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Joint

Index Joint

A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. [1]

568 relations: Acetabulum, Achilles tendinitis, Acrocanthosaurus, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, Acrodysostosis, Acromioclavicular joint, Actin (software), Actuator, Adducted thumb syndrome, Adhesion (medicine), Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder, Aegilops cylindrica, Aetosaur, Aging movement control, Air displacement pipette, Alien abduction, Allosaurus, Amphiarthrosis, Anatomical terminology, Anatomical terms of bone, Anchiornis, Anim8or, Animal locomotion, Ankle, Ankle fracture, Ankylosing spondylitis, Ankylosis, Anterior sternoclavicular ligament, Archibald Garrod, Architecture of Croatia, Architecture of the Song dynasty, Armature (sculpture), Arnon Mantver, Arterial tortuosity syndrome, Arthralgia, Arthritis, Arthrodesis, Arthrogram, Arthrokinetic reflex, Arthrology, Arthropathy, Arthroplasty, Arthropod, Arthroscopy, Arthrotomy, Articular cartilage damage, Articular cartilage injuries, Articular cartilage repair, Articular disk, Articulation, ..., Articulation of head of rib, 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Expand index (518 more) »

Acetabulum

The acetabulum (cotyloid cavity) is a concave surface of a pelvis.

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Achilles tendinitis

Achilles tendinitis is when the Achilles tendon, found at the back of the ankle, becomes irritated.

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Acrocanthosaurus

Acrocanthosaurus (meaning "high-spined lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur that existed in what is now North America during the Aptian and early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous.

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Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) (also known as Herxheimer disease and primary diffuse atrophy) is a skin rash indicative of the third or late stage of European Lyme borreliosis.

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Acrodysostosis

Acrodysostosis also known as Arkless-Graham syndrome or Maroteaux-Malamut syndrome is a rare congenital malformation syndrome which involves shortening of the interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet, intellectual disability in approximately 90% of affected children, and peculiar facies.

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Acromioclavicular joint

The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder.

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Actin (software)

Actin is a software toolkit for designing, simulating, and controlling robots, created by the American firm Energid Technologies of Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Actuator

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve.

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Adducted thumb syndrome

Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form is a rare disease affecting multiple systems causing malformations of the palate, thumbs, and upper limbs.

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Adhesion (medicine)

Adhesions are fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, often as a result of injury during surgery.

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Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder

Adhesive capsulitis (also known as frozen shoulder) is a painful and disabling disorder of unclear cause in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, greatly restricting motion and causing chronic pain.

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Aegilops cylindrica

Aegilops cylindrica, also known as jointed goatgrass.

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Aetosaur

Aetosaurs (aetosaur; order name Aetosauria; from Greek, ἀετός (aetos, "eagle") and σαυρος (sauros, "lizard")) are an extinct order of heavily armoured, medium- to large-sized Late Triassic herbivorous archosaurs.

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Aging movement control

Normal aging movement control in humans is about the changes in the muscles, motor neurons, nerves, sensory functions, gait, fatigue, visual and manual responses, in men and women as they get older but who do not have neurological, muscular (atrophy, dystrophy...) or neuromuscular disorder.

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Air displacement pipette

Piston-driven air displacement pipettes are micropipettes, which are tools to handle volumes of liquid in the microliter scale pipettes.

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Alien abduction

The terms alien abduction or abduction phenomenon describe "subjectively real memories of being taken secretly against one's will by apparently nonhuman entities and subjected to complex physical and psychological procedures".

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Allosaurus

Allosaurus is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 150 million years ago during the late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to early TithonianTurner, C.E. and Peterson, F., (1999). "Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A." Pp. 77–114 in Gillette, D.D. (ed.), Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1.). The name "Allosaurus" means "different lizard" alluding to its unique concave vertebrae (at the time of its discovery).

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Amphiarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint.

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Anatomical terminology

Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors.

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Anatomical terms of bone

Many anatomical terms descriptive of bone are defined in anatomical terminology, and are often derived from Greek and Latin.

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Anchiornis

Anchiornis is a type of small, four-winged paravian dinosaur.

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Anim8or

Anim8or is a freeware OpenGL based 3D modeling and animation program by R. Steven Glanville, a software engineer at NVidia.

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Animal locomotion

Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another.

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Ankle

The ankle, or the talocrural region, is the region where the foot and the leg meet.

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Ankle fracture

An ankle fracture is a break of the ankle bones.

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Ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis in which there is long term inflammation of the joints of the spine.

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Ankylosis

Ankylosis or anchylosis (from Greek ἀγκύλος, bent, crooked) is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease.

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Anterior sternoclavicular ligament

The anterior sternoclavicular ligament is a broad band of fibers, covering the anterior (front) surface of the joint between the sternum and clavicle (sternoclavicular articulation).

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Archibald Garrod

Sir Archibald Edward Garrod (25 November 1857 – 28 March 1936) was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism.

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Architecture of Croatia

The architecture of Croatia has roots in a long history: the Croats have inhabited the area for fourteen centuries, but there are important remnants of earlier periods still preserved in the country.

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Architecture of the Song dynasty

The architecture of the Song dynasty (960–1279) was noted for its towering Buddhist pagodas, enormous stone and wooden bridges, lavish tombs, and extravagant palaces.

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Armature (sculpture)

In sculpture, an armature is a framework around which the sculpture is built.

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Arnon Mantver

Arnon Mantver (ארנון מנטבר.) is an Israeli professional.

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Arterial tortuosity syndrome

Arterial tortuosity syndrome is a rare congenital connective tissue condition disorder characterized by elongation and generalized tortuosity of the major arteries including the aorta.

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Arthralgia

Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain) literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication.

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Arthritis

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints.

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Arthrodesis

Arthrodesis, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery.

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Arthrogram

An arthrogram is a series of images of a joint after injection of a contrast medium, usually done by fluoroscopy or MRI.

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Arthrokinetic reflex

The terms "arthrokinetic reflex" was coined by medical researchers at the University of Pittsburgh's Medical School, department of Physiology, in 1956 to refer to the way in which joint movement can reflexively cause muscle activation or inhibition.

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Arthrology

Arthrology is the science concerned with the study of anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints and articulations.

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Arthropathy

An arthropathy is a disease of a joint.

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Arthroplasty

Arthroplasty (literally "forming of joint") is an orthopedic surgical procedure where the articular surface of a musculoskeletal joint is replaced, remodeled, or realigned by osteotomy or some other procedure.

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Arthropod

An arthropod (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot") is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.

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Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic or keyhole surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision.

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Arthrotomy

An arthrotomy is the creation of an opening in a joint that may be used in drainage.

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Articular cartilage damage

Cartilage structures and functions can be damaged.

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Articular cartilage injuries

Cartilage structures and functions can relatively easily be harmed, often resulting in damage.

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Articular cartilage repair

The aim of an articular cartilage repair treatment is to restore the surface of an articular joint's hyaline cartilage.

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Articular disk

The articular disk (or disc) is a thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints which separates synovial cavities.

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Articulation

Articulation may refer to.

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Articulation of head of rib

The articulations of the heads of the ribs (or costocentral articulations) constitute a series of gliding or arthrodial joints, and are formed by the articulation of the heads of the typical ribs with the facets on the contiguous margins of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and with the intervertebral fibrocartilages between them; the first, eleventh and twelfth ribs each articulate with a single vertebra.

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Asynergy

Asynergy is defective or absent co-ordination between organs, muscles, limbs or joints, resulting in a loss in movement or speed.

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Atlanto-axial joint

The atlantoaxial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae; the atlas and axis.

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Attenuated patella alta

Attenuated patella alta is an extremely rare condition affecting mobility and leg strength.

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Avascular necrosis

Avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis or bone infarction, is death of bone tissue due to interruption of the blood supply.

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Axilla

The axilla (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.

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Axis (anatomy)

In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") or epistropheus.

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Étienne-Jules Marey

Étienne-Jules Marey (5 March 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 15 May 1904, Paris) was a French scientist, physiologist and chronophotographer.

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Össur

Össur hf. is an Icelandic company that develops, manufactures and sells non-invasive orthopaedics equipment, including bracing and support products, compression therapy, and prosthetics.

