Communication

2174 relations: A Syntopicon: An Index to The Great Ideas, A Young Man Being Introduced to the Seven Liberal Arts, A. C. Grayling, A. 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A Syntopicon: An Index to The Great Ideas

A Syntopicon: An Index to The Great Ideas (1952) is a two-volume index, published as volumes 2 and 3 of Encyclopædia Britannica’s collection Great Books of the Western World.

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A Young Man Being Introduced to the Seven Liberal Arts

A Young Man Being Introduced to the Seven Liberal Arts, also known as Lorenzo Tornabuoni Presented by Grammar to Prudentia and the other Liberal Arts or Lorenzo Tornabuoni Being Introduced to the Liberal Arts (Giovane Introdotto tra le Arti Liberali), is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, circa 1483-1486.

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A. C. Grayling

Anthony Clifford Grayling (born 3 April 1949), usually known as A. C. Grayling, is a British philosopher and author.

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A. Demandre

A.

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Aaron ben Elijah

Aaron ben Elijah (Aharon son of Eliyahu), the Latter, of Nicomedia (אהרון בן אליהו האחרון; born 1328 or 1329 in Nicomedia – 1369 in Constantinople) is often considered to be the most prominent Karaite theologian.

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Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi

Abdul Hamid Khosroshahi (Persian: عبدالحمید خسروشاهی) is an Iranian theologian, philosopher and Shafi'i jurist in the sixth and seventh centuries AD.

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Abdollah Javadi-Amoli

Abdollah Javadi-Amoli (عبدالله جوادی آملی) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja.

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Abductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which starts with an observation or set of observations then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation.

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Abdul Hadi Al-Fadhli

Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli (December 6, 1935 – April 8, 2013) was an Islamic author and thinker.

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Abdul Hakim Sialkoti

Abdul Hakim Sialkoti (1561–1656) (ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی) was a Muslim scholar.

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Aberdeen Grammar School

Aberdeen Grammar School is a state secondary school in Aberdeen, Scotland.

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Abol-Ghasem Kashani

Sayyed Abu’l-Qāsem Kāšāni (سید ابوالقاسم کاشانی; November 19, 1882 – March 14, 1962) was an Iranian politician and Shia Marja.

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Abstract structure

An abstract structure is a formal object that is defined by a set of laws, properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects.

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Absurd

Absurd or The Absurd may refer to.

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Absurdity

An absurdity is a thing that is extremely unreasonable, so as to be foolish or not taken seriously, or the state of being so.

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Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani

Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani (أبو الحكم الكرماني; d. 1066 CE) was a prominent philosopher and scholar from the Muslim al-Andalus.

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Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri

Abu al-Hassan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Amiri (أبو الحسن محمد ابن يوسف العامري) (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher of Persian origin, who attempted to reconcile philosophy with religion, and Sufism with conventional Islam.

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Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini

Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini was a medieval Sunni Islamic theologian, Shafi'i jurist, legal theoretician and commentator on the Qur'an.

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Abul Hasan Hankari

Abul Hasan Hankari (ا بوالحسن ہنکاری) Abu Al Hasan Ali Bin Mohammad Qureshi Hankari (born in 409 Hijri, in the town of Hankar), town of Mosul (city of northern Iraq, some 400 km north of Baghdad), died 1st Moharram 486 AH (1 February 1093 C.E), in Baghdad,The works of Shaykh Umar Eli of Somalia of al-Tariqat al-Qadiriyyah. (1077–1166 CE), was a Muslim mystic also renowned as one of the most influential Muslim scholar, philosopher, theologian and jurist of his time and Sufi based in Hankar.

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Academa

ACADEMA is a privately held Slovenian engineering software development company, founded in 1992 and based in Ljubljana.

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Academia Analitica

Academia Analitica is a learned society for the development of logic and analytic philosophy based in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Academic degree

An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, normally at a college or university.

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Academic Games

Academic Games is a competition in the U.S. in which players win by out-thinking each other in mathematics, language arts, and social studies.

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Academy

An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, higher learning, research, or honorary membership.

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Accidental necessity

In philosophy and logic, accidental necessity, often stated in its Latin form, necessitas per accidens, refers to the necessity attributed to the past by certain views of time.

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Act Without Words II

Act Without Words II is a short mime play by Samuel Beckett, his second (after Act Without Words I).

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Activity cycle diagram

There are many known modeling paradigms to describe the dynamics of system in process-oriented, event-based and activity-based view points.

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Adam Martindale

Adam Martindale (1623–1686) was a British presbyterian minister, closely involved in the evolution of presbyterianism in Lancashire in the seventeenth century.

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Adam Smith

Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.

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Addison Webster Moore

Addison Webster Moore (30 July 1866 – 25 August 1930) was a U.S. pragmatist philosopher.

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Admissible rule

In logic, a rule of inference is admissible in a formal system if the set of theorems of the system does not change when that rule is added to the existing rules of the system.

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Admission to practice law

An admission to practice law is acquired when a lawyer receives a license to practice law.

