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Europe-Asia Studies
Europe-Asia Studies is an academic peer-reviewed journal published 10 times a year by Routledge on behalf of the Institute of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, and continuing (since vol. 45, 1993) the journal Soviet Studies (vols. 1–44, 1949–1992), which was renamed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Europe-Asia Studies
European Economic Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.
See Soviet Union and European Economic Community
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.
See Soviet Union and European Parliament
Extrajudicial punishment
Extrajudicial punishment is a punishment for an alleged crime or offense which is carried out without legal process or supervision by a court or tribunal through a legal proceeding.
See Soviet Union and Extrajudicial punishment
Fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Fascist (insult)
Fascist has been used as a pejorative epithet against a wide range of people, political movements, governments, and institutions since the emergence of fascism in Europe in the 1920s.
See Soviet Union and Fascist (insult)
February Revolution
The February Revolution (Февральская революция), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
See Soviet Union and February Revolution
Federalism
Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general government (the central or federal government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two.
See Soviet Union and Federalism
Federation
A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).
See Soviet Union and Federation
Fighter aircraft
Fighter aircraft (early on also pursuit aircraft) are military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat.
See Soviet Union and Fighter aircraft
Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.
Finnic peoples
The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic (now commonly Finno-Permic) language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River.
See Soviet Union and Finnic peoples
Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy ruled by the Russian Empire to a fully independent state.
See Soviet Union and Finnish Civil War
First five-year plan
The first five-year plan (I пятилетний план, первая пятилетка) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, implemented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of socialism in one country.
See Soviet Union and First five-year plan
First World
The concept of the First World was originally one of the "Three Worlds" formed by the global political landscape of the Cold War, as it grouped together those countries that were aligned with the Western Bloc of the United States.
See Soviet Union and First World
Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Пятилетние планы развития народного хозяйства СССР, Pyatiletniye plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR) consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning in the late 1920s.
See Soviet Union and Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
Flag of Russia
The national flag of the Russian Federation (Государственный флаг Российской Федерации) is a tricolour of three equal horizontal bands: white on the top, blue in the middle, and red on the bottom.
See Soviet Union and Flag of Russia
Flag of the Soviet Union
The State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or simply the Soviet flag, was a red banner with two communist symbols displayed in the canton: a gold hammer and sickle topped off by a red five-point star bordered in gold.
See Soviet Union and Flag of the Soviet Union
Forced labor in the Soviet Union
Forced labour was used extensively in the Soviet Union and the following categories may be distinguished.
See Soviet Union and Forced labor in the Soviet Union
Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
Soviet foreign trade played only a minor role in the Soviet economy.
See Soviet Union and Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
Four Policemen
The "Four Policemen" was a postwar council with the Big Four that US President Franklin Roosevelt proposed as a guarantor of world peace.
See Soviet Union and Four Policemen
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 to reduce the threat from Central Europe.
See Soviet Union and Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain (España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo. Soviet Union and Francoist Spain are former countries in Europe.
See Soviet Union and Francoist Spain
Frank Cass
Frank Cass (11 July 1930 – 9 August 2007) was a British publisher.
See Soviet Union and Frank Cass
Free trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.
See Soviet Union and Free trade
Freedom of information
Freedom of information is freedom of a person or people to publish and have access to information.
See Soviet Union and Freedom of information
Freedom of movement
Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country,Jérémiee Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence".
See Soviet Union and Freedom of movement
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.
See Soviet Union and Freedom of speech
Gagauz Republic
The Gagauz Republic (Gagauz Respublikası,; Republica Găgăuzia,; Respublika Gagauziya) was a self-proclaimed unrecognised political entity first declared in 1989 that separated from Moldova in 1990 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union but later peacefully joined Moldova after being de facto independent from 1991 to 1995.
See Soviet Union and Gagauz Republic
Gagauzia
Gagauzia or Gagauz-Yeri, officially the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia (ATUG), is an autonomous territorial unit of Moldova.
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
See Soviet Union and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Geneticist
A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.
See Soviet Union and Geneticist
Geoffrey Hosking
Geoffrey Alan Hosking (born 28 April 1942) is a British historian of Russia and the Soviet Union and formerly Leverhulme Research Professor of Russian History at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) at University College, London.
See Soviet Union and Geoffrey Hosking
Geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.
See Soviet Union and Geopolitics
Georgian affair
The Georgian affair of 1922 (Грузинское дело) was a political conflict within the Soviet leadership about the way in which social and political transformation was to be achieved in the Georgian SSR.
See Soviet Union and Georgian affair
Georgian language
Georgian (ქართული ენა) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.
See Soviet Union and Georgian language
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Georgia, the Georgian SSR, or simply Georgia, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its second occupation (by Russia) in 1921 to its independence in 1991. Soviet Union and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former countries in West Asia, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Georgians
The Georgians, or Kartvelians (tr), are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms.
See Soviet Union and Georgians
Georgy Chicherin
Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (or Tchitcherin; Георгий Васильевич Чичерин; 24 November 1872 – 7 July 1936) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and a Soviet politician who served as the first People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the Soviet government from March 1918 to July 1930.
See Soviet Union and Georgy Chicherin
Georgy Malenkov
Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (8 January 1902 – 14 January 1988) was a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Joseph Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union after his death in March 1953.
See Soviet Union and Georgy Malenkov
German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war
During World War II, Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) held by Nazi Germany and primarily in the custody of the German Army were starved and subjected to deadly conditions.
See Soviet Union and German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war
German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II
The German invasion of the Soviet Union started on 22 June 1941 and led to a German military occupation of Byelorussia until it was fully liberated in August 1944 as a result of Operation Bagration.
See Soviet Union and German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II
German–Soviet Axis talks
German–Soviet Axis talks occurred in October and November 1940, nominally concerning the Soviet Union's potential adherent as a fourth Axis power during World War II among other potential agreements.
See Soviet Union and German–Soviet Axis talks
Gini coefficient
In economics, the Gini coefficient, also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality, the wealth inequality, or the consumption inequality within a nation or a social group.
See Soviet Union and Gini coefficient
Glasnost
Glasnost (гласность) is a concept relating to openness and transparency.
Global North and Global South
Global North and Global South are terms that denote a method of grouping countries based on their defining characteristics with regard to socioeconomics and politics.
See Soviet Union and Global North and Global South
GOELRO
GOELRO (ГОЭЛРО) was the first of Soviet Russia's plans for national economic recovery and development.
Gosplan
The State Planning Committee, commonly known as Gosplan (ɡosˈpɫan), was the agency responsible for central economic planning in the Soviet Union.
Government budget
A government budget or a budget is a projection of the government's revenues and expenditure for a particular period of time often referred to as a financial or fiscal year, which may or may not correspond with the calendar year.
See Soviet Union and Government budget
Government of the Soviet Union
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the highest body of state authority, the All-Union Supreme Soviet.
See Soviet Union and Government of the Soviet Union
Great Chinese Famine
The Great Chinese Famine was a famine that occurred between 1959 and 1961 in the People's Republic of China (PRC).
See Soviet Union and Great Chinese Famine
Great Patriotic War (term)
The Great Patriotic War (translit) is a term used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.
See Soviet Union and Great Patriotic War (term)
Great power
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
See Soviet Union and Great power
Great Purge
The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state.
See Soviet Union and Great Purge
Great Russian Encyclopedia
The Great Russian Encyclopedia (GRE; Большая российская энциклопедия, БРЭ, transliterated as Bolshaya rossiyskaya entsiklopediya or academically as Bol'šaja rossijskaja ènciklopedija) is a universal Russian encyclopedia, completed in 36 volumes, published between 2004 and 2017 by Great Russian Encyclopedia, JSC (Большая российская энциклопедия ПАО, transliterated as Bolshaya rossiyskaya entsiklopediya PAO).
See Soviet Union and Great Russian Encyclopedia
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE;, BSE) is the largest Soviet Russian-language encyclopedia, published in the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1990.
See Soviet Union and Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.
See Soviet Union and Greenwood Publishing Group
Grigory Petrovsky
Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky (Григо́рий Ива́нович Петро́вский, translit; 4 February 1878 – 9 January 1958) was a Ukrainian Soviet politician and Old Bolshevik.
See Soviet Union and Grigory Petrovsky
Grigory Zinoviev
Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev (born Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky; – 25 August 1936) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician.
See Soviet Union and Grigory Zinoviev
Gross national income
The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign financial output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents.
See Soviet Union and Gross national income
Gulag
The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.
Hamish Hamilton
Hamish Hamilton Limited was a British book publishing house, founded in 1931 eponymously by the half-Scot half-American Jamie Hamilton (Hamish is the vocative form of the Gaelic Seumas, James the English form – which was also his given name, and Jamie the diminutive form).
See Soviet Union and Hamish Hamilton
Hard currency
In macroeconomics, hard currency, safe-haven currency, or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value.
See Soviet Union and Hard currency
HarperCollins
HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.
See Soviet Union and HarperCollins
Harry Hopkins
Harold Lloyd "Harry" Hopkins (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946) was an American statesman, public administrator, and presidential advisor.
See Soviet Union and Harry Hopkins
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
See Soviet Union and Harvard University Press
Hegemony
Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.
Heinemann (publisher)
William Heinemann Ltd., with the imprint Heinemann, was a London-based publisher founded in 1890 by William Heinemann.
See Soviet Union and Heinemann (publisher)
Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist and business magnate.
See Soviet Union and Henry Ford
Hierarchy
A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.
See Soviet Union and Hierarchy
History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)
The time period in China from the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 until the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre is often known as Dengist China.
See Soviet Union and History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)
History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
The history of the Soviet Union between 1927 and 1953 covers the period in Soviet history from the establishment of Stalinism through victory in the Second World War and down to the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953.
See Soviet Union and History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
The history of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, referred to as the Brezhnev Era, covers the period of Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
See Soviet Union and History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
History Today
History Today is a history magazine.
See Soviet Union and History Today
Hitler's Willing Executioners
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust is a 1996 book by American writer Daniel Goldhagen, in which he argues collective guilt, that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German political culture which had developed in the preceding centuries.
See Soviet Union and Hitler's Willing Executioners
Holodomor
The Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Famine, was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union. While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made, it remains in dispute whether the Holodomor was directed at Ukrainians and whether it constitutes a genocide.
See Soviet Union and Holodomor
Human development (economics)
Human development involves studies of the human condition with its core being the capability approach.
See Soviet Union and Human development (economics)
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
See Soviet Union and Human Development Index
Human Development Report
The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual Human Development Index report published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
See Soviet Union and Human Development Report
Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.
