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TIGR

Index TIGR

TIGR, an abbreviation for Trst (Trieste), Istra (Istria), Gorica (Gorizia) and Reka (Rijeka), full name Revolutionary Organization of the Julian March T.I.G.R. (Revolucionarna organizacija Julijske krajine T.I.G.R.), was a militant anti-fascist and insurgent organization established as a response to the Fascist Italianization of the Slovene and Croat people on part of the former Austro-Hungarian territories that became part of Italy after the First World War, and were known at the time as the Julian March. [1]

82 relations: Anschluss, Anti-fascism, Assassination, Austria-Hungary, Austrian Littoral, Benito Mussolini, Branko Marušič, Carabinieri, Catholic Church, Christian socialism, Ciril Kosmač, Civic nationalism, Communism, Communist Party of Italy, Communist state, Croatian language, Croats, Engelbert Besednjak, Europe, Exile, Fascism, Gentile Reform, Giustizia e Libertà, Goriška, Gorizia, Ilirska Bistrica, Inner Carniola, Insurgency, Internment, Invasion of Yugoslavia, Istria, Italian Fascism, Italianization, Italy, Josip Vilfan, Julian March, Karst Plateau, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Klement Jug, Kobarid, Lavo Čermelj, Left-wing politics, Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation, Lojze Bratuž, Marta Verginella, Milan Kučan, Milica Kacin Wohinz, Militant, Minority rights, Munich Agreement, ..., Nanos (plateau), Nation state, National Fascist Party, Nazi Germany, Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists, OVRA, Pazin, Postojna, President of Slovenia, Rijeka, Slavic languages, Slavic names, Slovene language, Slovene Littoral, Slovene minority in Italy (1920–47), Slovene Partisans, Slovene Society, Slovenes, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia, State decoration, Terrorism, Tolmin, Trieste, United Kingdom, Villa Opicina, Vipava Valley, Vladimir Bartol, World War I, World War II, Yugoslav Partisans, Yugoslavia. Expand index (32 more) »

Anschluss

Anschluss ('joining') refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.

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Anti-fascism

Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals.

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Assassination

Assassination is the killing of a prominent person, either for political or religious reasons or for payment.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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Austrian Littoral

The Austrian Littoral (Österreichisches Küstenland, Litorale Austriaco, Avstrijsko primorje, Austrijsko primorje, Osztrák Partvidék) was a crown land (Kronland) of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849.

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Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF).

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Branko Marušič

Branko Marušič (born 1938) is a Slovenian historian.

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Carabinieri

The Carabinieri (formally Arma dei Carabinieri, "Carabinieri Force" or previously Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali, "Royal Carabinieri Corps") is the fourth Italian military force charged with police duties under the authority of the Ministry of Defense.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Christian socialism

Christian socialism is a form of religious socialism based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

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Ciril Kosmač

Ciril Kosmač (28 September 1910 – 28 January 1980) was a Slovenian novelist and screenwriter.

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Civic nationalism

Civic nationalism, also known as liberal nationalism, is a form of nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in an inclusive form of nationalism that adheres with traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.

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Communism

In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.

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Communist Party of Italy

The Communist Party of Italy (Partito Comunista d'Italia, PCd'I) was a communist political party in Italy which existed from 1921 to 1926 when it was outlawed by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.

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Communist state

A Communist state (sometimes referred to as workers' state) is a state that is administered and governed by a single party, guided by Marxist–Leninist philosophy, with the aim of achieving communism.

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Croatian language

Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighboring countries.

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Croats

Croats (Hrvati) or Croatians are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia.

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Engelbert Besednjak

Engelbert Besednjak (1894–1968) was a Slovene Christian Democrat politician, lawyer and journalist.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Exile

To be in exile means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state, or country), while either being explicitly refused permission to return or being threatened with imprisonment or death upon return.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Gentile Reform

The Gentile Reform of 1923 was a reform of the Italian educational system through a series of normative acts (royal legislative decrees of 31 December 1922, n. 1679, 16 July 1923, n. 1753, 6 May 1923, n. 1054, 30 September 1923, n. 2102 and 1 October 1923, n. 2185), by the neo-idealist philosopher Giovanni Gentile, minister of education in Benito Mussolini's first cabinet.

