Communication

431 relations: -stan, Abbas I of Persia, Abbasid architecture, Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir), Abdal-Latif Mirza, Abdallah ibn Amir, Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand), Abdul Rashid Dostum, Abdullah Khan II, Abu Bakr Muhammad, Abu Maʿshar, Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad, Abu Sahl Zawzani, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad, Abu-Mansur Daqiqi, Abu-Shakur Balkhi, Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, Afghan Air Force, Afghan Turkestan, Afghanistan, Afghans in India, Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, Ahmad ibn Sahl, Ahmad Maymandi, Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan, Ahmad Sultan Afshar, Ahnaf ibn Qais, Ai-Khanoum, Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ, Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Al-Harith ibn Surayj, Al-Isfizari, Al-Muqanna, Al-Sijzi, Ala al-Din Husayn, Alexandria Arachosia, Alexandria Ariana, Alp-Tegin, Altun Tash, Amir Khusrow, Amiran-Darejaniani, Amol, Amu Darya, Anaxarchus, Ancient history of Afghanistan, Andkhoy, Aniran, Antiochus III the Great, ..., Anvari, Aornos, Arash, Arjasp, Arshad Sami Khan, Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, Asadullah Matani, Asander, Aurangzeb, Avicenna, Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, B. B. Lal, Babak Khorramdin, Babur Mirza's Invasion of Khorasan, Bactria, Bactria (satrapy), Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, Bactrian language, Badakhshan, Badakhshan Province, Badi' al-Zaman Mirza, Bagram, Baha al-Din Sam II, Bahlika, Bahlikas, Bahram Chobin, Bahram V, Balch, Balh (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Balk (disambiguation), Balkh Province, Balkh River, Balkhi, Bamyan Province, Baqi Tashqandi, Barmakids, Bashlyk, Battle of Balkh, Battle of Farhadgerd, Battle of Ghazdewan, Battle of Herat (484), Battle of Kharistan, Battle of Nishapur (1447), Battle of Oxus River, Battle of Qarabagh, Battle of the Baggage, Battle of the Defile, Bhurishravas, Buddhism in Afghanistan, Buddhism in Central Asia, Cannabis in Afghanistan, Catholic Church in Afghanistan, Central Asia, Central Asian Arabic, Chaghri Beg, Chishti Order, Christianity in Afghanistan, Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia, Cities along the Silk Road, Constitutional Loya Jirga, Cophen Campaign, Crucible steel, Culture of Tajikistan, Cyropolis, Cyrus the Great in the Quran, Dahae, Dari language, Daroot-Korgon, Daulat Khan Lodi, Day of Thirst, Demetrius I of Bactria, Destruction under the Mongol Empire, Diodotus I, Districts of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan), Early Muslim conquests, Eastern Approaches, Eucratideia, Euthydemid dynasty, Euthydemus I, Fakhr al-Din Masud, Farighunids, Fars-Nama, Fayzabad, Badakhshan, Fevziye Rahgozar Barlas, First Perso-Turkic War, Gandhara, Gandharan Buddhism, Gardez, Gautama Buddha, Genghis Khan, Geography, Ghaznavids, Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, Girihandu Seya, Great Mosque of Herat, Greater Iran, Greater Khorasan, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Green Mosque (Balkh), Haji Piyada, Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Harthama ibn A'yan, Harun al-Rashid, Hasanak the Vizier, Hazarajat, Hephaestion, Hephthalite Empire, Herat, Hermolaus of Macedon, Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan, Hindu Shahi, Historical urban community sizes, History of Afghanistan, History of Arabs in Afghanistan, History of astrology, History of Buddhism, History of cartography, History of geography, History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), History of Pakistan, History of Turkmenistan, Hiwi al-Balkhi, Hizb-i-Wahdat, Holy city, Hormizd I Kushanshah, Hormizd IV, Humaira Begum, Ibn Babawayh, Ibn Battuta, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah, Ilaq, Imperial cult of ancient Rome, Index of Afghanistan-related articles, Index of Pakistan-related articles, Indian campaign of Alexander the Great, Indian influence on Islamic science, Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek religions, Invasions of Afghanistan, Iranian Intermezzo, Irbis Bolun Cabgu, Iron Gate (Central Asia), Islamic architecture, Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Ismail I, Ismail of Ghazni, Jableh, Jahandar Shah, Jama Masjid, Jebal Barez, Jewish philosophy, Kambojas, Kandahar, Kapisa Province, Khalid ibn Barmak, Kholm, Afghanistan, Khorasan Province, Khurasan Road, Khushnavaz, Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa shrine, Kidarites, Koh e Alburz (Balkh), Kumargah, Kunduz, Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, Languages of Azerbaijan, Leishmaniasis, List of archaeological sites by country, List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire, List of cities in Afghanistan, List of cities with defensive walls, List of city name changes, List of empires, List of former Buddhists, List of former national capitals, List of Lepidoptera of Midway Atoll, List of Lepidoptera of the Cook Islands, List of mirs of Badakhshan, List of moths of Turkey, List of Mughal travelers, List of museums in Afghanistan, List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, List of places in Shahnameh, List of places visited by Ibn Battuta, List of populated places in Afghanistan, List of purported relics of major figures of religious traditions, List of states by population in 1 CE, List of terrorist incidents in April 2016, List of terrorist incidents in January 2017, List of terrorist incidents in October 2016, List of the oldest mosques, List of tombs and mausoleums, List of tombs of Iranian people, List of top-division football clubs in Asian Football Confederation members, List of tributaries of China, List of Turkish exonyms, List of wars involving Iran, List of ziyarat locations, Logar Province, Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Mae Fah Luang Foundation, Malik-Shah I, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mansur I, Margiana, Mashrab, Masrur al-Balkhi, Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám, Mawdud of Ghazni, Mazar-i-Sharif, Mīr-Khvānd, Merv, Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman, Minar (Firuzabad), Mir Yar Beg Sahibzada, Mirza Abu Bakr, Mohammad Gul Khan Momand, Mohammad Hashem Taufiqui, Moinuddin Chishti, Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Mortimer Wheeler, Mother of Cities, Mount Imeon, Mughal architecture, Mughal–Safavid War (1649–53), Muhammad (name), Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad II of Khwarezm, Muhammad of Ghazni, Muhammad of Ghor, Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan, Muhtajids, Multan, Murad Bakhsh, Muslim conquest of Khorasan, Muslim conquest of Persia, Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, Nancy Dupree, Nangarhar Province, Nasr ibn Sayyar, Nasser Khalili, National Coalition of Afghanistan, Nava Vihara, Nezamiyeh, Ninth Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh, Ninus, Nishapur, Nizam al-Mulk, North Khorasan Province, Northern Silk Road, Nuh II, Nuristan Province, Occupation of Balkh (1447), Opium production in Afghanistan, Peroz I, Peroz I Kushanshah, Peroz III, Persecution of Buddhists, Persian literature, Phrataphernes, Principality of Khuttal, Qalandar (clan), Qara'unas, Qarshi, Qiu Chuji, Qutayba ibn Muslim, Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi, Rabia Balkhi, Radhanite, Rawak Stupa, Razavi Khorasan Province, Religion in Afghanistan, Religion in Iran, Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza, Robert D. McChesney, Round city of Baghdad, Roxana, Rubab (instrument), Rumi, Sabuktigin, Safavid dynasty, Saffarid dynasty, Samangan, Samanid Empire, Samarkand, Sasanian Empire, Sayed Nasim Mihanparast, Seleucid coinage, Seljuk Empire, Semiramis, Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar, Shahid Balkhi, Shahrbanu, Shambhala, Shamshad TV, Shantanu, Shaqiq al-Balkhi, Shaybanids, Sheberghan, Shura-e Nazar, Siege of Bactra, Siege of Balkh (1370), Siege of Balkh (1447), Siege of Kabul (1504), Siege of Samarkand, Siege of Samarkand (1497), Siege of Shahrukhiya, Silk Road, Simorgh Alborz F.C., Sogdia, Sogdian Rock, South Khorasan Province, Spahbed, Spitamenes, Stary Dzedzin, Stasanor, Stefan Heidemann, Subah, Sufi saints of Aurangabad, Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara, Sultan Said Khan, Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, Syed Muhammad Masood, Taj al-Din Yildiz, Tajik literature, Tajiks, Talib Chakwali, Temir Kapig, Timeline of the Ilkhanate, Timeline of the Karluks, Timeline of the Khitans, Timeline of the Mongol Empire, Timur, Timurid dynasty, Timurid Empire, Tower of Silence, Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity, Trapusa and Bahalika, Treaty of Gandamak, Turkic Khaganate, Ulugh Beg, Umayyad Caliphate, Unsuri, Uttamabhadras, Uttara Madra Kingdom, Uttarapatha, Uzbeks, Vishtaspa, Wasef Bakhtari, Xi yu fan guo zhi, Xionites, Xuanzang, Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi, Yanabi al-Muwadda, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Yarkent Khanate, Yaz culture, Yuezhi, Yunus Khan, Zahir Howaida, Zartosht No-Diso, Zerbaghali, Zhang Qian, Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism, 1850, 1903 in Afghanistan, 1923 in Afghanistan, 2003 in Afghanistan, 208 BC, 328 BC, 329 BC, 589, 900. 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-stan

The suffix -stan (ـستان|translit.

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Abbas I of Persia

Shāh Abbās the Great or Shāh Abbās I of Persia (شاه عباس بزرگ; 27 January 157119 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.

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Abbasid architecture

Abbasid architecture developed in the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 945, primarily in its heartland of Mesopotamia.

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Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir)

'Abd al-Malik II was amir of the Samanids (999).

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Abdal-Latif Mirza

Abdal-Latif Mirza,(c. 1420 – 9 May 1450) was the great-grandson of Central Asian emperor Timur.

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Abdallah ibn Amir

Abdallah ibn Amir (عبدالله بن عامر) was a governor of Busra (647–656) and a notably successful military general during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan.

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Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)

Abdul Karim Khan was the ruler of Yarkand Khanate in what is now north-west China (Xinjiang) between 1560 and 1591.

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Abdul Rashid Dostum

Abdul Rashid Dostum (عبدالرشید دوستم, Uzbek Latin: Abdul Rashid Do‘stum, Uzbek Cyrillic: Абдул Рашид Дўстум; born 1954) is an Afghan politician and general who has served as Vice President of Afghanistan since 2014.