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Back pain

Back pain is pain felt in the back of the body.

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Bad Kreuznach

Bad Kreuznach is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Baryonyx

Baryonyx is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived in the Barremian stage of the early Cretaceous Period, about 130–125 million years ago.

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Batman action figures

Batman action figures have been produced since the 1940s.

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Bearbrick

Bearbrick (rendered Be@rbrick) is a collectible toy designed and produced by the Japanese company MediCom Toy Incorporated.

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Beef ring

Beef rings are cooperative groups of six to twenty-four farms, with each member of the cooperative being required to supply one animal over the course of the summer to the cooperative for slaughter they are either done locally on the farm or at a slaughterhouse at the member's expense.

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Bennett's fracture

Bennett fracture is a fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone which extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.

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Betsy Wetsy

Betsy Wetsy was a "drink-and-wet" doll originally issued by the Ideal Toy Company of New York in 1934.

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Biarticular muscle

Biarticular muscles are muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings which cross both the hip and the knee.

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Bioceramic

Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic materials that are biocompatible.

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Body Worlds

Body Worlds (German title: Körperwelten) is a traveling exposition of dissected human bodies, animals, and other anatomical structures of the body that have been preserved through the process of plastination.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Bone fracture

A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.

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Brancasaurus

Brancasaurus (meaning "Branca's lizard") is a genus of plesiosaur which lived in a freshwater lake in the Early Cretaceous of what is now North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Broomistega

Broomistega is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian in the family Rhinesuchidae.

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Buck Ruxton

Dr.

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Burlingiidae

The Burlingiidae constitute a family of trilobites of uncertain affinity, that lived during the Middle to lowest Upper Cambrian (Acadoparadoxides pinus- to Agnostus pisiformis-zone).

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Business Transformation Agency

The Business Transformation Agency (BTA) was an organization of the United States Department of Defense responsible for guiding the Department’s business operations modernization.

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Busou Shinki (anime)

is a 12-episode mecha, action/adventure, anime television series produced by 8Bit and broadcast on TBS in Japan in 2012.

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Campylobacter fetus

Campylobacter fetus is a species of Gram-negative, motile bacteria with a characteristic "S"-shaped rod morphology similar to members of the genus Vibrio.

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Canadian Light Rail Vehicle

The Canadian Light Rail Vehicle (CLRV) is a streetcar used by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).

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Cantonnier Lode

The Cantonnier lode formed in the Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite, part of the basement rocks of the northwestern Massif Central in France.

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Carl Hueter

Carl Hueter (27 November 1838 – 12 May 1882) was a German surgeon born in Marburg.

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Carpometacarpal joint

The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones.

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Cartilage

Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.

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Cat body-type mutation

Cats, like all living organisms, occasionally have mutations that affect their body type.

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Cattle judging

Cattle judging is the process of judging a series of cattle and pronouncing a first-, second- and third-place animal based on each animal's individual traits compared to that of the others.

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Central Asian Shepherd Dog

The Central Asian Shepherd Dog is an ancient breed of dog from the regions of Central Asia.

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Cervical spine disorder

Cervical spine disorders are illnesses that affect the cervical spine, which is made up of the upper first seven vertebrae, encasing and shielding the spinal cord.

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Cervical vertebrae

In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull.

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Changes to Old English vocabulary

Many words that existed in Old English did not survive into Modern English.

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Charlie Dunn

Charles Russell "Charlie" Dunn (c. 1898 – September 23, 1993) was an American bootmaker of handmade Western, or cowboy, boots for more than 80 years.

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Cheironomy

Cheironomy (or Chironomy) is a form of conduction where the use of hand gestures directs musical performance.

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Child bone fracture

A child bone fracture or a pediatric fracture is a medical condition in which a bone of a child (a person younger than the age of 18) is cracked or broken.

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Childhood arthritis

Juvenile arthritis (JA), also known as childhood arthritis, is any form of chronic arthritis or chronic arthritis-related conditions which affects individuals under the age of 16.

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Chondroblast

Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix.

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Chondroblastoma

Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign, locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects the epiphyses or apophyses of long bones.

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Clonus

Clonus (from the Greek for "violent, confused motion") is a series of involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations.

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Coccyx

The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in humans and apes, and certain other mammals such as horses.

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Collagen, type XI, alpha 2

Collagen alpha-2(XI) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL11A2 gene.

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Colles' fracture

A Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards.

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Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula

Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula (CHOMP) was founded in 1934 and is located at 23625 Holman Highway in Monterey, California.

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Complement deficiency

Complement deficiency is an immunodeficiency of absent or suboptimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins.

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Compounding

Pharmaceutical compounding (done in compounding pharmacies) is the creation of a particular pharmaceutical product to fit the unique need of a patient.

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Compression lock

A compression lock, muscle lock, muscle slicer or muscle crusher, is a grappling hold which causes severe pain by pressing a muscle into a bone.

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Computer Warriors

Computer Warriors was a toy line made by Mattel from 1989-1990.

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Constructional apraxia

Constructional apraxia is characterized by an inability or difficulty to build, assemble, or draw objects.

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Contracture

A muscle contracture is a permanent shortening of a muscle or joint.

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Coronal suture

The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull.

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Cortisone

Cortisone, also known as 17α,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione, is a pregnane (21-carbon) steroid hormone.

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Costochondral joint

The costochondral joints are the joints between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage.

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Costotransverse joint

The costotransverse joint is the joint formed between the facet of the tubercle of the rib and the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.

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Cracking joints

The act of cracking joints means bending a person's joints to produce a distinct cracking or popping sound, often followed by a feeling of satisfaction or relaxation to the person.

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Crepitus

Crepitus (also termed crepitation) is a medical term to describe the grating, crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the skin and joints or a crackling sensation due to the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue.

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Croatian art

Croatian art describes the visual arts in Croatia from medieval times to the present.

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Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.

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Cruciate ligament

Cruciate ligaments (also cruciform ligaments) are pairs of ligaments arranged like a letter X. They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee.

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Crucifixion (Francis Bacon, 1965)

Crucifixion is a 1965 triptych painted by the Irish-born artist Francis Bacon.

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Crystal arthropathy

Crystal arthropathy is a class of joint disorder (called arthropathy) that is characterized by accumulation of tiny crystals in one or more joints.

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Cuboideonavicular joint

The cuboideonavicular joint is a joint (articulation) in the foot formed between the navicular bone and cuboid bone.

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Culture of the United States Marine Corps

The Culture of the United States Marine Corps is widely varied, but unique amongst the branches of the United States armed forces.

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Cuneonavicular joint

The cuneonavicular joint is a joint (articulation) in the human foot.

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DC Superheroes (toys)

DC Superheroes is a collection of action figures originally produced by Mattel in early 2006.

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DC Universe: Justice League Unlimited Fan Collection

DC Universe: Justice League Unlimited Fan Collection is an action figure line based on the highly popular ''Justice League'' and Justice League Unlimited animated series.

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Decuriasuchus

Decuriasuchus is an extinct genus of prestosuchid rauisuchian from the Middle Triassic period (Ladinian stage).

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Degrees of freedom (mechanics)

In physics, the degree of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration.

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Degrees of freedom problem

The degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem in motor control states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal.

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Dense connective tissue

Dense connective tissue, also called dense fibrous tissue, is a type of connective tissue with fibers as its main matrix element.

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Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue.

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Dental alveolus

Dental alveoli (singular alveolus) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process with the periodontal ligament.

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Development of The Last of Us

The development of The Last of Us, an action-adventure survival horror video game, began after Uncharted 2: Among Thieves release in October 2009.

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Digital microscope

A digital microscope is a variation of a traditional optical microscope that uses optics and a digital camera to output an image to a monitor, sometimes by means of software running on a computer.

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Disarticulation

In medical terminology, disarticulation is the separation of two bones at their joint, either traumatically by way of injury or by a surgeon during arthroplasty or amputation.

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Dislocation of jaw

Dislocations occur when two bones that originally met at the joint detach.

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Distal radioulnar articulation

The distal radioulnar articulation (inferior radioulnar joint) is a joint between the two bones in the forearm; the radius and ulna.

