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Table of Contents

1. 670 relations: Abd el-Krim, Absolute monarchy, Acapulco, Adams–Onís Treaty, Adrar Region, Aeterni regis, Afonso V of Portugal, Africa, Age of Discovery, Agustín de Iturbide, Alabama, Alejandro Lerroux, Alejandro Malaspina, Alexander von Humboldt, Alfonso de Palencia, Algiers, Alhambra, Alhucemas Islands, Alhucemas landing, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Alta California, Amazon River, Ambon Island, American Revolutionary War, Americas, Andalusi Arabic, Andalusia, Andrés Bello National University, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), Animism, António Cordeiro, António Raposo Tavares, Antilles, Antonio de Mendoza, Apalachee Bay, Aragonese language, Aragonese people, Arbitrista, Argentina, Arizona, Army of Africa (Spain), Asia, Asiento de Negros, Asturleonese language, Atlantic slave trade, Azores, Aztec religion, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Baler, Aurora, ... Expand index (620 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1492 establishments in Spain
3. 1492 establishments in the Spanish Empire
4. 1976 disestablishments in Spain
5. 2nd millennium in Spain
6. Historical transcontinental empires
7. Kingdom of Castile
8. Overseas empires
9. States and territories disestablished in 1976
10. States and territories established in 1492

Abd el-Krim

Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Karīm al-Khaṭābī, better known as Abd el-Krim (1882 or 1883 – 6 February 1963), was a Moroccan political and military leader and the president of the Republic of the Rif.

See Spanish Empire and Abd el-Krim

Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.

See Spanish Empire and Absolute monarchy

Acapulco

Acapulco de Juárez, commonly called Acapulco (Acapolco), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City.

See Spanish Empire and Acapulco

Adams–Onís Treaty

The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Spanish Cession, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty,Weeks, p. 168.

See Spanish Empire and Adams–Onís Treaty

Adrar Region

Adrar (translit) is a large administrative region in Mauritania, named for the Adrar Plateau.

See Spanish Empire and Adrar Region

Aeterni regis

The papal bull Aeterni regis was issued on 21 June 1481 by Pope Sixtus IV.

See Spanish Empire and Aeterni regis

Afonso V of Portugal

Afonso V (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), known by the sobriquet the African, was king of Portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477.

See Spanish Empire and Afonso V of Portugal

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

See Spanish Empire and Africa

Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail. Spanish Empire and Age of Discovery are history of European colonialism and Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Age of Discovery

Agustín de Iturbide

Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (27 September 178319 July 1824), commonly known as Agustín de Iturbide and later by his regnal name Agustín I, was the first Emperor of Mexico from 1822 until his abdication in 1823.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See Spanish Empire and Alabama

Alejandro Lerroux

Alejandro Lerroux García (4 March 1864, in La Rambla, Córdoba – 25 June 1949, in Madrid) was a Spanish politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party.

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Alejandro Malaspina

Alejandro Malaspina (November 5, 1754 – April 9, 1810) was a Tuscan explorer who spent most of his life as a Spanish naval officer.

See Spanish Empire and Alejandro Malaspina

Alexander von Humboldt

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.

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Alfonso de Palencia

Alfonso Fernández de Palencia (1423–1492) was a Castilian royal secretary, historian, and humanist scholar.

See Spanish Empire and Alfonso de Palencia

Algiers

Algiers (al-Jazāʾir) is the capital and largest city of Algeria, located in the north-central part of the country.

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Alhambra

The Alhambra (translit) is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.

See Spanish Empire and Alhambra

Alhucemas Islands

The Alhucemas Islands (Islas Alhucemas, جزر الحسيمة) is a group of islands and one of the Spanish plazas de soberanía just off the Moroccan coast in the Alboran Sea.

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Alhucemas landing

The Alhucemas landing (Desembarco de Alhucemas; also known as Al Hoceima landing) was a landing operation which took place on 8 September 1925 at Alhucemas by the Spanish Army and Navy and, in lesser numbers, an allied French naval and aerial contingent, that would put an end to the Rif War.

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Alonso del Castillo Maldonado

Alonso del Castillo Maldonado (died after 1547) was an early Spanish explorer in the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Alonso del Castillo Maldonado

Alta California

Alta California ('Upper California'), also known as Nueva California ('New California') among other names, was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804.

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Amazon River

The Amazon River (Río Amazonas, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the longest or second-longest river system in the world, a title which is disputed with the Nile. The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century the Amazon basin's most distant source until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru.

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Ambon Island

Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia.

See Spanish Empire and Ambon Island

American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

See Spanish Empire and Americas

Andalusi Arabic

Andalusi Arabic or Andalusian Arabic was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 9th to the 15th century in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula, respectively modern Spain until the late-15th century, and modern Portugal until the mid-13th century under Muslim rule.

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Andalusia

Andalusia (Andalucía) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain.

See Spanish Empire and Andalusia

Andrés Bello National University

The Andrés Bello National University (Universidad Andrés Bello or Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello; UNAB) is a Chilean private university founded in 1988.

See Spanish Empire and Andrés Bello National University

Andrés Dorantes de Carranza

Andrés Dorantes de Carranza (ca. 1500 – 1550s), was an early Spanish explorer in the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Andrés Dorantes de Carranza

Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)

The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared.

See Spanish Empire and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)

Animism

Animism (from meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

See Spanish Empire and Animism

António Cordeiro

António Cordeiro (c.1641; Angra – 2 February 1722; Lisbon) was a Portuguese Catholic priest in the Society of Jesus, Azorean historian, author of the classical chronicle Historia Insulana, and first to publish a public opinion on the form of governance for the archipelago of the Azores.

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António Raposo Tavares

António Raposo Tavares (1598–1658) known as the Elder (o Velho), was a Portuguese bandeirante who explored mainland eastern South America and claimed it for Portugal, extending the territory of the colony beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

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Antilles

The Antilles is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east.

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Antonio de Mendoza

Antonio de Mendoza (1495 – 21 July 1552) was a Spanish colonial administrator who was the first viceroy of New Spain, serving from 14 November 1535 to 25 November 1550, and the second viceroy of Peru, from 23 September 1551, until his death on 21 July 1552.

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Apalachee Bay

Apalachee Bay is a bay in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico occupying an indentation of the Florida coast to the west of where the Florida peninsula joins the United States mainland.

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Aragonese language

Aragonese (in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.

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Aragonese people

The Aragonese (Aragonese and aragoneses, aragonesos) are the Romance people self-identified with the historical region of Aragon, in inland northeastern Spain.

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Arbitrista

The arbitristas were a group of reformist thinkers in late 16th and 17th century Spain concerned about the decline of the economy of Spain and proposed a number of measures to reverse it.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Spanish Empire and Argentina are Christian states.

See Spanish Empire and Argentina

Arizona

Arizona (Hoozdo Hahoodzo; Alĭ ṣonak) is a landlocked state in the Southwestern region of the United States.

See Spanish Empire and Arizona

Army of Africa (Spain)

The Army of Africa (Ejército de África, Al-Jaysh al-Isbānī fī Afriqā), also known as the Moroccan Army Corps (Cuerpo de Ejército Marroquí'), was a field army of the Spanish Army that garrisoned the Spanish protectorate in Morocco from 1912 until Morocco's independence in 1956.

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Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

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Asiento de Negros

The Asiento de Negros was a monopoly contract between the Spanish Crown and various merchants for the right to provide enslaved Africans to colonies in the Spanish Americas. Spanish Empire and Asiento de Negros are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Asturleonese language

Asturleonese (Astur-Leonese; Asturlleonés; Asturleonés; Asturo-leonês; Asturlhionés) is a Romance language or language family spoken in northwestern Spain and northeastern Portugal, namely in the historical regions and Spain's modern-day autonomous communities of Asturias, northwestern Castile and León, Cantabria and Extremadura, and in Riudenore and Tierra de Miranda in Portugal.

See Spanish Empire and Asturleonese language

Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Atlantic slave trade

Azores

The Azores (Açores), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira).

See Spanish Empire and Azores

Aztec religion

The Aztec religion is a polytheistic and monistic pantheism in which the Nahua concept of teotl was construed as the supreme god Ometeotl, as well as a diverse pantheon of lesser gods and manifestations of nature.

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Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1488/90/92"Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez (1492?-1559?)." American Eras. Vol. 1: Early American Civilizations and Exploration to 1600. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 50-51. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 December 2014. after 19 May 1559) was a Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition.

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Baler, Aurora

Baler, officially the Municipality of Baler (Bayan ng Baler; Ili ti Baler), is a 3rd class municipality and capital of the province of Aurora, Philippines.

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Balmis Expedition

The Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition, commonly referred to as the Balmis Expedition, was a Spanish healthcare mission that lasted from 1803 to 1806, led by Dr Francisco Javier de Balmis, which vaccinated millions of inhabitants of Spanish America and Asia against smallpox. Spanish Empire and Balmis Expedition are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Bandeirantes

Bandeirantes (singular: bandeirante) were settlers in Portuguese Brazil who participated in exploratory voyages during the early modern period to expand the colony's borders and subjugate indigenous Brazilians.

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Barbados

Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region next to North America and north of South America, and is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

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Barcelona Trading Company

The Royal Barcelona Trading Company to the Indies (Real Compañía de Comercio de Barcelona a Indias; Companyia de Comerç de Barcelona) also known as the Barcelona Company was a trading company in the 18th century chartered by the Spanish crown, operating from 1755 to 1785, and which had a monopoly on trade to the Caribbean islands of Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo and Margarita. Spanish Empire and Barcelona Trading Company are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Bartholomew Columbus

Bartholomew Columbus (Bertomê Corombo; Bartolomeu Colombo; Bartolomé Colón; Bartolomeo Colombo; – 12 August 1515) was an Italian explorer from the Republic of Genoa and the younger brother of Christopher Columbus.

See Spanish Empire and Bartholomew Columbus

Basque language

Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.

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Battle of Annual

The Battle of Annual was fought on 22 July 1921 at Annual, in northeastern Morocco, between the Spanish Army and Rifian Berbers during the Rif War.

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Battle of Ayacucho

The Battle of Ayacucho (Batalla de Ayacucho) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of South America. In Peru it is considered the end of the Spanish American wars of independence in this country, although the campaign of Antonio José de Sucre continued through 1825 in Upper Peru and the siege of the fortresses Chiloé and Callao eventually ended in 1826.

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Battle of Bitonto

The Battle of Bitonto (25 May 1734) was a Spanish victory over Austrian forces near Bitonto in the Kingdom of Naples (in southern Italy) in the War of Polish Succession.

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Battle of Cartagena de Indias

The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (lit) took place during the 1739 to 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear between Spain and Great Britain.

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Battle of Cempoala

The Battle of Cempoala was fought on 27 May 1520 at Cempoala, Mexico between the forces of Pánfilo de Narváez and the forces of Hernán Cortés, which were supported by Chinantec warriors.