See Soviet Union and Human rights
Hungarian People's Republic
The Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság) was a one-party socialist state from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989. Soviet Union and Hungarian People's Republic are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Hungarian People's Republic
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 4 November 1956; 1956-os forradalom), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was an attempted countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the policies caused by the government's subordination to the Soviet Union (USSR).
See Soviet Union and Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Hungarian Soviet Republic
The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary (widely known in English language sources as the Hungarian Soviet Republic due to an early mistranslation in the press) was a short-lived communist state that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the First Hungarian Republic. Soviet Union and Hungarian Soviet Republic are early Soviet republics, former countries in Europe and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Hungarian Soviet Republic
I.B. Tauris
I.B. Tauris is an educational publishing house and imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing.
See Soviet Union and I.B. Tauris
Ice hockey at the Olympic Games
Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920.
See Soviet Union and Ice hockey at the Olympic Games
Ice Hockey World Championships
The Ice Hockey World Championships are an annual international men's ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). First officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The IIHF was created in 1908 while the European Championships, the precursor to the World Championships, were first held in 1910.
See Soviet Union and Ice Hockey World Championships
Ideocracy
Ideocracy (a portmanteau word combining "ideology" and kratos, Greek for "power") is "governance of a state according to the principles of a particular (political) ideology; a state or country governed in this way".
See Soviet Union and Ideocracy
Immortal Regiment
The Immortal Regiment is a massive civil event in major cities in Russia and around the world every 9 May during the Victory Day celebrations.
See Soviet Union and Immortal Regiment
Index of Soviet Union–related articles
An index of articles related to the former nation known as the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Index of Soviet Union–related articles
Industrialization in the Soviet Union
Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy's lag behind the developed capitalist states, which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941.
See Soviet Union and Industrialization in the Soviet Union
Inquisitorial system
An inquisitorial system is a legal system in which the court, or a part of the court, is actively involved in investigating the facts of the case.
See Soviet Union and Inquisitorial system
Intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than, primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).
See Soviet Union and Intercontinental ballistic missile
Internal troops
Internal troops, sometimes alternatively translated as interior troops or interior ministry forces, are military or paramilitary, gendarmerie-like law enforcement services, which are found mostly in the post-Soviet states, primarily Russia.
See Soviet Union and Internal troops
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty that commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.
See Soviet Union and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International human rights law
International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels.
See Soviet Union and International human rights law
International Ice Hockey Federation
The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF; Fédération internationale de hockey sur glace; Internationale Eishockey-Föderation) is a worldwide governing body for ice hockey.
See Soviet Union and International Ice Hockey Federation
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Soviet Union and International Monetary Fund
International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.
See Soviet Union and International Olympic Committee
International relations within the Comecon
The "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" (Comecon) was an economic organization of communist states, created in 1949, and dissolved in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and International relations within the Comecon
International Women's Day
International Women's Day (IWD) is a holiday celebrated annually on March 8 as a focal point in the women's rights movement.
See Soviet Union and International Women's Day
Interwar period
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11November 1918 to 1September 1939 (20years, 9months, 21days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII).
See Soviet Union and Interwar period
Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.
See Soviet Union and Invasion of Poland
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iron Curtain
During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Iron Curtain
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Ismoil Somoni Peak
Ismoil Somoni Peak (Qulla-i Ismō‘il-i Sōmōnî/Qullaji Ismojili Somonī; قلّهٔ اسماعیل سامانی; r) is the highest mountain in Tajikistan.
See Soviet Union and Ismoil Somoni Peak
Ivan Silayev
Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (Ива́н Степа́нович Сила́ев; 21 October 1930 – 8 February 2023) was a Soviet and Russian politician.
See Soviet Union and Ivan Silayev
January Events
The January Events (Sausio įvykiai) were a series of violent confrontations between the civilian population of Lithuania, supporting independence, and the Soviet Armed Forces.
See Soviet Union and January Events
Japanese Communist Party
The is a communist party in Japan.
See Soviet Union and Japanese Communist Party
Jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues, ragtime, European harmony and African rhythmic rituals.
Jeep
Jeep is an American automobile brand, now owned by multi-national corporation Stellantis.
Jewish quota
A Jewish quota was a discriminatory racial quota designed to limit or deny access for Jews to various institutions.
See Soviet Union and Jewish quota
John Dewey
John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer.
See Soviet Union and John Dewey
Joint State Political Directorate
The Joint State Political Directorate (p), abbreviated as OGPU (p), was the secret police of the Soviet Union from November 1923 to July 1934, succeeding the State Political Directorate (GPU).
See Soviet Union and Joint State Political Directorate
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin are communism in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin's cult of personality
Joseph Stalin's cult of personality became a prominent feature of Soviet popular culture.
See Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin's cult of personality
Joseph Stalin's rise to power
Joseph Stalin started his career as a robber, gangster as well as an influential member and eventually the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
See Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin's rise to power
Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz (Јосип Броз,; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (Тито), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980.
See Soviet Union and Josip Broz Tito
Kara Sea
The Kara Sea is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.
Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Karelian ASSR for short, sometimes referred to as Soviet Karelia or simply Karelia, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, with the capital in Petrozavodsk. Soviet Union and Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union. Soviet Union and Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
Kazakh language
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.
See Soviet Union and Kazakh language
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Soviet Union and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
See Soviet Union and Kazakhstan
KGB
The Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (KGB)) was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 13 March 1954 until 3 December 1991.
Kharkiv
Kharkiv (Харків), also known as Kharkov (Харькoв), is the second-largest city in Ukraine.
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (Xorazm Xalq Sovet Respublikasi; Khorezmskaya Narodnaya Sovetskaya Respublika) was the state created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the Khan abdicated in response to pressure. Soviet Union and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic are early Soviet republics and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
Khrushchev Thaw
The Khrushchev Thaw (p or simply ottepel)William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, London: Free Press, 2004 is the period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s when repression and censorship in the Soviet Union were relaxed due to Nikita Khrushchev's policies of de-Stalinization and peaceful coexistence with other nations.
See Soviet Union and Khrushchev Thaw
Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.
See Soviet Union and Kingdom of Italy
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR), also known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz SSR) or Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirgiz SSR), was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Soviet Union and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula (Kólʹskij poluóstrov, Kolsky poluostrov.; Куэлнэгк нёа̄ррк) is a peninsula located mostly in northwest Russia and partly in Finland and Norway.
See Soviet Union and Kola Peninsula
Komsomol
The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known as Komsomol, was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union.
Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the seventh General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Konstantin Chernenko
Korabl-Sputnik 2
Korabl-Sputnik 2 (lit), also known as Sputnik 5 in the West, was a Soviet artificial satellite, and the third test flight of the Vostok spacecraft.
See Soviet Union and Korabl-Sputnik 2
Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin (Moskovskiy Kreml'), or simply the Kremlin, is a fortified complex in Moscow, Russia.
Kronstadt rebellion
The Kronstadt rebellion (Kronshtadtskoye vosstaniye) was a 1921 insurrection of Soviet sailors, naval infantry, and civilians against the Bolshevik government in the Russian port city of Kronstadt.
See Soviet Union and Kronstadt rebellion
Kulak
Kulak (a; plural: кулаки́, kulakí, 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul or golchomag (plural), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over of land towards the end of the Russian Empire.
Kyiv
Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia.
See Soviet Union and Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.
See Soviet Union and Kyrgyzstan
Kyshtym disaster
The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 (now Ozyorsk) in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Kyshtym disaster
Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a social democratic political party in the United Kingdom that sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum.
See Soviet Union and Labour Party (UK)
Laika
Laika (Лайка,; – 3 November 1957) was a Soviet space dog who was one of the first animals in space and the first to orbit the Earth.
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (Ozero Baykal; Baigal dalai) is a large rift lake in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Lake Baikal
Latvian language
Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.
See Soviet Union and Latvian language
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR), also known as Soviet Latvia or simply Latvia, was de facto one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. Soviet Union and Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
Latvian War of Independence
The Latvian War of Independence (Latvijas Neatkarības karš), sometimes called Latvia's freedom battles (Latvijas brīvības cīņas) or the Latvian War of Liberation (Latvijas atbrīvošanas karš), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.
See Soviet Union and Latvian War of Independence
Law
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.
Law of the Soviet Union
The Law of the Soviet Union was the law as it developed in the Soviet Union (USSR) following the October Revolution of 1917.
See Soviet Union and Law of the Soviet Union
Law on the Succession of Ukraine
The Law on the Succession of Ukraine is a key legal document (N 1543-XII) that played a particularly important role during the transitional period of Ukraine after the fall of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Law on the Succession of Ukraine
League of Militant Atheists
The League of Militant Atheists, also Society of the Godless or Union of the Godless, was an atheistic and antireligious organization of workers and intelligentsia that developed in Soviet Russia under influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1947.
See Soviet Union and League of Militant Atheists
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See Soviet Union and League of Nations
Left SR uprising
The Left SR uprising, or Left SR revolt, was a rebellion against the Bolsheviks by the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party in Moscow, Soviet Russia, on 6–7 July 1918.
See Soviet Union and Left SR uprising
Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
See Soviet Union and Legislature
Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, in Milestone Documents, National Archives of the United States, Washington, D.C., retrieved February 8, 2024; (notes: "Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed 'vital to the defense of the United States.'"; contains photo of the original bill, H.R.
See Soviet Union and Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease Sherman tanks
The United States provided tens of thousands of its Medium Tank M4, also named the Sherman, to many of its Allies during the Second World War, under the terms of Lend-Lease.
See Soviet Union and Lend-Lease Sherman tanks
Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein (– 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist.
See Soviet Union and Leon Trotsky
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (19 December 1906– 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1977 to 1982.
See Soviet Union and Leonid Brezhnev
Lev Kamenev
Lev Borisovich Kamenev (né Rozenfeld; – 25 August 1936) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician.
See Soviet Union and Lev Kamenev
Levada Center
The Levada Center is a Russian independent, nongovernmental polling and sociological research organization.
See Soviet Union and Levada Center
Liberal democracy
Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.
See Soviet Union and Liberal democracy
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C. that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States.
See Soviet Union and Library of Congress
Library of Congress Country Studies
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.
See Soviet Union and Library of Congress Country Studies
Likbez
Likbez (ликбе́з,; a portmanteau of label,, meaning "elimination of illiteracy") was a campaign of eradication of illiteracy in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s.
Lisbon Protocol
The Lisbon Protocol to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was a document signed by representatives of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan that recognized the four states as successors of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all of them assume obligations of the Soviet Union under the START I treaty.
See Soviet Union and Lisbon Protocol
List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
This is a list of the violent political and ethnic conflicts in the countries of the former Soviet Union following its dissolution in 1991.