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Docofossor

Docofossor is an extinct mammaliaform (a docodont) from the Jurassic period.

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Dog food

Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines.

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Dorn method

The Dorn method is a form of manual, holistic alternative therapy claimed to be used to correct misalignments in the spinal column and other joints.

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Drew Barrymore

Drew Blythe Barrymore (born February 22, 1975) is an American actress, author, director, model, and producer.

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Dysostosis

A dysostosis is a disorder of the development of bone, in particular affecting ossification.

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Dz13

Dz13 is an experimental treatment developed by scientists at the University of New South Wales.

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Eccentric training

An eccentric contraction is the motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under load.

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Ehlers–Danlos syndromes

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of genetic connective tissue disorders.

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Elastic therapeutic tape

Elastic therapeutic tape, also called kinesiology tape, Kinesio tape, k-tape, or KT,; is an elastic cotton strip with an acrylic adhesive that is used with the intent of treating pain and disability from athletic injuries and a variety of other physical disorders.

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Electric heating pouch

According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, electric heating pouches are medical apparatus, namely, electric heating devices for curative treatment.

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Empyema

An empyema (from Greek ἐμπύημα, "abscess") is a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity.

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Eonessa

Eonessa is an enigmatic genus of bird possibly belonging to bird order Gruiformes and which consists of the single species Eonessa anaticula.

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Epiphysis

The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s).

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Equinalysis

Equinalysis is a computer software program designed in 2004 by consultant farrier, Haydn Price, to capture and analyse equine locomotion.

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Eric Franklin

Eric N. Franklin (born February 28, 1957) is a Swiss dancer, movement educator, university lecturer, writer and founder of the Franklin Method, a method that combines creative visualization, embodied anatomy, physical and mental exercises and educational skills.

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Ethmoid bone

The ethmoid bone (from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

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Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis is a common dicroglossid frog found in South Asia. It is known under numerous common names, including Indian skipper frog or skittering frog. They are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with their eyes above the water. They noisily move away from the shore when disturbed, giving them their common name. They are rarely seen outside water.

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Eutheria

Eutheria (from Greek εὐ-, eu- "good" or "right" and θηρίον, thēríon "beast" hence "true beasts") is one of two mammalian clades with extant members that diverged in the Early Cretaceous or perhaps the Late Jurassic.

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Exercise

Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.

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Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

In human anatomy, extensor carpi radialis brevis (Beaver muscle) is a muscle in the forearm that acts to extend and abduct the wrist.

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Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

The extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist.

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Extracapsular fracture

An extracapsular fracture is a bone fracture near a joint but still located outside the joint capsule.

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Extracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells.

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Farber disease

Farber disease (also known as Farber's lipogranulomatosis, ceramidase deficiency, "Fibrocytic dysmucopolysaccharidosis," and "Lipogranulomatosis") is an extremely rare (80 cases reported worldwide to this day) autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by a deficiency in the enzyme ceramidase that causes an accumulation of fatty material sphingolipids leading to abnormalities in the joints, liver, throat, tissues and central nervous system.

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Femur

The femur (pl. femurs or femora) or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles including lizards, and amphibians such as frogs.

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.

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Fetal movement

Fetal movement refers to motion of a fetus caused by its own muscle activity.

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Fetal warfarin syndrome

Fetal Warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy.

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Fetlock

Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs.

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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare connective tissue disease.

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Fibula

The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below.

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Fifth disease

Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease is one of several possible manifestations of infection by parvovirus B19.

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Fillet weld

Fillet welding refers to the process of joining two pieces of metal together whether they be perpendicular or at an angle.

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Finger

A finger is a limb of the human body and a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates.

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First aid

First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.

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First metatarsal bone

The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the foot just behind the big toe.

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Fish jaw

Most bony fishes have two sets of jaws made mainly of bone.

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Fishing swivel

A fishing swivel is a small device consisting of two rings connected to a pivoting joint.

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Fistula

A fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs.

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Flexibility (anatomy)

Flexibility or limberness refers to the range of movement in a joint or series of joints, and length in muscles that cross the joints to induce a bending movement or motion.

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Flucloxacillin

Flucloxacillin (INN) or floxacillin (USAN) is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.

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Foot

The foot (plural feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates.

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Foot rot

Foot rot, or infectious pododermatitis, is a hoof infection commonly found in sheep, goats, and cattle.

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François Chopart

François Chopart (20 October 1743 – 9 June 1795) was a French surgeon born in Paris.

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Franz König (surgeon)

Franz König (February 10, 1832 – December 12, 1910) was a German surgeon.

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Friedrich Arnold

Friedrich Arnold (8 January 1803 – 5 July 1890) was professor emeritus of anatomy and physiology at Heidelberg.

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Fritz Haarmann

Friedrich Heinrich Karl "Fritz" Haarmann (25 October 1879 – 15 April 1925) was a German serial killer, known as the Butcher of Hanover, the Vampire of Hanover and the Wolf-Man, who committed the sexual assault, murder, mutilation and dismemberment of a minimum of 24 boys and young men between 1918 and 1924 in Hanover, Germany.

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Functional beverage

A functional beverage is a drink typically intended to convey a health benefit.

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Functional movement

Functional movements are movements based on real-world situational biomechanics.

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Galvanic bath

Galvanic bath is an alternative medical treatment (a type of electrotherapy) based on the simultaneous use of water and electric current.

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Ganglion cyst

A ganglion cyst is a fluid filled lump associated with a joint or tendon sheath.

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Geir Bjørklund

Geir Bjørklund (born 20 April 1969 in Mo i Rana, Norway) is an independent researcher, medical/health science writer, editor, and advisor to international scientific journals.

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Gene therapy for osteoarthritis

Gene transfer strategies for medical management of the Osteoarthritis have attracted the attention of scientists due to the complex pathology of this chronic disease.

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Geoemydidae

Not to be confused with Geomyidae. The Geoemydidae (formerly known as Bataguridae) are one of the largest and most diverse families in the order Testudines (turtles), with about 70 species.

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Geriatric rheumatology

Geriatric rheumatology is the branch of medicine that studies rheumatologic disorders in elderly (joints, muscles & other structures around the joints).

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Gerodermia osteodysplastica

Gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO), also called geroderma osteodysplasticum and Walt Disney dwarfism, is a rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder included in the spectrum of cutis laxa syndromes.

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Giant Schnauzer

The Giant Schnauzer is a working breed of dog developed in the 17th century in Germany.

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Gigantornis

Gigantornis eaglesomei was a giant prehistoric bird, described from a fragmentary specimen from the Eocene of Nigeria.

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Glossary of bird terms

The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves, characterized by, the ability to in all but the approximately 60 extant species of flightless birds, toothless,, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

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Glossary of medicine

This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about medicine, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

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Governance in 18th-century piracy

Pirates, despite being criminals, were very organized.

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Grappling hold

A grappling hold (commonly referred to simply as a hold; in Japanese referred to as katame-waza,, "grappling technique") is a specific grappling, wrestling, judo or other martial arts grip that is applied to an opponent.

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Group A streptococcal infection

A group A streptococcal infection is an infection with group A streptococcus (GAS).

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Guaibasaurus

Guaibasaurus is an extinct genus of basal dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Caturrita Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.

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Gymnasticon

The Gymnasticon was an early exercise machine resembling a stationary bicycle, invented in 1796 by Francis Lowndes.

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Haasiophis

Haasiophis, consisting of the sole species Haasiophis terrasanctus, is an extinct genus of snakes with hind limbs.

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Haemophilia

Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.

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Haemophilia A

Haemophilia A (or hemophilia A) is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII, which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males.

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HAL Tejas

The HAL Tejas is an Indian single-seat, single-jet engine, multirole light fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.

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Hamburger–Hamilton stages

In developmental biology, the Hamburger–Hamilton stages (HH) are a series of 46 chronological stages in chick development, starting from laying of the egg and ending with a newly hatched chick.

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Hand

A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs.

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Hand injury

The hand is a very complex organ with multiple joints, different types of ligament, tendons and nerves.