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Battle of Cerignola

The Battle of Cerignola was fought on 28 April 1503 between Spanish and French armies outside the town of Cerignola, Apulia, Kingdom of Naples (now in modern-day Italy), approximately west of Bari.

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Battle of Colhuacatonco

The Battle of Colhuacatonco was fought on 30 June 1521 during the late stages of the Siege of Tenochtitlan between Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces and the Mexica Empire (also typically referred as Aztec Empire).

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Battle of El Caney

The Battle of El Caney was fought on July 1, 1898, during the Spanish-American War.

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Battle of Garigliano (1503)

The Battle of Garigliano was fought on 29 December 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquis of Saluzzo.

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Battle of Guinea

The Battle of Guinea took place on the Gulf of Guinea, in western Africa, 1478, between a Portuguese fleet and a Castilian fleet in the context of the War of the Castilian Succession.

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Battle of Las Guasimas

The Battle of Las Guasimas of June 24, 1898 was a Spanish rearguard action by Major General Antero Rubín against advancing columns led by Major General "Fighting Joe" Wheeler and the first land engagement of the Spanish–American War.

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Battle of Lepanto

The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.

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Battle of Manila (1762)

The Battle of Manila (Labanan sa Maynila ng mga Kastila at Ingles; Batalla de Manila) was fought during the Seven Years' War, from 24 September 1762 to 6 October 1762, between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain in and around Manila, the capital of the Philippines, a Spanish colony at that time.

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Battle of Manila Bay

The Battle of Manila Bay (Labanan sa Look ng Maynila; Batalla de Bahía de Manila), also known as the Battle of Cavite, took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War.

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Battle of Rocroi

The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death.

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Battle of San Juan Hill

The Battle of San Juan Hill, also known as the Battle for the San Juan Heights, was a major battle of the Spanish–American War fought between an American force under the command of William Rufus Shafter and Joseph Wheeler against a Spanish force led by Arsenio Linares y Pombo.

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Battle of Santiago de Cuba

The Battle of Santiago de Cuba was a decisive naval engagement that occurred on July 3, 1898 between an American fleet, led by William T. Sampson and Winfield Scott Schley, against a Spanish fleet led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, which occurred during the Spanish–American War.

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Béjaïa

Béjaïa (بجاية, Bijāya,, Bgayet) formerly Bougie and Bugia, is a Mediterranean port city and commune on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province, Kabylia.

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Berber languages

The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

See Spanish Empire and Berber languages

Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 met on 15 November 1884 and, after an adjournment, concluded on 26 February 1885 with the signature of a General Act, by Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 1919, p. 52.

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Bioko

Bioko (historically Fernando Po,; Ëtulá a Ëri) is an island of Equatorial Guinea.

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Black legend

The Black Legend (Leyenda negra) or the Spanish Black Legend (Leyenda negra española) is a purported historiographical tendency which consists of anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic propaganda.

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Bolivia

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.

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Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru

The Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru (Expedición Botánica al Virreinato del Perú.) was a Spanish expedition to the colonial territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru and Chile between 1777 and 1788.

See Spanish Empire and Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru

Bourbon Reforms

The Bourbon Reforms (lit) consisted of political and economic changes promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18th century. Spanish Empire and Bourbon Reforms are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. Spanish Empire and British Empire are former empires, historical transcontinental empires, history of European colonialism and overseas empires.

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British invasions of the River Plate

The British invasions of the River Plate were two unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of the Spanish colony of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, located around the Río de la Plata in South America – in present-day Argentina and Uruguay.

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British West Florida

British West Florida was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1763 until 1783, when it was ceded to Spain as part of the Peace of Paris.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina.

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California

California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.

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Callao

Callao is a Peruvian seaside city and region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area.

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Canary Islands

The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Cape Bojador

Cape Bojador (رأس بوجادور, trans. Rā's Būjādūr; ⴱⵓⵊⴷⵓⵔ, Bujdur; Spanish and Cabo Bojador; Cap Boujdour) is a headland on the west coast of Western Sahara, at 26° 07' 37"N, 14° 29' 57"W (various sources give various locations: this is from the Sailing Directions for the region), as well as the name of the large nearby town with a population of 42,651.

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty (Capétiens), also known as the "House of France", is a dynasty of Frankish origin, and a branch of the Robertians and the Karlings.

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Capitulations of Santa Fe

The Capitulations of Santa Fe between Christopher Columbus and the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, were signed in Santa Fe, Granada on April 17, 1492.

See Spanish Empire and Capitulations of Santa Fe

Captaincy General of the Philippines

The Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid.

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Capture of Algiers (1516)

The capture of Algiers in 1516 was accomplished by the brothers Oruç and Hayreddin Barbarossa against Sālim al-Tūmī, the ruler of the city of Algiers, which was followed by an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire and the Sheikh of Ténès to overthrow the newly formed Sultanate of Algiers.

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Caracas

Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas (CCS), is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas).

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Carnaval de Oruro

The Carnival of Oruro is a religious and cultural festival in Oruro, Bolivia.

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Cartagena, Colombia

Cartagena, known since the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias, is a city and one of the major ports on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region, along the Caribbean sea.

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Cartography of Latin America

Cartography of Latin America, map-making of the realms in the Western Hemisphere, was an important aim of European powers expanding into the New World.

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Casa de Contratación

The Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) or Casa de la Contratación de las Indias ("House of Trade of the Indies") was established by the Crown of Castile, in 1503 in the port of Seville (and transferred to Cádiz in 1717) as a crown agency for the Spanish Empire. Spanish Empire and Casa de Contratación are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Casta

Casta is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. Spanish Empire and Casta are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Castilla de Oro

Castilla de Oro or del Oro was the name given by the Spanish settlers at the beginning of the 16th century to the Central American territories from the Gulf of Urabá, near today's Colombian-Panamanian border, to the Belén River. Spanish Empire and Castilla de Oro are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

See Spanish Empire and Catalan language

Catalans

Catalans (Catalan, French and Occitan: catalans; catalanes, Italian: catalani, cadelanos) are a Romance ethnic group native to Catalonia, who speak Catalan.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Monarchs of Spain

The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain. Spanish Empire and Catholic Monarchs of Spain are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Caudillo

A caudillo (cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head") is a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.

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Cádiz

Cádiz is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Cebuano language

Cebuano on Merriam-Webster.com is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines.

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Central America

Central America is a subregion of North America.

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Cession

The act of cession is the assignment of property to another entity.

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Ceuta

Ceuta (Sabta; Sabtah) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.

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Chafarinas Islands

The Chafarinas Islands (Islas Chafarinas, script or Takfarinas, جزر الشفارين or الجزر الجعفرية), also spelled Zafarin, Djaferin or Zafarani, are a group of three small Spanish islets located in the Alboran Sea off the coast of Morocco with an aggregate area of, to the east of Nador and off the Moroccan town of Ras Kebdana.

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Chamorro people

The Chamorro people (also CHamoru) are the Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands, politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and the encompassing Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia, a commonwealth of the US.

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Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition

The Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition visited the land on what became present day New Mexico in 1581–1582.

See Spanish Empire and Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition

Charles Emmanuel III

Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was Duke of Savoy, King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from his father's adbication on 3 September 1730 until his death in 1773.

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Charles II of Spain

Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as the Bewitched (El Hechizado), was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700.

See Spanish Empire and Charles II of Spain

Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego de Borbón y Sajonia; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain and ruler of the Spanish Empire from 1788 to 1808.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Chest (furniture)

A chest (also called coffer or kist) is a form of furniture typically of a rectangular structure with four walls and a removable or hinged lid, used for storage, usually of personal items.

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Chickasaw

The Chickasaw are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, United States.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.

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Chinese language

Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Christopher Columbus

Circle of latitude

A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line.

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Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)

Ciudad Colonial (Spanish for "Colonial City") is the historic central neighborhood of the Dominican Republic's capital Santo Domingo.

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Coahuila

Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza (Lipan: Nacika), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza (Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza), is one of the 32 states of Mexico.

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Cocoa bean

The cocoa bean, also known simply as cocoa or cacao, is the dried and fully fermented seed of Theobroma cacao, the cacao tree, from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted.

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Codex Mendoza

The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, believed to have been created around the year 1541.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Colonial empire

A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state. Spanish Empire and colonial empire are overseas empires.

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

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Colony of Santiago

Santiago was a Spanish territory of the Spanish West Indies and within the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in the Caribbean region.

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Colorado

Colorado (other variants) is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Colorado River

The Colorado River (Río Colorado) is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and in northern Mexico.

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Columbian exchange

The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries. Spanish Empire and Columbian exchange are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Columbian Viceroyalty

The Columbian Viceroyalty, Viceroyalty of the Indies or First Viceroyalty in the Indies is the name that designates the number of titles and rights granted to Christopher Columbus by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 on the lands discovered and undiscovered, before embarking on his first trip that culminated in the colonization of the Americas. Spanish Empire and Columbian Viceroyalty are 1492 establishments in the Spanish Empire and Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Complutense University of Madrid

The Complutense University of Madrid (Universidad Complutense de Madrid; UCM, Universidad de Madrid, Universidad Central de Madrid; Universitas Complutensis Matritensis) is a public research university located in Madrid.

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Composite monarchy

A composite monarchy (or composite state) is a historical category, introduced by H. G. Koenigsberger in 1975 and popularised by Sir John H. Elliott, that describes early modern states consisting of several countries under one ruler, sometimes designated as a personal union, who governs his territories as if they were separate kingdoms, in accordance with local traditions and legal structures.

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Condominium (international law)

A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a political territory (state or border area) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal dominium (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones.

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Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states or communities united for purposes of common action.

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Conquest of Melilla

The Conquest of Melilla occurred on the 17th of September 1497, when a fleet sent by the Duke of Medina Sidonia occupied the north African city of Melilla.

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Conquest of the Canary Islands

The conquest of the Canary Islands by the Crown of Castile took place between 1402 and 1496 and described as the first instance of European settler colonialism in Africa.

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Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.

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Consulado de mercaderes

The Consulado de mercaderes was the Spanish merchant guild, founded in Seville, the sole port for Spain's overseas trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, until the official port was relocated to Cadiz, following the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Contraband

Contraband (from Medieval French contrebande "smuggling") is any item that, relating to its nature, is illegal to be possessed or sold.

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Coos Bay

Coos Bay is an estuary where the Coos River enters the Pacific Ocean, the estuary is approximately 12 miles long and up to two miles wide.

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Coosa chiefdom

The Coosa chiefdom was a powerful Native American paramount chiefdom in what are now Gordon and Murray counties in Georgia, in the United States.

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Cortes Generales

The (lit) are the bicameral legislative chambers of Spain, consisting of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house).

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Cosme de Torres

Cosme de Torres (1510 – October 2, 1570) was a Spanish Jesuit from Valencia and one of the first Christian missionaries in Japan.

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Costa Rica

Costa Rica (literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America. Spanish Empire and Costa Rica are Christian states.