See Soviet Union and List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Soviet Union and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of countries and dependencies by population
This is a list of countries and dependencies by population.
See Soviet Union and List of countries and dependencies by population
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.
See Soviet Union and List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
This is an alphabetical list of countries by past and projected gross domestic product (nominal) as ranked by the IMF.
See Soviet Union and List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
List of European countries by population
This list of European countries by population comprises the 51 countries and 5 territories and dependencies in Europe, broadly defined, including Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and the countries of the Caucasus.
See Soviet Union and List of European countries by population
List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (between 1938 and 1989) and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets (between 1922 and 1938) as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between legislative sessions.
See Soviet Union and List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
List of IOC meetings
This is the list of International Olympic Committee (IOC) meetings.
See Soviet Union and List of IOC meetings
List of leaders of the Soviet Union
During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not necessarily be head of state or even head of government but would lead while holding an office such as Communist Party General Secretary.
See Soviet Union and List of leaders of the Soviet Union
List of massacres in the Soviet Union
The following is a list of massacres that took place in the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and List of massacres in the Soviet Union
List of regions by past GDP (PPP)
These are lists of regions and countries by their estimated real gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a country/region in a given year.
See Soviet Union and List of regions by past GDP (PPP)
List of states with limited recognition
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such.
See Soviet Union and List of states with limited recognition
Lithuanian language
Lithuanian is an East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Soviet Union and Lithuanian language
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR; Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika; Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Lithuania or simply Lithuania, was de facto one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. Soviet Union and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lithuanian–Soviet War
The Lithuanian–Soviet War or Lithuanian–Bolshevik War (karas su bolševikais) was fought between newly independent Lithuania and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the aftermath of World War I. It was part of the larger Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919.
See Soviet Union and Lithuanian–Soviet War
Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.
See Soviet Union and Los Angeles Times
Luna 9
Luna 9 (Луна-9), internal designation Ye-6 No.13, was an uncrewed space mission of the Soviet Union's Luna programme.
Luna programme
The Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called Lunik by western media, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976.
See Soviet Union and Luna programme
Lunokhod 1
Lunokhod 1 (Russian: Луноход-1 "Moonwalker 1"), also known as Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 203 ("Device 8EL No.
See Soviet Union and Lunokhod 1
Lunokhod 2
Lunokhod 2 (Луноход-2 ("Moonwalker 2"), also known as Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 204 ("Device 8EL No. 204")) was the second of two uncrewed lunar rovers that landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme.
See Soviet Union and Lunokhod 2
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.
See Soviet Union and Lutheranism
Lysenkoism
Lysenkoism (Lysenkovshchina,; lysenkivščyna) was a political campaign led by Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting.
See Soviet Union and Lysenkoism
M. E. Sharpe
M.
See Soviet Union and M. E. Sharpe
M3 Lee
The M3 Lee, officially Medium Tank, M3, was an American medium tank used during World War II.
Makhnovshchina
The Makhnovshchina was a mass movement to establish anarchist communism in southern and eastern Ukraine during the Ukrainian War of Independence of 1917–1921. Soviet Union and Makhnovshchina are early Soviet republics.
See Soviet Union and Makhnovshchina
Manchester University Press
Manchester University Press is the university press of the University of Manchester, England and a publisher of academic books and journals.
See Soviet Union and Manchester University Press
Manchukuo
Manchukuo was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945. Soviet Union and Manchukuo are former empires.
See Soviet Union and Manchukuo
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
See Soviet Union and Mao Zedong
Maoism
Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China.
Maritime boundary
A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of Earth's water surface areas using physiographical or geopolitical criteria.
See Soviet Union and Maritime boundary
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.
See Soviet Union and Marshall Plan
Martial law
Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers.
See Soviet Union and Martial law
Marxism
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.
Marxist–Leninist atheism
Marxist–Leninist atheism, also known as Marxist–Leninist scientific atheism, is the antireligious element of Marxism–Leninism.
See Soviet Union and Marxist–Leninist atheism
Marxists Internet Archive
Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Rosa Luxemburg, Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu).
See Soviet Union and Marxists Internet Archive
Maxim Gorky
Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (Алексей Максимович Пешков; – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Russian and Soviet writer and socialism proponent.
See Soviet Union and Maxim Gorky
Maxim Litvinov
Maxim Maximovich Litvinov (born Meir Henoch Wallach-Finkelstein; 17 July 1876 – 31 December 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet statesman and diplomat who served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs from 1930 to 1939.
See Soviet Union and Maxim Litvinov
Member states of the United Nations
The member states of the United Nations comprise sovereign states.
See Soviet Union and Member states of the United Nations
Mercer University Press
Mercer University Press, established in 1979, is a publisher that is part of Mercer University.
See Soviet Union and Mercer University Press
Merchant navy
A merchant navy or merchant marine is the fleet of merchant vessels that are registered in a specific country.
See Soviet Union and Merchant navy
Metaphysical naturalism
Metaphysical naturalism (also called ontological naturalism, philosophical naturalism and antisupernaturalism) is a philosophical worldview which holds that there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and relations of the kind studied by the natural sciences.
See Soviet Union and Metaphysical naturalism
Mikhail Bulgakov
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (p; – 10 March 1940) was a Russian, later Soviet writer, medical doctor, and playwright active in the first half of the 20th century.
See Soviet Union and Mikhail Bulgakov
Mikhail Frunze
Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (Михаил Васильевич Фрунзе; Mihail Frunză; 2 February 1885 – 31 October 1925) was a Soviet revolutionary, politician, army officer and military theorist.
See Soviet Union and Mikhail Frunze
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Kalinin
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (Михаи́л Ива́нович Кали́нин,; 3 June 1946) was a Soviet politician and Russian Old Bolshevik revolutionary.
See Soviet Union and Mikhail Kalinin
Mikhail Shifman
Mikhail "Misha" Arkadyevich Shifman (Михаи́л Арка́дьевич Ши́фман; born 4 April 1949) is a theoretical physicist (high energy physics), formerly at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Ida Cohen Fine Professor of Theoretical Physics, William I.
See Soviet Union and Mikhail Shifman
Mikhail Tskhakaya
Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya (მიხეილ გრიგოლის ძე ცხაკაია, Михаил Григорьевич Цхакая; 4 May 1865 – 19 March 1950), also known as Barsov, was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician.
See Soviet Union and Mikhail Tskhakaya
Military budget
A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.
See Soviet Union and Military budget
Military occupations by the Soviet Union
During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939.
See Soviet Union and Military occupations by the Soviet Union
Mingrelians
The Mingrelians (margalepi; tr) are an indigenous Kartvelian-speaking ethnic subgroup of Georgians that mostly live in the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (samargalo; tr) region of Georgia.
See Soviet Union and Mingrelians
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Министерство иностранныхдел СССР) was founded on 6 July 1923.
See Soviet Union and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)
The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Министерство здравоохранения СССР), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)
Minsk
Minsk (Мінск,; Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers.
Mir
Mir (Мир) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by the Russian Federation.
Mode of production
In the Marxist theory of historical materialism, a mode of production (German: Produktionsweise, "the way of producing") is a specific combination of the.
See Soviet Union and Mode of production
Moisei Uritsky
Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky (Мойсей Соломонович Урицький; Моисей Соломонович Урицкий; – 30 August 1918) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Moisei Uritsky
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic or Moldavian SSR (Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ), also known as the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan SSR, Soviet Moldavia, Soviet Moldova, or simply Moldavia or Moldova, was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1940 to 1991. Soviet Union and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet designed for the Romanian language spoken in the Soviet Union (Moldovan) and was in official use from 1924 to 1932 and 1938 to 1989 (and still in use today in the breakaway Moldovan region of Transnistria).
See Soviet Union and Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
Moldovan language
Moldovan or Moldavian (Latin alphabet: limba moldovenească, Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: лимба молдовеняскэ) is one of the two local names for the Romanian language in Moldova.
See Soviet Union and Moldovan language
Moldovans
Moldovans, sometimes referred to as Moldavians (moldoveni), are a Romanian-speaking ethnic group and the largest ethnic group of the Republic of Moldova (75.1% of the population as of 2014) and a significant minority in Romania, Italy, Ukraine and Russia.
See Soviet Union and Moldovans
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.
See Soviet Union and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Monchegorsk
Monchegorsk (Мончего́рск) is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, south of Murmansk, the administrative center of the oblast.
See Soviet Union and Monchegorsk
Mongolian People's Republic
The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR; Бүгд НайрамдахМонгол Ард Улс, БНМАУ) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia under the Qing dynasty. Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Mongolian People's Republic
Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
See Soviet Union and Mortality rate
Moscow
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.
Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) (Московский государственный институт международныхотношений (МГИМО), also known as MGIMO University) is an institute of higher education located in Moscow, Russia.
See Soviet Union and Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Mountain
A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock.
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.
See Soviet Union and Multilingualism
Munich Agreement
The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.
See Soviet Union and Munich Agreement
Murder of the Romanov family
The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918.
See Soviet Union and Murder of the Romanov family
National delimitation in the Soviet Union
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics, autonomous Soviet socialist republics, autonomous oblasts, raions and okrugs) from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions.
See Soviet Union and National delimitation in the Soviet Union
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
See Soviet Union and National Geographic Society
National Review
National Review is an American conservative editorial magazine, focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs.
See Soviet Union and National Review
Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
See Soviet Union and Nationalism
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship. Soviet Union and Nazi Germany are former countries in Europe and former empires.
See Soviet Union and Nazi Germany
Nazism
Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.
Neo-Stalinism
Neo-Stalinism is the promotion of positive views of Joseph Stalin's role in history, the partial re-establishing of Stalin's policies on certain or all issues, and nostalgia for the Stalinist period.
See Soviet Union and Neo-Stalinism
New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient.
See Soviet Union and New Economic Policy
New Soviet man
The New Soviet man or New Soviet person (новый советский человек novy sovetsky chelovek), as postulated by the ideologists of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was an archetype of a person with specific qualities that were said to be emerging as dominant among all citizens of the Soviet Union, irrespective of the country's cultural, ethnic, and linguistic diversity, creating a single united Soviet people and Soviet nation.
See Soviet Union and New Soviet man
New Union Treaty
The New Union Treaty (Novyy soyuznyy dogovor) was a draft treaty that would have replaced the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to salvage and reform the USSR.
See Soviet Union and New Union Treaty
Newsweek
Newsweek is a weekly news magazine.
Nicholas II
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 186817 July 1918) or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917.
See Soviet Union and Nicholas II
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.