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Hanoverian horse

A Hanoverian (German: Hannoveraner) is a warmblood horse breed originating in Germany, which is often seen in the Olympic Games and other competitive English riding styles, and has won gold medals in all three equestrian Olympic competitions.

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HAS1

Hyaluronan synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HAS1 gene.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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Hemarthrosis

Hemarthrosis (or haemarthrosis) is a bleeding into joint spaces.

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Hematoma

A hematoma (US spelling) or haematoma (UK spelling) is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries.

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Hemidactylus

Hemidactylus (the house geckos) is a genus of the common gecko family, Gekkonidae.

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Henri-Étienne Beaunis

Henri-Étienne Beaunis (2 August 1830, Amboise – 20 July 1921, Le Cannet) was a French physiologist and psychologist.

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Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN I) or hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I) is a group of autosomal dominant inherited neurological diseases that affect the peripheral nervous system particularly on the sensory and autonomic functions.

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HFE hereditary haemochromatosis

Haemochromatosis (or hemochromatosis) type 1 autosomal recessive is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores.

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Hinge

A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them.

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Hinge joint

A hinge joint (ginglymus) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane.

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Hip

In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa"Latin coxa was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77) in medical terminology) refers to either an anatomical region or a joint.

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Hip bone

The hip bone (os coxa, innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below.

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Hip dislocation

A hip dislocation a disruption of the joint between the femur and pelvis.

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Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for joint dislocation.

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History of the hippie movement

The hippie subculture began its development as a youth movement in the United States during the early 1960s and then developed around the world.

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Homo naledi

Homo naledi is an extinct species of hominin, which anthropologists first described in September 2015 and have assigned to the genus Homo.

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Human leg

The human leg, in the general meaning, is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh and even the hip or gluteal region.

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Human musculoskeletal system

The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems.

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Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism

The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates about four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus, has led to morphological alterations to the human skeleton including changes to the arrangement and size of the bones of the foot, hip size and shape, knee size, leg length, and the shape and orientation of the vertebral column.

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Humanoid robot

A humanoid robot is a robot with its body shape built to resemble the human body.

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Humeroradial joint

The humeroradial joint is the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a limited ball-and-socket joint, hinge type of synovial joint.

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Hunter syndrome

Hunter syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S).

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Hyoid bone

The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.

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Hypermobility (joints)

Hypermobility, also known as double-jointedness, describes joints that stretch farther than normal.

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Hypertryptophanemia

Hypertryptophanemia, also called familial hypertryptophanemia, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results in a massive buildup of the amino acid tryptophan in the blood, with associated symptoms and tryptophanuria (-uria denotes "in the urine").

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Hypoventilation training

Hypoventilation training is a physical training method in which periods of exercise with reduced breathing frequency are interspersed with periods with normal breathing.

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I-cell disease

Inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease, also referred to as mucolipidosis II (ML II), is part of the lysosomal storage disease family and results from a defective phosphotransferase (an enzyme of the Golgi apparatus).

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ICD-10 Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-9-CM Volume 3

ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of procedural codes used by health insurers to classify medical procedures for billing purposes.

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Iliotibial band syndrome

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is a common injury to the knee, generally associated with running, cycling, hiking or weight-lifting (especially squats).

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Imaging instruments

Imaging instruments produce diagnostic images.

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Immune mediated polygenic arthritis

An immune mediated inflammation of the joints of an animal caused by a dysfunction of the immune system, which attacks various components of the joint.

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Inchworm (toy)

The Inchworm was a ride-on toy for children produced by the Hasbro Corporation, first introduced in the early 1970s.

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Incisoscutum

Incisoscutum is a genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Late Frasnian Gogo Reef, from Late Devonian Australia.

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Index of anatomy articles

Articles related to anatomy include.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of law articles

This collection of lists of law topics collects the names of topics related to law.

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Index of structural engineering articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to structural engineering.

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Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles

Orthopedic surgery is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.

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Industrial robot

An industrial robot is a robot system used for manufacturing.

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Infarction

Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Interchondral articulations

The interchondral articulations are the joints formed between the costal cartilages of the ribs.

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Intercuneiform joints

The intercuneiform joints are the joints (articulations among) the cuneiform bones.

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Interleukin-1 family

The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.

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Interosseous membrane

An interosseous membrane is a broad and thin plane of fibrous tissue that separates many of the bones of the body.

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Interosseous membrane of forearm

The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna.

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Intertarsal joints

The intertarsal joint are the joints of the tarsal bones in the foot.

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Intervertebral disc

An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.

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Intra-articular ligament of head of rib

The intra-articular ligament of head of rib (interarticular in older texts) is situated in the interior of the articulation of head of rib.

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Intraarticular fracture

An intraarticular fracture is a bone fracture in which the break crosses into the surface of a joint.

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ISAKOS - International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine

ISAKOS is an international medical society formed by more than 4,000 members.

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Isometric exercise

Isometric exercise or isometrics are a type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction (compared to concentric or eccentric contractions, called dynamic/isotonic movements).

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Jammed finger

The term jammed finger refers to finger joint pain and swelling from an impact injury.

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Jean-Yves Blondeau

Jean-Yves Blondeau (born June 1, 1970), also known as Rollerman, is a French designer who is best known for inventing the 32-wheel roller suit.

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Jetfire

Jetfire is the name of several fictional characters from the Transformers franchise.

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Johann Nepomuk Rust

Johann Nepomuk Rust (April 5, 1775 – October 9, 1840) was a surgeon and military physician born at Jánský Vrh, Javorník, Austrian Silesia (today in the Czech Republic).

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Joint (disambiguation)

A joint in physiology is a connection between bones.

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Joint constraints

Joint constraints are rotational constraints on the joints of an artificial bone system.

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Joint dislocation

A joint dislocation, also called luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint, where two or more bones meet.

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Joint effusion

A joint effusion is the presence of increased intra-articular fluid.

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Joint injection

In medicine, a joint injection (intra-articular injection) is a procedure used in the treatment of inflammatory joint conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, tendinitis, bursitis, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, and occasionally osteoarthritis.

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Joint lock

A joint lock is a grappling technique involving manipulation of an opponent's joints in such a way that the joints reach their maximal degree of motion.

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Joint locking (medicine)

In medicine, joint locking is a symptom of pathology in a joint.

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Joint manipulation

Joint manipulation is a type of passive movement of a skeletal joint.

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Joint replacement

Replacement arthroplasty (from Greek arthron, joint, limb, articulate, + plassein, to form, mould, forge, feign, make an image of), or joint replacement surgery, is a procedure of orthopedic surgery in which an arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with an orthopedic prosthesis.

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Joint stability

Joint stability refers to the resistance offered by various musculoskeletal tissues that surround a skeletal joint.

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Jumping jack (toy)

The jumping jack is a toy whose origins date back thousands of years.

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Juramaia

Juramaia is an extinct genus of very basal eutherian mammal from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian stage) deposits of western Liaoning, China; it is a small shrew-like mammal of body length approximately 70–100 mm.

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Kaitai Shinsho

is a medical text translated into Japanese during the Edo period.

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Karia HM V

HM V is a class of two-bogie four-axle (Bo′Bo′ wheel arrangement) tram operated by Helsinki City Transport (Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos, abbreviated HKL; Helsingfors stads trafikverk, abbreviated HST) on the Helsinki tram network.

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Kawanectes

Kawanectes (meaning "Kawas swimmer") is a genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur, a type of long-necked marine reptile, that lived in the oceans of Late Cretaceous Patagonia.

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Key determinants of gait

Gait is a form of animal locomotion requiring the alternating action of the lower limbs, which results in the translation of the center of mass (COM) in space in a way that elicits the smallest energy expenditure.

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Kissing contusion

Contusions of both surfaces of the knee joint are known as kissing contusions.

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Klára Somogyi

Klára Hensch (1913–1996) was a Hungarian tennis player in the World War II era.

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Knee

The knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint).

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Knee dislocation

A knee dislocation is a knee injury in which there is a complete disruption of the joint between the tibia and the femur.

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Knuckle

The knuckles are the joints of the fingers which are brought into prominence when the hand is clenched and a fist is made.