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Council of the Indies

The Council of the Indies (Consejo de las Indias), officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias), was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and those territories it governed, such as the Spanish East Indies. Spanish Empire and Council of the Indies are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Creole nationalism

The term Creole nationalism or Criollo nationalism refers to the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the Criollos (descendants of the European colonizers), especially in Latin America in the early 19th century.

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Criollo people

In Hispanic America, criollo is a term used originally to describe people of full Spanish descent born in the viceroyalties.

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Cross of Burgundy

The Cross of Burgundy (Croix de Bourgogne; Cruz de Borgoña/Aspa de Borgoña; Burgunderkreuz.; Croce di Borgogna; Creu de Borgonya; Bourgondisch kruis.; Portuguese: Cruz de Borgonha) is a saw-toothed (raguly) form of the Cross of Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Burgundy, and a historical banner and battle flag used by holders of the title of Duke of Burgundy and their subjects.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum. Spanish Empire and Crown of Aragon are former empires.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. Spanish Empire and crown of Castile are kingdom of Castile.

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Crypto-Islam

Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims." The word has mainly been used in reference to Spanish Muslims and Sicilian Muslims during the Inquisition (i.e., the Moriscos and Saraceni and their usage of Aljamiado).

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Crypto-Judaism

Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island. Spanish Empire and Cuba are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Cuisine

A cuisine is a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region.

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Curaçao

Curaçao (or, or, Papiamentu), officially the Country of Curaçao (Land Curaçao; Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea, specifically the Dutch Caribbean region, about north of Venezuela.

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Dancing devils of Corpus Christi

Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi refers to a set of popular Venezuelan religious festivals held on Corpus Christi, celebrating the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

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Day of the Dead

The Day of the Dead (el Día de Muertos or el Día de los Muertos) is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality.

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De jure

In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.

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Diego Luis de San Vitores

Diego Luis de San Vitores, SJ (November 12, 1627 – April 2, 1672) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who founded the first Catholic church on the island of Guam.

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Diego Rivera

Diego Rivera (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

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Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar

Diego Velázquez de CuéllarPronounced: (1465 – c. June 12, 1524) was a Spanish conquistador and the first governor of Cuba.

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a North American country on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Spanish Empire and Dominican Republic are Christian states and Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Dominican Restoration War

The Dominican Restoration War or the Dominican War of Restoration was a guerrilla war between 1863 and 1865 in the Dominican Republic between nationalists and Spain, the latter of which had recolonized the country 17 years after its independence.

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Dominican War of Independence

The Dominican War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia Dominicana) was a war of independence that began when the Dominican Republic declared independence from the Republic of Haiti on February 27, 1844 and ended on January 24, 1856.

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Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan (Ducato di Milano; Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277. Spanish Empire and Duchy of Milan are Christian states.

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Duchy of Parma and Piacenza

The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Ducato di Parma e Piacenza, Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae) was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna.

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Duchy of Savoy

The Duchy of Savoy (Ducato di Savoia; Duché de Savoie) was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy.

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Dudum siquidem

Dudum siquidem (Latin for "A short while ago") was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on, one of the Bulls of Donation addressed to the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon which supplemented the bull Inter caetera and purported to grant to them "all islands and mainlands whatsoever, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, that are or may be or may seem to be in the route of navigation or travel towards the west or south, whether they be in western parts, or in the regions of the south and east and of India". Spanish Empire and Dudum siquidem are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Dutch colonial empire

The Dutch colonial empire (Nederlandse koloniale rijk) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies—mainly the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company—and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815. Spanish Empire and Dutch colonial empire are historical transcontinental empires, history of European colonialism and overseas empires.

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Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

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Dutch Republic

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. Spanish Empire and Dutch Republic are Christian states.

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Ea quae pro bono pacis

Ea quae pro bono pacis (For the promotion of peace) was a bull issued by Pope Julius II on 24 January 1506 by which the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the world unknown to Europeans between Portugal and Spain, but lacked papal approval as it countered previous bulls by Pope Alexander VI, was approved and ratified by the Catholic Church.

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Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

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Ecuador

Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

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Eighty Years' War

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.

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Emirate of Granada

The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty.

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Encomienda

The encomienda was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. Spanish Empire and encomienda are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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English overseas possessions

The English overseas possessions comprised a variety of overseas territories that were colonised, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the Kingdom of England before 1707. Spanish Empire and English overseas possessions are overseas empires.

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Enlightenment in Spain

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Ilustración) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.

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Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca, 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia

Don Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca, 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia (died 1492), became the second Duke in 1468.

See Spanish Empire and Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca, 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia

Epiphany (holiday)

Epiphany, or Eid al-Ghitas (عيد الغِطاس), also known as "Theophany" in Eastern Christian tradition, is a Christian feast day commemorating the visit of the Magi, the baptism of Jesus, and the wedding at Cana.

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Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea (Guinea Ecuatorial; Guinée équatoriale; Guiné Equatorial), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (República de Guinea Ecuatorial, République de Guinée équatoriale, República da Guiné Equatorial), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of.

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Erblande

The Erblande ("Hereditary Lands") of the House of Habsburg formed the Alpine heartland of the Habsburg monarchy.

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Escudo

The escudo (Portuguese: 'shield') is a unit of currency which is used in Cape Verde, and which has been used by Portugal, Spain and their colonies.

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Estêvão Gomes

Estêvão Gomes (– 1538), also known by the Spanish version of his name Esteban Gómez, was a Portuguese explorer.

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Estevanico

Estevanico (–1539), also known as Mustafa Azemmouri and Esteban de Dorantes and Estevanico the Moor, was the first person of African descent to explore North America.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Factor endowment

A factor endowment, in economics, is commonly understood to be the amount of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship that a country possesses and can exploit for manufacturing.

See Spanish Empire and Factor endowment

Fall of Tenochtitlan

The fall of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, was an important event in the Spanish conquest of the empire.

See Spanish Empire and Fall of Tenochtitlan

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.

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Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.

See Spanish Empire and Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the 1519–22 Spanish expedition to the East Indies, which achieved the first circumnavigation of Earth in history.

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First Melillan campaign

The First Melillan Campaign, also called the Melilla War or the Margallo War (after Juan García y Margallo, the Spanish governor of Melilla whose defeat and death infuriated the Spanish public) in Spain, was a conflict between Spain and 39 of the Rif tribes of northern Morocco, and later the Sultan of Morocco, that began in October 1893, was openly declared November 9, 1893, and was resolved by the Treaty of Fez in 1894.

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First Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic (República española), historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic (Primera República española), was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.

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Flag of Spain

The national flag of Spain (Bandera de España), as it is defined in the Constitution of 1978, consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow stripe being twice the height of each red stripe.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See Spanish Empire and Florida

Fort Caroline

Fort Caroline was an attempted French colonial settlement in Florida, located on the banks of the St. Johns River in present-day Duval County.

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Fort Ross, California

Fort Ross (Fort-Ross, krepost' Ross) is a former Russian establishment on the west coast of North America in what is now Sonoma County, California.

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Franche-Comté

Franche-Comté (Frainc-Comtou: Fraintche-Comtè; Franche-Comtât; also Freigrafschaft; Franco Condado; all) is a cultural and historical region of eastern France.

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Francis I of France

Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.

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Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: Franciscus Xaverius; Basque: Frantzisko Xabierkoa; French: François Xavier; Spanish: Francisco Javier; Portuguese: Francisco Xavier; 7 April 15063 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was born in Navarre, Spain Catholic missionary and saint who co-founded the Society of Jesus and, as a representative of the Portuguese Empire, led the first Christian mission to Japan.

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Francisco de Orellana

Francisco de Orellana (1511 – November 1546) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador.

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Francisco de Ulloa

Francisco de Ulloa (died 1540) was a Spanish explorer who explored the west coast of present-day Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula under the commission of Hernán Cortés.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.

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Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, OFM (1436 – 8 November 1517) was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman.

See Spanish Empire and Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.

See Spanish Empire and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain (España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo.

See Spanish Empire and Francoist Spain

French America

French America, sometimes called Franco-America, in contrast to Anglo-America, is the French-speaking community of people and their diaspora, notably those tracing back origins to New France, the early French colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and French America

French colonial empire

The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. Spanish Empire and French colonial empire are former empires, historical transcontinental empires, history of European colonialism and overseas empires.

See Spanish Empire and French colonial empire

French conquest of Morocco

The French conquest of Morocco began with the French Republic occupying the city of Oujda in 29 March 1907.

See Spanish Empire and French conquest of Morocco

French Florida

French Florida (Renaissance French: Floride françoise; modern French: Floride française) was a colonial territory established by French Huguenot colonists as part of New France in what is now Florida and South Carolina between 1562 and 1565.

See Spanish Empire and French Florida

French protectorate in Morocco

The French protectorate in Morocco, also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956.

See Spanish Empire and French protectorate in Morocco

French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars (Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802.

See Spanish Empire and French Revolutionary Wars

Galician–Portuguese

Galician–Portuguese (lingua vulgar; galego–portugués or galaico–portugués; galego–português or galaico–português), also known as Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician or Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula.

See Spanish Empire and Galician–Portuguese

Galleon

Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships developed in Spain and first used as armed cargo carriers by Europeans from the 16th to 18th centuries during the Age of Sail and were the principal vessels drafted for use as warships until the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the mid-17th century.

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Galveston Island

Galveston Island is a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, about southeast of Houston.

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García López de Cárdenas

García López de Cárdenas y Figueroa was a Spanish conquistador who was the first European to see the Grand Canyon.

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García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra

Don Diego García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra, 2nd Marquess of Sobroso (Don García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, Marqués de Sobroso y segundo Conde de Salvatierra) (c. 1595, Spain – 26 June 1659, Lima) was a Spanish viceroy of New Spain (23 November 1642 to 13 May 1648) and of Peru (1648 to 1655).

See Spanish Empire and García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra

Gaspar Frutuoso

Gaspar Frutuoso (1522 – 1591) was a Portuguese priest, historian and humanist from the island of São Miguel, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

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Gaucho

A gaucho or gaúcho is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly.

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

See Spanish Empire and Genoa

Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See Spanish Empire and Georgia (U.S. state)

Germaine of Foix

Ursula Germaine of Foix (c. 1488 – 15 October 1536) was an early modern French noblewoman from the House of Foix.

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German–Spanish Treaty (1899)

The German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, (Tratado germano-español de 1899; Deutsch-Spanischer Vertrag 1899) signed by the German Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, involved Spain selling the majority of its Pacific possessions not lost in the Spanish–American War to Germany for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 17 million Marks).

See Spanish Empire and German–Spanish Treaty (1899)

Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).

See Spanish Empire and Gibraltar

Gila River

The Gila River (O'odham Pima: Keli Akimel or simply Akimel, Quechan: Haa Siʼil, Maricopa language: Xiil) is a tributary of the Colorado River flowing through New Mexico and Arizona in the United States.