See Soviet Union and Nikita Khrushchev
Nikolai Gumilev
Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (also Gumilyov; Николай Степанович Гумилёв,; – August 26, 1921) was a Russian poet, literary critic, traveler, and military officer.
See Soviet Union and Nikolai Gumilev
Nikolai Podgorny
Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny (– 12 January 1983) was a Soviet statesman who served as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the head of state of the Soviet Union, from 1965 to 1977.
See Soviet Union and Nikolai Podgorny
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.
Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism.
See Soviet Union and Noam Chomsky
Nomenklatura
The nomenklatura (a; from nomenclatura, system of names) were a category of people within the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions in the bureaucracy, running all spheres of those countries' activity: government, industry, agriculture, education, etc., whose positions were granted only with approval by the communist party of each country or region.
See Soviet Union and Nomenklatura
Norilsk
Norilsk (p) is a closed city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located south of the western Taymyr Peninsula, around 90 km east of the Yenisey River and 1,500 km north of Krasnoyarsk.
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
See Soviet Union and North America
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.
See Soviet Union and North Korea
Norway
Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
NPR
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.
Nuclear arms race
The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.
See Soviet Union and Nuclear arms race
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant (NPP) or atomic power station (APS) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.
See Soviet Union and Nuclear power plant
Nuclear submarine
A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor, but not necessarily nuclear-armed.
See Soviet Union and Nuclear submarine
Nuclear warfare
Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry.
See Soviet Union and Nuclear warfare
Nuclear weapons delivery
Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target.
See Soviet Union and Nuclear weapons delivery
Occupation of the Baltic states
The occupation of the Baltic states was a period of annexation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania begun by the Soviet Union in 1940, continued for three years by Nazi Germany after it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and finally resumed by the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Occupation of the Baltic states
October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
See Soviet Union and October Revolution
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
Office of the Historian
The Office of the Historian is an office of the United States Department of State within the Foreign Service Institute.
See Soviet Union and Office of the Historian
Official names of the Soviet Union
The official names of the Soviet Union, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in the languages of the Soviet Republics (presented in the constitutional order) and other languages of the USSR, were as follows.
See Soviet Union and Official names of the Soviet Union
Old Bolsheviks
The Old Bolsheviks (stary bolshevik), also called the Old Bolshevik Guard or Old Party Guard, were members of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
See Soviet Union and Old Bolsheviks
Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.
See Soviet Union and Oligarchy
On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences («О культе личности и его последствиях», «O kul'te lichnosti i yego posledstviyakh»), popularly known as the Secret Speech (секретный доклад Хрущёва), was a report by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, made to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956.
See Soviet Union and On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.
See Soviet Union and One-party state
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
See Soviet Union and Operation Barbarossa
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
The Order of the Red Banner of Labour (translit) was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the Soviet state and society in the fields of production, science, culture, literature, the arts, education, sports, health, social and other spheres of labour activities.
See Soviet Union and Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was based on the principles of democratic centralism.
See Soviet Union and Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Orphans in the Soviet Union
At certain periods the Soviet state had to deal with large numbers of orphans and other kinds of street children — due to a number of turmoils in the history of the country from its very beginnings.
See Soviet Union and Orphans in the Soviet Union
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Soviet Union and Oxford University Press
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
See Soviet Union and Pacific Ocean
Pahlavi Iran
The Imperial State of Iran, officially the Imperial State of Persia until 1935, and commonly referred to as Pahlavi Iran, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty.
See Soviet Union and Pahlavi Iran
Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.
See Soviet Union and Palgrave Macmillan
Pan-European Picnic
The Pan-European Picnic (Paneuropäisches Picknick; páneurópai piknik; Paneurópsky piknik; Czech: Panevropský piknik) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near Sopron, Hungary on 19 August 1989.
See Soviet Union and Pan-European Picnic
Parade of sovereignties
The parade of sovereignties (translit) was a series of declarations of sovereignty of various degrees by the republics of the Soviet Union and autonomous units within the republics (autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs) from 1988 to 1991.
See Soviet Union and Parade of sovereignties
Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow
Patriarch Alexy I (Alexius I, ПатриархАлексий I, secular name Sergey Vladimirovich Simansky, Серге́й Влади́мирович Сима́нский; – 17 April 1970) was the 13th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) between 1945 and 1970.
See Soviet Union and Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow
Patriarch Sergius of Moscow
Patriarch Sergius (ПатриархСергий; born Ivan Nikolayevich Stragorodsky, Иван Николаевич Страгородский; – May 15, 1944) was the 12th Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus', from September 8, 1943 until his death on May 15, 1944.
See Soviet Union and Patriarch Sergius of Moscow
Pearson Education
Pearson Education, known since 2011 as simply Pearson, is the educational publishing and services subsidiary of the international corporation Pearson plc.
See Soviet Union and Pearson Education
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
See Soviet Union and Penguin Books
Penn State University Press
The Penn State University Press, also known as The Pennsylvania State University Press, is a non-profit publisher of scholarly books and journals.
See Soviet Union and Penn State University Press
People's Court (Soviet Union)
A people's court in the late Soviet Union was a court of first instance which handled the majority of civil and criminal offenses, as well as certain administrative law offenses.
See Soviet Union and People's Court (Soviet Union)
People's Republic of Bulgaria
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; Народна република България (НРБ), Narodna republika Bŭlgariya, NRB) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) together with its coalition partner, the Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union. Soviet Union and People's Republic of Bulgaria are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and People's Republic of Bulgaria
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
The People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), officially the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 until 1976, and from 1991 to 1992 as the Republic of Albania, was the one-party communist state in Albania from 1946 to 1991. Soviet Union and People's Socialist Republic of Albania are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Perestroika
Perestroika (a) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "transparency") policy reform.
See Soviet Union and Perestroika
Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States.
See Soviet Union and Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
Peter Lang (publisher)
Peter Lang is an academic publisher specializing in the humanities and social sciences.
See Soviet Union and Peter Lang (publisher)
Petrograd Soviet
The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Петроградский совет рабочихи солдатскихдепутатов, Petrogradskij sovjet rabočih i soldatskih deputatov) was a city council of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), the capital of Russia at the time.
See Soviet Union and Petrograd Soviet
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
See Soviet Union and Petroleum
Pipeline
A pipeline is a system of pipes for long-distance transportation of a liquid or gas, typically to a market area for consumption.
Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.
See Soviet Union and Planned economy
Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland. Soviet Union and Polish People's Republic are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Polish People's Republic
Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (abbreviated), or Politburo (p) was the highest political body of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and de facto a collective presidency of the USSR.
See Soviet Union and Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Political party
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections.
See Soviet Union and Political party
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution.
See Soviet Union and Political repression in the Soviet Union
Politics and sports
Politics and sports or sports diplomacy describes the use of sport as a means to influence diplomatic, social, and political relations.
See Soviet Union and Politics and sports
Popular front
A popular front is "any coalition of working-class and middle-class parties", including liberal and social democratic ones, "united for the defense of democratic forms" against "a presumed Fascist assault".
See Soviet Union and Popular front
Post-Soviet states
The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Post-Soviet states
Prague Spring
The Prague Spring (Pražské jaro, Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization and mass protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
See Soviet Union and Prague Spring
Premier of the Soviet Union
The Premier of the Soviet Union (Глава Правительства СССР) was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
See Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan's tenure as the 40th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1981, and ended on January 20, 1989.
See Soviet Union and Presidency of Ronald Reagan
President of Russia
The president of the Russian Federation (Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the executive head of state of Russia.
See Soviet Union and President of Russia
President of the Soviet Union
The President of the Soviet Union (Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza), officially the president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Президент Союза СоветскихСоциалистическихРеспублик), abbreviated as president of the USSR (Президент СССР), was the head of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991.
See Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was the standing body of the highest body of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
See Soviet Union and Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
See Soviet Union and Princeton University Press
Private property
Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.
See Soviet Union and Private property
Privatization
Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector.
See Soviet Union and Privatization
Procurator General of the Soviet Union
The Procurator General of the USSR (Generalnyi prokuror SSSR) was the highest functionary of the Office of the Public Procurator of the USSR, responsible for the whole system of offices of public procurators and supervision of their activities on the territory of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Procurator General of the Soviet Union
Project Socrates
Project Socrates was a classified U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency program established in 1983 within the Reagan administration.
See Soviet Union and Project Socrates
Proletarian internationalism
Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all proletarian revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events.
See Soviet Union and Proletarian internationalism
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
See Soviet Union and Protestantism
Proto-Slavic language
Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages.
See Soviet Union and Proto-Slavic language
Proxy war
In political science, a proxy war is as an armed conflict fought between two belligerents, wherein one belligerent is a non-state actor supported by an external third-party power.
See Soviet Union and Proxy war
Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.
See Soviet Union and Pseudoscience
Psychological warfare
Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PsyOp), has been known by many other names or terms, including Military Information Support Operations (MISO), Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Minds", and propaganda.
See Soviet Union and Psychological warfare
Ptichka
2K (GRAU index serial number 11F35 2K, NPO Molniya airframe number 1.02), often referred to as Ptichka (Птичка, "little bird", although this was also a nickname for all orbiters in the programme), is the second Buran-class orbiter, produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.
Public holidays in Russia
The following is the list of official public holidays recognized by the Government of Russia.
See Soviet Union and Public holidays in Russia
Puppet state
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.
See Soviet Union and Puppet state
Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
See Soviet Union and Purchasing power parity
Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns".
See Soviet Union and Quality of life
Rabkrin
The People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, also known as Rabkrin (РКИ, RKI; Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, WPI), was a governmental establishment in the Soviet Union of ministerial level (people's commissariat) that was responsible for scrutinizing the state, local and enterprise administrations.
Rada
Rada is the term for "parliament" or "assembly" or some other "council" in several Slavic languages.
Radio Moscow
Radio Moscow (r), also known as Radio Moscow World Service, was the official international broadcasting station of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1993, when it was reorganized into Voice of Russia, which was subsequently reorganized and renamed into Radio Sputnik in 2014.
See Soviet Union and Radio Moscow
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material.
See Soviet Union and Radioactive waste
Rating (sociological group)
Rating (Рейтинг), or fully the Sociological group "Rating" (Соціологічнна група «Рейтинг»), is a Ukrainian independent, non-governmental research organization, that specializes in conducting all types of sociological research in compliance with international standards approved by the ESOMAR and WAPOR codes.
See Soviet Union and Rating (sociological group)
Rebellion
Rebellion is a violent uprising against one's government.
See Soviet Union and Rebellion
Recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity.
See Soviet Union and Recession
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.