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Giustizia e Libertà

Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom) was an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement, active from 1929 to 1945.

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Goriška

Goriška is a historical region in western Slovenia on the border with Italy.

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Gorizia

Gorizia (Gorica, colloquially stara Gorica 'old Gorizia'; Görz, Standard Friulian: Gurize; Southeastern Friulian: Guriza; Bisiacco: Gorisia) is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia.

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Ilirska Bistrica

Ilirska Bistrica (Illyrisch Feistritz; Villa del Nevoso, before 1927: Bisterza) is a town in the Inner Carniola region of southwestern Slovenia.

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Inner Carniola

Inner Carniola (Notranjska) is a traditional region of Slovenia, the southwestern part of the larger Carniola region. It comprises the Hrušica karst plateau up to Postojna Gate, bordering the Slovenian Littoral (Goriška) in the west. Its administrative and economic center of the region is Postojna, while other minor centers include Logatec, Cerknica, Pivka and Ilirska Bistrica.

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Insurgency

An insurgency is a rebellion against authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants).

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges, and thus no trial.

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Invasion of Yugoslavia

The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II.

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Istria

Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra; Istriot: Eîstria; Istria; Istrien), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.

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Italian Fascism

Italian Fascism (fascismo italiano), also known simply as Fascism, is the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy.

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Italianization

Italianization (Italianizzazione; talijanizacija; poitaljančevanje; Italianisierung; Ιταλοποίηση) is the spread of Italian culture, people, or language, either by integration or assimilation.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Josip Vilfan

Josip Vilfan or Wilfan (30 August 1878 - 8 March 1955) was a Slovene lawyer, politician, and human rights activist from Trieste.

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Julian March

The Julian March (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene: Julijska krajina) or Julian Venetia (Venezia Giulia; Venesia Julia; Vignesie Julie; Julisch Venetien) is an area of southeastern Europe which is divided among Croatia, Italy and Slovenia.

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Karst Plateau

The Karst Plateau or the Karst region (Carso; Kras), also simply known as the Karst, is a limestone plateau region extending across the border of southwestern Slovenia and northeastern Italy.

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Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; Кралство Југославија) was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe, that existed from 1918 until 1941, during the interwar period and beginning of World War II.

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Klement Jug

Klement Jug (19 November 1898 – 11 August 1924) was a Slovene philosopher, essayist and mountaineer who died while climbing Mount Triglav.

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Kobarid

Kobarid (Caporetto, Cjaurêt, Karfreit) is a settlement in Slovenia, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Kobarid.

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Lavo Čermelj

Lavo Čermelj, Italianized in Lavo Cermeli (10 October 1889 – 26 January 1980) was a Slovene physicist, political activist, publicist and author.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.

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Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation

The Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation (Osvobodilna fronta slovenskega naroda), or simply Liberation Front (Osvobodilna fronta, acronym OF), originally called the Anti-Imperialist Front (Protiimperialistična fronta, PIF), was the main anti-fascist Slovene civil resistance and political organization.

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Lojze Bratuž

Lojze Bratuž, Italianized name Luigi Bertossi, (17 February 1902 – 16 February 1937) was a Slovene choirmaster and composer from Gorizia that was killed by Italian Fascist squads.

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Marta Verginella

Marta Verginella (born 20 June 1960) is an Italian historian from the Slovene minority in Italy in Trieste, notable as one of the most prominent contemporary Slovene historians.

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Milan Kučan

Milan Kučan (born 14 January 1941) is a Slovenian politician who was the first President of Slovenia from 1991 to 2002.

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Milica Kacin Wohinz

Milica Kacin Wohinz (née Brezigar, born 12 October 1930) is a Slovenian historian, renowned for her seminal study on the history of the forceful Italianization of the Slovene minority in Italy (1920-1947) that took place between 1918 and 1943.

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Militant

The English word militant is both an adjective and a noun, and is generally used to mean vigorously active, combative and aggressive, especially in support of a cause, as in "militant reformers".

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Minority rights

Minority rights are the normal individual rights as applied to members of racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or gender and sexual minorities; and also the collective rights accorded to minority groups.

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Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the "Sudetenland", was coined.

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Nanos (plateau)

Nanos (Monte Re) is a karst limestone plateau at the eastern border of the Inner Carniola in southwestern Slovenia.