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Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries

The global silver trade between the Americas, Europe, and China from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries was a spillover of the Columbian exchange which had a profound effect on the world economy.

See Spanish Empire and Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries

Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1 September 1453 – 2 December 1515) was a Spanish general and statesman who led successful military campaigns during the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars.

See Spanish Empire and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Government debt

A country's gross government debt (also called public debt or sovereign debt) is the financial liabilities of the government sector.

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Governor-general

Governor-general (plural governors-general), or governor general (plural governors general), is the title of an office-holder.

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Governor-General of the Philippines

The governor-general of the Philippines (Filipinas; Filipino: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas/Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Mexico City and Madrid (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945).

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Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa and is part of Spain.

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Gran Colombia

Gran Colombia ("Great Colombia"), or Greater Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia), was a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831.

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Granada War

The Granada War (Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.

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Granadero Baigorria

Granadero Baigorria is a city in the south of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, located directly north of Rosario, on the western shore of the Paraná River, and forming part of the Greater Rosario metropolitan area.

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Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States.

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Green March

The Green March was a strategic mass demonstration in November 1975, coordinated by the Moroccan government and military, to force Spain to hand over the disputed, autonomous semi-metropolitan province of Spanish Sahara to Morocco.

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Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe (Gwadloup) is an overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean.

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Guairá, Paraguay

Guairá is one of the seventeen departments of Paraguay.

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Guam

Guam (Guåhan) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean.

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Guanche language

Guanche is an extinct language that was spoken by the Guanches of the Canary Islands until the 16th or 17th century.

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Guanches

The Guanche were the indigenous inhabitants of the Spanish Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean some to the west of modern Morocco and the North African coast.

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Guaraní War

The Guaraní War (Guerra Guaranítica, Guerra Guaranítica) of 1756, also called the War of the Seven Reductions, took place between the Guaraní tribes of seven Jesuit Missions and joint Spanish-Portuguese forces.

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Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas

The Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas (modern spelling variant Gipuzkoan, known also as the Guipuzcoana Company, Real Compañia Guipuzcoana de Caracas; Caracasko Gipuzkoar Errege Konpainia) was a Spanish Basque trading company in the 18th century chartered by the Spanish Crown, operating from 1728 to 1785, which had a monopoly on Venezuelan trade. Spanish Empire and Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Gulf of California

The Gulf of California (Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (Mar de Cortés) or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (Mar Vermejo), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California peninsula from the Mexican mainland.

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Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia.

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Habsburg monarchy

The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. Spanish Empire and Habsburg monarchy are Christian states and former empires.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to Spain and the Hispanic Monarchy, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, in the period from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg.

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Haiti

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas.

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Havana

Havana (La Habana) is the capital and largest city of Cuba.

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Hawikuh Ruins

Hawikuh (also spelled Hawikku, meaning "gum leaves" in ZuniLanmon, Dwight P. and Harlow, Francis, "A brief history of the Ashiwi (Zuni) pueblos", in The Pottery of Zuni Pueblo, 2008, Museum of New Mexico Press.), was one of the largest of the Zuni pueblos at the time of the Spanish ''entrada''.

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Hegemony

Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.

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Hernando de Alarcón

Hernando de Alarcón (born 1500) was a Spanish explorer and navigator of the 16th century, noted for having led a 1540 expedition to the Colorado River Delta, during which he became one of the first Europeans to ascend the Colorado River from its mouth and became the first European to see Alta California.

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Hernando de Soto

Hernando de Soto (1497 – 21 May 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula.

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Hernando del Pulgar

Hernando del Pulgar (1436 – c. 1492), also spelled as Fernando de Pulgar, was a Castilian royal secretary, historian, and writer.

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Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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Hispanic

The term Hispanic (hispano) refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad broadly.

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Hispanic America

The region known as Hispanic America (Hispanoamérica or América Hispana) and historically as Spanish America (América Española) is all the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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Hispano–Moroccan War (1859–1860)

The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the War of Africa, was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860.

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Historiography of Colonial Spanish America

The historiography of Spanish America in multiple languages is vast and has a long history. Spanish Empire and historiography of Colonial Spanish America are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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History of Cuba

The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Amerindian cultures prior to the arrival of the explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492.

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History of Honduras

Honduras was inhabited by many indigenous peoples when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.

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History of science

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.

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History of Spain

The history of Spain dates to contact between the pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula made with the Greeks and Phoenicians.

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History of the Americas

The history of the Americas begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an ice age.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. Spanish Empire and Holy Roman Empire are Christian states and former empires.

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Holy Week in Popayán

The Holy Week in Popayán, Cauca (Colombia), is the celebration of the Passion and death of Jesus Christ through daily processions continuously performed since the sixteenth century between Friday of Sorrows nights and Holy Saturday.

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Honduras

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America.

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Hopi

The Hopi are Native Americans who primarily live in northeastern Arizona.

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House of Bonaparte

The House of Bonaparte is a former imperial and royal European dynasty of Italian origin.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon (also) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France.

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House of Capet

The House of Capet (Maison capétienne) ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

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House of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region.

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House of Trastámara

The House of Trastámara (Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan: Casa de Trastámara) was a royal dynasty which first ruled in the Crown of Castile and then expanded to the Crown of Aragon from the Late Middle Ages to the early modern period.

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House of Valois

The Capetian house of Valois (also) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Valois-Burgundy

The House of Valois-Burgundy (Maison de Valois-Bourgogne, Huis van Valois-Bourgondië), or the Younger House of Burgundy, was a noble French family deriving from the royal House of Valois.

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Hudson River

The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York, United States.

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Human sacrifice in Aztec culture

Human sacrifice was common in many parts of Mesoamerica, so the rite was nothing new to the Aztecs when they arrived at the Valley of Mexico, nor was it something unique to pre-Columbian Mexico.

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Iberian Union

The Iberian Union is a historiographical term used to describe the dynastic union of the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself a personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and the Kingdom of Portugal, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV.

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Ifni War

The Ifni War, sometimes called the Forgotten War in Spain (la Guerra Olvidada), was a series of armed incursions into Spanish West Africa by Moroccan insurgents that began in October 1957 and culminated with the abortive siege of Sidi Ifni.

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Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Comayagua

The Immaculate Conception Cathedral (Catedral de la Inmaculada Concepción) also called Comayagua Cathedral It is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and is located in the Central Square of the city of Comayagua in Honduras, it is one of the oldest cathedrals in Central America, it went through construction phases that date from the 16th century until it was completed inaugurated on December 8, 1711, and blessed in 1715, and many modifications since the 18th century.

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Indentured servitude

Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years.

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Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

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Inter caetera

Inter caetera ('Among other ') was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands. Spanish Empire and Inter caetera are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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International Studies Quarterly

International Studies Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of international studies and an official journal of the International Studies Association.

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Invasion of Cuba (1741)

The invasion of Cuba took place between 4–5 August and 9 December 1741 during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

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Invasion of Georgia (1742)

In the 1742 Invasion of Georgia, Spanish forces based in Florida attempted to seize and occupy disputed territory held by the British colony of Georgia.

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Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I (Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504. Spanish Empire and Isabella I of Castile are kingdom of Castile.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Isthmus of Panama

The Isthmus of Panama (Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.

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Italian language

Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.

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Italian Wars

The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea.

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Itinerant court

An itinerant court was a migratory form of government shared in European kingdoms during the Early Middle Ages.

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Jainism

Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.

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Jamaica

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At, it is the third largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and south-east of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory).

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Janissary

A janissary (yeŋiçeri) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

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Jean de Béthencourt

Jean de Béthencourt (1362–1425) was a French explorer who in 1402 led an expedition to the Canary Islands, landing first on the north side of Lanzarote.

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John II of Portugal

John II (João II;; 3 May 1455 – 25 October 1495), called the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito), was King of Portugal from 1481 until his death in 1495, and also for a brief time in 1477.

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John Lynch (historian)

John Lynch (11 January 1927 – 4 April 2018) was Professor of Latin American History at the University of London.

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José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez

José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez (20 November 1737 – 2 February 1799) was a priest in New Spain, scientist, historian, and cartographer.

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José Celestino Mutis

José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician.

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José de San Martín

José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), nicknamed "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru", was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.

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José Guilherme Reis Leite

José Guilherme Reis Leite GC IH (Angra do Heroísmo, 25 December 1943 —), is a professor, historian and Azorean politician, whose functions included his role as Regional Secretary for Education and Culture, deputy and President of the Legislative Assembly of the Azores, in addition to representative for the Azores in the Portuguese National Assembly.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Giuseppe di Buonaparte,; Ghjuseppe Napulione Bonaparte; José Napoleón Bonaparte; 7 January 176828 July 1844) was a French statesman, lawyer, diplomat and older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Juan Bautista de Anza

Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 6 or 7, 1736 – December 19, 1788) was an expeditionary leader, military officer, and politician primarily in California and New Mexico under the Spanish Empire. Spanish Empire and Juan Bautista de Anza are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Juan Carlos I

Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family who reigned as King of Spain from 22 November 1975 until his abdication on 19 June 2014.

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Juan Fernández (missionary)

Juan Fernández (1526? at Cordova – 12 June 1567 in Japan) was a Spanish Jesuit lay brother and missionary.

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Juan Ponce de León

Juan Ponce de León (1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition to Puerto Rico in 1508 and Florida in 1513.

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Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo; c. 1497 – January 3, 1543) was a Portuguese maritime explorer best known for investigations of the West Coast of North America, undertaken on behalf of the Spanish Empire. He was the first European to explore present-day California, navigating along the coast of California in 1542–1543 on his voyage from New Spain (modern Mexico).

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Kagoshima

, officially, is the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

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Kansas

Kansas is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Karankawa people

The Karankawa were an Indigenous people concentrated in southern Texas along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, largely in the lower Colorado River and Brazos River valleys.

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King George's War

King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748).

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom. Spanish Empire and kingdom of England are Christian states.

See Spanish Empire and Kingdom of England

Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. Spanish Empire and Kingdom of France are Christian states and former empires.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Great Britain are Christian states.

See Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Great Britain

Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Regno di Napoli; Regno 'e Napule), was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples are Christian states.

See Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples

Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France. Spanish Empire and kingdom of Navarre are Christian states and kingdom of Castile.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Portugal are Christian states.

See Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Portugal

Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of Sardinia,The name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica. Spanish Empire and kingdom of Sardinia are Christian states.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae; Regno di Sicilia; Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula plus, for a time, in Northern Africa from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816. Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Sicily are Christian states.

See Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Sicily

La Navidad

La Navidad ("The Nativity", i.e. Christmas) was a Spanish fort that Christopher Columbus and his crew established on the northwest coast of Hispaniola (near what is now Caracol, Nord-Est Department, Haiti) in 1492 from the remains of the Spanish ship the Santa María. Spanish Empire and La Navidad are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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La Noche Triste

La Noche Triste ("The Night of Sorrows", literally "The Sad Night") was an important event during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, wherein Hernán Cortés, his army of Spanish conquistadors, and their native allies were driven out of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

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La Palma

La Palma, also known as La isla bonita and historically San Miguel de La Palma, is the most northwesterly island of the Canary Islands, Spain, which is a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean.