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Adolf Lindenbaum

Adolf Lindenbaum (12 June 1904 – 1941), was a Polish logician and mathematician.

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Adolph Stöhr

Adolph Stöhr (February 24, 1855 – February 10, 1921) was professor of philosophy at the University of Vienna.

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Adriaan Heereboord

Adriaan Heereboord (13 October 1613 in Leiden – 7 July 1661 in Leiden) was a Dutch philosopher and logician.

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Affinity space

An affinity space is a place – virtual or physical – where informal learning takes place.

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Afrikan Spir

Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir (Russian: Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Спир; German: Afrikan (von) Spir, French: African (de) Spir, Italian: Africano Spir) (15 November 1837 – 26 March 1890) was a Russian Neo-Kantian philosopher of Greek-German descent who wrote primarily in German.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Aix-Marseille University

Aix-Marseille University (AMU; Aix-Marseille Université; formally incorporated as Université d'Aix-Marseille) is a public research university located in Provence, southern France.

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Akhund Khorasani

Mohammad Kazem Khorasani or Akhund-e Khorasani (محمد کاظم خراسانی, (1839-1911)) was Twelver Shi'a Marja, politician, philosopher, reformer.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

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Al-Baqillani

Abu Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Bāqillānī (أبو بكر محمد بن الطيب الباقلاني; c. 940 - 5 June 1013), often known as al-Bāqillānī for short, or reverentially as Imam al-Bāqillānī by Sunni Muslims, was a famous Sunni Islamic theologian, jurist, and logician who spent much of his life defending and strengthening orthodox Sunni Islam.

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Al-Farabi

Al-Farabi (known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic.

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Al-Ghazali

Al-Ghazali (full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي; latinized Algazelus or Algazel, – 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mysticsLudwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.109.

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Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Obaidia Nanupur

Jamia Islamia Obaidia Nanupur, popularly known as Nanupur Obaidia Madrasah (নানুপূর ওবাইদিয়া মাদ্রাসা), is a famous Qawmi Jamiah.

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Al-Kindi

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.

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Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin Yahya

Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin Yahya (1363? – 1436) was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen who briefly held the imamate in 1391–1392.

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Al-Zaytuna Mosque

Ez-Zitouna Mosque or Ezzitouna Mosque or Mosque of El-Zituna (جامع الزيتونة, literally meaning the Mosque of Olive) is a major mosque in Tunis, Tunisia.

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Alan Ross Anderson

Alan Ross Anderson (1925–1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.

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Alan Turing

Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.

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Alasdair Urquhart

Alasdair Ian Fenton Urquhart (born 20 December 1945) is an emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto.

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Albert Hertzog

Johannes Albertus Munnik Hertzog (4 July 1899, Bloemfontein – 5 November 1982, Pretoria) was an Afrikaner politician, cabinet minister, and founding leader of the Herstigte Nasionale Party.

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Albert of Saxony (philosopher)

Albert of Saxony (Latin: Albertus de Saxonia; c. 1320 – 8 July 1390) was a German philosopher known for his contributions to logic and physics.

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Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz

Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz (Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz; Albertas Vijūkas-Kojelavičius; Koialovicius-Wijuk Albertus; 1609–1677) was a PolishIncluded on the "List of the major works in philosophy of science by Polish authors" in -Lithuanian historian, theologian and translator.

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Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus, O.P. (c. 1200 – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a German Catholic Dominican friar and bishop.

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Albrecht Ritschl

Albrecht Ritschl (25 March 182220 March 1889) was a German Protestant theologian.

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Albrecht von Graefe

Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Gräfe, often Anglicized to Graefe (22 May 182820 July 1870), was a Prussian pioneer of German ophthalmology.

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Aldo G. Antonelli

G.

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Aleksander Wat

Aleksander Wat was the pen name of Aleksander Chwat (1 May 1900 – 29 July 1967), a Polish poet, writer, art theoretician, memorist, and one of the precursors of the Polish futurism movement in the early 1920s, considered to be one of the more important Polish writers of the mid 20th century.

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Aleksey Pisemsky

Aleksey Feofilaktovich Pisemsky (Алексе́й Феофила́ктович Пи́семский) was a Russian novelist and dramatist who was regarded as an equal of Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky in the late 1850s, but whose reputation suffered a spectacular decline after his fall-out with Sovremennik magazine in the early 1860s.

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Alessandro Padoa

Alessandro Padoa (14 October 1868 – 25 November 1937) was an Italian mathematician and logician, a contributor to the school of Giuseppe Peano.

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Aletheia University

Aletheia University (after Greek ἀλήθεια, ‘truth’) is a private university in Tamsui, New Taipei City and Madou, Tainan in Taiwan.

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Alex Wilder

Alex Wilder is a fictional superhero and later a supervillain in the Marvel Comics series Runaways.

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Alexander Bain

Alexander Bain (11 June 1818 – 18 September 1903) was a Scottish philosopher and educationalist in the British school of empiricism and a prominent and innovative figure in the fields of psychology, linguistics, logic, moral philosophy and education reform.