Red Army invasion of Armenia
The Red Army invasion of Armenia was a military campaign which was carried out by the 11th Army of Soviet Russia from September to 29 November 1920 in order to install a new Soviet government in the First Republic of Armenia, a former territory of the Russian Empire.
See Soviet Union and Red Army invasion of Armenia
Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
The Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan, also known as the Sovietization or Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan, took place in April 1920.
See Soviet Union and Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
Red Army invasion of Georgia
The Red Army invasion of Georgia (12 February17 March 1921), also known as the Georgian–Soviet War or the Soviet invasion of Georgia,Debo, R. (1992).
See Soviet Union and Red Army invasion of Georgia
Red fascism
Red fascism is a term equating Stalinism and other variants of Marxism–Leninism with fascism.
See Soviet Union and Red fascism
Red Guards (Russia)
Red Guards (Красная гвардия) were paramilitary volunteer formations consisting mainly of urban factory workers, peasants, cossacks and partially of soldiers and sailors for "protection of the soviet power".
See Soviet Union and Red Guards (Russia)
Red Terror
The Red Terror (krasnyy terror) was a campaign of political repression and executions in Soviet Russia carried out by the Bolsheviks, chiefly through the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police.
See Soviet Union and Red Terror
Refugee
A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.
Republic of Artsakh
Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, was a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Soviet Union and Republic of Artsakh are former countries in West Asia.
See Soviet Union and Republic of Artsakh
Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Soviet Union and Republics of the Soviet Union are former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Republics of the Soviet Union
Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
See Soviet Union and Research and development
Revisionism (Marxism)
Revisionism (Marxism), otherwise known as Marxist reformism, represents various ideas, principles, and theories that are based on a reform or revision of Marxism.
See Soviet Union and Revisionism (Marxism)
Revolutions of 1989
The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.
See Soviet Union and Revolutions of 1989
Richard Pipes
Richard Edgar Pipes (ריכארד פּיִפּעץ Rikhard Pipets; Ryszard Pipes; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American historian who specialized in Russian and Soviet history.
See Soviet Union and Richard Pipes
Right to health
The right to health is the economic, social, and cultural right to a universal minimum standard of health to which all individuals are entitled.
See Soviet Union and Right to health
Right to property
The right to property, or the right to own property (cf. ownership), is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions.
See Soviet Union and Right to property
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
See Soviet Union and Roman law
Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.
See Soviet Union and Romanian language
Rose Eveleth
Rose Eveleth is an American podcast host, producer, designer, and animator.
See Soviet Union and Rose Eveleth
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
See Soviet Union and Routledge
Rule of law
The rule of law is a political ideal that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders.
See Soviet Union and Rule of law
Ruling class
In sociology, the ruling class of a society is the social class who set and decide the political and economic agenda of society.
See Soviet Union and Ruling class
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Russia and the United Nations
The Russian Federation succeeded to the Soviet Union's seat, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in the United Nations after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, which originally co-founded the UN in 1945.
See Soviet Union and Russia and the United Nations
Russia and weapons of mass destruction
The Russian Federation is known to possess or have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons.
See Soviet Union and Russia and weapons of mass destruction
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
See Soviet Union and Russian Civil War
Russian Constituent Assembly
The All Russian Constituent Assembly (Vserossiyskoye uchreditelnoye sobraniye) was a constituent assembly convened in Russia after the February Revolution of 1917.
See Soviet Union and Russian Constituent Assembly
Russian cultural property law
After the Second World War in 1945, issues surrounding wartime loss and compensation started to arise.
See Soviet Union and Russian cultural property law
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917. Soviet Union and Russian Empire are former countries in Europe, former countries in West Asia, former empires and historical transcontinental empires.
See Soviet Union and Russian Empire
Russian famine of 1921–1922
The Russian famine of 1921–1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine (Голод в Поволжье, 'Volga region famine') was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922.
See Soviet Union and Russian famine of 1921–1922
Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Russian language
Russian language in Ukraine
Russian is the most common first language in the Donbas and Crimea regions of Ukraine and the city of Kharkiv, and the predominant language in large cities in the eastern and southern portions of the country.
See Soviet Union and Russian language in Ukraine
Russian oligarchs
Russian oligarchs (oligarkhi) are business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth in the 1990s via the Russian privatisation that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Russian oligarchs
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.
See Soviet Union and Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government was a provisional government of the Russian Empire and Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II, during the February Revolution.
See Soviet Union and Russian Provisional Government
Russian Republic
The Russian Republic, referred to as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic in the 1918 Constitution, was a short-lived state which controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Russian Provisional Government on 1 September (14 September) 1917 in a decree signed by Alexander Kerensky as Minister-Chairman and Alexander Zarudny as Minister of Justice.
See Soviet Union and Russian Republic
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917. Soviet Union and Russian Revolution are communism in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1905
The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, began on 22 January 1905. Soviet Union and Russian Revolution of 1905 are communism in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Russian Revolution of 1905
Russian ruble
The ruble or rouble (rublʹ; symbol: ₽; abbreviation: руб or р. in Cyrillic, Rub in Latin; ISO code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation.
See Soviet Union and Russian ruble
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.. Soviet Union and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic are 20th century in Russia, communism in Russia, former countries in Europe, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)
K-141 Kursk (Атомная Подводная Лодка «Курск» (АПЛ «Курск»)., transl., meaning "Atomic-powered submarine Kursk") was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Russian Navy.
See Soviet Union and Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)
Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Russification
Russification (rusifikatsiya), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language.
See Soviet Union and Russification
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.
See Soviet Union and Saint Petersburg
Salyut 1
Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (Салют-1) was the world's first space station; it was launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971.
Salyut programme
The Salyut programme (Салют,, meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Salyut programme
Samizdat
Samizdat (lit) was a form of dissident activity across the Eastern Bloc in which individuals reproduced censored and underground makeshift publications, often by hand, and passed the documents from reader to reader.
Satellite
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body.
See Soviet Union and Satellite
Satellite state
A satellite state or dependent state is a country that is formally independent but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country.
See Soviet Union and Satellite state
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.
See Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia
Sąjūdis
Sąjūdis ("Movement"), initially known as the Reform Movement of Lithuania (Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis), is a political organisation which led the struggle for Lithuanian independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylised as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes) was a major paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
See Soviet Union and Schutzstaffel
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Science and technology in the Soviet Union served as an important part of national politics, practices, and identity.
See Soviet Union and Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Scientist
A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences.
See Soviet Union and Scientist
Second Cold War
A Second Cold War, Cold War II, or the New Cold War has been used to describe heightened geopolitical tensions in the 21st century between usually the United States on one side and China or Russia—the successor state of the Soviet Union, which led the Eastern Bloc during the original Cold War—on the other.
See Soviet Union and Second Cold War
Second language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).
See Soviet Union and Second language
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. Soviet Union and Second Polish Republic are former countries in Europe.
See Soviet Union and Second Polish Republic
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931.
See Soviet Union and Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939.
See Soviet Union and Second Spanish Republic
Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was responsible for managing and directing the day-to-day operations of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, while the Politburo was charged with the policy-making aspects of the party.
See Soviet Union and Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Secular state
A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.
See Soviet Union and Secular state
Self-determination
Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.
See Soviet Union and Self-determination
Semashko model
The Semashko model is a single-payer healthcare system where healthcare is free for everyone.
See Soviet Union and Semashko model
Separate peace
A separate peace is a nation's agreement to cease military hostilities with another even though the former country had previously entered into a military alliance with other states that remain at war with the latter country.
See Soviet Union and Separate peace
Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.
See Soviet Union and Separation of powers
Separatism
Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group.
See Soviet Union and Separatism
Serfdom in Russia
The term serf (bonded peasant), in the sense of an unfree peasant of tsarist Russia, meant an unfree person who, unlike a slave, historically could be sold only together with the land to which they were "attached".
See Soviet Union and Serfdom in Russia
Sergei Eisenstein
Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (11 February 1948) was a Soviet film director, screenwriter, film editor and film theorist.
See Soviet Union and Sergei Eisenstein
Sergei Markov
Sergei Alexandrovich Markov (Серге́й Александрович Марков; born 18 April 1958) is a Russian political scientist, journalist, former close advisor and supporter of the Russian President Vladimir Putin.
See Soviet Union and Sergei Markov
Sergey Gorshkov
Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov (Серге́й Гео́ргиевич Горшко́в; 26 February 1910 – 13 May 1988) was an admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Sergey Gorshkov
Service (economics)
A service is an act or use for which a consumer, company, or government is willing to pay.
See Soviet Union and Service (economics)
Sheila Fitzpatrick
Sheila Mary Fitzpatrick (born June 4, 1941) is an Australian historian, whose main subjects are history of the Soviet Union and history of modern Russia, especially the Stalin era and the Great Purges, of which she proposes a "history from below", and is part of the "revisionist school" of Communist historiography.
See Soviet Union and Sheila Fitzpatrick
Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
See Soviet Union and Shia Islam
Shock therapy (economics)
In economics, shock therapy is a group of policies intended to be implemented simultaneously in order to liberalize the economy, including liberalization of all prices, privatization, trade liberalization, and stabilization via tight monetary policies and fiscal policies.
See Soviet Union and Shock therapy (economics)
Sinatra Doctrine
The Sinatra Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy under Mikhail Gorbachev for allowing member states of the Warsaw Pact to determine their own domestic affairs.
See Soviet Union and Sinatra Doctrine
Sino-Soviet split
The Sino-Soviet split was the gradual worsening of relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War.
See Soviet Union and Sino-Soviet split
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.
See Soviet Union and Smithsonian Institution
Social democracy
Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism.
See Soviet Union and Social democracy
Social fascism
Social fascism was a theory developed by the Communist International (Comintern) in the early 1930s which saw social democracy as a moderate variant of fascism.
See Soviet Union and Social fascism
Social mobility
Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.
See Soviet Union and Social mobility
Socialism in one country
Socialism in one country is a theory developed by Joseph Stalin to strengthen socialism within the country rather than socialism globally.
See Soviet Union and Socialism in one country
Socialist economics
Socialist economics comprises the economic theories, practices and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems.
See Soviet Union and Socialist economics
Socialist mode of production
The socialist mode of production, or simply (Marxist) socialism or communism as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels used the terms communism and socialism interchangeably, is a specific historical phase of economic development and its corresponding set of social relations that emerge from capitalism in the schema of historical materialism within Marxist theory.
See Soviet Union and Socialist mode of production
Socialist realism
Socialist realism was the official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union that mandated an idealized representation of life under socialism in literature and the visual arts.
See Soviet Union and Socialist realism
Socialist Republic of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) was a Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). Soviet Union and socialist Republic of Romania are former countries in Europe and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Socialist Republic of Romania
Socialist state
A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.