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Abdullah Khan II

Abdullah Khan (Abdollah Khan Ozbeg) (1533/4–1598), known as "The old Khan", was an Uzbek/Turkoman ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785).

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Abu Bakr Muhammad

Abu Bakr Muhammad (died 941) was the first Muhtajid ruler of Chaghaniyan (10th-century–939) and governor of Samanid Khurasan (933–939).

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Abu Maʿshar

Abu Maʿshar, Latinized as Albumasar (also Albusar, Albuxar; full name Abū Maʿshar Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Balkhī أبو معشر جعفر بن محمد بن عمر البلخي; –, AH 171–272), was an early Persian Muslim astrologer, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad.

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Abu Mansur al-Maturidi

Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Samarḳandī (853-944 CE; محمد بن محمد بن محمود أبو منصور ماتریدی سمرقندی حنفی), often referred to as Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī for short, or reverently as Imam Māturīdī by Sunni Muslims, was a Sunni Hanafi jurist, theologian, and scriptural exegete from ninth-century Samarkand who became the eponymous codifier of one of the principal orthodox schools of Sunni theology, the Maturidi school, which became the dominant theological school for Sunni Muslims in Central Asia and later enjoyed a preeminent status as the school of choice for both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.

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Abu Mansur Muhammad

Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Razzaq ibn 'Abdallah ibn Farrukh, also simply known as Abu Mansur Muhammad and Ibn 'Abd al-Razzaq, was an Iranian aristocrat who served the Samanids during the most of career, and briefly served as governor of Azerbaijan under the Buyids.

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Abu Sahl Zawzani

Abu Sahl Muhammad ibn Husayn (or Hasan) Zawzani (ابوسهل محمد حسین زوزنی), better known as Abu Sahl Zawzani (ابوسهل زوزنی; also spelled Zuzani), was a Persian statesman who served as the chief secretary of the Ghaznavids briefly in 1040, and later from 1041 to an unknown date.

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Abu Zayd al-Balkhi

Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi (ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی) was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist.

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Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad

Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad (died ca. 1010) was the last Farighunid ruler of Guzgan from 1000 to 1010.

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Abu-Mansur Daqiqi

Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Tusi (935/942-976/980:Sources vary, treat all dates as estimates. ابو منصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی), sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki, Daghighi, دقیقی), was an early Persian poet who is said to have been born in Tus in Iran; or in Balkh, located in modern-day Afghanistan; as well as in Samarqand or Bukhara, both in today's Uzbekistan and Marv in today's Turkmenistan.

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Abu-Shakur Balkhi

Abu Shakur Balkhi (ابوشکور بلخی) (born 915) was a Persian poet of the 10th century in Samanid era, an empire originating from Balkh.

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Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza

Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza bin Baysonqor Beg (Chagatai/ابوالقاسم بابور میرزا بن بایسنقر بیگ), was a Timurid ruler in Khurasan (1449–1457).

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Afghan Air Force

The Afghan Air Force (AAF; دافغانستان هوائی ځواک; قوای هوائی افغانستان) is the aerial warfare branch of the Afghan Armed Forces.

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Afghan Turkestan

Afghan Turkestan (ترکستان افغانستان) is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.

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Afghans in India

Afghan refugees in India are a community numbering up to 10,000.

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Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk

Ḍiyaʾ al-Mulk Aḥmad ibn Niẓām al-Mulk (ضیاءالملک احمد بن نظام‌الملک), was a Persian vizier of the Seljuq Empire and then the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Ahmad ibn Sahl

Ahmad ibn Sahl ibn Hashim (died 920) was an Iranian aristocrat who served the Saffarids and later the Samanids.

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Ahmad Maymandi

Abuʾl-Ḥasan al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Ḥasan Maymandī (ابوالحسن القاسم احمد بن حسن میمندی; died 31 December 1032), better known as Ahmad Maymandi (احمد میمندی; also spelled Maimandi), and also known by his honorific title of Shams al-Kufat (شمس الکفاة; "sun of the capable ones"), was a Persian vizier of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni and the latter's son Mas'ud I of Ghazni.

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Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan

Ahmad Shah, Crown Prince of Afghanistan (Pashto: أحمد شاه خان, born 23 September 1934 in Arg-i-Shahi, Kabul) is the second son of Mohammed Zahir Shah, the former King of Afghanistan.

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Ahmad Sultan Afshar

Ahmad Sultan Afshar was a Qizilbash officer from the Afshar tribe, who served as the governor of several provinces and districts in Khorasan.

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Ahnaf ibn Qais

Al-Ahnaf Ibn Qays was a Muslim general who lived during the time of prophet Muhammad.

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Ai-Khanoum

Ai-Khanoum (Aï Khānum, also Ay Khanum, lit. “Lady Moon” in Uzbek), possibly the historical Alexandria on the Oxus, also possibly later named اروکرتیه or Eucratidia) was one of the primary cities of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. Previous scholars have argued that Ai Khanoum was founded in the late 4th century BC, following the conquests of Alexander the Great. Recent analysis now strongly suggests that the city was founded c. 280 BC by the Seleucid king Antiochus I. The city is located in Takhar Province, northern Afghanistan, at the confluence of the Panj river and the Kokcha river, both tributaries of the Amu Darya, historically known as the Oxus, and at the doorstep of the Indian subcontinent. Ai-Khanoum was one of the focal points of Hellenism in the East for nearly two centuries, until its annihilation by nomadic invaders around 145 BC about the time of the death of Eucratides. The site was excavated through archaeological work by a (DAFA) mission under between 1964 and 1978, as well as Russian scientists. The work had to be abandoned with the onset of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, during which the site was looted and used as a battleground, leaving very little of the original material.

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Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ

Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ (died 803 / AH 187, الفضيل بن عياض, full name, was also known as Abu Ali and as al-Talaqani) was a thief who renounced his crimes and became a Muslim ascetic.

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Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi

Al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī (الحكيم الترمذي), full name Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī al-Ḥanafī (d. ca. 869) was a Sunni jurist (faqih) and traditionist (muhaddith) of Khorasan, but is mostly remembered as one of the great early authors of Sufism.

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Al-Harith ibn Surayj

Abu Hatim al-Harith ibn Surayj ibn Yazid ibn Sawa ibn Ward ibn Murra ibn Sufyan ibn Mujashi (أبو حاتم الحارث بن سريج) was an Arab leader of a large-scale social rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in Khurasan and Transoxiana.

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Al-Isfizari

Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar al-Isfazārī (fl. late 11th – early 12th century CE) was a Persian Muslim mathematician from Khurasan.

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Al-Muqanna

Hashim (Arabic/Persian: هاشم), better known as al-Muqanna‘ (المقنع "The Veiled", died ca. 783. was a Persian who claimed to be a prophet, and founded a religion which was a mixture of Zoroastrianism and Islam. He was a chemist, and one of his experiments caused an explosion in which a part of his face was burnt. For the rest of his life he used a veil and thus was known as "Hashemi" ("The Veiled One"). Nafisi and Arian-Pour have elaborated him on the "Khorrām-Dīnān" armies.

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Al-Sijzi

Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 945 - c. 1020, also known as al-Sinjari and al-Sijazi; ابوسعید سجزی; Al-Sijzi is short for "Al-Sijistani") was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer.

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Ala al-Din Husayn

Ala al-Din Husayn (Persian: علاء الدین حسین) was king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1149 to 1161.

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Alexandria Arachosia

Alexandria in Arachosia was a city in ancient times that is now called Kandahar in Afghanistan.

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Alexandria Ariana

The first of many Alexandrias in the Far East of the Macedonian Empire, Alexandria in Ariana was a city in what is now Afghanistan, one of the twenty-plus cities founded or renamed by Alexander the Great.

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Alp-Tegin

Alp-Tegin, (الپتگین Alptegīn or Alptigīn) was a Turkic slave commander of the Samanid Empire, who would later become the semi-independent governor of Ghazna from 962 until his death in 963.

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Altun Tash

Altun Tash (died 1032) was Khwarazm-Shah from 1017 until his death.

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Amir Khusrow

Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325) (ابوالحسن یمین الدین خسرو, ابوالحسن یمین‌الدین خسرو), better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī, was a Sufi musician, poet and scholar from the Indian subcontinent.

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Amiran-Darejaniani

Amiran-Darejaniani (ამირანდარეჯანიანი), translated into English as "The story of Amiran, son of Darejan", is a medieval Georgian romance, dating probably from the early or middle decades of the twelfth century.

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Amol

Amol (آمل –;; also Romanized as Āmol and Amul) is a city and the administrative center of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.

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Amu Darya

The Amu Darya, also called the Amu or Amo River, and historically known by its Latin name Oxus, is a major river in Central Asia.

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Anaxarchus

Anaxarchus (Ἀνάξαρχος; c. 380 – c. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus.

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Ancient history of Afghanistan

Archaeological exploration of the pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan began in Afghanistan in earnest after World War II and proceeded until the late 1970s when the nation was invaded by the Soviet Union.

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Andkhoy

Andkhoy (اندخوی) is a town and district in northern Afghanistan, Faryab Province, is located at, 316 m altitude.

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Aniran

Anīrân (Modern Persian, انیران) or Anērān (Middle Persian, 𐭠𐭭𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭) is an ethno-linguistic term that signifies "non-Iranian" or "non-Iran" (non-Aryan).

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Antiochus III the Great

Antiochus III the Great (Greek: Ἀντίoχoς Μέγας; c. 241187 BC, ruled 222–187 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire.

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Anvari

Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (اوحد الدین علی ابن محد انوری) was a Persian poet.

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Aornos

Aornos (Ἄορνος) was the Ancient Greek name for the site of Alexander the Great's last siege: "the climax to Alexander's career as the greatest besieger in history" according to Robin Lane Fox, a biographer of Alexander.

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Arash

Arash the Archer (آرش کمانگیر Āraš-e Kamāngīr) is a heroic archer-figure of Iranian mythology.

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Arjasp

Arjāsp (اَرجاسْپ) is a Turanian king in Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran.