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Nation state

A nation state (or nation-state), in the most specific sense, is a country where a distinct cultural or ethnic group (a "nation" or "people") inhabits a territory and have formed a state (often a sovereign state) that they predominantly govern.

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National Fascist Party

The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism (previously represented by groups known as Fasci).

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists

The Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists (Organizacija Jugoslavenskih Nacionalista, ORJUNA; Организација Југославенских Националиста, ОРЈУНА), was a political organization in Yugoslavia that existed from 1921 to 1929.

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OVRA

The Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo (OVRA; Italian for "Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism") was the secret police of the Kingdom of Italy, founded in 1927 under the regime of Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini and during the reign of King Victor Emmanuel III.

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Pazin

Pazin (Pisino, Mitterburg) is a city in western Croatia, the administrative seat of Istria County.

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Postojna

Postojna (Adelsberg, Postumia) is a town in the traditional region of Inner Carniola, from Trieste, in southwestern Slovenia.

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President of Slovenia

The office of President of Slovenia, officially President of the Republic of Slovenia (Predsednik Republike Slovenije), was established on 23 December 1991 when the National Assembly passed a new Constitution as a result of independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

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Rijeka

Rijeka (Fiume; Reka; Sankt Veit am Flaum; see other names) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split).

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Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.

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Slavic names

Given names originating from the Slavic languages are most common in Slavic countries.

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Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenski jezik or slovenščina) belongs to the group of South Slavic languages.

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Slovene Littoral

The Slovene Littoral (Primorska,; Litorale; Küstenland) is one of the five traditional regions of Slovenia.

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Slovene minority in Italy (1920–47)

The Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947) was the indigenous Slovene population—approximately 327,000 out of a total population of 1.3Lipušček, U. (2012) Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915, Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana.

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Slovene Partisans

The Slovene Partisans (formally National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Slovenia) were part of Europe's most effective anti-Nazi resistance movementJeffreys-Jones, R. (2013): In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence, Oxford University Press,, Adams, Simon (2005): The Balkans, Black Rabbit Books,, led by Yugoslav revolutionary communists during World War II, the Yugoslav Partisans.

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Slovene Society

The Slovene Society (Slovenska matica, also Matica slovenska) is the second-oldest publishing house in Slovenia, founded on February 4, 1864 as an institution for the scholarly and cultural progress of Slovenes.

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Slovenes

The Slovenes, also called as Slovenians (Slovenci), are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovenian as their first language.

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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia or SFRY) was a socialist state led by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars.

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Socialist Republic of Slovenia

The Socialist Republic of Slovenia (Socialistična republika Slovenija) was one of the six republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia.

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State decoration

A state decoration is an object, such as a medal or the insignia of an order, that is awarded by a sovereign state to honor the recipient.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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Tolmin

Tolmin (Tolmino,trilingual name Tolmein, Tolmino, Tolmin in: German Tolmein) is a small town in northwestern Slovenia.

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Trieste

Trieste (Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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Villa Opicina

Villa Opicina, also spelled Opicina (Opčine, Triestine: Opcina), is a town in north-eastern Italy, close to the Slovenian border at Fernetti (Fernetiči).

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Vipava Valley

The Vipava Valley (Vipavska dolina, Wippachtal, Valle del Vipacco) is a valley in the Slovenian Littoral, roughly between the village of Podnanos to the east and the border with Italy to the west.

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Vladimir Bartol

Vladimir Bartol (24 February 1903 – 12 September 1967) was a writer from the community of Slovene minority in Italy.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yugoslav Partisans

The Yugoslav Partisans,Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani, Партизани or the National Liberation Army,Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV), Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ); Народноослободителна војска (НОВ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska (NOV) officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia,Narodnooslobodilačka vojska i partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV i POJ), Народноослободилачка војска и партизански одреди Југославије (НОВ и ПОЈ); Народноослободителна војска и партизански одреди на Југославија (НОВ и ПОЈ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska in partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV in POJ) was the Communist-led resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.

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Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija/Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија; Pannonian Rusyn: Югославия, transcr. Juhoslavija)Jugosllavia; Jugoszlávia; Juhoslávia; Iugoslavia; Jugoslávie; Iugoslavia; Yugoslavya; Югославия, transcr. Jugoslavija.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIGR

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