See Soviet Union and Socialist state
Somali Democratic Republic
The Somali Democratic Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliyeed; الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية,; Repubblica Democratica Somala; was the name of the socialist totalitarian military government given to Somalia under President Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, after seizing power in a coup d'état on 21 October 1969.J. Soviet Union and Somali Democratic Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Somali Democratic Republic
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus.
See Soviet Union and South Ossetia
Sovereignty
Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.
See Soviet Union and Sovereignty
Soviet (council)
A soviet (sovet) is a workers' council that follows a socialist ideology, particularly in the context of the Russian Revolution.
See Soviet Union and Soviet (council)
Soviet Air Defence Forces
The Soviet Air Defence Forces (войска ПВО, voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony, voyska PVO, V-PVO, lit. Anti-Air Defence Troops; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany, PVO strany, lit. Anti-Air Defence of the Country) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Air Defence Forces
Soviet Air Forces
The Soviet Air Forces (r, VVS SSSR; literally "Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"; initialism VVS, sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force", were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917, and faced their greatest test during World War II.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Air Forces
Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia
On the basis of a secret clause of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union invaded Poland on September 17, 1939, capturing the eastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic.
See Soviet Union and Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia
Soviet Armed Forces
The Soviet Armed Forces, also known as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991), were the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union (1922–1991) from their beginnings in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Armed Forces
Soviet Army
The Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (Sovetskiye sukhoputnye voyska) was the land warfare service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1946 to 1992.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Army
Soviet Central Asia
Soviet Central Asia (Sovetskaya Srednyaya Aziya) was the part of Central Asia administered by the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. Soviet Union and Soviet Central Asia are early Soviet republics.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Central Asia
Soviet Decree
Decrees (декреты) were legislative acts of the highest Soviet institutions, primarily of the Council of People's Commissars (the highest executive body) and of VTsIK (the highest legislative body between sessions of the Congress of Soviets), issued between 1917 and 1924.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Decree
Soviet dissidents
--> Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them.
See Soviet Union and Soviet dissidents
Soviet empire
The term "Soviet empire" collectively refers to the world's territories that the Soviet Union dominated politically, economically, and militarily. Soviet Union and Soviet empire are former empires.
See Soviet Union and Soviet empire
Soviet famine of 1930–1933
The Soviet famine of 1930–1933 was a famine in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine and different parts of Russia, including Kazakhstan, Northern Caucasus, Kuban Region, Volga Region, the South Urals, and West Siberia.
See Soviet Union and Soviet famine of 1930–1933
Soviet invasion of Manchuria
The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation, began on 9 August 1945 with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
See Soviet Union and Soviet invasion of Manchuria
Soviet invasion of Poland
The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military conflict by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war.
See Soviet Union and Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet Navy
The Soviet Navy was the naval warfare uniform service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Navy
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
Between 28 June and 3 July 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, following an ultimatum made to Romania on 26 June 1940 that threatened the use of force.
See Soviet Union and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
The Soviet occupation of the Baltic states covers the period from the Soviet–Baltic mutual assistance pacts in 1939, to their invasion and annexation in 1940, to the mass deportations of 1941.
See Soviet Union and Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
Soviet occupation zone in Germany
The Soviet occupation zone in Germany (or label) was an area of Germany that was occupied by the Soviet Union as a communist area, established as a result of the Potsdam Agreement on 1 August 1945.
See Soviet Union and Soviet occupation zone in Germany
Soviet of Nationalities
The Soviet of Nationalities (Совет Национальностей, Sovyet Natsionalnostey) was the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage in accordance with the principles of Soviet democracy.
See Soviet Union and Soviet of Nationalities
Soviet of the Union
The Soviet of the Union (Сове́т Сою́за, Sovet Soyuza) was the lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage in accordance with the principles of Soviet democracy, and with the rule that each deputy would represent the same number of voters.
See Soviet Union and Soviet of the Union
Soviet Olympic Committee
The National Olympic Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Национальный Олимпийский комитет Союза СоветскихСоциалистическихРеспублик – НОК СССР) was the government-funded organization representing the Soviet Union in the International Olympic Committee.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Olympic Committee
Soviet patriotism
Soviet patriotism is the socialist patriotism involving emotional and cultural attachment of the Soviet people to the Soviet Union as their homeland.
See Soviet Union and Soviet patriotism
Soviet people
The Soviet people (sovetsky narod) were the citizens and nationals of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Soviet people
Soviet republic
A soviet republic (from Sovetskaya respublika), also called council republic, is a republic in which the government is formed of soviets (workers' councils) and politics are based on soviet democracy.
See Soviet Union and Soviet republic
Soviet ruble
The ruble or rouble (p) was the currency of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Soviet ruble
Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the state space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Soviet space program
Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)
K-129 (Russian: К–129) was a Project 629A (Russian: проект 629А Projekt 629A, NATO reporting name Golf II–class) diesel-electric-powered ballistic-missile submarine that served in the Pacific Fleet of the Soviet Navy–one of six Project 629 strategic ballistic-missile submarines assigned to the 15th Submarine Squadron based at Rybachiy Naval Base near Petropavlovsk, commanded by Rear Admiral Rudolf Golosov.
See Soviet Union and Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)
Soviet submarine K-19
K-19 (Russian: К-19) was the first submarine of the Project 658 (Russian: проект-658, lit: Projekt-658) class (NATO reporting name), the first generation of Soviet nuclear submarines equipped with nuclear ballistic missiles, specifically the R-13 SLBM.
See Soviet Union and Soviet submarine K-19
Soviet submarine K-219
K-219 was a Project 667A ''Navaga''-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Yankee I) of the Soviet Navy.
See Soviet Union and Soviet submarine K-219
Soviet submarine K-27
K-27 was the only nuclear submarine of the Soviet Navy's Project 645.
See Soviet Union and Soviet submarine K-27
Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets
The K-278 Komsomolets was the Project-685 Plavnik (Russian: проект-685 плавник, meaning "fin", also known by her NATO reporting name of "Mike"-class), nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Soviet Navy; the only submarine of her design class.
See Soviet Union and Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets
Soviet submarine K-8
K-8 was a of the Soviet Northern Fleet that sank in the Bay of Biscay with her nuclear weapons on board on April 12, 1970.
See Soviet Union and Soviet submarine K-8
Soviet Union and the United Nations
The Soviet Union was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Union and the United Nations
Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team
The Soviet national ice hockey team was the national men's ice hockey team of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team
Soviet Union–United States relations
Relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were fully established in 1933 as the succeeding bilateral ties to those between the Russian Empire and the United States, which lasted from 1776 until 1917; they were also the predecessor to the current bilateral ties between the Russian Federation and the United States that began in 1992 after the end of the Cold War.
See Soviet Union and Soviet Union–United States relations
Soviet-type economic planning
Soviet-type economic planning (STP) is the specific model of centralized planning employed by Marxist–Leninist socialist states modeled on the economy of the Soviet Union (USSR).
See Soviet Union and Soviet-type economic planning
Soviet–Afghan War
The Soviet–Afghan War was a protracted armed conflict fought in the Soviet-controlled Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) from 1979 to 1989. The war was a major conflict of the Cold War as it saw extensive fighting between Soviet Union, the DRA and allied paramilitary groups against the Afghan mujahideen and their allied foreign fighters.
See Soviet Union and Soviet–Afghan War
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, also known as the Soviet-Japanese Border War, the First Soviet-Japanese War, the Russo-Mongolian-Japanese Border Wars or the Soviet-Mongolian-Japanese Border Wars, were a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin), Mongolia (led by Khorloogiin Choibalsan) and Japan (led by Hirohito) in Northeast Asia from 1932 to 1939.
See Soviet Union and Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
The, also known as the, was a non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan signed on April 13, 1941, two years after the conclusion of the Soviet-Japanese Border War.
See Soviet Union and Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
Soviet–Japanese War
The Soviet–Japanese War was a campaign of the Second World War that began with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria following the Soviet declaration of war against Japan on 8 August 1945.
See Soviet Union and Soviet–Japanese War
Sovietization
Sovietization (sovyetizatsiya) is the adoption of a political system based on the model of soviets (workers' councils) or the adoption of a way of life, mentality, and culture modeled after the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Sovietization
Space Race
The Space Race (Космическая гонка) was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability.
See Soviet Union and Space Race
Spaceplane
A spaceplane is a vehicle that can fly and glide like an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere and maneuver like a spacecraft in outer space.
See Soviet Union and Spaceplane
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists.
See Soviet Union and Spanish Civil War
Spent nuclear fuel
Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant).
See Soviet Union and Spent nuclear fuel
Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
See Soviet Union and Springer Science+Business Media
Sputnik 1
Sputnik 1 (Спутник-1, Satellite 1) was the first artificial Earth satellite.
See Soviet Union and Sputnik 1
Standard of living
Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society.
See Soviet Union and Standard of living
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.
See Soviet Union and Stanford University Press
Stanley Fischer
Stanley Fischer (סטנלי פישר; born October 15, 1943) is an Israeli-American economist who served as the 20th vice chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2017.
See Soviet Union and Stanley Fischer
State Anthem of the Soviet Union
The "State Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was the national anthem of the Soviet Union and the regional anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, replacing "The Internationale".
See Soviet Union and State Anthem of the Soviet Union
State atheism
State atheism or atheist state is the incorporation of hard atheism or non-theism into political regimes.
See Soviet Union and State atheism
State capitalism
State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes business and commercial (i.e., for-profit) economic activity and where the means of production are nationalized as state-owned enterprises (including the processes of capital accumulation, centralized management and wage labor).
See Soviet Union and State capitalism
State Committee for Publishing
Goskomizdat (Госкомиздат, an abbreviation for Государственный комитет по делам издательств, полиграфии и книжной торговли СССР, Gosudarstvenny komitet po delam izdatelstv, poligrafii i knizhnoy torgovli SSSR) was the State Committee for Publishing in the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and State Committee for Publishing
State continuity of the Baltic states
The three Baltic countries, or the Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – are held to have continued as legal entities under international lawZiemele (2005).
See Soviet Union and State continuity of the Baltic states
State Council (Russian Empire)
The State Council (p) was the supreme state advisory body to the tsar in the Russian Empire.
See Soviet Union and State Council (Russian Empire)
State Council of the Soviet Union
Following the August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, the State Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Государственный Совет СССР), but also known as the State Soviet, was formed on 5 September 1991 and was designed to be one of the most important government offices in Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union
State Duma (Russian Empire)
The State Duma, also known as the Imperial Duma, was the lower house of the legislature in the Russian Empire, while the upper house was the State Council.