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Alexander Macfarlane

Prof Alexander Macfarlane FRSE LLD (21 April 1851 – 28 August 1913) was a Scottish logician, physicist, and mathematician.

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Alexander of Aphrodisias

Alexander of Aphrodisias (Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Ἀφροδισιεύς; fl. 200 AD) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle.

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Alexander Zinoviev

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zinovyev (October 29, 1922 – May 10, 2006) was a Russian logician and writer of social critique.

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Alexandre Herculano

Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo (March 28, 1810September 13, 1877) was a Portuguese novelist and historian.

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Alexithymia

Alexithymia is a personality construct characterized by the subclinical inability to identify and describe emotions in the self.

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Alfred Kneschke

Alfred Emil Richard Kneschke (* June 15, 1902 in Altlöbau, November 24, 1979 in Freiberg) was a German mathematician, engineer and university lecturer.

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Alfred North Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher.

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Alfred Tarski

Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983), born Alfred Teitelbaum,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews,, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews.

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Algebra

Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr", literally meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis.

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Algebra (disambiguation)

The word 'algebra' is used for various branches and structures of mathematics.

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Algebraic logic

In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.

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Algorithm

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.

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Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll.

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Alice, the Zeta Cat and Climate Change

Alice, the Zeta Cat and Climate Change: A fairytale about the truth is an adult fairytale about the truth by Margret Boysen.

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Allan M. Ramsay

Allan M. Ramsay is a Professor of Formal Linguistics in the School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester.

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Allen's interval algebra

For the type of boolean algebra called interval algebra, see Boolean algebra (structure) Allen's interval algebra is a calculus for temporal reasoning that was introduced by James F. Allen in 1983.

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Almroth Wright

Sir Almroth Edward Wright (10 August 1861 – 30 April 1947) was a British bacteriologist and immunologist.

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Alonzo Church

Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.

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Alphabet of human thought

The alphabet of human thought is a concept originally proposed by Gottfried Leibniz that provides a universal way to represent and analyze ideas and relationships by breaking down their component pieces.

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Alvin Plantinga

Alvin Carl Plantinga (born November 15, 1932) is a prominent American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of logic, justification, philosophy of religion, and epistemology.

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American philosophy

American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States.

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Ammar al-Hakim

Ammar al-Hakim (سید عمار الحكيم) is an Iraqi cleric and politician who led the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, from 2009 to 2017.

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Ampliative

Ampliative (from Latin ampliare, "to enlarge"), a term used mainly in logic, meaning "extending" or "adding to that which is already known".

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Anacoluthon

An anacoluthon (from the Greek anakolouthon, from an-: "not" and ἀκόλουθος akólouthos: "following") is an unexpected discontinuity in the expression of ideas within a sentence, leading to a form of words in which there is logical incoherence of thought.

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Analogy

Analogy (from Greek ἀναλογία, analogia, "proportion", from ana- "upon, according to" + logos "ratio") is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analog, or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process.

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Analysis

Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

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Analytic narrative

An analytic narrative is a social science research method seeking to combine historical narratives with the rigor of rational choice theory, particularly through the use of game theory.

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Analytic philosophy

Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a style of philosophy that became dominant in the Western world at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Analytic reasoning

Analytical reasoning refers to the ability to look at information, be it qualitative or quantitative in nature, and discern patterns within the information.

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Anarcho-primitivism

Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization.

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Anatoly Maltsev

Anatoly Ivanovich Maltsev (also: Malcev, Mal'cev; Russian: Анато́лий Ива́нович Ма́льцев; 27 November N.S./14 November O.S. 1909, Moscow Governorate – 7 June 1967, Novosibirsk) was born in Misheronsky, near Moscow, and died in Novosibirsk, USSR.

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Ancient Greek medicine

Ancient Greek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials.

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Ancient Greek philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Ancient Greece was part of the Roman Empire.

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Ancient philosophy

This page lists some links to ancient philosophy.

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André Fuhrmann

André Fuhrmann (born 30 April 1958 in Essen, Germany) is a Professor of Philosophy and Logic at the Goethe University Frankfurt.

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André Tacquet

André Tacquet (23 June 1612 Antwerp – 22 December 1660 Antwerp, also referred to by his Latinized name Andrea Tacquet) was a Brabantian mathematician and Jesuit priest.

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Andrés Piquer

Andrés Piquer (1711–1772) was a Spanish physician, philosopher, logician, writer and author.

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Andreas Libavius

Andreas Libavius or Andrew Libavius (c. 1555 – 25 July 1616) was a German physician and chemist.

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Andrius Rudamina

Andrius Rudamina, S.J. (Andree Rudamina; Andrzej Rudomina; 1596 – 5 September 1631) was the first Lithuanian Jesuit missionary in China.

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Android: Netrunner

No description.

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Andrzej Grzegorczyk

Andrzej Grzegorczyk (22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.

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Andrzej Mostowski

Andrzej Mostowski (1 November 1913 – 22 August 1975) was a Polish mathematician.