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Arshad Sami Khan

Arshad Sami Khan (Urdu); (January 8, 1942 – June 22, 2009) was a Pakistani diplomat, bureaucrat and soldier.

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Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri

Asad ibn Abdallah ibn Asad al-Qasri (died 738) was a prominent official of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving twice as governor of Khurasan under the Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

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Asadullah Matani

Asadullah Matani (born 10 October 1998) is an Afghan cricketer.

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Asander

Asander (Άσανδρoς; lived 4th century BC) was the son of Philotas and brother of Agathon.

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Aurangzeb

Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad (محي الدين محمد) (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known by the sobriquet Aurangzeb (اَورنگزیب), (اورنگ‌زیب "Ornament of the Throne") or by his regnal title Alamgir (عالمگِیر), (عالمگير "Conqueror of the World"), was the sixth, and widely considered the last effective Mughal emperor.

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Avicenna

Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

Buyantu Khan (Mongolian: Буянт хаан), born Ayurbarwada, also known by the temple name Renzong (Emperor Renzong of Yuan (Chinese: 元仁宗, April 9, 1285 – March 1, 1320), was the fourth emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the eighth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His name means "blessed/good Khan" in the Mongolian language. His name "Ayurbarwada" was from a Sanskrit compound "Āyur-parvata", which means "the mountain of longevity", in contrast with Emperor Wuzong's name Qaišan (海山, "mountains and seas" in Chinese). Ayurbarwada was the first Yuan emperor who actively supported the adoption of confucian principles into the Mongolian administration system. The emperor, who was mentored by the Confucian academic Li Meng, succeeded peacefully to the throne and reversed his older brother Khayisan's policies. More importantly, Ayurbarwada reinstituted the civil service examination system for the Yuan dynasty.

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B. B. Lal

Braj Basi Lal (born 2 May 1921), better known as B. B. Lal, is an Indian archaeologist.

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Babak Khorramdin

Bābak Khorramdin (Formally known as "Pāpak" meaning "Young Father") (بابک خرمدین, alternative spelling: Pāpak Khorramdin; 795, according to some other sources 798— January 838) was one of the main PersianArthur Goldschmidt, Lawrence Davidson, "A concise history of the Middle East", Westview Press; Eighth Edition (July 21, 2005).

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Babur Mirza's Invasion of Khorasan

Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, a Timurid ruler in Khorasan, invaded other parts of the region in the winter of 1448–1449 that were held by the Timurids of Samarkand, led by Ulugh Beg.

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Bactria

Bactria or Bactriana was the name of a historical region in Central Asia.

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Bactria (satrapy)

Bactria was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (short BMAC), also known as the Oxus civilisation, is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age civilisation of Central Asia, dated to c. 2300–1700 BC, located in present-day northern Afghanistan, eastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan, centred on the upper Amu Darya (Oxus River).

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Bactrian language

Bactrian (Αριαο, Aryao, arjaːu̯ɔ) is an Iranian language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria (present-day Afghanistan and Tajikistan) and used as the official language of the Kushan and the Hephthalite empires.

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Badakhshan

Badakhshan (Pashto/بدخشان, Badaxšân; Бадахшон, Badaxşon;;, Dungan: Бадахәшон, Xiao'erjing: بَا دَا کْ شًا, Ming dynasty era Chinese name- 巴丹沙) is a historic region comprising parts of what is now northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan.

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Badakhshan Province

Badakhshan Province (بدخشان ولایت Badaxšān wilāyat and Velâyat-e Badakhšân) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the farthest northeastern part of the country between Tajikistan and northern Pakistan.

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Badi' al-Zaman Mirza

Badi' al-Zaman Mirza (بدیع الزمان; died 1514) was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1506 to 1507.

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Bagram

Bagram (بگرام) is a town and seat in Bagram District in Parwan Province of Afghanistan, about 60 kilometers north of the capital Kabul.

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Baha al-Din Sam II

Baha al-Din Sam II (بهاء الدین سام) was the fourth ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan, ruling from 1192 to 1206.

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Bahlika

Bahlika may refer to.

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Bahlikas

The Bahlikas (बाह्लिक; Bāhlika) were the inhabitants of Balikha, mentioned in Atharvaveda, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Puranas, Vartikka of Katyayana, Brhatsamhita, Amarkosha etc.

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Bahram Chobin

Bahrām Chōbīn (Middle Persian:; بهرام چوبین), also known by his epithet Mihrevandak ("servant of Mihr (Mithra)", was a famous spahbed (senior army commander) during late sixth-century Iran. He usurped the Sasanian throne from Khosrow II, ruling for a year as Bahram VI (590-591). However, he was later defeated by Khosrow II and was forced to flee.

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Bahram V

Bahram V (𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭 Wahrām, New Persian: بهرام پنجم Bahrām), also known as Bahram Gor (بهرام گور, "onager ") was the fifteenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling from 420 to 438.

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Balch

Balch is a surname that may apply to.

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Balh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

Balh (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is one of the 68 constituencies in the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh a northern state of India.

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Balk (disambiguation)

A balk is an illegal motion by a baseball pitcher.

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Balkh Province

Balkh (Pashto and بلخ, Balx) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country.

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Balkh River

The Balkh River or Balkhab is a river in Balkh Province, Afghanistan.

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Balkhi

Balkhi (بلخی, "from Balkh," a city in modern-day Afghanistan) may refer to: People.

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Bamyan Province

Bamyan Province (ولایت بامیان) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central highlands of the country.

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Baqi Tashqandi

Baqi Tashqandi, also known as Mir Baqi, was a Mughal commander (beg) originally from Tashkent, during the reign of the first Mughal emperor Babur.

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Barmakids

The Barmakids (برمکیان Barmakīyān; البرامكة al-Barāmikah, from the Sanskrit प्रमुख pramukha, "leader, chief administrator, registrar"); also spelled Barmecides, were an Iranian influential family from Balkh in Bactria where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.

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Bashlyk

A bashlyk, also spelled Bashlik (Shkharkhon, Başlıq, Başlıq, Turkish: Başlık; "baş" - head, "-lıq" (Tatar) / "-lık" (Turkish) - derivative suffix), is a traditional Circassian, Turkic and Cossack cone-shaped headdress hood, usually of leather, felt or wool, an ancient round topped felt bonnet with lappets for wrapping around the neck.

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Battle of Balkh

The Battle of Balkh took place between the armies of the Samanid Empire under the command of Emir Isma'il ibn Ahmad and Saffarid forces under Emir Amr ibn al-Layth in 900.

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Battle of Farhadgerd

While Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza was away from Herat crushing the revolt of Amir Hendugha in Asterabad, Ala-ud-Daulah Mirza, his older brother, managed to escape from prison in Herat and went straight to his youngest brother Sultan Muhammad Mirza's province of Fars seeking his protection.

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Battle of Ghazdewan

The Battle of Ghazdewan occurred in what is now Uzbekistan in 1512 AD between Babur's Mughal army and invading Uzbek tribes from Central Asia.

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Battle of Herat (484)

The Battle of Herat was a large scale military confrontation that took place in 484 between an invading force of the Sassanid Empire composed of around 100,000 men under the command of Peroz I and a smaller army of the Hephthalite Empire under the command of Khushnavaz.

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Battle of Kharistan

The Battle of Kharistan was fought between the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Turgesh in December 737 near the town of Kharistan in Juzjan, eastern Khurasan (modern northern Afghanistan).

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Battle of Nishapur (1447)

During the Second Timurid Succession Crisis, The Baysonqor brothers; Ala-ud-Daulah Mirza and Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza had acted in cognizance and blocked Abdal-Latif Mirza's chances of uniting with his father Ulugh Beg.

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Battle of Oxus River

The Battle of Oxus River was a significant battle in the 7th century, fought between the combined armies of the Sassanid and Göktürk Empires against the Muslim Arab army that had overrun Persia.

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Battle of Qarabagh

Battle of Qarabagh was fought on February 4, 1469 between Aq Qoyunlu under Uzun Hasan and Timurids of Samarkand under Abu Sa'id Mirza resulting in the latter's defeat, imprisonment and execution.

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Battle of the Baggage

The Battle of the Baggage (ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍلاﺛﻘﺎﻝ, Yawm al-athqāl) was fought between the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Turgesh tribes in September/October 737.

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Battle of the Defile

The Battle of the Defile or Battle of the Pass (وقعة الشعب) was fought in the Tashtakaracha Pass (in modern Uzbekistan) between a large Arab army of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Turgesh khaganate over three days in July 731 CE.

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Bhurishravas

Bhurishravas (Sanskrit: भूरिश्रवस् / भूरिश्रवा) was a prince of a minor kingdomEssential Hinduism by Steven J. Rosen and Graham M. Schweig.

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Buddhism in Afghanistan

Buddhism was one of the major religions in Afghanistan during pre-Islamic era.

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Buddhism in Central Asia

Buddhism in Central Asia refers to the forms of Buddhism that existed in Central Asia, which were historically especially prevalent along the Silk Road.

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Cannabis in Afghanistan

Cannabis in Afghanistan has been cultivated for centuries, and experienced relatively little interference until the 1970s, whereafter it became an issue both in international politics and in the finance of the series of wars which occurred in Afghanistan for forty years.

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Catholic Church in Afghanistan

The Catholic Church in Afghanistan is part of the worldwide Latin Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

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Central Asia

Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north.

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Central Asian Arabic

Central Asian Arabic is a variety of Arabic spoken in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, and currently facing extinction.

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Chaghri Beg

Chaghri Beg (Çağrı Bey, full name: Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri-Beg ibn Mikail) (989 - 1060), Da'ud b. Mika'il b. Saljuq, also spelled Chaghri, was the co-ruler of the early Seljuq empire.

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Chishti Order

The Chishtī Order (چشتی chishtī) is a Sunni Sufi order within the mystic Sufi tradition of Islam.

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Christianity in Afghanistan

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan does not recognize any Afghan citizen as being Christian, nor are Afghan citizens legally permitted to convert to Christianity.

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Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

Chronological summary of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia against the Persian Empire of king Darius III, with indication of the countries/places visited or simply crossed, including the most important battles/sieges and the cities founded (Alexandrias).

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Cities along the Silk Road

This articles lists cities located along the Silk Road.