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Kolling Institute of Medical Research

The Kolling Institute of Medical Research is located on the grounds of the Royal North Shore Hospital in St Leonards, Sydney Australia.

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Kunzea ambigua

Kunzea ambigua, commonly known as white kunzea, poverty bush or tick bush, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is found mainly on sandstone soils in eastern Australia.

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Lack of physical education

Lack of physical education is the inadequacy of the provision and effectiveness of exercise and physical activity within modern education.

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Lambdoid suture

The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone.

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Lance Formation

The Lance (Creek) Formation is a division of Late Cretaceous (dating to about 69 - 66 Ma) rocks in the western United States.

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Lancefield Swamp

The Lancefield Swamp is a rich fossil deposit from the Pleistocene epoch was discovered in the 19th century near Lancefield, Victoria, Australia.

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Lauge-Hansen classification

The Lauge-Hansen classification is a system of categorizing ankle fractures based on the foot position and the force applied.

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Leglock

A leglock is a joint lock that is directed at joints of the leg such as the ankle, knee or hip joint.

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Lego minifigure

Lego minifigure, commonly referred to as a "mini fig", or simply just "fig", is a small plastic articulated figurine, many of which are yellow and other skin tones, available as part of the construction toy Lego, produced by Danish toy manufacturer the Lego Group.

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Leptictidium

Leptictidium (meaning "graceful weasel" in Latin) is an extinct genus of small mammals; together with macropods, giant pangolins, and humans, they are the only known completely bipedal mammals.

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Ligament

A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

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Limbs of the horse

The limbs of the horse are structures made of dozens of bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments that support the weight of the equine body.

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List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants

The following is an extensive catalogue of the variants and specific unique elements of each variant and/or design stage of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber.

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List of Desert Island Discs episodes (1981–90)

The BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs invites castaways to choose eight pieces of music, a book (in addition to the Bible – or a religious text appropriate to that person's beliefs – and the Complete Works of Shakespeare) and a luxury item that they would take to an imaginary desert island, where they will be marooned indefinitely.

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List of flexors of the human body

In anatomy, flexion (from the Latin verb flectere, to bend) is a joint movement that decreases the angle between the bones that converge at the joint.

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List of How It's Made episodes

How It's Made is a documentary television series that premiered on January 6, 2001 on the Discovery Channel (now known as Discovery Science in Canada, and Science in the UK and US.) The program is produced in the Canadian province of Quebec by Productions MAJ, Inc.

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List of human endocrine organs and actions

The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.

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List of human hormones

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens.

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List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases

1.

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List of ICD-9 codes 710–739: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

13.

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List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning

The List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning is one of the ranges International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes.

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List of Latin words with English derivatives

This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).

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List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes

This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymology.

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List of MeSH codes (A02)

The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (C05)

The following is a list of the "C" codes for MeSH.

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List of organs of the human body

This article contains a list of organs of the human body.

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List of surgeries by type

This is a list of surgeries and surgical procedures by type (including ectomy, stomy, and otomy).

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List of surgical procedures

The names of many surgical procedure names can be broken into parts to indicate the meaning.

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List of words ending in ology

† not study.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Low kick

A low kick (also known as a leg kick) is a kick in which the attacker uses his or her leg to strike the opponent's lower body (thigh or calf) with the shinbone or foot.

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Lower-limb walking pattern

The function of the lower limbs during walking is to support the whole-body against gravitational forces while generating movement patterns which progress the body forward.

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LOXL3

Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL3 gene.

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Lujan–Fryns syndrome

Lujan–Fryns syndrome (LFS), also referred to as X-linked mental retardation with Marfanoid habitus and Lujan syndrome, is an X-linked genetic disorder that causes mild to moderate intellectual disability and features described as Marfanoid habitus, referring to a group of physical characteristics similar to those found in Marfan syndrome.

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Lupus erythematosus

Lupus erythematosus is a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues.

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Luxo Jr.

Luxo Jr. is a 1986 American computer-animated short film produced by Pixar and written and directed by John Lasseter.

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Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

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Malerisaurus

Malerisaurus is an extinct genus of archosauromorph known from Andhra Pradesh of India and Texas of the USA.

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Marden–Walker syndrome

Marden–Walker syndrome (MWS) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder.

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Marsh rice rat

The marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) is a semiaquatic North American rodent in the family Cricetidae.

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Marshall syndrome

Marshall syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue which can cause hearing loss.

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Massetognathus

Massetognathus (Greek for "chewing muscle jaw") is an extinct genus of extinct plant-eating cynodonts belonging to the Traversodontid family existing during the Middle Triassic period, 235 million years ago, in the Chañares Formation in Argentina and the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil.

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Mastoid part of the temporal bone

The mastoid part of the temporal bone is the back part of the temporal bone.

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McGillivray syndrome

McGillivray syndrome is a very rare syndrome which is also known as a Craniosynostosis.

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Mechanically induced modulation

Mechanically induced modulation is an optical signal modulation induced by mechanical means.

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Medial knee injuries

Medial knee injuries are those to the medial side – the inside of the knee – are the most common.

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Medial plantar nerve

The medial plantar nerve (internal plantar nerve) is the larger of the two terminal divisions of the tibial nerve (medial and lateral plantar nerve), which accompanies the medial plantar artery.

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Megachile imitata

Megachile imitata is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae.

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Megatheriidae

Megatheriidae is a family of extinct ground sloths that lived from approximately 23 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately.

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Melmoil

Melmoil is a small village in Vellore district near K.V.Kuppam.

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Meniscal cyst

A meniscal cyst is a well-defined cystic lesion located along the peripheral margin of the meniscus, a part of the knee, nearly always associated with horizontal meniscal tears.

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Merlis Serpentinites

The Merlis Serpentinites are an aligned group of small serpentinite outcrops in the northwestern French Massif Central.

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Metacarpal bones

In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm.

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Metalloprotease inhibitor

Metalloprotease inhibitors are cellular inhibitors of the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

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Metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia, literally metatarsal pain and colloquially known as a stone bruise, is any painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal region of the foot.

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Metatarsophalangeal joints

The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP joints) are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes.

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Milwaukee shoulder syndrome

Milwaukee shoulder syndrome (apatite-associated destructive arthritis) is a rheumatological condition similar to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD).

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Minimates

Minimates are a block-styled miniature action figure originally created by Art Asylum in 2002 and now released by Diamond Select Toys.

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Moment distribution method

The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross.

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Monoarthritis

Monoarthritis is inflammation (arthritis) of one joint at a time.

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Moorbad Gmös

The peat therapy resort Moorbad Gmös in the vicinity of the town of Laakirchen (situated on the edge of the Salzkammergut) is one of the few bogs in the Alpine foothills of Upper Austria.

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Moraxella catarrhalis

Moraxella catarrhalis is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans.

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Movement assessment

Movement assessment is the practice of analysing movement performance during functional tasks to determine the kinematics of individual joints and their effect on the kinetic chain.

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Mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans.

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Mud wrap

Mud wraps are spa treatments where the skin is covered in mud for a shorter or longer period.

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Muscle contraction

Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.

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Musculoskeletal disorder

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck and back.

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Myofascial trigger point

Myofascial trigger points, also known as trigger points, are described as hyperirritable spots in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle.

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Myokymia

Myokymia (from the Greek -mŷs – "muscle," + kŷm, -kŷmia – "something swollen" or -kŷmos – "wave"), french, tic facial, is an involuntary, spontaneous, localised quivering of a few muscles, or bundles within a muscle, but which are insufficient to move a joint.

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Nainital Lake

Nainital Lake, a natural freshwater body, situated amidst the township of Nainital in Uttarakhand State of India, tectonic in origin, is kidney shaped or crescent shaped and has an outfall at the southeastern end.

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Narrative of the abduction phenomenon

The narrative of the abduction phenomenon is an alleged core of similarity in contents and chronology underlying various claims of forced temporary abduction of humans by apparently otherworldly beings.

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Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome

Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome, also called Keipert syndrome, is a rare congenital syndrome first described by J.A. Keipert and colleagues in 1973.

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Navicular bone

The navicular bone is a small bone found in the feet of most mammals.