See Soviet Union and State Duma (Russian Empire)
State Emblem of the Soviet Union
The State Emblem of the Soviet Union was the official symbol of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics adopted in 1923 and used until the dissolution of the state in 1991.
See Soviet Union and State Emblem of the Soviet Union
State socialism
State socialism is a political and economic ideology within the socialist movement that advocates state ownership of the means of production.
See Soviet Union and State socialism
Stephen G. Wheatcroft
Stephen George Wheatcroft (born 1 June 1947) is a Professorial Fellow of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Melbourne.
See Soviet Union and Stephen G. Wheatcroft
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Steven Rosefielde
Steven R. Rosefielde (born 1942) is professor of comparative economic systems at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
See Soviet Union and Steven Rosefielde
Stock
Stocks (also capital stock, or sometimes interchangeably, shares) consist of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided.
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Strategic bomber
A strategic bomber is a medium- to long-range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war.
See Soviet Union and Strategic bomber
Strategic Rocket Forces
The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
See Soviet Union and Strategic Rocket Forces
Street network
A street network is a system of interconnecting lines and points (called edges and nodes in network science) that represent a system of streets or roads for a given area.
See Soviet Union and Street network
Sub-replacement fertility
Sub-replacement fertility is a total fertility rate (TFR) that (if sustained) leads to each new generation being less populous than the older, previous one in a given area.
See Soviet Union and Sub-replacement fertility
Succession of states
Succession of states is a concept in international relations regarding a successor state that has become a sovereign state over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state.
See Soviet Union and Succession of states
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
See Soviet Union and Sunni Islam
Superpower
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.
See Soviet Union and Superpower
Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
The Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, officially the Supreme Court of the USSR (Верховный Суд СССР) was the highest court of the Soviet Union during its existence.
See Soviet Union and Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
Supreme Soviet of Russia
The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Верховный Совет РСФСР, Verkhovny Sovet RSFSR), later Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (Верховный Совет Российской Федерации, Verkhovny Sovet Rossiyskoy Federatsii), was the supreme government institution of the Russian SFSR in 1938–1990; in 1990–1993 it was a permanent legislature (parliament), elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.
See Soviet Union and Supreme Soviet of Russia
Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (r) was, from 1936 to 1991, the highest body of state authority of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and based on the principle of unified power was the only branch of government in the Soviet state.
See Soviet Union and Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending the war.
See Soviet Union and Surrender of Japan
Taiga
Taiga (p), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches.
Tajik language
Tajik, or Tajiki Persian, also called Tajiki, is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks.
See Soviet Union and Tajik language
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan, the Tajik SSR, or simply Tajikistan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1929 to 1991 in Central Asia. Soviet Union and Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Tajiks
Tajiks (Tājīk, Tājek; Tojik) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Talysh people
The Talysh people (script, تالشان) or Talyshis, Talyshes, Talyshs, Talishis, Talishes, Talishs, Talesh are an Iranian ethnic group, with the majority residing in Azerbaijan and a minority in Iran.
See Soviet Union and Talysh people
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
Talysh-Mughan, officially known as the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic (Talysh: Толъш-Мъғонә Мохтарә Республикә, Tolış-Mığonə Muxtara Respublika), was a short-lived autonomous republic in Azerbaijan that lasted from June to August 1993.
See Soviet Union and Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
Tambov Rebellion
The Tambov Rebellion of 1920–1922 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War.
See Soviet Union and Tambov Rebellion
Tashkent
Tashkent, or Toshkent in Uzbek, is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
See Soviet Union and Taylor & Francis
The Barricades
The Barricades (Barikādes) were a series of confrontations between the Republic of Latvia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in January 1991 which took place mainly in Riga.
See Soviet Union and The Barricades
The BMJ
The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Group, which in turn is wholly-owned by the British Medical Association (BMA).
The Economic History Review
The Economic History Review is a peer-reviewed history journal published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Economic History Society.
See Soviet Union and The Economic History Review
The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
See Soviet Union and The Guardian
The Holocaust in Belarus
The Holocaust in Belarus refers to the systematic extermination of Jews living in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic during its occupation by Nazi Germany in World War II.
See Soviet Union and The Holocaust in Belarus
The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
See Soviet Union and The Independent
The Internationale
"The Internationale" (italic) is an international anthem that has been adopted as the anthem of various anarchist, communist, socialist, democratic socialist, and social democratic movements.
See Soviet Union and The Internationale
The Washington Post
The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.
See Soviet Union and The Washington Post
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Soviet Union and The World Factbook
Third World
The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.
See Soviet Union and Third World
Time in Russia
There are 11 time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00.
See Soviet Union and Time in Russia
Time zone
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes.
See Soviet Union and Time zone
Timeline of Russian innovation
This timeline of Russian innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia.
See Soviet Union and Timeline of Russian innovation
Timothy Snyder
Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust.
See Soviet Union and Timothy Snyder
Tito–Stalin split
The Tito–Stalin split or the Soviet–Yugoslav split was the culmination of a conflict between the political leaderships of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, under Josip Broz Tito and Joseph Stalin, respectively, in the years following World War II.
See Soviet Union and Tito–Stalin split
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.
See Soviet Union and Totalitarianism
Trade union
A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.
See Soviet Union and Trade union
Transaction Publishers
Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey-based publishing house that specialized in social science books and journals.
See Soviet Union and Transaction Publishers
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936. Soviet Union and Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic are early Soviet republics, former countries in Europe, former countries in West Asia, former socialist republics and states and territories established in 1922.
See Soviet Union and Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Transnistria
Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova.
See Soviet Union and Transnistria
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, which followed months of negotiations after the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus).
See Soviet Union and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the German Reich and Soviet Russia under which both renounced all territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations.
See Soviet Union and Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
Treaty of Riga
The Treaty of Riga was signed in Riga, Latvia, on between Poland on one side and Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine on the other, ending the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921).
See Soviet Union and Treaty of Riga
Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Декларация и договор об образовании Союза СоветскихСоциалистическихРеспублик) officially created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.
See Soviet Union and Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International.
See Soviet Union and Trotskyism
Truthout
Truthout is an American non-profit news organization which describes itself as "dedicated to providing independent reporting and commentary on a diverse range of social justice issues".
Tsarist autocracy
Tsarist autocracy (tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy localised with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.
See Soviet Union and Tsarist autocracy
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR;,; 30 April 191827 October 1924), originally called the Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic, was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Soviet Central Asia. Soviet Union and Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are early Soviet republics and former socialist republics.
See Soviet Union and Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See Soviet Union and Turkic peoples
Turkmen language
Turkmen (türkmençe, түркменче, تۆرکمنچه, or türkmen dili, түркмен дили, تۆرکمن ديلی), is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia.
See Soviet Union and Turkmen language
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы, Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Soviet Union and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.
See Soviet Union and Ukrainian language
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika; Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. Soviet Union and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic are former countries in Europe, former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Ukrainians
Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.
See Soviet Union and Ukrainians
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
See Soviet Union and United Kingdom
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
See Soviet Union and United Nations
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
See Soviet Union and United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.
See Soviet Union and United Nations Security Council
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
See Soviet Union and United States
United States Naval Institute
The United States Naval Institute (USNI) is a private non-profit military association that offers independent, nonpartisan forums for debate of national security issues.
See Soviet Union and United States Naval Institute
Universal access to education
Universal access to education is the ability of all people to have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their social class, race, gender, sexuality, ethnic background or physical and mental disabilities.
See Soviet Union and Universal access to education
Universal health care
Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care.
See Soviet Union and Universal health care
University of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
See Soviet Union and University of California Press
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
See Soviet Union and University of Chicago Press
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
See Soviet Union and University of Pennsylvania
University Press of New England
The University Press of New England (UPNE), located in Lebanon, New Hampshire and founded in 1970, was a university press consortium including Brandeis University, Dartmouth College (its host member), Tufts University, the University of New Hampshire, and Northeastern University.
See Soviet Union and University Press of New England
Uzbek language
Uzbek (pronounced), formerly known as Turki, is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks.
See Soviet Union and Uzbek language
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, the Uzbek SSR, UzSSR, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party, the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation. Soviet Union and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic are former socialist republics and states and territories disestablished in 1991.
See Soviet Union and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.
Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937) is a Russian engineer, member of the State Duma, and former Soviet cosmonaut.
See Soviet Union and Valentina Tereshkova
Vehicle armour
Military vehicles are commonly armoured (or armored; see spelling differences) to withstand the impact of shrapnel, bullets, shells, rockets, and missiles, protecting the personnel inside from enemy fire.
See Soviet Union and Vehicle armour
Venera 7
Venera 7 (lit) was a Soviet spacecraft, part of the Venera series of probes to Venus.
Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun.
Victory Day (9 May)
Victory Day День Победы, Deň Pobedy Дзень Перамогі Dzěň Pěramohi Ғалаба куни, Gʻalaba kuni/Ğalaba Kuni Жеңіс Күні, Jeñis Küni გამარჯვების დღე, Gamarjvebis dğe Qələbə Günü Ziua Victoriei Жеңиш майрамы Ceñiş Mayramı Рӯзи Ғалаба, Rúzi Calaba Հաղթանակի օրը, Haqtanaki orë Ýeňişlar Harçlaarsiň is a holiday that commemorates the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany in 1945.
See Soviet Union and Victory Day (9 May)
Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House.
See Soviet Union and Viking Press
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
See Soviet Union and Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Mayakovsky
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Ru-Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky.ogg; – 14 April 1930) was a Soviet Russian poet, playwright, artist, and actor.
See Soviet Union and Vladimir Mayakovsky
Vladislav M. Zubok
Vladislav Martinovich Zubok (Владислав Мартинович Зубок; born 16 April 1958) is professor of international history at the London School of Economics and a Head of the Сold War Studies Programme in the Department of International History.
See Soviet Union and Vladislav M. Zubok
Vocational-technical school
A vocational-technical school, often called a vo-tech school, is a high school in the United States and Canada designed to bring vocational and technical training to its students.
See Soviet Union and Vocational-technical school
Vostok 1
Vostok 1 (Восток, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human orbital spaceflight in history.
Vyacheslav Molotov
Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician, diplomat, and revolutionary who was a leading figure in the government of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s, as one of Joseph Stalin's closest allies.
See Soviet Union and Vyacheslav Molotov
W. W. Norton & Company
W.
See Soviet Union and W. W. Norton & Company
War communism
War communism or military communism (Военный коммунизм, Vojenný kommunizm) was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921.