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Constitutional Loya Jirga

Afghan leaders who met at the December 2001 Bonn Conference which picked Hamid Karzai to lead the Afghan Transitional Authority also agreed that a Constitutional Loya Jirga should be convened to draft a new constitution.

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Cophen Campaign

The Cophen Campaign was conducted by Alexander the Great between May 327 BCDodge 1890, p. 509 and March 326 BC.

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Crucible steel

Crucible steel is steel made by melting pig iron (cast iron), iron, and sometimes steel, often along with sand, glass, ashes, and other fluxes, in a crucible.

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Culture of Tajikistan

The culture of Tajikistan has developed over several thousand years.

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Cyropolis

Cyropolis (Latin form of Gr. Kyroúpolis (Κυρούπολις) literally "The City of Cyrus") was an ancient city founded by Cyrus the Great in 544 BCE to mark the northeastern border of his Achaemenid empire.

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Cyrus the Great in the Quran

Cyrus the Great in the Quran is a theory that holds that the character of Dhul-Qarnayn, mentioned in the Quran, should be identified with Cyrus the Great, or at least he is a better fit than the other proposed figures.

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Dahae

The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans --> (Dahae; Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι, Δάσαι Dáoi, Dáai, Dai, Dasai; Sanskrit: Dasa; Chinese Dayi 大益)(p. 19. were a people of ancient Central Asia. A confederation of three tribes – the Parni, Xanthii and Pissuri – the Dahae lived in an area now comprising much of modern Turkmenistan. The area has consequently been known as Dahestan, Dahistan and Dihistan. Relatively little is known about their way of life. For example, according to the Iranologist A. D. H. Bivar, the capital of "the ancient Dahae (if indeed they possessed one) is quite unknown.". The Dahae dissolved, apparently, some time before the beginning of the 1st millennium. One of the three tribes of the Dahae confederation, the Parni, emigrated to Parthia (present-day north-eastern Iran), where they founded the Arsacid dynasty.

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Dari language

Darī (دری) or Dari Persian (فارسی دری Fārsī-ye Darī) or synonymously Farsi (فارسی Fārsī) is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan.

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Daroot-Korgon

Daroot-Korgon (also Darautkorgon or Daroot-Qurghan) is a village in the western Alay Valley of Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan.

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Daulat Khan Lodi

Daulat Khan Lodi (Pashto: دولت خان لودی) was the governor of Lahore during the reign of Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty.

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Day of Thirst

The "Day of Thirst" (ﻳﻮﻢ ﺍلعطش, Yawm al-aṭash) is the name traditionally given in Arabic historiography to a battle fought in 724 between the Turkic Turgesh khaganate and the Umayyad Caliphate on the banks of the river Jaxartes, in Transoxiana (in modern Tajikistan, Central Asia).

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Demetrius I of Bactria

Demetrius I (Greek: Δημήτριος Α΄) was a Greek king (reigned c. 200–180 BC) of Gandhara.

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Destruction under the Mongol Empire

The death and destruction during the 13th century Mongol conquests have been widely noted in both the scholarly literature and popular memory.

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Diodotus I

Diodotus I Soter (Greek: Διόδοτος Α' ὁ Σωτήρ; epithet means "the Saviour"; c. 285 BC – c. 239 BC) was Seleucid satrap of Bactria, rebelled against Seleucid rule soon after the death of Antiochus II in c. 255 or 246 BC, and wrested independence for his territory, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.

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Districts of Afghanistan

This is a list of districts of Afghanistan, known as wuleswali (ولسوالۍ or wuləswāləi; شهرستان), which are one level below the provinces.

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Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)

Dost Mohammad Khan (دوست محمد خان, December 23, 1793June 9, 1863) was the founder of the Barakzai dynasty and one of the prominent rulers of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests (الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.

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Eastern Approaches

Eastern Approaches (1949) is an autobiographical account of the early career of Fitzroy Maclean.

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Eucratideia

Eucratideia was an ancient town in Bactria mentioned by a few ancient writers.

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Euthydemid dynasty

The Euthydemid dynasty was a Hellenic, possibly Magnesian, royal family founded by Euthydemus I in around 230 BCE which ruled the Greco-Bactrian and Greco-Indian kingdoms throughout the Hellenistic period from 230 BCE to around 10 AD.

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Euthydemus I

Euthydemus I (Greek: Εὐθύδημος Α΄; c. 260 BC – 200/195 BC) was a Greco-Bactrian king in about 230 or 223 BC according to Polybius; he is thought to have originally been a satrap of Sogdiana who overturned the dynasty of Diodotus of Bactria and became a Greco-Bactrian king.

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Fakhr al-Din Masud

Fakhr al-Din Masud (Persian: فخر الدین مسعود), was the first ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan, ruling from 1152 to 1163.

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Farighunids

The Farighunids were an Iranian dynasty that ruled Guzgan (modern-day northern Afghanistan) in the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries.

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Fars-Nama

Fārsnāma (فارسنامه, "The Book of Fars") is a local history and geography of Fars Province, Persia written during the Saljuq period (12th century).

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Fayzabad, Badakhshan

Fayzabad (also spelled Feyzabad, Fazelabad or Faizabad) (فيض آباد, Fayzâbâd; فيض آباد) is the provincial capital and largest city in Badakhshan Province, in northern Afghanistan, with around 50,000 people.

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Fevziye Rahgozar Barlas

Fevziye Rahgozar Barlas (born 1955 Balkh) is an Afghan poet, and short story writer.

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First Perso-Turkic War

The First Perso-Turkic War was fought during 588-589 between the Sassanid Persians and Hephthalite principalities and its lord the Göktürks. The conflict started with the invasion of the Persian Empire by the Turks and ended with a decisive Sassanid victory and the conquest of the Eastern Turks.

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Gandhara

Gandhāra was an ancient kingdom situated along the Kabul and Swat rivers of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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Gandharan Buddhism

Gandhāran Buddhism refers to the Buddhist culture of ancient Gandhāra which was a major center of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent from the 3rd century BCE to approximately 1200 CE.

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Gardez

Gardēz (ګردېز, گردیز) is the capital of the Paktia Province of Afghanistan.

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Gautama Buddha

Gautama Buddha (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni Buddha, or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.

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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan or Temüjin Borjigin (Чингис хаан, Çingis hán) (also transliterated as Chinggis Khaan; born Temüjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

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Geography

Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth.

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Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان ġaznaviyān) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186.

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Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud

Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud (غیاث الدین محمود), was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire from 1206 to 1212.

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Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (غیاث‌ الدین محمد بن سام), was sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1163 to 1202.

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Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh

Mawlānā Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh (غیاث الدین نقاش) (fl. 1419-22) was an envoy of the Timurid ruler of Persia and Transoxania, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), to the court of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) of the Ming Dynasty of China, known for an important account he wrote of his embassy.

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Girihandu Seya

Girihandu Seya (also known as Nithupathpana Vihara)is an ancient Buddhist temple situated in Thiriyai, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.

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Great Mosque of Herat

The Jama Masjid of Herat (Masjid al-Jumu‘ah Herāṫ), also known as the Masjid-i Jāmi‘ (مَسجدِ جَامع) of Herat, and the Great Mosque of Herat is a mosque in the city of Herat, in the Herat Province of north-western Afghanistan.

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Greater Iran

Greater Iran (ایران بزرگ) is a term used to refer to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that have significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various imperial dynasties of Persian Empire (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajars), having considerable aspects of Persian culture due to extensive contact with the various imperial dynasties of Iran (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic peoples who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and Tajikistan).

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Greater Khorasan

Khorasan (Middle Persian: Xwarāsān; خراسان Xorāsān), sometimes called Greater Khorasan, is a historical region lying in northeast of Greater Persia, including part of Central Asia and Afghanistan.

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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was – along with the Indo-Greek Kingdom – the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world, covering Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia from 250 to 125 BC.

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Green Mosque (Balkh)

The Green Mosque (مَسجد سَبز|Masjid Sabz) is a mosque in the city of Balkh, northern Afghanistan.

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Haji Piyada

Haji Piyada Mosque ḤĀJI PIĀDA or Noh Gonbad Mosque (مسجد نُه‌گنبد "Mosque of Nine Cupolas"), a Samanid-style building in Balkh province of northern Afghanistan.

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Hakeem Noor-ud-Din

Hakeem Noor-ud-Din (also spelt: Hakim Nur-ud-Din) (حکیم نور الدین) (c. 1841 – 13 March 1914) was a close companion of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement, and was chosen as his first successor on 27 May 1908, a day after his death, becoming Khalifatul Masih I (خليفة المسيح الأول, khalīfatul masīh al-awwal), the first caliph and leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.

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Harthama ibn A'yan

Harthama ibn A'yan (died June 816) was a Khurasan-born general and governor of the early Abbasid Caliphate, serving under the caliphs al-Hadi, Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun.

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Harun al-Rashid

Harun al-Rashid (هَارُون الرَشِيد Hārūn Ar-Rašīd; "Harun the Orthodox" or "Harun the Rightly-Guided," 17 March 763 or February 766 — 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox," "the Just," "the Upright," or "the Rightly-Guided." Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. His time was marked by scientific, cultural, and religious prosperity. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. The fictional The Book of One Thousand and One Nights is set in Harun's magnificent court and some of its stories involve Harun himself. Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. Some of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far).

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Hasanak the Vizier

Abū Alī Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Abbās (ابو علی حسن بن محمد بن عباس), better known as Hasanak the Vizier (حسنک وزیر), also Hasanak Mīkālī (حسنک میکالی), was an Iranian statesman from the Mikalid family, who served as the vizier of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud from 1024 to 1030.

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Hazarajat

The Hazarajat (هزاره‌جات) or Hazaristan (هزارستان) is a regional name for the territory inhabited by the Hazara people, which lies in the central and southern highlands of Afghanistan, among the Koh-i-Baba mountains and the western extremities of the Hindu Kush.

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Hephaestion

Hephaestion (Ἡφαιστίων Hephaistíon; c. 356 BC – 324 BC), son of Amyntor, was an ancient Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great.

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Hephthalite Empire

The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites) were a people of Central Asia who were militarily important circa 450–560.