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Neeraj Mehta

Neeraj Mehta (born 19 October 1972) is a fitness therapist and nutritionist, having worked within the industry for more than three decades.

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Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease

Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (abbreviated NOMID, also known as chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome,James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders.. or CINCA) is a rare genetic periodic fever syndrome which causes uncontrolled inflammation in multiple parts of the body starting in the newborn period.

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Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis

The neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis is about the changes in the bones, muscles and joints in cases of spinal deformity consisting of a lateral curvature scoliosis and a rotation of the vertebrae within the curve, that is not explained by either congenital vertebral abnormalities, or neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophy.

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Neuropathic arthropathy

Neuropathic arthropathy (or neuropathic osteoarthropathy), also known as Charcot joint (often "Charcot foot"), refers to progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint, a process marked by bony destruction, bone resorption, and eventual deformity due to loss of sensation.

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Neutral spine

A good posture refers to the "three natural curves are present in a healthy spine.". It is also called Neutral Spine.

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Nicholas A. Peppas

Nicholas (Nikolaos) A. Peppas (Νικόλαος Α. Πέππας; born in Athens, Greece on August 25, 1948) is a chemical and biomedical engineer whose leadership in biomaterials science and engineering, drug delivery, bionanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, chemical and polymer engineering has provided seminal foundations based on the physics and mathematical theories of nanoscale, macromolecular processes and drug/protein transport and has led to numerous biomedical products or devices.

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Nikolay Parijskij

Nikolay Vasilievich Parijskij (Николай Васильевич Парийский; 17 May 1858 — 20 July 1923) was a Russian surgeon and orthopedist.

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Nociception

Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.

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Nociceptor

A nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible threat” signals to the spinal cord and the brain.

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Nyasasaurus

Nyasasaurus (meaning "Lake Nyasa lizard") is an extinct genus of dinosauriform reptile from the Middle Triassic Manda Formation of Tanzania that appears to be the earliest known dinosaur.

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Obesity and walking

Obesity and walking describes how the locomotion of walking differs between an obese individual (BMI >30) and a non-obese individual (BMI According to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 66% of the American population is either overweight or obese and this number is predicted to increase to 75% by 2015. Obesity is linked to health problems such as decreased insulin sensitivity and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, sleep apnea, and joint pain such as osteoarthritis. It is thought that a major factor of obesity is that obese individuals are in a positive energy balance, meaning that they are consuming more calories than they are expending. Humans expend energy through their basal metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), and exercise. While many treatments for obesity are presented to the public, exercise in the form of walking is an easy, relatively safe activity that has the potential to move a person towards a negative energy balance and if done for a long enough time may reduce weight.

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Oedaleops

Oedaleops is an extinct genus of caseasaur synapsids from the Early Permian of the southwestern United States.

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One Thousand Children

(One of the primary authors will deal with this editorial concern in early July 2018.) The One Thousand Children (OTC) is a designation, created in 2000, which is used to refer to the approximately 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and other Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and who were taken directly to the United States during the period 1934-1945.

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Orthopedic mattress

An orthopedic mattress (or orthopaedic mattress) is a mattress designed to support the joints, back and overall body.

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Orthotics

Orthotics (Greek: Ορθός, ortho, "to straighten" or "align") is a specialty within the medical field concerned with the design, manufacture and application of orthoses.

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Oryzomys couesi

Oryzomys couesi, also known as Coues' rice rat, is a semiaquatic rodent in the family Cricetidae occurring from southernmost Texas through Mexico and Central America into northwestern Colombia.

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Osgood–Schlatter disease

Osgood–Schlatter disease (OSD), also known as apophysitis of the tibial tubercle, is inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.

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Osteochondritis

Osteochondritis is a painful type of osteochondrosis where the cartilage or bone in a joint is inflamed.

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Osteochondritis dissecans

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone.

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Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone.

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Osteopathic manipulation

Osteopathic manipulation or osteopathic manipulative medicine is a core set of techniques of osteopathy and osteopathic medicine distinguishing these fields from the rest of medicine.

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Osteopathic medicine in the United States

Osteopathic medicine is a branch of the medical profession in the United States.

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Osteophyte

Osteophytes are exostoses (bony projections) that form along joint margins.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Outline of exercise

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to exercise: Exercise – any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.

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Outline of human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy: Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human.

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Outline of trauma & orthopedics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to trauma & orthopaedics: Orthopedic surgery – branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.

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Pacatnamu

The Pacatnamu site is located at the mouth of the Jequetepeque Valley on the northern coast of Peru.

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Palaeeudyptinae

The giant penguins, Palaeeudyptinae, are an extinct subfamily of penguins.

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Palpation

Palpation is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness.

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Pampadromaeus

Pampadromaeus is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs known from the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.

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Panner disease

Panner disease is an osteochondrosis of the capitellum of the elbow.

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Pannus

Pannus is an abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue.

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Panoramic radiograph

A panoramic radiograph is a panoramic scanning dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw.

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PAPA syndrome

PAPA syndrome is an acronym for pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne.

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Parasuchus

Parasuchus is an extinct genus of phytosaur known from the Late Triassic (late Carnian to early Norian stage) of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Partha Chatterjee (scholar)

Partha Chatterjee (b. November 5, 1947) is an Indian political scientist and anthropologist.

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Patella

The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.

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Patellar ligament

The patellar ligament is the distal portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tibial tuberosity.

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Pelagornis

Pelagornis is a widespread genus of the prehistoric pseudotooth birds.

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Pelagornithidae

The Pelagornithidae, commonly called pelagornithids, pseudodontorns, bony-toothed birds, false-toothed birds or pseudotooth birds, are a prehistoric family of large seabirds.

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Pelvic digit

A pelvic digit, pelvic finger, or pelvic rib is a rare congenital abnormality in humans, in which bone tissue develops in the soft tissue near the pelvis, resembling a rib or finger and often divided into one or more segments with pseudo-articulations.

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Pennatomys

Pennatomys nivalis is an extinct oryzomyine rodent from the islands of Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, and Nevis in the Lesser Antilles.

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Pentosan polysulfate

Pentosan polysulfate (PPS, (1->4)-β-Xylan 2,3-bis(hydrogen sulfate) with a 4 O-methyl-α-D-glucuronate) is a semi-synthetic polysulfated xylan sold for the relief of various medical conditions including thrombi and interstitial cystitis in humans and osteoarthritis in dogs and horses.

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Perforator flaps

Perforator flap surgery is a technique used in reconstructive surgery where skin and/or subcutaneous fat are removed from a distant or adjacent part of the body to reconstruct the excised part.

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Pharmaceutical formulation

Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product.

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PhenX Toolkit

PhenX (consensus measures for Phenotypes and eXposures) is a community-driven effort to provide standard measures for use in biomedical research.

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Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite

The Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite is situated at the northwestern edge of the Variscan Massif Central in France.

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Pilon fracture

A pilon fracture, also called a Plafond fracture, is a fracture of the distal part of the tibia, involving its articular surface at the ankle joint.

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Pilumnoidea

Pilumnoidea is a superfamily of crabs, whose members were previously included in the Xanthoidea.

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Pinioning

Pinioning is the act of surgically removing one pinion joint, the joint of a bird's wing farthest from the body, to prevent flight.

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Pisiform bone

The pisiform bone, also spelled pisiforme (from the Latin pisifomis, pea-shaped), is a small knobbly, pea-shaped bone that is found in the wrist.

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Playboy Collectors' Figure Series

Playboy Collectors' Figures are a series of dolls modeled after popular Playboy Playmates.

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Pleo

PLEO is an animatronic pet dinosaur toy manufactured by Innvo Labs, a company located in Hong Kong and Nevada.

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Plesiorycteropus

Plesiorycteropus, also known as the bibymalagasy or Malagasy aardvark, is a recently extinct eutherian mammalian genus from Madagascar.

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Pneumatosis

Pneumatosis (pneumat- + -osis) or emphysema is the abnormal presence of air or other gas within tissues.

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Polymer brush

A polymer brush is the name given to a surface coating consisting of polymers tethered to a surface.