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Languages of the Philippines

There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification.

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Latin America

Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.

See Spanish Empire and Latin America

Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C. that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States.

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Light infantry

Light infantry refers to certain types of lightly equipped infantry throughout history.

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Lima

Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

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List of Caribbean islands

Most of the Caribbean countries are islands are in the Caribbean Sea, with only a few in inland lakes.

See Spanish Empire and List of Caribbean islands

List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language

The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus several countries where Spanish or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language.

See Spanish Empire and List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language

List of countries that have gained independence from Spain

The list of countries obtaining independence from Spain is a list of countries that broke away from Spain for independence, or occasionally incorporation into another country, as depicted in the map below. Spanish Empire and list of countries that have gained independence from Spain are overseas empires.

See Spanish Empire and List of countries that have gained independence from Spain

List of heads of state of Spain

This is a list of Spanish heads of state, that is, kings and presidents that governed the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word.

See Spanish Empire and List of heads of state of Spain

List of languages by number of native speakers

Human languages ranked by their number of native speakers are as follows.

See Spanish Empire and List of languages by number of native speakers

List of largest empires

Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Spanish Empire and List of largest empires are former empires.

See Spanish Empire and List of largest empires

List of oldest buildings in the Americas

This article lists the oldest known surviving buildings constructed in the Americas, including on each of the regions and within each country.

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List of viceroys of Aragon

This is a list of viceroys (or lieutenants) of the Kingdom of Aragon.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of Aragon

List of viceroys of Catalonia

This is a list of Spanish viceroys (also called lieutenants) of the Principality of Catalonia from 1479 to 1713.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of Catalonia

List of viceroys of Naples

This is a list of viceroys of the Kingdom of Naples.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of Naples

List of viceroys of Navarre

This is a list of Spanish Viceroys of Navarre from 1512 to 1840, when the function was abolished.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of Navarre

List of viceroys of New Granada

Spanish viceroys of the colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819) located in northern South America.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of New Granada

List of viceroys of New Spain

This article lists the viceroys who ruled the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1535 to 1821 in the name of the monarch of Spain. Spanish Empire and list of viceroys of New Spain are 1492 establishments in the Spanish Empire.

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List of viceroys of Peru

This article lists the viceroys of Peru, who ruled the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1544 to 1824 in the name of the monarch of Spain.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of Peru

List of viceroys of Sardinia

This is a list of viceroys of Sardinia.

See Spanish Empire and List of viceroys of Sardinia

List of viceroys of Sicily

The Viceroys of Sicily (Viceré di Sicilia) were the regents of the government of the Kingdom of Sicily in place of the Spanish Kings who acquired the title of King of Sicily from 1412 to 1759.

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List of viceroys of Valencia

This is a list of viceroys of the Kingdom of Valencia from 1520 to 1707.

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List of wars involving Spain

This is a list of wars and armed conflicts fought by the Kingdom of Spain, its predecessor states or in Spanish territory.

See Spanish Empire and List of wars involving Spain

Loaísa expedition

The Loaísa expedition was an early 16th-century Spanish voyage of discovery to the Pacific Ocean, commanded by (1490 – 20 July 1526) and ordered by King Charles I of Spain to colonize the Spice Islands in the East Indies.

See Spanish Empire and Loaísa expedition

Lombard language

The Lombard language (native name: lombard,Classical Milanese orthography, and. lumbard,Ticinese orthography. lumbartModern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography. or lombart,Eastern unified orthography. depending on the orthography; pronunciation) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages and is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland, including most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden.

See Spanish Empire and Lombard language

London (Samuel Johnson poem)

London is a poem by Samuel Johnson, produced shortly after he moved to London.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louisiana

Louisiana (Louisiane; Luisiana; Lwizyàn) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

See Spanish Empire and Louisiana

Louisiana (New Spain)

Louisiana (La Luisiana), or the Province of Louisiana (Provincia de La Luisiana), was a province of New Spain from 1762 to 1801 primarily located in the center of North America encompassing the western basin of the Mississippi River plus New Orleans. Spanish Empire and Louisiana (New Spain) are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase (translation) was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803.

See Spanish Empire and Louisiana Purchase

Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

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Luxembourgish

Luxembourgish (also Luxemburgish, Luxembourgian, Letzebu(e)rgesch; Lëtzebuergesch) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg.

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Mabila

Mabila (also spelled Mavila, Mavilla, Maubila, or Mauvilla, as influenced by Spanish or French transliterations) was a small fortress town known to the paramount chief Tuskaloosa in 1540, in a region of present-day central Alabama.

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Madeira

Madeira, officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (Região Autónoma da Madeira), is one of two autonomous regions of Portugal, the other being the Azores.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Magellan expedition

The Magellan expedition, sometimes termed the MagellanElcano expedition, was a 16th-century Spanish expedition planned and led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan.

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Maine

Maine is a state in the New England region of the United States, and the northeasternmost state in the Lower 48.

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Malaspina Expedition

The Malaspina Expedition (1789–1794) was a five-year maritime scientific exploration commanded by Alejandro Malaspina and José de Bustamante y Guerra.

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Maluku Islands

The Maluku Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Maluku) or the Moluccas are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia.

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Manila

Manila (Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynila), is the capital and second-most-populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City.

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Manuel Iradier

Manuel Iradier (b. Vitoria, 1854–1911) was a Spanish explorer of Africa.

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Marcha Real

The Marcha Real is the national anthem of Spain.

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Marcos de Niza

Marcos de Niza, OFM (or Marco da Nizza; 25 March 1558) was a Franciscan friar and missionary from the city of Nice in the Duchy of Savoy.

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Mare clausum

Mare clausum (legal Latin meaning "closed sea") is a term used in international law to mention a sea, ocean or other navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a state that is closed or not accessible to other states.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right).

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Maritime fur trade

The maritime fur trade, a ship-based fur trade system, focused largely on acquiring furs of sea otters and other animals from the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and natives of Alaska.

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Martín de Aguilar

Martín de Aguilar (fl. 1603) was a Spanish explorer whose log contains one of the first written descriptions of the coast of the U.S. state of Oregon.

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Martinique

Martinique (Matinik or Matnik; Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the eastern Caribbean Sea.

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Massacre at Matanzas Inlet

The Massacre at Matanzas Inlet was the mass killing of French Huguenots by Spanish Royal Army troops near the Matanzas Inlet in 1565, under orders from King Philip II to Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the adelantado of Spanish Florida (La Florida).

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Massacre in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan

The Massacre in the Great Temple, also called the Alvarado Massacre, was an event on May 22, 1520, in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, in which the celebration of the Feast of Toxcatl ended in a massacre of Aztec elites.

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Mauritania

Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. By land area Mauritania is the 11th-largest country in Africa and 28th-largest in the world; 90% of its territory is in the Sahara.

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Mayan languages

The Mayan languagesIn linguistics, it is conventional to use Mayan when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language.

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Melchor Díaz

Melchor Díaz (1505 – January 1541) was a Spanish conquistador who was Governor of Culiacan.

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Melilla

Melilla (script) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.

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Menorca

Menorca or Minorca (from smaller island, later Minorica) is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain.

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Mercantilism

Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.

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Mers El Kébir

Mers El Kébir (lit) is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria.

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Mesoamerican pyramids

Mesoamerican pyramids form a prominent part of ancient Mesoamerican architecture.

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Mestizo

Mestizo (fem. mestiza, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed European and Indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Mexican–American War

The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, was an invasion of Mexico by the United States Army from 1846 to 1848.

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Mexico City

Mexico City (Ciudad de México,; abbr.: CDMX; Central Nahuatl:,; Otomi) is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America.

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Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral

The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven (Catedral Metropolitana de la Asunción de la Bienaventurada Virgen María a los cielos) is the cathedral church of the Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico.

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Miguel López de Legazpi

Miguel López de Legazpi (12 June 1502 – 20 August 1572), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippine islands in the mid-16th century.

See Spanish Empire and Miguel López de Legazpi

Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

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Mississippi

Mississippi is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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Mohammed V of Morocco

Mohammed al-Khamis bin Yusef bin Hassan al-Alawi, better known simply Mohammed V (10 August 1909 – 26 February 1961), was the last Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to 1953 and from 1955 to 1957, and first King of Morocco from 1957 to 1961.

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Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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Morotai

Morotai Island (Pulau Morotai) is an island in the Halmahera group of eastern Indonesia's Maluku Islands (Moluccas).

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Multiracial people

The terms multiracial people or mixed-race people refer to people who are of more than two ''races'', and the terms multi-ethnic people or ethnically mixed people refer to people who are of more than two ethnicities.

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Music of Latin America

The music of Latin America refers to music originating from Latin America, namely the Romance-speaking regions of the Americas south of the United States.

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Nahuatl

Nahuatl, Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

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Names of Japan

The word Japan is an exonym, and is used (in one form or another) by many languages.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

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Narváez expedition

The Narváez expedition was a Spanish expedition started in 1527 that was intended to explore Florida and establish colonial settlements. Spanish Empire and Narváez expedition are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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National Palace (Mexico)

The National Palace (Palacio Nacional) is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico.

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Navarre

Navarre, officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.

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Neapolitan language

Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano; napoletano) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance group spoken in Naples and most of continental Southern Italy.

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Nebraska

Nebraska is a triply landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Nevada

Nevada is a landlocked state in the Western region of the United States.

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New Mexico

New Mexico (Nuevo MéxicoIn Peninsular Spanish, a spelling variant, Méjico, is also used alongside México. According to the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the spelling version with J is correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one that is used in Mexican Spanish.; Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States.

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New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. Spanish Empire and New Spain are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

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New York Harbor

New York Harbor is a bay that covers all of the Upper Bay and an extremely small portion of the Lower Bay.

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Nicaragua

Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest country in Central America, comprising.

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Niger

Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a country in West Africa.

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Niger River

The Niger River is the main river of West Africa, extending about. Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the Sierra Leone border. It runs in a crescent shape through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Nikolai Rezanov

Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (Николай Петрович Резанов., –), a Russian nobleman and statesman, promoted the project of Russian colonization of Alaska and California to three successive Emperors of All Russia—Catherine the Great, Paul, and Aleksander I. Aleksander I commissioned Rezanov as Russian ambassador to Japan (1804) with the aim of concluding a commercial treaty.

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Nootka Convention

The Nootka Sound Conventions were a series of three agreements between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Great Britain, signed in the 1790s, which averted a war between the two countries over overlapping claims to portions of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America.

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Nootka Crisis

The Nootka Crisis, also known as the Spanish Armament, was an international incident and political dispute between the Nuu-chah-nulth Nation, Spain, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the fledgling United States of America triggered by a series of events revolving around sovereignty claims and rights of navigation and trade.