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Herat

Herat (هرات,Harât,Herât; هرات; Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις, Alexándreia hē en Aríois; Alexandria Ariorum) is the third-largest city of Afghanistan.

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Hermolaus of Macedon

Hermolaus of Macedon (Ἑρμόλαος), was a page to Alexander the Great in 327 BC, who was executed for planning regicide.

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Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan

Before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan communities of various religious and ethnic background lived in the land.

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Hindu Shahi

The Hindu Shahi held sway over the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from as far back as the fourth century CE.

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Historical urban community sizes

These are estimated populations of historical cities over time.

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History of Afghanistan

The history of Afghanistan, (تاریخ افغانستان, د افغانستان تاريخ) began in 1747 with its establishment by Ahmad Shah Durrani.

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History of Arabs in Afghanistan

The history of Arabs in Afghanistan spans over one millennium, from the 11th century Islamic conquest when Arab ghazis arrived with their Islamic mission until recently when others from the Arab world arrived to defend fellow Muslims from the Soviet Union followed by NATO forces.

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History of astrology

Astrological beliefs in correspondences between celestial observations and terrestrial events have influenced various aspects of human history, including world-views, language and many elements of social culture.

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History of Buddhism

The history of Buddhism spans from the 5th century BCE to the present.

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History of cartography

Cartography, or mapmaking, has been an integral part of the human history for thousands of years.

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History of geography

The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups.

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History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

The kingdom of Macedonia was an ancient state in what is now the Macedonian region of northern Greece, founded in the mid-7th century BC during the period of Archaic Greece and lasting until the mid-2nd century BC.

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History of Pakistan

The history of Pakistan encompasses the history of the region constituting modern-day Pakistan.

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History of Turkmenistan

The history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the area's discernible history.

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Hiwi al-Balkhi

Ḥiwi al-Balkhi (9th century) (חיוי אל-בלכי, also Hiwwi or Chivi) was an exegete and Biblical critic of the last quarter of the ninth century born in Balkh, Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).

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Hizb-i-Wahdat

Hizb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan (حزب وحدت اسلامی افغانستان; "the Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan"), shortened to Hizb-e Wahdat (حزب وحدت), was founded in 1989.

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Holy city

Holy city is a term applied to many cities, all of them central to the history or faith of specific religions.

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Hormizd I Kushanshah

Hormizd I Kushanshah (277-286 CE), also Ohrmazd I, was a Kushano-Sasanids Kushanshas ruler, in effect a goveror of the Sassanid Empire for the eastern regions of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara which had been captured following the fall of the Kushans in 225 CE.

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Hormizd IV

Hormizd IV (𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣; New Persian: هرمز چهارم), was king of the Sasanian Empire from 579 to 590.

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Humaira Begum

Humaira Begum (حميرا بیگم; 24 July 1918 – 26 June 2002) was the wife and first cousin of King Mohammed Zahir Shah and the last Queen consort of Afghanistan.

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Ibn Babawayh

Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi (Persian: ابو جعفر محمد بن علي بن بابويه القمي; c. 923-991), referred to as Ibn Babawayh or Al-Shaykh al-Saduq (the truthful scholar) was a Persian Shi'ite Islamic scholar whose work, entitled Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih, forms part of The Four Books of the Shi'ite Hadith collection.

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Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta (محمد ابن بطوطة; fully; Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة) (February 25, 13041368 or 1369) was a Moroccan scholar who widely travelled the medieval world.

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Ibrahim ibn Adham

Ibrahim ibn Adham also called Ibrahim Balkhi (إبراهيم بن أدهم); c. 718 – c. 782 / AH c. 100 – c. 165 is one of the most prominent of the early ascetic Sufi saints.

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Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah

Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah (died c. 1459) was a Timurid ruler of Herat in the fifteenth century.

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Ilaq

Ilaq (إيلاق) was a medieval region in Transoxiana which was located in modern northeastern Uzbekistan, to the east of the Syr Darya and south of Tashkent.

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Imperial cult of ancient Rome

The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State.

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Index of Afghanistan-related articles

No description.

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Index of Pakistan-related articles

This is a list of topics related to Pakistan.

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Indian campaign of Alexander the Great

The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great began in 326BC.

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Indian influence on Islamic science

The Golden Age of Islam saw a flourishing of Islamic science, notably mathematics and astronomy, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries.

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Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom or Graeco-Indian Kingdom was an Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent (parts of modern Pakistan and northwestern India), during the last two centuries BC and was ruled by more than thirty kings, often conflicting with one another.

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Indo-Greek religions

The Indo-Greeks practiced numerous religions during the time they ruled in present-day northwestern India from the 2nd century BCE to the beginning of the 1st century CE.

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Invasions of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia and South Asia.

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Iranian Intermezzo

The term Iranian Intermezzo represents a period in history which saw the rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian plateau.

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Irbis Bolun Cabgu

Irbis Bolun Cabgu (nickname: Sih Cabgu, also reported as Si Yabghu, personal name Irbis Ishbara) was a khagan (monarch) in the Western Turkic Khaganate between 631–633 or 630–632.

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Iron Gate (Central Asia)

The Iron Gate is a defile between Balkh and Samarkand.

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Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day.

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Isma'il ibn Ahmad

Abū Ibrāhīm Ismā'īl ibn Aḥmad (ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد سامانی; May 849 – November 907), better simply known as Isma'il ibn Ahmad (اسماعیل بن احمد), and also known as Ismail Samani (اسماعیل سامانی), was the Samanid emir of Transoxiana (892–907) and Khorasan (900–907).

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Ismail I

Ismail I (Esmāʿīl,; July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), also known as Shah Ismail I (شاه اسماعیل), was the founder of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1501 to 23 May 1524 as Shah of Iran (Persia).

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Ismail of Ghazni

Ismail of Ghazni (اسماعیل غزنوی) was the emir of Ghazna, reigning for 7 months, from 5 August 997 until 998.

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Jableh

Jableh (جبلة;, also spelt Jebleh, Jabala, Jablah, Gabala or Gibellum) is a coastal city on the Mediterranean in Syria, north of Baniyas and south of Latakia, with c. 80,000 inhabitants (2008).

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Jahandar Shah

Mirza Mu'izz-ud-Din Beig Mohammed Khan (9 May 1661 – 12 February 1713), more commonly known as Jahandar Shah, was a Mughal Emperor who ruled for a brief period in 1712–1713.

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Jama Masjid

Jama Masjid (جَامع مَسجد|Jāma‘ Masjid, also spelt Jame Mosque, Jami Masjid, Jameh Mosque, Jamia Masjid, or Jomeh Mosque) refers to the main mosque of a town, city or village, and is usually the place of gathering for Eid prayers and Friday prayers.

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Jebal Barez

The Jebal Barez is a mountain chain in the Kerman Province of Iran.

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Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.

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Kambojas

The Kambojas were a tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in Sanskrit and Pali literature.

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Kandahar

Kandahār or Qandahār (کندهار; قندهار; known in older literature as Candahar) is the second-largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 557,118.

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Kapisa Province

Kapisa (Pashto/Persian: کاپيسا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.

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Khalid ibn Barmak

Khalid ibn Barmak (AD 705–782) was a member of the powerful Persian Barmakids family.

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Kholm, Afghanistan

Kholm or Khulm, also known as Tashqurghan, is a town until recently, in Samangan province, and now in Balkh province of northern Afghanistan 60 km east of Mazar-i-Sharif one-third of the way to Konduz.

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Khorasan Province

Khorasan (استان خراسان) (also transcribed as Khurasan and Khorassan, also called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian times) was a province in north eastern Iran, but historically referred to a much larger area east and north-east of the Persian Empire.

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Khurasan Road

The Khurasan Road was the great trunk road connecting Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, with the northeastern province of Khurasan and thence to Central Asia and China.

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Khushnavaz

Khushnavaz (also spelled Khush-Newaz; Sogdian: Əxšāwan’ār; Middle Persian: Xašnawāz), also known as Akhshunwar, was a Hephthalite king who ruled in Tokharistan.

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Khwaja Abdullah Ansari

Hazrat Shaikh Abu Ismaïl Abdullah al-Herawi al-Ansari or Khajah Abdullah Ansari of Herat (1006–1088) (خواجه عبدالله انصاری) also known as Pir-i Herat (پیر هرات) (sage of Herat) was a Persian Sufi saint of Arab origin who lived in the 11th century in Herat (then Khorasan, now Herat province, Afghanistan).

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Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa shrine

The shrine of Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa is located in Balkh, Afghanistan.

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Kidarites

The Kidarites (Chinese: 寄多羅 Jiduolo) were a dynasty of the "Ki" clan named after their ruler Kidara.

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Koh e Alburz (Balkh)

Koh e Alburz, Romanized as Kuh i Elburz, Gory Koh-i-Elburz, Kohe Alborz, Kuh i Alborz (کوه البرز. high mountain) is a mountain a ridge of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan, Balkh Province.

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Kumargah

Kumargah is a gorge and mountain, 2,181 metres high, located in Balkh, Afghanistan.

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Kunduz

Kunduz (کندز; قندوز) is a city in northern Afghanistan, which serves as the capital of Kunduz Province.

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Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

The Kushano-Sassanids (also called Kushanshas or Indo-Sassanians) were a branch of the Sassanid Persians who established their rule in Bactria and in northwestern Pakistan during the 3rd and 4th centuries at the expense of the declining Kushans.

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Languages of Azerbaijan

Although there are several languages native to the territory, Azerbaijani is the official language and the medium of communication of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania type.

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List of archaeological sites by country

This is a list of notable archaeological sites sorted by country and territories.

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List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire

This is an incomplete list of battles fought by the Ghaznavids.

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List of cities in Afghanistan

The only city in Afghanistan with over 1 million population is its capital, Kabul.

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List of cities with defensive walls

The following cities have or historically had defensive walls.

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List of city name changes

This is a list of cities and towns whose names were officially changed at one or more points in history.

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List of empires

This is an alphabetical list of empires.

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List of former Buddhists

The following is a list of former Buddhists who no longer identify as such, organized by their current religious affiliation or ideology.

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List of former national capitals

Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed.

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List of Lepidoptera of Midway Atoll

The Lepidoptera of Midway Atoll consist of both the butterflies and moths recorded from the islands of Midway Atoll.