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Andy Clark

Andrew Clark, FBA (born 1957) is a professor of philosophy and Chair in Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

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Anekantavada

(अनेकान्तवाद, "many-sidedness") refers to the Jain doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient India.

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Angus Macintyre

Angus John Macintyre FRS, FRSE (born 1941) is a British mathematician and logician known for his work in Model theory, logic, and their applications in algebra, algebraic geometry, and number theory.

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Anil Gupta (philosopher)

Anil K. Gupta (born 1949) is an Indian-American philosopher who works primarily in logic, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and epistemology.

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Animals in the Bible

The Bible names over 120 species of animals by current interpretive standards.

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Anioł Dowgird

Anioł Dowgird (1776–1835) was a philosopher of Polish Enlightenment.

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Anna Zawadzka

Anna Zawadzka (8 February 1919, Warsaw – 22 June 2004, Warsaw) was a Polish teacher, author of textbooks, Scoutmaster (harcmistrzyni), sister of Tadeusz "Zośka" Zawadzki and daughter of professor and chemist Józef Zawadzki.

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Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka

Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (February 28, 1923 – June 7, 2014) was a Polish, later American philosopher, phenomenologist, founder and president of The World Phenomenology Institute, and editor (since its inception in the late 1960s) of the book series Analecta Husserliana.

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Anne Sjerp Troelstra

Anne Sjerp Troelstra (born 10 August 1939) is Emeritus professor of pure mathematics and foundations of mathematics at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam.

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Anselm of Besate

Anselm of Besate (Anselmus Peripateticus, "Anselm the Peripatetic") was an 11th-century churchman and rhetorician.

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Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury (1033/4-1109), also called (Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and (Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was a Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.

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Antepredicament

Antepredicaments, in logic, are certain previous matters requisite to a more easy and clear apprehension of the doctrine of predicaments or categories.

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Anthony of the Mother of God

Anthony of the Mother of God (Antonio de la Madre de Dios), O.C.D. (1583, Leon–27 November 1637, Salamanca), was a Spanish Discalced Carmelite friar, who was notable as a professor of philosophy and theology, who initiated the complitation.

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Anti-art

Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general.

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Anti-authoritarianism

Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to authoritarianism, which is defined as "a form of social organisation characterised by submission to authority", "favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom" and to authoritarian government.

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Anti-intellectualism

Anti-intellectualism is hostility to and mistrust of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism commonly expressed as deprecation of education and philosophy, and the dismissal of art, literature, and science as impractical and even contemptible human pursuits.

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Anti-psychologism

In logic, anti-psychologism (also logical objectivism or logical realism) is a theory about the nature of logical truth, that it does not depend upon the contents of human ideas but exists independent of human ideas.

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Antinomy

Antinomy (Greek ἀντί, antí, "against, in opposition to", and νόμος, nómos, "law") refers to a real or apparent mutual incompatibility of two laws.

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Antiochus of Ascalon

Antiochus of Ascalon (Άντίοχος ὁ Ἀσκαλώνιος; c. 125 – c. 68 BC) was an Academic philosopher.

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Antisthenes

Antisthenes (Ἀντισθένης; c. 445c. 365 BC) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates.

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Anton Wilhelm Amo

Anton Wilhelm Amo or Anthony William Amo (c. 1703 – c. 1759) was an African philosopher from what is now Ghana.

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Anvari

Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (اوحد الدین علی ابن محد انوری) was a Persian poet.

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Appeal to consequences

Appeal to consequences, also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequences"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis (typically a belief) to be either true or false based on whether the premise leads to desirable or undesirable consequences.

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Applied mathematics

Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as science, engineering, business, computer science, and industry.

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Architect (role variant)

The Architect Rational is one of the 16 role variants of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves.

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Arctic Hospital

Arctic Hospital (Eric Patrick Bray born January 8, 1985 in Green Bay, Wisconsin) is an American DJ and record producer.

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Arend Heyting

__notoc__ Arend Heyting (9 May 1898 – 9 July 1980) was a Dutch mathematician and logician.

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Argument

In logic and philosophy, an argument is a series of statements typically used to persuade someone of something or to present reasons for accepting a conclusion.

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Argument by example

An argument by example (also known as argument from example) is an argument in which a claim is supported by providing examples.

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Argument Clinic

"Argument Clinic" is a sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus, written by John Cleese and Graham Chapman.

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Argument map

In informal logic and philosophy, an argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument.

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Argumentation theory

Argumentation theory, or argumentation, is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning; that is, claims based, soundly or not, on premises.

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Argumentum a contrario

In logic, an argumentum a contrario (Latin: 'argument from the contrary'), also known as appeal from the contrary, denotes any proposition that is argued to be correct because it is not disproven by a certain case.

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Argumentum a fortiori

Argumentum a fortiori (Latin: "from a/the stronger ") is a form of argumentation which draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in the first.

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Aristo of Chios

Aristo of Chios (Ἀρίστων ὁ Χῖος Ariston ho Chios; fl. c. 260 BC) was a Stoic philosopher and colleague of Zeno of Citium.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.