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Normandy

Normandy (Normandie; Normaundie, Nouormandie; from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.

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North America

North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.

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Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

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Northern Utina

The Northern Utina, also known as the Timucua or simply Utina, were a Timucua people of northern Florida.

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Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a province of Canada, located on its east coast.

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Nueva Planta decrees

The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta, Decrets de Nova Planta, "Decrees of the New Plant") were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V, the first Bourbon King of Spain, during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Nueva Vizcaya

Nueva Vizcaya, officially the Province of Nueva Vizcaya (Probinsia ti Nueva Vizcaya; Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya; Pangasinan: Luyag/Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya; Lalawigan ng Nueva Vizcaya), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon.

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Nuevo León

Nuevo León (English: New León), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León) is a state in northeastern Mexico.

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Occitan language

Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.

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Oceania

Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

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Ogooué River

The Ogooué (or Ogowe), also known as the Nazareth River, some long, is the principal river of Gabon in west-central Africa and the fourth largest river in Africa by volume of discharge, trailing only the Congo, Kasai and Niger. Its watershed drains nearly the entire country of Gabon, with some tributaries reaching into the Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea.

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Oklahoma

Oklahoma (Choctaw: Oklahumma) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.

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Old World

The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.

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Oran

Oran (Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria.

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Oregon

Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. Spanish Empire and Ottoman Empire are former empires, historical transcontinental empires and overseas empires.

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Ottoman–Habsburg wars

The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Habsburg Spain.

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Our Lady of Guadalupe

Our Lady of Guadalupe (Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe (Virgen de Guadalupe), is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus associated with a series of five Marian apparitions to a Mexican peasant named Juan Diego and his uncle, Juan Bernardino, which are believed to have occurred in December 1531, when the Mexican territories were under the Spanish Empire.

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Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.

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Panama

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.

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Papal bull

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.

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Paraguay

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay; Paraguái Tavakuairetã), is a landlocked country in South America.

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Paraná (state)

Paraná is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country.

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Parias

In medieval Spain, parias (from medieval Latin pariāre, "to make equal ", i.e. pay) were a form of tribute paid by the taifas of al-Andalus to the Christian kingdoms of the north.

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Paternalism

Paternalism is action that limits a person's or group's liberty or autonomy and is intended to promote their own good.

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Patio process

The patio process is a process for extracting silver from ore.

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Patriot governments

The term "patriot" is used to refer to supporters of Spanish American independence and of their governments that emerged during the revolutions between 1808 and 1825.

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Peace of Utrecht

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.

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Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera

() is a Spanish exclave and rocky tidal island in the western Mediterranean Sea connected to the Moroccan shore by a sandy isthmus.

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Pedro Álvares Cabral

Pedro Álvares Cabral (born Pedro Álvares de Gouveia) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil.

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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Pedro (Menéndez) d'Avilés; 15 February 1519 – 17 September 1574) was a Spanish admiral, explorer and conquistador from Avilés, in Asturias, Spain.

See Spanish Empire and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.

See Spanish Empire and Peninsular War

Perejil Island

Perejil Island,(Isla de Perejil, Tura or Toṛa, translit) also known as Parsley Island, is a small, uninhabited rocky islet located off the coast of Morocco.

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Perejil Island crisis

The Perejil Island crisis was a bloodless armed conflict between Spain and Morocco that took place on 11–18 July 2002.

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Personal union

A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.

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Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Piet Pieterszoon Hein

Piet Pieterszoon Hein (25 November 1577 – 18 June 1629) was a Dutch admiral and privateer for the Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years' War.

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Plantation

Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.

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Plaza de Armas

The Plaza de Armas (literally Weapons Square, but better translated as Parade Square or parade ground) is a common name given to public squares in Latin America, Spain and the Philippines.

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Plazas de soberanía

The plazas de soberanía (lit. "strongholds of sovereignty") are a series of Spanish overseas minor territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco in Africa, or that are closer to Africa than Europe.

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Plus ultra

Plus ultra ("Further beyond") is a Latin phrase and the national motto of Spain.

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Polysynodial System

The Polysynodial System, Polysynodial Regime (régimen polisinodial) or System of Councils was the way of organization of the composite monarchy ruled by the Catholic Monarchs and the Spanish Habsburgs, which entrusted the central administration in a group of collegiate bodies (councils) already existing or created ex novo. Spanish Empire and Polysynodial System are history of European colonialism, overseas empires and Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Popayán

Popayán is the capital of the Colombian department of Cauca.

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Pope Sixtus IV

Pope Sixtus IV (Sisto IV; born Francesco della Rovere; 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death, in August 1484.

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Porcelain

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between.

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Portuguese Africa

Portuguese Africa may refer to.

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Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India

The Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India was the first recorded trip directly from Europe to the Indian subcontinent, via the Cape of Good Hope.

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Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and later overseas territories, governed by the Kingdom of Portugal, and later the Republic of Portugal. Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire are Christian states, former empires, historical transcontinental empires, history of European colonialism and overseas empires.

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Portuguese Gold Coast

The Portuguese Gold Coast was a Portuguese colony on the West African Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) along the Gulf of Guinea.

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Portuguese India

The State of India (Estado da Índia), also referred as the Portuguese State of India (Estado Português da India, EPI) or simply Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa), was a state of the Portuguese Empire founded six years after the discovery of a sea route to the Indian subcontinent by Vasco da Gama, a subject of the Kingdom of Portugal.

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Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

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Portuguese maritime exploration

Portuguese maritime exploration resulted in the numerous territories and maritime routes recorded by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime journeys during the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Portuguese Restoration War

The Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração), historically known as the Acclamation War (Guerra da Aclamação), was the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union.

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Praia da Vitória

Praia da Vitória (translating as "Beach of Victory") is a municipality in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

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Precious metal

Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

Dom Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator (Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador), was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.

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Privateer

A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war.

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Prize (law)

In admiralty law prizes (from the Old French prise, "taken, seized") are equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict.

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Protectorate

A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.

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Province of North Carolina

The Province of North Carolina, originally known as Albemarle Province, was a proprietary colony and later royal colony of Great Britain that existed in North America from 1712 to 1776.

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Puerto Rico

-;. Spanish Empire and Puerto Rico are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Quechuan languages

Quechua, also called Runasimi ('people's language') in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes.

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Quivira

Quivira was a province of the ancestral Wichita people, located near the Great Bend of the Arkansas River in central Kansas, The exact site may be near present-day Lyons extending northeast to Salina. Spanish Empire and Quivira are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Ras Nouadhibou

Ras Nouadhibou (رأس نواذيبو) is a peninsula or headland divided by the border between Mauritania and Western Sahara on the African coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Río de la Plata

The Río de la Plata, also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda.

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Río de Oro

Río de Oro (Spanish for "River of Gold";, Wādī-aḏ-Ḏāhab, often transliterated as Oued Edhahab) was, with Saguia el-Hamra, one of the two territories that formed the Spanish province of Spanish Sahara after 1969; it had been taken as a Spanish colonial possession in the late 19th century.

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Río Muni

Río Muni (called Mbini in Fang) is the Continental Region (called Región Continental in Spanish) of Equatorial Guinea, and comprises the mainland geographical region, covering.

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Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Spanish Empire and Reconquista

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Religion in the Inca Empire

The Inca religion was a group of beliefs and rites that were related to a mythological system evolving from pre-Inca times to Inca Empire.

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Religious tolerance

Religious tolerance or religious toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful".

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Repartimiento

The Repartimiento (Spanish, "distribution, partition, or division") was a colonial labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines. Spanish Empire and Repartimiento are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Republic of Genoa

The Republic of Genoa (Repúbrica de Zêna; Repubblica di Genova; Res Publica Ianuensis) was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast. Spanish Empire and republic of Genoa are Christian states.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Spanish Empire and republic of Venice are Christian states.

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Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)

The Revolt of the Comuneros was a popular uprising in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (now Colombia and parts of Venezuela) against the Spanish authorities from March through October 1781.

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Rif War

The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between Spain (joined by France in 1924) and the Berber tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco. Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and with the help of captured European weapons.

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Rifians

Riffians or Rifians (singular) are a Berber ethnic group originally from the Rif region of northeastern Morocco (includes the autonomous city of Spain, Melilla).

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Rio Grande do Sul

Rio Grande do Sul ("Great River of the South") is a state in the southern region of Brazil.

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Roman conquest of Britain

The Roman conquest of Britain was the Roman Empire's conquest of most of the island of Britain, which was inhabited by the Celtic Britons.

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Roman Inquisition

The Roman Inquisition, formally, was a system of partisan tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes according to Catholic law and doctrine, relating to Catholic religious life or alternative religious or secular beliefs.

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Romanus Pontifex

Romanus Pontifex (from Latin: "The Roman Pontiff") is the title of at least three papal bulls.

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Roof tiles

Roof tiles are overlapping tiles designed mainly to keep out precipitation such as rain or snow, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate.

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Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada

The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada (Expedición Botánica al Virreinato de Nueva Granada.) took place between 1783 and 1816 in the territories of New Granada, covering present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Peru and northern Brazil and western Guyana.

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Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain

The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain (Expedición Botánica al Virreinato de Nueva España.) was a scientific expedition to survey the flora and fauna of the territories of New Spain between 1787 and 1803 and to establish a botanical garden.

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Royal fifth

The royal fifth (Spanish and quinto real / quinto del rey) is a historical royal tax which reserves to the monarch 20% of all precious metals and other commodities (including slaves) acquired by his subjects as war loot, found as treasure or extracted by mining. Spanish Empire and royal fifth are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Russian colonization of North America

From 1732 to 1867, the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas. Spanish Empire and Russian colonization of North America are history of European colonialism and overseas empires.

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Russian-American Company

The Russian-American Company Under the High Patronage of His Imperial Majesty was a state-sponsored chartered company formed largely on the basis of the United American Company.

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Ruy López de Villalobos

Ruy López de Villalobos (– 23 April 1546) was a Spanish explorer who led a failed attempt to colonize the Philippines in 1544, attempting to assert Spanish control there under the terms of the treaties of Tordesillas and Zaragoza.

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Saguia el-Hamra

Saguia el-Hamra (Saguía el Hamra, translit) was, with Río de Oro, one of the two territories that formed the Spanish province of Spanish Sahara after 1969.

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Saint Kitts

Saint Kitts, officially Saint Christopher, is an island in the West Indies.

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Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson (– 13 December 1784), often called Dr Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions as a poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, literary critic, sermonist, biographer, editor, and lexicographer.

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San Luis Potosí (city)

San Luis Potosí, commonly referred to as San Luis, or by its initials SLP (Otomi), is the capital and the most populous city of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí.

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Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña

Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (literally Holy Cross of the Little Sea) was a 15th century Spanish settlement close to Akhfennir, in the Tarfaya Province, in Morocco.

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Santa Fe Province

The Province of Santa Fe (Provincia de Santa Fe,, lit. "Holy Faith") is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country.