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List of Lepidoptera of the Cook Islands

The Lepidoptera of the Cook Islands consist of both the butterflies and moths recorded from the Cook Islands, a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean.

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List of mirs of Badakhshan

The Mir of Badakhshan was the ruler of Badakhshan, a region that occasionally was politically independent and at other times was subservient to Afghanistan.

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List of moths of Turkey

There are about 4,200 known moth species of Turkey.

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List of Mughal travelers

This is a list of the travelers who left accounts about the ancient India and Mughal Empire.

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List of museums in Afghanistan

This is a list of museums in Afghanistan by city.

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List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited.

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List of places in Shahnameh

Here are the list of places represented/mentioned in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāma by Ferdowsi.

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List of places visited by Ibn Battuta

This is a List of places visited by Ibn Battuta in the years 1325-1353.

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List of populated places in Afghanistan

This is an alphabetical list of populated places in Afghanistan, including hamlets, villages, towns, and other small or rural communities.

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List of purported relics of major figures of religious traditions

This article lists the purported relics of major figures of religious traditions.

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List of states by population in 1 CE

This is a list of empires by population in 1 CE.

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List of terrorist incidents in April 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in April 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in January 2017

This is a timeline of terrorist attacks which took place in January 2017, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political, religious, or ideological motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in October 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in October 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of the oldest mosques

The designation of the oldest mosque in the world requires careful use of definitions, and must be divided into two parts, the oldest in the sense of oldest surviving building, and the oldest in the sense of oldest mosque congregation.

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List of tombs and mausoleums

This is a list of tombs and mausoleums that are either notable in themselves, or contain the remains of a notable person/people.

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List of tombs of Iranian people

Category:Tombs in Iran Tombs Iranian Persian people.

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List of top-division football clubs in Asian Football Confederation members

This is a list of top-division association football clubs in Asian Football Confederation countries.

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List of tributaries of China

This list of tributary states of China encompasses suzerain kingdoms from China in Europe, Africa, East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.

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List of Turkish exonyms

An exonym is a place name, used by non-natives of that place, that differs from the official or native name for that place.

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List of wars involving Iran

The following is an historical overview of the list of wars and conflicts involving Iran (Persia).

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List of ziyarat locations

This is a list of notable ziyarat locations around the world.

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Logar Province

Logar (Pashto/لوگر) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern section of the country.

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Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia or Macedon (Μακεδονία, Makedonía) was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.

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Mae Fah Luang Foundation

The Mae Fah Luang Foundation (MFLF) is a Thai non‐profit organization that manages numerous projects within Thailand as well as other countries in Asia.

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Malik-Shah I

Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān (8 August 1053 – 19 November 1092, full name: معزالدنیا و الدین ملکشاه بن محمد الب ارسلان قسیم امیرالمومنین), better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I (ملکشاه) (Melikşah), was Sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1072 to 1092.

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Mandi, Himachal Pradesh

Mandi,, formerly known as Mandav Nagar, also known as Sahor (Tibetan: Zahor), is a major town and a municipal council in Mandi District in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

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Mansur I

Abu Salih Mansur (died 13 June 976) was amir of the Samanids (961–976).

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Margiana

Margiana (Μαργιανή Margianḗ, Old Persian: Marguš, Middle Persian: Marv) is a historical region centred on the oasis of Merv and was a minor satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian empires.

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Mashrab

Bobrahim Mashrab (1653-1711) was a sufi mystic, medieval scientist and is considered the great Uzbek poet, a representative of mystical literature, and a famous name in Central Asian folk law.

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Masrur al-Balkhi

Masrur al-Balkhi (مسرور البلخي) (d. December 26, 893) was a senior military officer in the late-9th century Abbasid Caliphate.

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Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám

The Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam (Persian: آرامگاه عمر خیام) is a modern monument of white marble erected over Omar Khayyam's tomb located in Nishapur.

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Mawdud of Ghazni

Shahāb-ud-Dawla Mawdūd (شهاب‌الدوله مودود; died 1050), known as Mawdud of Ghazni (مودود غزنوی), was a sultan of the Ghaznavids from 1041-50.

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Mazar-i-Sharif

Mazar-i-Sharif (Dari/مزار شریف), often called just Mazar, is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan, with a 2015 UN–Habitat population estimate between 577,500 and 693,000.

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Mīr-Khvānd

Mir-Khwānd (Mohammad ibn Khwāndshāh ibn Mahmud, written also as Mīr-Khwānd, Mirkhond, and other variants; 1433/1434–1498) was a noted Persian-language historian of the fifteenth century.

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Merv

Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; مرو, Marv), formerly Achaemenid Persian Satrapy of Margiana, and later Alexandria (Margiana) (Ἀλεξάνδρεια) and Antiochia in Margiana (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μαργιανῆς), was a major oasis-city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, located near today's Mary in Turkmenistan.

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Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman

With the death of Umar and the disposal of 'Amr ibn al-'As from the governorship of Egypt, the Byzantines seized Alexandria, thinking it to be the right time to take action.

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Minar (Firuzabad)

The Minar (منار, literally "pillar") or Minaret (rtl), mentioned in medieval Arabic-language Islamic sources as Terbal (rtl Ṭirbāl), was a unique, spiral, tower-like structure built in the centre of the Sassanian circular city of Gōr (modern Firuzabad, Iran).

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Mir Yar Beg Sahibzada

Mir Yar Beg Sahibzada was a Central Asian ruler who, in 1651 became chief of the Tajik tribes in Yaftal, as they had invited him to come to them from Samarkand.

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Mirza Abu Bakr

Mirza Abu Bakr may refer to;.

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Mohammad Gul Khan Momand

Mohammad Gul Khan Momand (محمد ګل خان مومند) (born January 17, 1885 – died August 18, 1964), also spelled as Mohmand, was both a literary figure and a well-known politician in Afghanistan.

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Mohammad Hashem Taufiqui

Al Haj Eng Economist Mohammad Hashem Taufiqui (الحاج محمد هاشم توفیقی) (born June 6, 1942 in Kabul) was one of the candidates in the presidential election of 2009 in Afghanistan.

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Moinuddin Chishti

Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī (1142–1236 CE), known more commonly as Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī or Moinuddin Chishti,Blain Auer, “Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.

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Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia

The Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia from 1219 to 1221 marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states.

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Mortimer Wheeler

Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler (10 September 1890 – 22 July 1976) was a British archaeologist and officer in the British Army.

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Mother of Cities

Mother of Cities may refer to.

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Mount Imeon

Mount Imeon is an ancient name for the Central Asian complex of mountain ranges comprising the present Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan, extending from the Zagros Mountains in the southwest to the Altay Mountains in the northeast, and linked to the Kunlun, Karakoram and Himalayas to the southeast.

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Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent.

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Mughal–Safavid War (1649–53)

The Mughal–Safavid War of 1649–1653 was fought between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan.

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Muhammad (name)

Muhammad (محمد) is the primary transliteration of the Arabic given name that comes from the passive participle of the Arabic verb ḥammada (حَمَّدَ), praise, which comes from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-M-D. The word can therefore be translated as "praised, commendable, laudable".

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Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi

Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Kātib al-Khwārizmī, also referred to as al-Balkhī, was a 10th-century Persian encyclopedist and the author of the early encyclopedia Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm (“Key to the Sciences”) in the Arabic language.

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Muhammad II of Khwarezm

Ala ad-Din Muhammad II (Persian: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish) was the Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire from 1200 to 1220.

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Muhammad of Ghazni

Muhammad of Ghazni (محمد غزنوی) (died 1041) was sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire briefly in 1030, and then later from 1040 to 1041.

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Muhammad of Ghor

Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (معز الدین محمد غوری), born Shihab ad-Din (1149 – March 15, 1206), also known as Muhammad of Ghor, was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad from 1173 to 1202 and as the sole ruler from 1202 to 1206.

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Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan

Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan (4 August 1933 in Arg-i-Shahi, Kabul - 26 November 1942 in Kabul) was the first son of Mohammed Zahir Shah, the former King of Afghanistan, and the heir apparent to the throne of Afghanistan during his lifetime.

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Muhtajids

The Al-i Muhtaj or Muhtajids (also known as the Chaghanids) was an Iranian or Iranicized Arab ruling family of the small principality of Chaghaniyan.

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Multan

Multan (Punjabi, Saraiki, مُلتان), is a Pakistani city and the headquarters of Multan District in the province of Punjab.

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Murad Bakhsh

Muhammad Murad Bakhsh (مُحمّد مُراد بخش), (9 October 1624 – 14 December 1661) was a Mughal prince as the youngest son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Empress Mumtaz Mahal.

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Muslim conquest of Khorasan

Muslim conquest of Khorasan was the last phase of the heavy war between the Rashidun caliphate against Sassanid Empire.

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Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran (Persia).

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Muslim conquest of Transoxiana

The Muslim conquest of Transoxiana or Arab conquest of Transoxiana were the 7th and 8th century conquests, by Umayyad and Abbasid Arabs, of Transoxiana; the land between the Oxus and Jaxartes rivers, a part of Central Asia that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 12th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into modern Afghanistan and Pakistan as early as the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 8th century.

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Muslim conquests of Afghanistan

The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began during the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Arab Muslims were drawn eastwards to Khorasan, Sistan and Transoxiana.

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Nancy Dupree

Nancy Hatch Dupree (October 3, 1927 – September 10, 2017) was an American historian whose work primarily focused on the history of modern Afghanistan.

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Nangarhar Province

Nangarhār (ننګرهار; ننگرهار) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country.

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Nasr ibn Sayyar

Naṣr ibn Sayyār al-Lāythi al-Kināni (نصر بن سيار الليثي الكناني; 663–748) was an Arab general and the last Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 738–748.

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Nasser Khalili

Nasser David Khalili (ناصر داوود خلیلی, born 18 December 1945) is a British-Iranian scholar, collector, and philanthropist based in London.

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National Coalition of Afghanistan

The National Coalition of Afghanistan (ائتلاف ملی, Etelaf-e Milli; previously known as the Coalition for Change and Hope), is a political coalition in Afghanistan led by Abdullah Abdullah, Afghanistan's former foreign minister (2001-2005) and main challenger of President Hamid Karzai in the 2009 Afghan presidential elections.