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Aristotle for Everybody

Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy is a book written by Mortimer J. Adler as an informal introduction to the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.

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Arity

In logic, mathematics, and computer science, the arity of a function or operation is the number of arguments or operands that the function takes.

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Arkham Horror: The Card Game

Arkham Horror: The Card Game is produced by Fantasy Flight Games.

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Arnold Geulincx

Arnold Geulincx (31 January 1624 – November 1669) was a Flemish philosopher.

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Ars Praedicandi Populo

The Ars praedicandi populo (Manual of preaching to the people) is a literary work that was written by Francesc Eiximenis in Latin before 1379.

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Art of memory

The art of memory (Latin: ars memoriae) is any of a number of loosely associated mnemonic principles and techniques used to organize memory impressions, improve recall, and assist in the combination and 'invention' of ideas.

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Arthur F. Bentley

Arthur Fisher Bentley (October 16, 1870 in Freeport, Illinois – May 21, 1957 in Paoli, Indiana) was an American political scientist and philosopher who worked in the fields of epistemology, logic and linguistics and who contributed to the development of a behavioral methodology of political science.

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Arthur Prior

Arthur Norman Prior (4 December 1914 – 6 October 1969), usually cited as A. N. Prior, was a noted logician and philosopher.

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Artificial imagination

Artificial imagination, also called synthetic imagination or machine imagination, is defined as the artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks.

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Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence (NI) displayed by humans and other animals.

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Assertoric

An assertoric proposition in Aristotelian logic merely asserts that something is (or is not) the case, in contrast to problematic propositions which assert the possibility of something being true, or apodeictic propositions which assert things which are necessarily or self-evidently true or false.

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Astrophysics Data System

The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is an online database of over eight million astronomy and physics papers from both peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed sources.

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Asynchronous circuit

An asynchronous circuit, or self-timed circuit, is a sequential digital logic circuit which is not governed by a clock circuit or global clock signal.

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Athir al-Din al-Abhari

Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al‐Mufaḍḍal al‐Samarqandī al‐Abharī, also known as Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Munajjim (d. in 1265 or 1262 Shabestar, Iran) was a philosopher, astronomer, astrologer and mathematician.

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Atomic sentence

In logic, an atomic sentence is a type of declarative sentence which is either true or false (may also be referred to as a proposition, statement or truthbearer) and which cannot be broken down into other simpler sentences.

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Attacking Faulty Reasoning

Attacking Faulty Reasoning is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many years in a number of college courses on logic, critical thinking, argumentation, and philosophy.

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Augustin Sesmat

Augustin Sesmat was a French mathematician and logician.

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Augustus De Morgan

Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician.

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Australasian Association for Logic

The Australasian Association for Logic (AAL) is a philosophical organisation for logicians in Australia and New Zealand.

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Australian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad

The Australian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad (OzCLO) is a linguistics and computational linguistics competition for high school students in Australia, and has been held annually since 2008.

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Autism (symptom)

Autism is a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911.

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Autoepistemic logic

The autoepistemic logic is a formal logic for the representation and reasoning of knowledge about knowledge.

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Automated theorem proving

Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs.

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Automatically switched optical network

ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network) is a concept for the evolution of transport networks which allows for dynamic policy-driven control of an optical or SDH network based on signaling between a user and components of the network.

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AutomationML

AutomationML (Automation Markup Language) is a neutral data format based on XML for the storage and exchange of plant engineering information, which is provided as open standard.

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Availability cascade

An availability cascade is a self-reinforcing cycle that explains the development of certain kinds of collective beliefs.

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Avicenna

Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Avishai Margalit

Avishai Margalit (אבישי מרגלית, b. 1939 in Afula, British Mandate for Palestine - today Israel) is an Israeli Professor Emeritus in philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Axiom

An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.

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Axiom of extensionality

In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of extensionality, or axiom of extension, is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.

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Axiom of pairing

In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of pairing is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.

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Axiomatic system

In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems.

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Azriel Lévy

Azriel Lévy (Hebrew: עזריאל לוי; born c. 1934) is an Israeli mathematician, logician, and a professor emeritus at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (30 September 1714 – 3 August 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind.

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Baba Mardoukh Rohanee

Baba Mardoukh Rohanee (بابا مەردووخی ڕۆحانی; Baba Merdûxê Rûhanî) was an Islamic academic.

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Babylonia

Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).

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Bachelor of Computer Science

The Bachelor of Computer Science or Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (abbreviated BCompSc or BCS or BS CS or B.Sc. CS) is a type of bachelor's degree, usually awarded after three or four years of collegiate study in computer science, but possibly awarded in fewer years depending on factors such as an institution's course requirements and academic calendar.

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Background music

Background music refers to the various styles of music or soundscapes primarily intended to be passively listened to.

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Bahya ben Asher

Bahya ben Asher ibn Halawa, also known as Rabbeinu Behaye (רבינו בחיי, 1340 – 1255), was a rabbi and scholar of Judaism.