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Popliteal fossa

The popliteal fossa (sometimes referred to as the kneepit or hough1) is a shallow depression located at the back of the knee joint.

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Popliteus muscle

The popliteus muscle in the leg is used for unlocking the knees when walking, by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during the closed chain portion of the gait cycle (one with the foot in contact with the ground).

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Post-legged

Post-legged describes a condition in which the joints in an animal are not set correctly.

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Post-traumatic arthritis

Post-traumatic arthritis (PTA) is a form of osteoarthritis following an injury to a joint.

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Preferred walking speed

The preferred walking speed is the speed at which humans or animals choose to walk.

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Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy

Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin.

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Progressive disease

Progressive disease or progressive illness is a disease or physical ailment whose course in most cases is the worsening, growth, or spread of the disease.

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Prolotherapy

Prolotherapy, also called proliferation therapy is an injection-based treatment used in chronic musculoskeletal conditions.

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Propionibacterium acnes

Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes is the relatively slow-growing, typically aerotolerant anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium (rod) linked to the skin condition of acne; it can also cause chronic blepharitis and endophthalmitis, the latter particularly following intraocular surgery.

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Proteoglycan 4

Proteoglycan 4 or lubricin is a proteoglycan that in humans is encoded by the PRG4 gene.

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Pukamuqu

Pukamuqu (Quechua, puka red, muqu hill / joint, "red hill") is a mountain in Peru.

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Pulvinus

A pulvinus (pl. pulvini) is a joint-like thickening at the base of a plant leaf or leaflet that facilitates growth-independent (nyctinastic and thigmonastic) movement.

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Rack (torture)

The rack is a torture device consisting of a rectangular, usually wooden frame, slightly raised from the ground, with a roller at one or both ends.

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Radial aplasia

Radial aplasia is a congenital defect which affects the formation of the radius bone in the arm.

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Radical 134

Radical 134 meaning "mortar" or "joint" is 1 of 29 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals total) composed of 6 strokes.

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Radiofrequency ablation

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current (in the range of 350–500 kHz).

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Radiographic classification of osteoarthritis

Radiographic systems to classify osteoarthritis vary by which joint is being investigated.

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Radius (bone)

The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna.

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Range of motion

Range of motion (or ROM), is the linear or angular distance that a moving object may normally travel while properly attached to another.

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Real-time MRI

Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) refers to the continuous monitoring ("filming") of moving objects in real time.

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Reciprocal inhibition

Reciprocal inhibition describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint.

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Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.

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Retirement

Retirement is the withdrawal from one's position or occupation or from one's active working life.

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Review of systems

A review of systems (ROS), also called a systems enquiry or systems review, is a technique used by healthcare providers for eliciting a medical history from a patient.

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Rhacophorus robertingeri

Rhacophorus robertingeri is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Vietnam.

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Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain.

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Rheumatism

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue.

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Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.

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Rheumatoid disease of the spine

Rheumatoid disease of the spine is a morbid consequence of untreated longstanding severe cervical spinal rheumatoid arthritis (RA)–an inflammatory autoimmune disease that attacks the ligaments, joints, and bones of the neck.

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Rib cage

The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax of most vertebrates.

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Ringbone

Ringbone is exostosis (bone growth) in the pastern or coffin joint of a horse.

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Rivet

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener.

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Rizla

Rizla, commercially styled Rizla+, is a brand of rolling papers and other related paraphernalia in which tobacco, or marijuana, or a mixture, is rolled to make handmade joints and cigarettes.

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Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain

Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain was first published in 1938 and the most current eighth edition was published in November 2011.

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Robert Adams (physician)

Robert Adams (1791 – 13 January 1875) was an Irish surgeon.

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Robert Whitaker (surgeon)

Robert H. Whitaker, FRCS, is a retired surgeon, who now works as a lecturer and dissection demonstrator at the University of Cambridge, and examiner at the Royal College of Surgeons.

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Rod end bearing

A rod end bearing, also known as a heim joint (N. America) or rose joint (U.K. and elsewhere), is a mechanical articulating joint.

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Rolando fracture

The Rolando fracture is a comminuted intra-articular fracture through the base of the first metacarpal bone (the first bone forming the thumb).

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Rotating locomotion in living systems

Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion; however, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not appear to play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of certain flagella, which function like corkscrews).

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Rotator cuff tear

A rotator cuff tear is a tear of one or more of the tendons of the four rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder.

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Route of administration

A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.

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Rubber hose animation

Rubber hose animation was the first animation style that became standardized in the American animation industry.

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Sacroiliac joint

The sacroiliac joint or SI joint (SIJ) is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis, which are connected by strong ligaments.

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Sagittal suture

The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.

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Saint Barnabas Medical Center

Saint Barnabas Medical Center (SBMC), an affiliate of RWJBarnabas Health (formerly known as Barnabas Health and Saint Barnabas Health Care System), is a 577-bed non-profit major teaching hospital located in Livingston, New Jersey.

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Saint Boniface Hospital

Saint Boniface Hospital (also called St. B and previously called the Saint-Boniface General Hospital) is Manitoba's second-largest hospital, located in the Saint Boniface neighbourhood of Winnipeg.

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Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome

Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome, also called acrocephalopolysyndactyly type III, is a rare genetic disorder that has been associated with abnormalities in the bones of the legs, congenital heart defects and craniofacial defects.

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Saturnalia tupiniquim

Saturnalia is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil and Pebbly Arkose Formation, Zimbabwe.

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Scar

A scar is an area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury.

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Schindylesis

Schindylesis is an articulation in which two bones are joined by fitting the ridge of one bone into the groove of another.

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Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire

During its 600-year reign, the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in science and technology, in a wide range of fields including mathematics, astronomy and medicine.

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Screw axis

A screw axis (helical axis or twist axis) is a line that is simultaneously the axis of rotation and the line along which translation of a body occurs.

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Seal finger

Seal finger, also known as sealer's finger and spekk-finger (from the Norwegian for "blubber"), is an infection that afflicts the fingers of sealers and other people who handle pinnipeds, as a result of bites or contact with exposed seal bones; it has also been contracted by exposure to untreated seal pelts.

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Second metatarsal bone

The second metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot.

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Senior dog diet

Senior dog food diets are pet foods that are catered toward the senior or mature pet population.

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Seoul National University Bundang Hospital

Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (분당 서울대병원) is located in Gumi-dong, Bundang, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

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Septic arthritis

Septic arthritis, also known as joint infection or infectious arthritis, is the invasion of a joint by an infectious agent resulting in joint inflammation.

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Seropi

SEROPI (Service Robot Platform Initiative) is a wheel based humanoid robot developed by KITECH (Korea Institute of Industrial Technology).

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Settegast

A Settegast is a standard medical x-ray projection that presents a tangental view of the patella.

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SHORT syndrome

SHORT syndrome is a medical condition in which affected individuals have multiple birth defects in different organ systems.

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Shoulder

The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons.

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Shoulder arthritis

Shoulder arthritis can be one of three types of arthritis in the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder.

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Shoulder girdle

The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side.

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Shoulder reduction

Shoulder reduction is the process of returning the shoulder to its normal position following a shoulder dislocation.

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Siberian chipmunk

The Siberian chipmunk or common chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus) appears across northern Asia from central Russia to China, Korea, and Hokkaidō in northern Japan.

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Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.

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Sickle-hocked

A sickle-hocked leg structure is one in which the back leg joints of an animal, usually a horse or other equine mammal, are set with too much angle, resulting in the hock also being excessively angled.

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Skeletal fluorosis

Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones.

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Skull

The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.

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Small joint manipulation

Small joint manipulation, in grappling, refers to twisting, pulling or bending fingers or toes to cause joint locks in the various joints in those appendages.

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Snake skeleton

A snake skeleton consists primarily of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, with only vestigial remnants of the limbs.

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Sodium hyaluronate

Sodium hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan found in various connective tissue of humans.

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Somatosensory system

The somatosensory system is a part of the sensory nervous system.

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Spas in Budapest

Thermal baths or spas in Budapest are popular tourist attractions as well as public comforts for the city's residents.

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Specialty (medicine)

A specialty, or speciality, in medicine is a branch of medical practice.