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Nava Vihara

The (नवविहार "New Monastery", modern Nawbahār, نوبهار) were two Buddhist monasteries close to the ancient city of Balkh in northern Afghanistan.

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Nezamiyeh

The Nizamiyyah (from نظامیه, النظامیة) are a group of the medieval institutions of higher education established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century in Iran.

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Ninth Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh

The following assembly members were in the Ninth Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh: Notes.

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Ninus

Ninus (Νίνος), according to Greek historians writing in the Hellenistic period and later, was accepted as the eponymous founder of Nineveh (also called Νίνου πόλις "city of Ninus" in Greek), ancient capital of Assyria.

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Nishapur

Nishapur or Nishabur (نیشابور, also Romanized as Nīshāpūr, Nišâpur, Nişapur, Nīshābūr, Neyshābūr, and Neeshapoor, from Middle Persian: New-Shabuhr, meaning "New City of Shapur", "Fair Shapur", or "Perfect built of Shapur") is a city in Razavi Khorasan Province, capital of the Nishapur County and former capital of Province Khorasan, in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains.

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Nizam al-Mulk

Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (نظام‌الملک, "Order of the Realm") was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire.

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North Khorasan Province

North Khorasan Province (استان خراسان شمالی, Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Shomālī) is a province located in northeastern Iran.

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Northern Silk Road

The Northern Silk Road is a prehistoric trackway in northern China originating in the early capital of Xi'an and extending north of the Taklamakan Desert to reach the ancient kingdoms of Parthia, Bactria and eventually Persia and Rome.

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Nuh II

Nuh II (نوح, died 23 July 997) was amir of the Samanids (976–997).

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Nuristan Province

Nuristan, also spelled Nurestan or Nooristan, (Nuristani: نورستان) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country.

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Occupation of Balkh (1447)

With the death of Shahrukh Mirza in 1447 began the long drawn out Second Timurid Succession Crisis.

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Opium production in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has been the world's leading illicit opium producer since 1992 (excluding the year 2001).

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Peroz I

Peroz I (Middle Persian:; New Persian: پیروز Pirouz, lit. "the Victor") was the eighteenth king of the Sasanian Empire, who ruled from 459 to 484.

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Peroz I Kushanshah

Peroz I Kushanshah was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 246 to 285.

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Peroz III

Peroz III (𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰, Persian: پیروز "the Victor") was son of Yazdegerd III, the last Sasanian king of Persia.

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Persecution of Buddhists

Many Buddhists have experienced persecution from non-Buddhists and other Buddhists during the history of Buddhism.

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Persian literature

Persian literature (ادبیات فارسی adabiyāt-e fārsi), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures.

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Phrataphernes

Phrataphernes (in Greek Φραταφέρνης; lived 4th century BC) was a Persian who held the government of Parthia and Hyrcania, under the king Darius III Codomannus, and joined that monarch with the contingents from the provinces subject to his rule, shortly before the battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC.

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Principality of Khuttal

The Principality of Khuttal, (also spelled Khatlan and Khotlan), was a local Iranian dynasty, which ruled the Khuttal region from the early 7th century to 750.

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Qalandar (clan)

The Qalandar (क़लन्दर, قلندر) are a Muslim ethnic group, found in North India and Pakistan.

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Qara'unas

The Qara'unas or Negüderi were a Mongol people that settled in Afghanistan.

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Qarshi

Qarshi (Qarshi / Қарши; نخشب Nakhshab; Карши Karshi) is a city in southern Uzbekistan.

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Qiu Chuji

Qiu Chuji (1148 – 23 July 1227), also known by his Taoist name Changchun zi, was a Daoist disciple of Wang Chongyang.

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Qutayba ibn Muslim

Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلم بن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).

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Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi

Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi was an Arab military leader, who served the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates.

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Rabia Balkhi

Rābi'a bint Ka'b al-Quzdārī (رابعه بنت کعب), popularly known as Rābi'a Balkhī (رابعه بلخی) and Zayn al-'Arab (زین العرب), is a semi-legendaryG.

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Radhanite

The Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic الرذنية ar-Raðaniyya; Hebrew sing. רדהני Radhani, pl. רדהנים Radhanim) were medieval Jewish merchants.

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Rawak Stupa

Rawak is a Buddhist stupa located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in China, along the famous trade route known as the Silk Road in the first millennium Kingdom of Khotan.

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Razavi Khorasan Province

Razavi Khorasan Province (استان خراسان رضوی, Ostâne Xorâsâne Razavi) is a province located in northeastern Iran.

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Religion in Afghanistan

Afghanistan is an Islamic republic where Islam is practiced by 99.7% of its population.

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Religion in Iran

According to the CIA World Factbook, around 90–95%.

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Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza

It is not clear what led Abdal-Latif Mirza to revolt against his father Ulugh Beg in 1449 C.E. Many theories abound; one being that he was raised by Goharshad in Herat and not by his father Ulugh Beg who was governor of Samarkand during the reign of Shahrukh Mirza, therefore Abdal-Latif Mirza was not attached to his father.

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Robert D. McChesney

Robert Duncan McChesney (born May 10, 1944, is a scholar of the social and cultural history of Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan.

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Round city of Baghdad

The round city of Baghdad is the original core of Baghdad, built by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur in AD 762–767 as the official residence of the Abbasid court.

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Roxana

Roxana (Ῥωξάνη; Old Iranian Raoxshna; sometimes Roxanne, Roxanna, Rukhsana, Roxandra and Roxane) was a SogdianChristopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No.

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Rubab (instrument)

Rubab, robab or rabab (رباب, रुबाब, Rübab, Rübab, رُباب rubāb, Tajik and Uzbek рубоб) is a lute-like musical instrument originating from central Afghanistan.

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Rumi

Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (جلال‌الدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلال‌الدین محمد بلخى), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century PersianRitter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam.

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Sabuktigin

Abu Mansur Sabuktigin (ابو منصور سبکتگین) (ca 942 – August 997), also spelled as Sabuktagin, Sabuktakin, Sebüktegin and Sebük Tigin, was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 367 A.H/977 A.D to 387 A.H/997A.D.C.E. Bosworth, in Encyclopaedia Iranica.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.

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Saffarid dynasty

The Saffarid dynasty (سلسله صفاریان) was a Muslim Persianate dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of eastern Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in southwestern Afghanistan).

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Samangan

Samangan (previous: Eukratidia; then Aybak or Aibak) is a provincial town, medieval caravan stop, and the headquarters of the Samangan Province in the district of the same name in the northern part of Afghanistan.

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Samanid Empire

The Samanid Empire (سامانیان, Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid Emirate, or simply Samanids, was a Sunni Iranian empire, ruling from 819 to 999.

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Samarkand

Samarkand (Uzbek language Uzbek alphabet: Samarqand; سمرقند; Самарканд; Σαμαρκάνδη), alternatively Samarqand, is a city in modern-day Uzbekistan and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.

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Sayed Nasim Mihanparast

Sayed Nasim Mihanparast (سيد نسیم میهن پرست) was a political figure active in Afghanistan, particularly in Northern Afghanistan during the 1980s, when he played a key role in the establishment of Sar-e Pol Province in 1988.

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Seleucid coinage

The coinage of the Seleucid Empire is based on the coins of Alexander the Great, which in turn were based on Athenian coinage of the Attic weight.

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Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (آل سلجوق) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks.

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Semiramis

Semiramis (Assyrian;ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ Shamiram,; Σεμίραμις, Շամիրամ Shamiram) was the legendary Lydian-Babylonian wife of Onnes and Ninus, succeeding the latter to the throne of Assyria.

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Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar

Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar was a 14th-century Muslim saint.

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Shahid Balkhi

(ابوالحسن شهيدبن حسين جهودانکي بلخی) (died, 325 AH - 935) was a Persian theologian, philosopher, poet and sufi.

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Shahrbanu

Shahrbānū (or Shehr Bano) (شهربانو) (Meaning: "Lady of the Land") is one of the wives of Husayn ibn Ali, (grandson of Muhammad and third Twelver Shī‘ah Imām) and the mother of Ali ibn Husayn (the fourth Imāmī-Twelver Shī‘ah Imām).

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Shambhala

In Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions Shambhala (शम्भलः, also spelled Shambala or Shamballa) is a mythical kingdom.

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Shamshad TV

Shamshad TV is a satellite television station in Afghanistan, which was launched in early 2006.

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Shantanu

In the epic Mahabharata, Shantanu was a Kuru king of Hastinapura.

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Shaqiq al-Balkhi

Shaqiq al-Balkhi (d. 810 / AH 194) was an early Sufi saint of the Khorasan school.

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Shaybanids

The Shaybanids (سلسله شیبانیان) were a PersianizedIntroduction: The Turko-Persian tradition, Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, ed.

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Sheberghan

Sheberghān or Shaburghān (Uzbek, Pashto, شبرغان), also spelled Shebirghan and Shibarghan, is the capital city of the Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan.

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Shura-e Nazar

The Shura-e Nazar (شوراء نظار) (known as the Supervisory Council of the North) was created by Ahmad Shah Massoud in 1984 at the northern provinces of Takhar, Badakhshan, Balkh and Kunduz, during the Soviet-Afghan War.

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Siege of Bactra

The Siege of Bactra was a siege of the Hellenistic period that lasted from 208 to 206 BC.

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Siege of Balkh (1370)

The battle of Balkh was a key success in Timur's rise to power, and established him as the ruler of the western Chaghatai in Transoxiana.

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Siege of Balkh (1447)

After the Battle of Nishapur and the peace treaty which gave the Chechektu valley to Ala-ud-Daulah Mirza, he placed in that out post a certain Mirza Saleh who was an enemy of Abdal-Latif Mirza.

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Siege of Kabul (1504)

In 1504 Babur besieged Kabul and took the city from the Arghuns under Mukim Beg Arghun to become the new king of Kabul and Ghazni regions.

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Siege of Samarkand

After the death of King Abu Sa'id Mirza, the great-grandson of Amir Timur Beg Gurkani (Taimur Lung), his much reduced Timurid Empire was divided among four of his sons namely;.