See Soviet Union and War communism
War of Laws
The War of Laws (Война законов, Voyna zakonov) was the series of conflicts between the central government of the Soviet Union and the governments of the Soviet republics during the so-called "parade of sovereignties" in the last years of the Soviet Union (19891991), which eventually contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and War of Laws
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
See Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
On 20–21 August 1968, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and the Hungarian People's Republic.
See Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Wartime sexual violence
Wartime sexual violence is rape or other forms of sexual violence committed by combatants during an armed conflict, war, or military occupation often as spoils of war, but sometimes, particularly in ethnic conflict, the phenomenon has broader sociological motives.
See Soviet Union and Wartime sexual violence
Washington Consensus
The Washington Consensus is a set of ten economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and United States Department of the Treasury.
See Soviet Union and Washington Consensus
West Germany
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc. Soviet Union and west Germany are former countries in Europe.
See Soviet Union and West Germany
Western Bloc
The Western Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, is an informal, collective term for countries that were officially allied with the United States during the Cold War of 1947–1991.
See Soviet Union and Western Bloc
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
See Soviet Union and Western world
White movement
The White movement (p), also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945).
See Soviet Union and White movement
William Easterly
William Russell Easterly (born September 7, 1957) is an American economist specializing in economic development.
See Soviet Union and William Easterly
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.
See Soviet Union and Winston Churchill
Winter Palace
The Winter Palace is a palace in Saint Petersburg that served as the official residence of the House of Romanov, previous emperors, from 1732 to 1917.
See Soviet Union and Winter Palace
Winter War
The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland.
See Soviet Union and Winter War
Women in Russia
Women in Russia have a rich and varied history during numerous regimes throughout the centuries.
See Soviet Union and Women in Russia
Worker cooperative
A worker cooperative is a cooperative owned and self-managed by its workers.
See Soviet Union and Worker cooperative
Workers of the world, unite!
The political slogan "Workers of the world, unite!" is one of the rallying cries from The Communist Manifesto (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!, literally, but soon popularised in English as "Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!").
See Soviet Union and Workers of the world, unite!
Workers' council
A workers' council, also called labor council, is a type of council in a workplace or a locality made up of workers or of temporary and instantly revocable delegates elected by the workers in a locality's workplaces.
See Soviet Union and Workers' council
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
See Soviet Union and World Bank
World communism
World communism, also known as global communism or international communism, is a form of communism placing emphasis on an international scope rather than being individual communist states.
See Soviet Union and World communism
World economy
The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services.
See Soviet Union and World economy
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
See Soviet Union and World War I
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
See Soviet Union and World War II
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
World War II losses of the Soviet Union were about 27,000,000 both civilian and military from all war-related causes, although exact figures are disputed.
See Soviet Union and World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
World War II reparations
After World War II, both the Federal Republic and Democratic Republic of Germany were obliged to pay war reparations to the Allied governments, according to the Potsdam Conference.
See Soviet Union and World War II reparations
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
See Soviet Union and Yale University
Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.
See Soviet Union and Yale University Press
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference (Yaltinskaya konferentsiya), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.
See Soviet Union and Yalta Conference
Yevgeniy Chazov
Yevgeniy Ivanovich Chazov (Евгений Иванович Чазов; 10 June 1929 – 12 November 2021) was a physician of the Soviet Union and Russia, specializing in cardiology, Chief of the Fourth Directorate of the ministry of health, academic of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, a recipient of numerous awards and decorations, Soviet, Russian, and foreign.
See Soviet Union and Yevgeniy Chazov
Yevgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin (p; – 10 March 1937), sometimes anglicized as Eugene Zamyatin, was a Russian author of science fiction, philosophy, literary criticism, and political satire.
See Soviet Union and Yevgeny Zamyatin
Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (– 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician who was the sixth leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, taking office in late 1982 and serving until his death in 1984.
See Soviet Union and Yuri Andropov
Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who, aboard the first successful crewed spaceflight, became the first human to journey into outer space.
See Soviet Union and Yuri Gagarin
Yury Trifonov
Yury Valentinovich Trifonov (Юрий Валентинович Трифонов; 28 August 1925 – 28 March 1981) was a leading representative of the so-called Soviet "Urban Prose".
See Soviet Union and Yury Trifonov
.su
.su is an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was designated for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on 19 September 1990.
1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or one milliard, one yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001.
See Soviet Union and 1,000,000,000
1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 31 January 1924.
See Soviet Union and 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union
1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, also known as the Stalin Constitution, was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 5 December 1936.
See Soviet Union and 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union
1952 Summer Olympics
The 1952 Summer Olympics (Kesäolympialaiset 1952), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad (XV olympiadin kisat), and commonly known as Helsinki 1952 were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1952 in Helsinki, Finland.
See Soviet Union and 1952 Summer Olympics
1965 Soviet economic reform
The 1965 Soviet economic reform, sometimes called the Kosygin reform or Liberman reform, named after E.G. Liberman, was a set of planned changes in the economy of the USSR.
See Soviet Union and 1965 Soviet economic reform
1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, officially the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 7 October 1977.
See Soviet Union and 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
1980s oil glut
The 1980s oil glut was a significant surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis.
See Soviet Union and 1980s oil glut
1984 Summer Olympics
The 1984 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXIII Olympiad and commonly known as Los Angeles 1984) were an international multi-sport event held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, United States.
See Soviet Union and 1984 Summer Olympics
1984 Winter Olympics
The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene: script; Cyrillic: script; XIV Zimski olimpiski igri) and commonly known as Sarajevo '84 (Cyrillic: script; Сараево '84), were a winter multi-sport event held between 8 and 19 February 1984 in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.
See Soviet Union and 1984 Winter Olympics
1989 Soviet census
The 1989 Soviet census (lit), conducted between 12 and 19 January of that year, was the final census carried out in the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and 1989 Soviet census
1991 Soviet coup attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the CPSU at the time.
See Soviet Union and 1991 Soviet coup attempt
1991 Soviet Union referendum
A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991 across the Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union and 1991 Soviet Union referendum
1991 Ukrainian independence referendum
A referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence was held in Ukraine on 1 December 1991.
See Soviet Union and 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum
19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Nineteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held from 5 to 14 October 1952.
See Soviet Union and 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
See also
20th century in Russia
- 20th century in Russia
- Franco-Russian Alliance
- History of Russia (1894–1917)
- History of the Russian Federation
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
- Soviet Union
- Soviet Union in World War II
Communism in Russia
- 1929 Buryat Revolt
- Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
- Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
- Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union
- Di komunistishe velt
- Federation of Socialist Youth
- History of communism in the Soviet Union
- Joseph Stalin
- Karelian Labor Commune
- Karl Liebknecht School
- Moscow Bolshevik Uprising
- Nostalgiya
- Red Belt (Russia)
- Russian Revolution
- Russian Revolution of 1905
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
- Soviet Union
- Stalin's third government
- Tuvan People's Republic
Historical transcontinental empires
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Achaemenid Empire
- Afsharid Iran
- Almohad Caliphate
- Almoravid dynasty
- Ayyubid dynasty
- Belgian colonial empire
- British Empire
- Byzantine Empire
- Danish overseas colonies
- Dutch colonial empire
- Fatimid Caliphate
- First French Empire
- First Turkic Khaganate
- French colonial empire
- Golden Horde
- Italian Empire
- Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
- Mamluk Sultanate
- Mongol Empire
- Ottoman Empire
- Portuguese Empire
- Rashidun Caliphate
- Roman Empire
- Russian Empire
- Safavid Iran
- Soviet Union
- Spanish Empire
- Timurid Empire
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Western Roman Empire
- Western Turkic Khaganate
States and territories disestablished in 1991
- Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Adyghe Autonomous Oblast
- Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1991–1992)
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Delta Amacuro Federal Territory
- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast
- Islamic Emirate of Kunar
- Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast
- Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
- Khakas Autonomous Oblast
- Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
- Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Kuwait Governorate
- Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- One-party rule in Seychelles
- People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania
- Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
- SAO Krajina
- SAO Western Slavonia
- Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District
- Socialist Republic of Croatia
- Socialist Republic of Macedonia
- Socialist Republic of Slovenia
- Somali Democratic Republic
- Soviet Union
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
- Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
- Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
States and territories established in 1922
- Adyghe Autonomous Oblast
- Altai Republic
- Arzachena
- Ascension Island
- Bačka Oblast
- Belgrade Oblast
- Bihać Oblast
- Bitola Oblast
- Cala di Volpe
- Chechen Autonomous Oblast
- Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union
- Colony of Niger
- Egypt
- Fascist Italy
- Federated Shan States
- Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast
- Irish Free State
- Kamchatka Governorate
- Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast
- Kingdom of Egypt
- Kingdom of Kurdistan
- Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast
- Maribor Oblast
- Osijek Oblast
- Ruanda-Urundi
- Sakha Republic
- South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- Soviet Union
- Sucumbíos Triangle
- Syrian Federation
- Syrmia Oblast
- Territoire de Belfort
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Travnik Oblast
- Vrbas Oblast
- Wilno Land
- Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Zagreb Oblast
References
Also known as All-Union, C.C.C.P., CCCP, CCCP\, Council Union, European USSR, Neuvostoliitto, PSRS, Russia (1922-91), S. S. S. R., S.S.S.R, S.S.S.R., S.U. (country), SRSR, SSSR (country), SU (country), Soveit Union, Sovetskij Soyuz, Sovetskiy Soyuz, Soviet, Soviet Onion, Soviet Power, Soviet Union (USSR), Soviet order, SovietUnion, Sovietic Union, Sovietsky Soyuz, Sovjet, Sovyet Union, Sovyet-Union, Sowjetunion, Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, Sport in the Soviet Union, TSRS, The European Soviet Union, The Soviet, The Soviet Union, The Soviets, The USSR, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R), The union of Soviet Socialist Rebublics, U. S. S. R., U.S.S.R, U.S.S.R., USSR, UdSSR, Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics, Union Soviet Socialist Republics, Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, Union of Soviet, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), United Soviet Socialist Rebublic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Soviets Socialist Rebublic, United soviet socialist republic, United soviets socialist republic, United states of soviet russia, , Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Улс, С. С. С. Р., С.С.С.Р., СРСР, Совет Социалистиг Республикаларның Эвилели, Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы, Совет Ушем, Советлар Союзы, Советскай Социалистическай Республикалар Союзтара, Советскай Союз, Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы, Социаллӑ Совет Республикисен Союзӗ, Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік, Союз Советских Социалистическая Республика, Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, פֿאַרבאַנד פֿון סאָוועטישע סאָציאַליסטישע רעפּובליק, פֿאַרבאַנד פֿון סאָוועטישע סאָציאַליסטישע רעפּובליקן.
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