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Ballin

Ballin is a surname.

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Bar Hebraeus

Gregory Bar Hebraeus (122630 July 1286), also known by his Latin name Abulpharagius or Syriac name Mor Gregorios Bar Ebraya, was a maphrian-catholicos (Chief bishop of Persia) of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the 13th century.

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Baralipton

In classical logic, Baralipton is a mnemonic word used to identify a form of syllogism.

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Barbarossa (board game)

Barbarossa is a plasticine-shaping German-style board game for 3 to 6 players, designed by Klaus Teuber in and published in 1988 by Kosmos in German and by Rio Grande Games in English.

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Barber paradox

The barber paradox is a puzzle derived from Russell's paradox.

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Baroco

In classical logic, baroco is a mnemonic word used to memorize a syllogism.

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Bartosz Brożek

Bartosz Brożek (born 17 June 1977) is a Polish philosopher and jurist whose main research interests are in philosophy of law, philosophy of science, logic and cognitive science.

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Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve

Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve (October 23, 1831January 9, 1924) was an American classical scholar.

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Bayesian inference in marketing

In marketing, Bayesian inference allows for decision making and market research evaluation under uncertainty and with limited data.

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Bayesian probability

Bayesian probability is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief.

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BCDMOS

BCDMOS is a complex circuit composed of Bipolar, CMOS and LDMOS devices.

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Bedtime Story (Madonna song)

"Bedtime Story" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994).

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Begriffsschrift

Begriffsschrift (German for, roughly, "concept-script") is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book.

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Behavior-based robotics

Behavior-based robotics or behavioral robotics is an approach in robotics that focuses on robots that are able to exhibit complex-appearing behaviors despite little internal variable state to model its immediate environment, mostly gradually correcting its actions via sensory-motor links.

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Behavioral modeling in computer-aided design

In computer-aided design, behavioral modeling is a high-level circuit modeling technique where behavior of logic is modeled.

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Belief–desire–intention software model

The belief–desire–intention software model (usually referred to simply, but ambiguously, as BDI) is a software model developed for programming intelligent agents.

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Bellefleur

Bellefleur (1980) is a magic realist novel by Joyce Carol Oates about the generations of an upstate New York family.

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Benedikt Löwe

Benedikt Löwe (born 1972) is a German mathematician and logician, and Professor at the University of Hamburg, known for initiating the interdisciplinary conference "Foundations of the Formal Sciences" (FotFS) in 1999.

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Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca

The Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca (Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, UABJO) is a public university located in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez in state of Oaxaca, Mexico.

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Benjamin Peirce

Benjamin Peirce FRSFor HFRSE April 4, 1809 – October 6, 1880) was an American mathematician who taught at Harvard University for approximately 50 years. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics.

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Benno Erdmann

Benno Erdmann (30 May 1851, Guhrau – 7 January 1921, Berlin) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher, logician, psychologist and scholar of Immanuel Kant.

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Benson Mates

Benson Mates (May 19, 1919 in Portland, Oregon – May 14, 2009 in Berkeley, California) was an American philosopher, noted for his work in logic, the history of philosophy, and skepticism.

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Bernard Bolzano

Bernard Bolzano (born Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano; 5 October 1781 – 18 December 1848) was a Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest of Italian extraction, also known for his antimilitarist views.

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Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)

Bernard Bosanquet, FBA (14 June 1848 – 8 February 1923) was a British philosopher and political theorist, and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy in late 19th and early 20th century Britain.

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Bernard O'Brien (Jesuit)

Bernard Michael O'Brien SJ (9 December 1907 – 3 January 1982"Jesuit lecturer dies", Zealandia, 17 January 1982, p. 3.) was a New Zealand Jesuit priest, philosopher, musician (cellist), writer and seminary professor.

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Bernt Michael Holmboe

Bernt Michael Holmboe (23 March 1795 – 28 March 1850) was a Norwegian mathematician.

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Bertrand du Castel

Bertrand du Castel is a French-American author and scientist who won in 2005 the Visionary Award from Card Technology Magazine for pioneering the Java Card, which by 2007 had sold more than 3.5 billion units worldwide.

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.

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Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction

Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction is an American television anthology series created by Lynn Lehmann, presented by Dick Clark Productions, and produced and aired by the Fox network from 1997 to 2002. Each episode featured stories, all of which appeared to defy logic, and some of which were allegedly based on actual events. The viewer was offered the challenge of determining which are true and which are false. At the end of the show, it was revealed to the viewer whether the tales were true or works of fiction. The series was hosted by James Brolin in season one and by Jonathan Frakes in seasons two, three and four. The show was narrated by Don LaFontaine for the first three seasons and by Campbell Lane for the fourth and final season. The show is now streaming all seasons on Amazon as of March 2018.

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Bias

Bias is disproportionate weight in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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Bimal Krishna Matilal

Bimal Krishna Matilal (1935–1991) was an Indian philosopher whose influential writings present the Indian philosophical tradition as a comprehensive system of logic incorporating most issues addressed by themes in Western philosophy.