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Siege of Samarkand (1497)

In May 1497 the two armies of Babur and Sultan Ali successfully besieged and captured the city of Samarkand.

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Siege of Shahrukhiya

Abu Sa'id Mirza occupied Herat on July 19, 1457.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

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Simorgh Alborz F.C.

Simorgh Alborz is a football team in Afghanistan.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan such as: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Panjikent and Shahrisabz.

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Sogdian Rock

Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress located north of Bactria in Sogdiana (near Samarkand), was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in the early spring of 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire.

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South Khorasan Province

South Khorasan Province (استان خراسان جنوبی Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Jonūbī) is a province located in eastern Iran.

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Spahbed

Spāhbed (𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲; also spelled spahbod and spahbad, early form spāhpat) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sasanian Empire.

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Spitamenes

Spitamenes (in old Persian Spitamaneh; Greek Σπιταμένης; 370 BC – 328 BC) was a Sogdian warlord, leader of the uprising in Sogdiana and Bactria against Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, in 329 BC.

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Stary Dzedzin

Stary ́ Dze ́dzin (also spelled Sta ́ry De ́din, also transliterated Old Dzedzin, Old Dedin; Стары ́ Дзе ́дзін; Ста ́рый Де ́дин) is a village in the Klimavichy rayon of the Mahilyow Voblast of Belarus.

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Stasanor

Stasanor (in Στασάνωρ; lived 4th century BC) was a native of Soli in Cyprus who held a distinguished position among the officers of Alexander the Great.

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Stefan Heidemann

Stefan Heidemann (born 1961 in Versmold in Westphalia) is a German orientalist at Hamburg University, Hamburg.

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Subah

A Subah was the term for a province in the Mughal Empire.

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Sufi saints of Aurangabad

Aurangabad furnished a genial soil for the spread of Islam, and was the centre of great missionary movements in the 8th century of the Hijri.

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Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara

Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara (حسین بایقرا / Husayn Bāyqarā) was born in Herat in June–July 1438 C.E. to Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza son of Bayqarah Mirza I son of Umar Shaikh Mirza I son of Amir Timur Beg Gurkani.

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Sultan Said Khan

Sultan Said Khan ruled the Yarkent Khanate (mamlakati Yarkand) from September, 1514, to July, 1533.

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Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan

Hazrat Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan Ghazi (حضرت سلطان ستوق بغرا خان غازي) (سۇلتان سۇتۇق بۇغراخان (also spelled Satuk; died 955) was a Kara-Khanid Khan; in 934, he was one of the first Turkic rulers to convert to Islam, which prompted his Kara-Khanid subjects to convert. There are different historical accounts of the Satuq's life with some variations. Sources include Mulhaqāt al-Surāh (Supplement to the "Surah") by Jamal Qarshi (b. 1230/31) who quoted an earlier 11th-century text Tarikh-i Kashghar (History of Kashgar) by Abū-al-Futūh 'Abd al-Ghāfir ibn al-Husayn al-Alma'i, an account by Ottoman historian known as the Munajjimbashi, as well as a fragment of a manuscript in Chagatai, Tazkirah Bughra Khan (Memory of Bughra Khan).

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Syed Muhammad Masood

Syed Muhammad Masood (السيد محمد مسعود) (سید محمد مسعود) was the progenitor of Mashwanis tribe.

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Taj al-Din Yildiz

Taj al-Din Yildiz (also spelled Yaldiz, Yildoz, and Yalduz, تاج‌الدین ییلدز) was a Turkic slave commander of the Ghurids, who, after the death of Sultan Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, became the ruler of Ghazni, while, however, still recognizing Ghurid authority.

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Tajik literature

Tajik literature and its history is bound up with the standardisation of the Tajik language.

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Tajiks

Tajik (تاجيک: Tājīk, Тоҷик) is a general designation for a wide range of native Persian-speaking people of Iranian origin, with current traditional homelands in present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

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Talib Chakwali

Talib Chakwali (1900-1988) was an Urdu ghazal and nazm writer.

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Temir Kapig

Temir Kapig (or Temir Kapiğ, modern Turkish: Demir Kapı, in the old Turkic alphabet " ") is the historical name of a pass in south east Uzbekistan.

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Timeline of the Ilkhanate

This is a timeline of the Ilkhanate.

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Timeline of the Karluks

This is a timeline of the Karluks.

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Timeline of the Khitans

This is a timeline of the Khitans.

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Timeline of the Mongol Empire

This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Temüjin, later Genghis Khan, to the end of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the rulers of the Northern Yuan dynasty, a far less powerful successor entity, until 1634.

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Timur

Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.

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Timurid dynasty

The Timurid dynasty (تیموریان), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty or clan of Turco-Mongol lineageB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006Encyclopædia Britannica, "", Online Academic Edition, 2007.

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Timurid Empire

The Timurid Empire (تیموریان, Timuriyān), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gurkāniyān), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and, while not descended from Genghis, regarded himself as Genghis's heir and associated much with the Borjigin. The ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation in 1467, but members of the dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there, and from there 20 years later he invaded India to establish the Mughal Empire.

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Tower of Silence

A Dakhma (Persian: دخمه; Avestan: lit. “tower of silence”), also called a Tower of Silence, is a circular, raised structure built by Zoroastrians for excarnation – that is, for dead bodies to be exposed to carrion birds, usually vultures.

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Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity

Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements.

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Trapusa and Bahalika

Trapusa and Bahalika (alternatively Bhallika) are attributed to be the first two lay disciples of the Buddha.

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Treaty of Gandamak

The Treaty of Gandamak officially ended the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

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Turkic Khaganate

The Turkic Khaganate (Old Turkic: 𐰜𐰇𐰛:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 Kök Türük) or Göktürk Khaganate was a khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia.

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Ulugh Beg

Mīrzā Muhammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh (میرزا محمد طارق بن شاہ رخ, میرزا محمد تراغای بن شاہ رخ), better known as Ulugh Beg (March 22, 1394 in Sultaniyeh, Persia – October 27, 1449, Samarkand), was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelt, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

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Unsuri

Abul Qasim Hasan Unsuri Balkhi (ابوالقاسم حسن عنصری بلخی) (died 1039/1040) was a 10-11th century (4 -5th solar Hejri) Persian poet.

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Uttamabhadras

The Uttamabhadras are an ancient Indian tribe described in the Mahabharata and later inscriptions.

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Uttara Madra Kingdom

Uttara Madra is a kingdom grouped among the western kingdoms in the epic Mahabharata.

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Uttarapatha

Ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts use Uttarapatha as the name of the northern part of Jambudvipa, one of the "continents" in Hindu mythology.

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Uzbeks

The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.

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Vishtaspa

Vishtaspa (Vištāspa) is the Avestan-language name of a figure of Zoroastrian scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of Zoroaster, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophet's message.

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Wasef Bakhtari

Wasef Bakhtari (استاد واصف باختری) (born 1942 in Balkh, Afghanistan) is an Afghan poet, literary figure and intellectual.

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Xi yu fan guo zhi

西域番国志 (Pinyin: Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi or Hsi-yü fan-kuo chih; literally "A Record of the Barbarian Countries in the Western Region.") was a report submitted by Ming dynasty envoy Chen Cheng (陈诚) to the Yongle Emperor about the eighteen countries and territories he traveled through during 1414-1415 as a member of an embassy contingency, to the kingdom of Timurid in Central Asia.

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Xionites

Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyon) are Romanisations of the ethnonym of a nomadic people who were prominent in Transoxania, Bactria and Iran during the 4th and 7th centuries CE.

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Xuanzang

Xuanzang (fl. c. 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who travelled to India in the seventh century and described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang dynasty.

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Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi

Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi (830–871) was a Muslim Sufi who taught in Central Asia.

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Yanabi al-Muwadda

Yanabi al-Muwadda is a Hadith collection purportedly authored by Sulayman al-Qunduzi (full name Sulaiman ibn Khawajah Killan Ibrahim ibn Baba Khawajah al-Balkhi al-Qunduzi) in Baghdad in 1395 hijri.

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Yaqut al-Hamawi

Yāqūt ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī al-Hamawī (1179–1229) (ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was an Arab biographer and geographer of Greek origin, renowned for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world.

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Yarkent Khanate

The Yarkent Khanate was a state ruled by the Genghisid Chagatais, the majority of whose subject population was Turkic in Central Asia.

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Yaz culture

The Yaz culture (named after the type site Yaz-depe, Yaz Depe, or Yaz Tepe, near Baýramaly, Turkmenistan) was an early Iron Age culture of Margiana, Bactria and Sogdia (ca. 1500–500 BC).

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Yuezhi

The Yuezhi or Rouzhi were an ancient people first reported in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC.

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Yunus Khan

Yunus Khan (c. 1416 – 1487) (يونس خان), was Khan of Moghulistan from 1462 until his death in 1487.

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Zahir Howaida

Zahir Howaida (Persian:ظاهرهویدا) (also spelled as Zahir Huwaida; February 28, 1946 – 5 March 2012) was an Afghan singer.

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Zartosht No-Diso

Zartosht no-diso, or Zarthost no deeso, is an important day of remembrance in the Zoroastrian religion.

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Zerbaghali

The zerbaghali is a goblet-shaped hand drum that is played in the folk music of Afghanistan.

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Zhang Qian

Zhang Qian (d. 113) was a Chinese official and diplomat who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the 2nd century BC, during the time of the Han dynasty.

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Zoroaster

Zoroaster (from Greek Ζωροάστρης Zōroastrēs), also known as Zarathustra (𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 Zaraθuštra), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra, was an ancient Iranian-speaking prophet whose teachings and innovations on the religious traditions of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples developed into the religion of Zoroastrianism.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.

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1850

No description.

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1903 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during 1903 in Afghanistan.

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1923 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during 1923 in Afghanistan.

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2003 in Afghanistan

2003 in Afghanistan.

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208 BC

Year 208 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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328 BC

Year 328 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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329 BC

Year 329 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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589

Year 589 (DLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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900

Year 900 (CM) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Redirects here:

Bactra, Bactres, Balh, Balkh District, Balkh Provincial Museum, Balkh Subah, Balkh, Afghanistan, Jama Masjid of Balkh, Umm Al-Belaad, Zainaspa, Zariaspa.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh

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