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Speech science

Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech.

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Spinal locomotion

Spinal locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program in lower thoracolumbar spine and proprioceptive feedback from body in the absence of central control by brain as in complete spinal cord injury (SCI).

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Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis (also known as "rose gardener's disease") is a disease caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii.

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Sports injury

Sports injuries are injuries that occur in athletic activities or exercising.

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Sprain

A sprain, also known as a torn ligament, is damage to one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused by trauma or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of motion.

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St. Francis Hospital (Columbus, Georgia)

St.

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Staphylococcus caprae

Staphylococcus caprae is a Gram-positive, coccus bacteria and a member of the genus Staphylococcus.

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Stenopterygius

Stenopterygius is an extinct genus of thunnosaur ichthyosaur known from Europe (England, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland).

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Sternoclavicular joint

The sternoclavicular joint or sternoclavicular articulation is the joint between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle bone.

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Sternum

The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest.

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Stickler syndrome

Stickler syndrome (hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmodystrophy) is a group of genetic disorders affecting connective tissue, specifically collagen.

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Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence

Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) is the term coined by British biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey for the diverse range of regenerative medical therapies, either planned or currently in development, for the periodical repair of all age-related damage to human tissue with the ultimate purpose of maintaining a state of negligible senescence in the patient, thereby postponing age-associated disease for as long as the therapies are reapplied.

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Strength training

Strength training is a type of physical exercise specializing in the use of resistance to induce muscular contraction which builds the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscles.

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Streptococcus

Streptococcus (term coined by Viennese surgeon Albert Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) from strepto- "twisted" + Modern Latin coccus "spherical bacterium," from Greek kokkos meaning "berry") is a genus of coccus (spherical) Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria).

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Subluxation

In medicine, a subluxation is an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ.

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Subtalar joint

In human anatomy, the subtalar joint, also known as the talocalcaneal joint, is a joint of the foot.

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Superior tibiofibular joint

The proximal tibiofibular articulation (also called superior tibiofibular joint) is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula.

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Synarthrosis

A synarthrosis is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions.

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Syndesmotic screw

A syndesmotic screw is a metal screw designed to replace the syndesmosis of the human body, usually temporarily.

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Synostosis

Synostosis (plural: synostoses) is fusion of two bones.

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Synovial joint

A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces.

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Synovitis

Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane.

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Systemic scleroderma

Systemic scleroderma, also called diffuse scleroderma or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue.

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Tardigrade

Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.

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Temporomandibular joint

The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the two joints connecting the jawbone to the skull.

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Tendinitis

Tendinitis (also tendonitis), meaning inflammation of a tendon, is a type of tendinopathy often confused with the more common tendinosis, which has similar symptoms but requires different treatment.

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Tendinosis

Tendinosis, means or sometimes called chronic tendinitis, chronic tendinopathy, or chronic tendon injury, is damage to a tendon at a cellular level (the suffix "osis" implies a pathology of chronic degeneration without inflammation).

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Terminologia Embryologica

The Terminologia Embryologica (TE) is a standardized list of words used in the description of human embryologic and fetal structures.

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Terminologia Histologica

The Terminologia Histologica (TH) is a controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology.

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Terrestrial locomotion

Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments.

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Tetrapod

The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.

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The Last of Us: Left Behind

The Last of Us: Left Behind is an action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment.

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Theropod paleopathology

Theropod paleopathology is the study of injury and disease in theropod dinosaurs.

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Thoracic vertebrae

In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.

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Thyroid cartilage

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.

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Tibia

The tibia (plural tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones.

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Timeline of ceratosaur research

This timeline of ceratosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the ceratosaurs, a group of relatively primitive, often horned, predatory theropod dinosaurs that became the apex predators of the southern hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous.

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Toe

Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod.

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Tongs

Tongs are a type of tool used to grip and lift objects instead of holding them directly with hands.

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Tophus

A tophus (Latin: "stone", plural tophi) is a deposit of uric acid crystals, in the form of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid in the blood).

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Topographic map (neuroanatomy)

A topographic map is the ordered projection of a sensory surface, like the retina or the skin, or an effector system, like the musculature, to one or more structures of the central nervous system.

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Transverse ligament of atlas

The transverse ligament of the atlas is a thick, strong band, which arches across the ring of the atlas, and retains the odontoid process in contact with the atlas.

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Trigoniidae

Trigoniidae is a taxonomic family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the superfamily Trigonioidea.

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Triphalangeal thumb

Triphalangeal thumb (TPT) is a congenital malformation where the thumb has three phalanges instead of two.

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Trochlea

Trochlea (Latin for pulley) is a term in anatomy.

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Tumoral calcinosis

Tumoral calcinosis is a rare condition in which there is calcium deposition in the soft tissue in periarticular location i.e. around joints.

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Type Ia sensory fiber

A type Ia sensory fiber, or a primary afferent fiber is a type of afferent nerve fiber.

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Type III hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes.

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Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur.

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U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children (USCOM)

"U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children" (USCOM) was a quasi-governmental American body established in June 1940, with the intent to try to save mainly Jewish refugee children who came from Continental Europe, and to evacuate them to the United States.

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Ulcer (dermatology)

An ulcer is a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue.

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Under the Milky Way

"Under the Milky Way" is a single by Australian alternative rock band The Church, released on 15 February 1988 and appears on their fifth studio album Starfish.

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Upper extremity of femur

The upper extremity, proximal extremity or superior epiphysis of the femur is the part of the femur closest to the pelvic bone and the trunk.

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Uric acid

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.

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Uricosuric

Uricosuric medications (drugs) are substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine, thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma.

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Valgus deformity

In orthopedics, a valgus deformity is a condition in which the bone segment distal to a joint is angled outward, that is, angled laterally, away from the body's midline.

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Vascular myelopathy

Vascular myelopathy (vascular disease of the spinal cord) refers to an abnormality of the spinal cord in regard to its blood supply.

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Veratalpa

Veratalpa lugdunensiana is a fossil mammal from the Miocene of France.

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Vertebra

In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

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Visna virus

Visna virus (also known as visna-maedi virus, maedi-visna virus and ovine lentivirus) from the genus Lentivirus and subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, is a "prototype" retrovirus that causes encephalitis and chronic pneumonitis in sheep.

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Weight training

Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.

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Wobbler disease

Wobbler disease is a catchall term referring to several possible malformations of the cervical vertebrae that cause an unsteady (wobbly) gait and weakness in dogs and horses.

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Wrist osteoarthritis

Wrist osteoarthritis is a group of mechanical abnormalities resulting in joint destruction, which can occur in the wrist.

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Wristlock

A wristlock is a joint lock primarily affecting the wrist-joint and possibly the radioulnar joints through rotation of the hand.

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X-ray motion analysis

X-ray motion analysis is a technique used to track the movement of objects using X-rays.

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Yojana

A Yojana (Sanskrit: योजन) is a Vedic measure of distance that was used in ancient India.

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Yueosaurus

Yueosaurus is an extinct genus of basal ornithopod dinosaur known from Zhejiang Province, China.

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Zalmoxes

Zalmoxes is an extinct genus of rhabdodontid ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania.

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Zambiasaurus

Zambiasaurus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid that was discovered in Zambia, South Africa.

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Zero moment point

Zero moment point is a concept related with dynamics and control of legged locomotion, e.g., for humanoid robots.

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Zygomatic process

Each Zygomatic process is the part of a bone which articulates with the zygomatic bone.

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2016 in paleontology

No description.

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2017 in archosaur paleontology

The year 2017 in archosaur paleontology was eventful.

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3D printing

3D printing is any of various processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added together (such as liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together).

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4DCT

4DCT is a type of CT scanning which records multiple images over time.

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Articular branches, Articular facet, Articular facets, Articular surface, Articulated joint, Articulatio, Articulatio simplex, Articulation (anatomy), Articulations (anatomy), Articulus, Bone joint, Cartilaginous Joints, Fibrous Joints, Intra articular, Intra-articular, Intraarticular, Joint (anatomy), Joint diseases, Joint group, Joint groups, Joints, Joints (anatomy), Monoarticular, Polyarticular, The articular system.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint

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