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Santa María la Antigua del Darién

Santa María la Antigua del Darién—turned into Dariena in the Latin of De Orbo Novo—was a Spanish colonial town founded in 1510 by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, located in present-day Colombia approximately south of Acandí, within the municipality of Unguía in the Chocó Department.

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Santo Domingo

Santo Domingo (meaning "Saint Dominic" but verbatim "Holy Sunday"), once known as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, known as Ciudad Trujillo between 1936 and 1961, is the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population.

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Sardinian language

Sardinian or Sard (sardu,, limba sarda,, or lìngua sarda) is a Romance language spoken by the Sardinians on the Western Mediterranean island of Sardinia.

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São Paulo

São Paulo is the most populous city in Brazil and the capital of the state of São Paulo.

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São Paulo (state)

São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus.

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School of Salamanca

The School of Salamanca (Escuela de Salamanca) is an intellectual movement of 16th-century and 17th-century Iberian Scholastic theologians rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria.

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Sebastián Vizcaíno

Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548–1624) was a Spanish soldier, entrepreneur, explorer, and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain, the Baja California peninsula, the California coast and Asia.

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Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939.

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Seven Cities of Gold

The myth of the Seven Cities of Gold, also known as the Seven Cities of Cíbola, was popular in the 16th century and later featured in several works of popular culture.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Sicilian language

Sicilian (sicilianu,; siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.

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Sidi Ifni

Sidi Ifni (Berber: Ifni, ⵉⴼⵏⵉ, سيدي إفني) is a city located on the west coast of Morocco, on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 20,051 people.

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Siege of Baler

The Siege of Baler (Pagkubkob sa Baler; Sitio de Baler) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution.

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Siege of Havana

The Siege of Havana was a successful British siege against Spanish-ruled Havana that lasted from March to August 1762, as part of the Seven Years' War.

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Siege of St. Augustine (1740)

The siege of St.

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Sikhism

Sikhism, also known as Sikhi (ਸਿੱਖੀ,, from translit), is a monotheistic religion and philosophy, that originated in the Punjab region of India around the end of the 15th century CE.

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Silver mining

Silver mining is the extraction of silver by mining.

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Simón Bolívar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.

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Sinaloa

Sinaloa, officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa (Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

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South Italy

South Italy (Italia meridionale or Sud Italia) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first level NUTS region and a European Parliament constituency.

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Southwestern United States

The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that includes Arizona and New Mexico, along with adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.

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Spain in the 17th century

Habsburg Spain was at the height of its power and cultural influence at the beginning of the 17th century, but military, political, and economic difficulties were already being discussed within Spain.

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Spaniards

Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a people native to Spain.

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Spanish Alarm

The Spanish Alarm was a period from 1739 to 1748 in North America during the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain.

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Spanish America

Spanish America refers to the Spanish territories in the Americas during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish American Enlightenment

The ideas of the Spanish Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, science, practicality, clarity rather than obscurantism, and secularism, were transmitted from France to the New World in the eighteenth century, following the establishment of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain. Spanish Empire and Spanish American Enlightenment are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish American wars of independence

The Spanish American wars of independence (Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) took place throughout Spanish America during the early 19th century, with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule. Spanish Empire and Spanish American wars of independence are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada (often known as Invincible Armada, or the Enterprise of England, lit) was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by Alonso de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by Philip II of Spain.

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Spanish assault on French Florida

The Spanish assault on French Florida began as part of imperial Spain's geopolitical strategy of developing colonies in the New World to protect its claimed territories against incursions by other European powers.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists.

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Spanish Colonial architecture

Spanish colonial architecture represents Spanish colonial influence on the cities and towns of its former colonies, and is still seen in the architecture as well as in the city planning aspects of conserved present-day cities.

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Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile. Spanish Empire and Spanish colonization of the Americas are former empires.

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Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre

The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524.

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Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)

The Spanish conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir took place from 15 June to 2 July 1732, between the Kingdom of Spain and the Deylik of Algiers.

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Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was a pivotal event in the history of the Americas, marked by the collision of the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Spanish Empire, ultimately reshaping the course of human history.

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Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

Spanish conquest of the Maya

The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, in which the Spanish conquistadores and their allies gradually incorporated the territory of the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain.

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Spanish conquest of the Muisca

The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took place from 1537 to 1540.

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Spanish Constitution of 1812

The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy (Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz (Constitución de Cádiz) and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest codified constitutions in world history.

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Spanish dollar

The Spanish dollar, also known as the piece of eight (real de a ocho, dólar, peso duro, peso fuerte or peso), is a silver coin of approximately diameter worth eight Spanish reales.

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Spanish East Indies

The Spanish East Indies were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through the captaincy general in Manila for the Spanish Crown, initially reporting to Mexico City, then Madrid, then later directly reporting to Madrid after the Spanish American Wars of Independence.

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Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest

During the Age of Discovery, the Spanish Empire undertook several expeditions to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Spanish Empire and Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish Guinea

Spanish Guinea (Guinea Española) was a set of insular and continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

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Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)

The Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) between 5 May and 24 November, was a military episode in the wider Fantastic War in which Spain and France were defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance with broad popular resistance.

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Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

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Spanish missions in California

The Spanish missions in California (Misiones españolas en California) formed a series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California.

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Spanish Navy

The Spanish Navy or officially, the Armada, is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world.

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Spanish Netherlands

The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.

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Spanish North Africa

Spanish North Africa may refer to.

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Spanish peseta

The peseta was the currency of Spain between 1868 and 2002.

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Spanish protectorate in Morocco

The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.

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Spanish real

The real (English: /ɹeɪˈɑl/ Spanish: /reˈal/) (meaning: "royal", plural: reales) was a unit of currency in Spain for several centuries after the mid-14th century.

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Spanish Sahara

Spanish Sahara (Sahara Español; As-Sahrā'a Al-Isbānīyah), officially the Spanish Possessions in the Sahara from 1884 to 1958, then Province of the Sahara between 1958 and 1976, was the name used for the modern territory of Western Sahara when it was occupied and ruled by Spain between 1884 and 1976. Spanish Empire and Spanish Sahara are 1976 disestablishments in Spain and states and territories disestablished in 1976.

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Spanish transition to democracy

The Spanish transition to democracy, known in Spain as la Transición or la Transición española, is a period of modern Spanish history encompassing the regime change that moved from the Francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system, in the form of constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I.

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Spanish treasure fleet

The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet (Flota de Indias, also called silver fleet or plate fleet; from the plata meaning "silver"), was a convoy system of sea routes organized by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, which linked Spain with its territories in the Americas across the Atlantic. Spanish Empire and Spanish treasure fleet are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War

During the Third Rif War in Spanish Morocco between 1921 and 1927, the Spanish Army of Africa deployed chemical weapons in an attempt to put down the Berber rebellion against colonial rule in the region of Rif led by the guerrilla Abd el-Krim.

See Spanish Empire and Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War

Spanish West Africa

Spanish West Africa (AOE) was a grouping of Spanish colonies along the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa.

See Spanish Empire and Spanish West Africa

Spanish West Indies

The Spanish West Indies, Spanish Caribbean or the Spanish Antilles (also known as "Las Antillas Occidentales" or simply "Las Antillas Españolas" in Spanish) were Spanish territories in the Caribbean. Spanish Empire and Spanish West Indies are 1492 establishments in the Spanish Empire, Spanish colonization of the Americas and states and territories established in 1492.

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Spanish–American War

The Spanish–American War (April 21 – December 10, 1898) began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.

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Spanish–Chamorro Wars

The Spanish–Chamorro Wars, also known as the Chamorro Wars and the Spanish–Chamorro War, refer to the late seventeenth century unrest among the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific Ocean against the colonial effort of Habsburg Spain.

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Sphere of influence

In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity.

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Spice

In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food.

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St. Augustine, Florida

St.

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State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.

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Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Tagalog language

Tagalog (Baybayin) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority.

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Taifa

The taifas (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if, meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031.

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Tamaulipas

Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas (Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas), is a state in Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Tampa Bay

Tampa Bay is a large natural harbor and shallow estuary connected to the Gulf of Mexico on the west-central coast of Florida, comprising Hillsborough Bay, McKay Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay.

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Tangier International Zone

The Tangier International Zone (Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya;; Zona Internacional de Tánger) was a international zone centered on the city of Tangier, Morocco, which existed from 1925 until its reintegration into independent Morocco in 1956, with interruption during the Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945), and special economic status extended until early 1960. Spanish Empire and Tangier International Zone are history of European colonialism.

See Spanish Empire and Tangier International Zone

Tarfaya

Tarfaya (طرفاية - Ṭarfāya; ⵟⵔⴼⴰⵢⴰ) is a coastal Moroccan town, located at the level of Cape Juby, in western Morocco, on the Atlantic coast.

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Túpac Amaru II

José Gabriel Condorcanqui (– 18 May 1781)known as Tupaq Amaru II was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean rebellion against the Spanish in Peru as self-proclaimed Sapa Inca of a new Inca Empire.

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Tenerife

Tenerife (formerly spelled Teneriffe) is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands.

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Terceira Island

Terceira is a volcanic island in the Azores archipelago, about a third of the way across the North Atlantic Ocean at a similar latitude to Portugal's capital Lisbon, and the island group is an insular part of Portugal.

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Tercio

A tercio, Spanish for " third") was a military unit of the Spanish Army during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and Habsburg Spain in the early modern period. They were the elite military units of the Spanish monarchy and the essential pieces of the powerful land forces of the Spanish Empire, sometimes also fighting with the navy.

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Ternate

Ternate, also known as the City of Ternate, is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States.

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The Bahamas

The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean.

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The Californias

The Californias (Las Californias), occasionally known as the Three Californias or the Two Californias, are a region of North America spanning the United States and Mexico, consisting of the U.S. state of California and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. Spanish Empire and the Californias are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and The Californias

The empire on which the sun never sets

The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" (el imperio donde nunca se pone el sol) has been used to describe certain global empires that were so territorially extensive that it seemed as though it was always daytime in at least one part of their territory.

See Spanish Empire and The empire on which the sun never sets

Third Treaty of San Ildefonso

The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between Spain and the French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.

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Tidore

Tidore (Kota Tidore Kepulauan, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera.

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Tingitan Peninsula

The Tingitan Peninsula, also known as the Tangier Peninsula, is a small peninsula in northwest Africa, which together with the southernmost part of mainland Spain (Iberian Peninsula), forms the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic Ocean boundary with the Mediterranean Sea.

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Tiris Zemmour Region

Tiris Zemmour (translit) is the northernmost region of Mauritania.

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Town square

A square (or plaza, public square, or urban square) is an open public space used for various activities.

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Trade route

A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo.

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.

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Treaty of Alcáçovas

The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) was signed on 4 September 1479 between the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal, on the other side. Spanish Empire and Treaty of Alcáçovas are history of European colonialism.

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Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559 ended the 1494 to 1559 Italian Wars.