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Binary number

In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one).

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Biological computing

Bio computers use systems of biologically derived molecules—such as DNA and proteins—to perform computational calculations involving storing, retrieving, and processing data.

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Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala

Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला; 8 September 1914 – 21 July 1982), commonly known as B. P. Koirala, was a Nepali politician and a prolific writer.

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Bjarni Jónsson

Bjarni Jónsson (February 15, 1920 – September 30, 2016) was an Icelandic mathematician and logician working in universal algebra, lattice theory, model theory and set theory.

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Blood Rage (board game)

Blood Rage is a Viking themed board game designed by Eric Lang and published by CoolMiniOrNot in 2015.

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Blue and Brown Books

The Blue and Brown Books are two sets of notes taken during lectures conducted by Ludwig Wittgenstein from 1933 to 1935.

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Bob Meyer (logician)

Robert Kenneth Meyer (27 May 1932 – 6 May 2009) was a logician and Professor Emeritus at the Australian National University.

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Boethius

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, commonly called Boethius (also Boetius; 477–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, and philosopher of the early 6th century.

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Boetius of Dacia

Boetius de Dacia, OP (also spelled Boethius de Dacia) was a 13th-century Danish philosopher.

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Bogusław Wolniewicz

Bogusław Wolniewicz (born September 22, 1927, Toruń, died August 4, 2017, Warsaw) – Polish philosopher, logician, professor of humanities, creator of situational ontology, translator and commentator of Ludwig Wittgenstein, publicist mostly affiliated with the Radio Maryja community.

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Bonifaty Kedrov

Bonifaty Mikhailovich Kedrov (Бонифа́тий Миха́йлович Ке́дров) (Yaroslavl — 10 September 1985, Moscow) was a notable Soviet researcher, philosopher, logician, chemist and psychologist.

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Boole's syllogistic

Boolean logic is a system of syllogistic logic invented by 19th-century British mathematician George Boole, which attempts to incorporate the "empty set", that is, a class of non-existent entities, such as round squares, without resorting to uncertain truth values.

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Boolean algebra (structure)

In abstract algebra, a Boolean algebra or Boolean lattice is a complemented distributive lattice.

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Boolean data type

In computer science, the Boolean data type is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted true and false), intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra.

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Boolean domain

In mathematics and abstract algebra, a Boolean domain is a set consisting of exactly two elements whose interpretations include false and true.

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Boolean function

In mathematics and logic, a (finitary) Boolean function (or switching function) is a function of the form ƒ: Bk → B, where B.

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Boris Kustodiev

Boris Mikhaylovich Kustodiev (Бори́с Миха́йлович Кусто́диев; – 28 May 1927) was a Russian painter and stage designer.

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Boris Trakhtenbrot

Boris (Boaz) Avraamovich Trakhtenbrot (Борис Авраамович Трахтенброт; 19 February 1921 – 19 September 2016), or Boaz (Boris) Trakhtenbrot (בועז טרכטנברוט) was an Israeli and Russian mathematician in mathematical logic, algorithms, theory of computation, and cybernetics.

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Bradley Dowden

Bradley Harris Dowden is professor of philosophy at the California State University, Sacramento.

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Branches of science

The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, "scientific fields", or "scientific disciplines" are commonly divided into three major groups.

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Branching quantifier

In logic a branching quantifier, also called a Henkin quantifier, finite partially ordered quantifier or even nonlinear quantifier, is a partial ordering of quantifiers for Q ∈.

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Braxton Craven

Braxton Craven (August 22, 1822 – November 7, 1882) was an American educator.

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Breed (video game)

Breed is a squad based, science-fiction video game developed by Brat Designs and published by cdv Software Entertainment.

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Brendan Myers

Brendan Cathbad Myers is a philosopher and author known for his contributions in environmental philosophy, Druidry and Neo-Druidism, mythology, and applied virtue ethics.

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Brian Skyrms

Brian Skyrms (born 1938) is a Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and Economics at the University of California, Irvine and a Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University.

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Brice Meuleman

Brice Meuleman, S.J., D.D. (1 March 1862, Ghent, Belgium – 15 July 1924, Marsailles, France), was a Jesuit priest, a missionary in British India, and the second Archbishop of Calcutta (now Kolkata).

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British idealism

A species of absolute idealism, British idealism was a philosophical movement that was influential in Britain from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century.

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British philosophy

British philosophy refers to the philosophical tradition of the British people.

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Brugg

Brugg is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Aargau and is the seat of the district of the same name.

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Bryan Fairfax, 8th Lord Fairfax of Cameron

Rev.

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Budaya

Budaya is the plural form of the word Budi.

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Buddhist logico-epistemology

Buddhist logico-epistemology is a term used in Western scholarship for pramāṇa-vada (doctrine of proof) and Hetu-vidya (science of causes).

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Buddhist philosophy

Buddhist philosophy refers to the philosophical investigations and systems of inquiry that developed among various Buddhist schools in India following the death of the Buddha and later spread throughout Asia.