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Treaty of El Pardo (1778)

The Treaty of El Pardo signed on 11 March 1778 sought to end conflict between Spain and Portugal in the Río de la Plata region, along the modern boundary between Argentina and Uruguay.

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Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)

The Treaty of Fontainebleau, signed on November 3, 1762, was a secret agreement of 1762 in which the Kingdom of France ceded Louisiana to Spain.

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Treaty of Lisbon (1668)

The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of England in which Spain recognised the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza.

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Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)

The Treaty of Madrid (also known as the Treaty of Limits of the Conquests) was an agreement concluded between Spain and Portugal on 13 January 1750. Spanish Empire and Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750) are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Treaty of Paris (1900)

The Treaty of Paris was signed on 27 June 1900 between representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the French Third Republic.

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Treaty of Tangier (1844)

The Treaty of Tangier was signed in Tangier on 10 September 1844, whereby the Franco-Moroccan War was ended and Morocco officially recognised Algeria as a French possession.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. Spanish Empire and Treaty of Tordesillas are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Triangular trade

Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

See Spanish Empire and Triangular trade

Tribute

A tribute (from Latin tributum, "contribution") is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect.

See Spanish Empire and Tribute

Tripoli, Libya

Tripoli (translation) is the capital and largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.183 million people in 2023.

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Tunis

Tunis (تونس) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia.

See Spanish Empire and Tunis

Tuskaloosa

Tuskaloosa (Tuskalusa, Tastaluca, Tuskaluza) (died 1540) was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Ubangi River

The Ubangi River, also spelled Oubangui, (Mto Ubangi, Fleuve Oubangui, Mubangi Stroom) is a river in Central Africa, and the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins at the confluence of the Mbomou (mean annual discharge 1,350 m3/s) and Uele Rivers (mean annual discharge 1,550 m3/s) and flows west, forming the border between Central African Republic (CAR) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

See Spanish Empire and Ubangi River

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance.

See Spanish Empire and UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

United States Military Government in Cuba

The United States Military Government in Cuba (Spanish: Gobierno militar estadounidense en Cuba or Gobierno militar americano en Cuba), was a provisional military government in Cuba that was established in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War in 1898 when Spain ceded Cuba to the United States.

See Spanish Empire and United States Military Government in Cuba

Universal monarchy

A universal monarchy is a concept and political situation where one monarchy is deemed to have either sole rule over everywhere (or at least the predominant part of a geopolitical area or areas) or to have a special supremacy over all other states (or at least all the states in a geopolitical area or areas).

See Spanish Empire and Universal monarchy

University of Alcalá

The University of Alcalá (Universidad de Alcalá) is a public university located in Alcalá de Henares, a city 35 km (22 miles) northeast of Madrid in Spain and also the third-largest city of the region.

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University of Salamanca

The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca) is a Spanish public research university, located in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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University of Valladolid

The University of Valladolid is a public university located in the city of Valladolid, Valladolid province, autonomous region of Castile and Leon, Spain.

See Spanish Empire and University of Valladolid

Upper Peru

Upper Peru is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas.

See Spanish Empire and Upper Peru

Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.

See Spanish Empire and Uruguay

Utah

Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

See Spanish Empire and Utah

Valencian language

Valencian (valencià) or the Valencian language (llengua valenciana) is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the Romance language also known as Catalan, 20 minutos, 7 January 2008.

See Spanish Empire and Valencian language

Valladolid

Valladolid is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

See Spanish Empire and Valladolid

Vancouver Island

Vancouver Island is an island in the northeastern Pacific Ocean and part of the Canadian province of British Columbia.

See Spanish Empire and Vancouver Island

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475around January 12–21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. Spanish Empire and Vasco Núñez de Balboa are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Venezuela

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

See Spanish Empire and Venezuela

Veracruz

Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

See Spanish Empire and Veracruz

Viceroy

A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. Spanish Empire and viceroy are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Viceroy

Viceroyalty of New Granada

The Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada (Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada), also called Viceroyalty of New Granada or Viceroyalty of Santafé, was the name given on 27 May 1717 to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela. Spanish Empire and Viceroyalty of New Granada are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Viceroyalty of New Granada

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Virreinato del Río de la Plata or Virreinato de las Provincias del Río de la Plata) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of one of the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. Spanish Empire and viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata are Spanish colonization of the Americas.

See Spanish Empire and Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

See Spanish Empire and Vichy France

War of Jenkins' Ear

The War of Jenkins' Ear (lit) was a conflict lasting from 1739 to 1748 between Britain and Spain.

See Spanish Empire and War of Jenkins' Ear

War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

See Spanish Empire and War of the Austrian Succession

War of the Castilian Succession

The War of the Castilian Succession was the military conflict contested from 1475 to 1479 for the succession of the Crown of Castile fought between the supporters of Joanna 'la Beltraneja', reputed daughter of the late monarch Henry IV of Castile, and those of Henry's half-sister, Isabella, who was ultimately successful.

See Spanish Empire and War of the Castilian Succession

War of the League of Cambrai

The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and several other names, was fought from February 1508 to December 1516 as part of the Italian Wars of 1494–1559.

See Spanish Empire and War of the League of Cambrai

War of the Polish Succession

The War of the Polish Succession (Wojna o sukcesję polską; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over the succession to Augustus II the Strong, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests.

See Spanish Empire and War of the Polish Succession

War of the Portuguese Succession

The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.

See Spanish Empire and War of the Portuguese Succession

War of the Quadruple Alliance

The War of the Quadruple Alliance was fought from 1718 to 1720 by Spain, and the Quadruple Alliance, a coalition between Britain, France, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.

See Spanish Empire and War of the Quadruple Alliance

War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.

See Spanish Empire and War of the Spanish Succession

War reparations

War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other.

See Spanish Empire and War reparations

West Florida

West Florida (Florida Occidental) was a region on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico that underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history.

See Spanish Empire and West Florida

Western Hemisphere

The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian—which crosses Greenwich, London, England—and east of the 180th meridian.

See Spanish Empire and Western Hemisphere

World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

See Spanish Empire and World Heritage Site

Wyoming

Wyoming is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

See Spanish Empire and Wyoming

Yuma Crossing

Yuma Crossing is a site in Arizona and California that is significant for its association with transportation and communication across the Colorado River.

See Spanish Empire and Yuma Crossing

Yuma, Arizona

Yuma is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States.

See Spanish Empire and Yuma, Arizona

Zapotec languages

The Zapotec languages are a group of around 50 closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages that constitute a main branch of the Oto-Manguean language family and which is spoken by the Zapotec people from the southwestern-central highlands of Mexico.

See Spanish Empire and Zapotec languages

Zuni people

The Zuni (A:shiwi; formerly spelled Zuñi) are Native American Pueblo peoples native to the Zuni River valley.

See Spanish Empire and Zuni people

See also

1492 establishments in Spain

• Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)
• Spanish Empire

1492 establishments in the Spanish Empire

• Columbian Viceroyalty
• List of viceroys of New Spain
• Spanish Empire
• Spanish West Indies

1976 disestablishments in Spain

• Authi
• Democratic Junta of Spain
• Doblón
• Ministry of Development Planning (Spain)
• Real Sociedad HH
• Second government of Carlos Arias Navarro
• Spanish Empire
• Spanish Sahara
• Super Ser (cycling team)
• Vindicación Feminista

2nd millennium in Spain

• Al-Andalus
• Spanish Empire

Historical transcontinental empires

• Abbasid Caliphate
• Achaemenid Empire
• Afsharid Iran
• Almohad Caliphate
• Almoravid dynasty
• Ayyubid dynasty
• Belgian colonial empire
• British Empire
• Byzantine Empire
• Danish overseas colonies
• Dutch colonial empire
• Fatimid Caliphate
• First French Empire
• First Turkic Khaganate
• French colonial empire
• Golden Horde
• Italian Empire
• Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
• Mamluk Sultanate
• Mongol Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Portuguese Empire
• Rashidun Caliphate
• Roman Empire
• Russian Empire
• Safavid Iran
• Soviet Union
• Spanish Empire
• Timurid Empire
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Western Roman Empire
• Western Turkic Khaganate

Kingdom of Castile

• Admiral of Castile
• Archivo General de Simancas
• Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms
• Border of Granada
• Castile (historical region)
• Castilians
• Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)
• Crown of Castile
• Crown of Sancho IV
• Family tree of Castilian monarchs
• Four Kingdoms of Andalusia
• Heraldry of Castile
• Isabella I of Castile
• Kingdom of Córdoba
• Kingdom of Castile
• Kingdom of Galicia
• Kingdom of Gibraltar
• Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)
• Kingdom of Jaén
• Kingdom of León
• Kingdom of Murcia
• Kingdom of Navarre
• Kingdom of Seville
• Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)
• Liga Nobiliaria
• List of Castilian monarchs
• Lordship of Biscay
• Lordship of Villena
• Mesta
• Regalía de aposento
• Sexmo
• Spanish Empire
• Trastámaran Castile

Overseas empires

• 1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola
• American imperialism
• Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
• Athenian Empire
• Austrian colonial policy
• Belgian colonial empire
• British Empire
• Chola Empire
• Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
• Chola invasion of Srivijaya
• Colonial empire
• Curonian colonisation
• Danish overseas colonies
• Dutch colonial empire
• English overseas possessions
• Factory (trading post)
• French colonial empire
• Genoese colonies
• German Empire
• German colonial empire
• History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
• Informal empire
• Italian Empire
• Japanese colonial empire
• Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
• Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
• List of countries that have gained independence from Spain
• List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom
• List of possessions of Norway
• Omani Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Pandyan Empire
• Polysynodial System
• Portuguese Empire
• Realm of New Zealand
• Russian colonization of North America
• Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)
• Scottish colonization of the Americas
• Sovereign Military Order of Malta
• Spanish Empire
• Stato da Màr
• Swedish colonial empire
• Swedish overseas colonies
• Taiwan under Qing rule
• Timeline of British diplomatic history
• Timeline of European imperialism
• Tuʻi Tonga Empire
• Yapese Empire

States and territories disestablished in 1976

• British Western Pacific Territories
• Colchagua (historical province)
• Dąbie (former district of Szczecin)
• Gilbert and Ellice Islands
• Isla de Pascua Department
• Maipo Department
• Minho Province
• Nad Odrą
• North Vietnam
• North-Eastern State
• North-Western State
• Pogodno (former district of Szczecin)
• Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
• Republic of Cabinda
• Spanish Empire
• Spanish Sahara
• Śródmieście (former district of Szczecin)

States and territories established in 1492

• France in the early modern period
• Spanish Empire
• Spanish West Indies

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire

Also known as Colonial Spain, Empire of Spain, Imperial Spain, Imperio Español, Spanish Colonial Empire, Spanish Colonialism, Spanish Colonies, Spanish Colonisation, Spanish Colonization, Spanish Colony, Spanish South America, Spanish conquest, Spanish discoveries, The Spanish Empire.

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