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Buer (demon)

Buer is a spirit that appears in the 16th-century grimoire Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and its derivatives, where he is described as a Great President of Hell, having fifty legions of demons under his command.

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Buridan's Ass (Fargo)

"Buridan's Ass" is the sixth episode of the FX anthology series Fargo.

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Burton Dreben

Burton Spencer Dreben (September 27, 1927 – July 11, 1999) was an American philosopher specializing in mathematical logic.

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Business case

A business case captures the reasoning for initiating a project or task.

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Business Planning and Control System

Business Planning and Control System (BPCS) is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software designed for an OS/400 system.

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C-Sick

Charles Dumazer (born January 10, 1991), professionally known as C-Sick, is a Hip Hop record producer from Chicago, Illinois.

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C. Ballin

Chris “C.

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C. D. Broad

Charlie Dunbar Broad (30 December 1887 – 11 March 1971), usually cited as C. D. Broad, was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research.

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C. S. Wallis

Charles Steel Wallis (1874–1959) was a British Church of England priest, British Army chaplain, and academic.

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Calculus ratiocinator

The Calculus ratiocinator is a theoretical universal logical calculation framework, a concept described in the writings of Gottfried Leibniz, usually paired with his more frequently mentioned characteristica universalis, a universal conceptual language.

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Calvin Normore

Calvin Normore (born June 25, 1948) is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Camp Quest

Camp Quest is an organisation providing humanist residential summer camps for children in the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Norway.

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Campania

Campania is a region in Southern Italy.

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Capital, Volume I

Capital.

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Carl Gottlieb Ehler

Carl Gottlieb Ehler (1685, in what is now GermanyM. Dascal (trans.), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, The Art of Controversies, (Dordrecht: Springer Science, 2008); p. 451 – 1753) is considered a mathematician, specifically due to his post as an astronomer in Berlin.

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Carl Gustav Hempel

Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (January 8, 1905 – November 9, 1997) was a German writer and philosopher.

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Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and other natural sciences.

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Carlos Vaz Ferreira

Carlos Vaz Ferreira (October 15, 1872 – January 3, 1958) was an Uruguayan philosopher, writer, and academic.

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Caroline Campbell

Caroline Campbell is an American violinist.

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Caspar Castner

The Reverend Caspar Castner (October 7, 1655– November 9, 1709) was a Jesuit missionary to the Qing Empire.

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Castle of Dr. Brain

Castle of Dr.

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Categorical proposition

In logic, a categorical proposition, or categorical statement, is a proposition that asserts or denies that all or some of the members of one category (the subject term) are included in another (the predicate term).

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Cathedral school

Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.

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Causal theory of reference

A causal theory of reference is a theory of how terms acquire specific referents based on evidence.

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Causeless cause

Causeless Cause (or Uncaused Cause, All-Cause) in Theosophy, is 'An Omnipresent, Eternal, Boundless, and Immutable Principle...' also described as 'infinity' to (impersonal) 'intelligence' & (divine) 'spirit' & 'consciousness' (but also non-consciousness or at least unconsciousness) & 'essence' to 'the one life.' Causeless cause is synonymous with 'the absolute,' which 'Protologos' is often confused with, but it is not: 'first' (Gk. 'proto') denotes finite bound, but causeless cause is unbounded.

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Centers (Fourth Way)

In G.I. Gurdjieff's Fourth Way teaching, also known as The Work, centers or brains refer to separate apparatuses within a being that dictate its specific functions.

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Centre de Recherche en Epistémologie Appliquée

The Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée (CRÉA, Paris) — the Center for Research in Applied Epistemology — conducts research in humanities and the social sciences.

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Chalukya dynasty

The Chalukya dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries.

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Character mask

In Marxist philosophy, a character mask (Charaktermaske) is a prescribed social role that serves to conceal the contradictions of a social relation or order.

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Characteristica universalis

The Latin term characteristica universalis, commonly interpreted as universal characteristic, or universal character in English, is a universal and formal language imagined by the German polymathic genius, mathematician, scientist and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz able to express mathematical, scientific, and metaphysical concepts.

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Charles Baggs

Charles Michael Baggs (1806–1845) was a Roman Catholic bishop, controversialist, scholar and antiquary.

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Charles De Koninck

Charles De Koninck (29 July 1906 – 13 February 1965) was a Belgian-Canadian Thomist philosopher and theologian.

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Charles Deems

Charles (Alexander) Force Deems (December 4, 1820 – November 18, 1893) was an American Methodist minister.

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Charles Donnelly (poet)

Charles Patrick "Charlie" Donnelly (10 July 1914 – 1937) was an Irish poet and left wing political activist.

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Charles Olson

Charles Olson (27 December 1910 – 10 January 1970) was a second generation American poet who was a link between earlier figures such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams and the New American poets, which includes the New York School, the Black Mountain School, the Beat poets, and the San Francisco Renaissance.

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Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".

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Charles Umpherston Aitchison

Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832 – 1896), was a Scottish born Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, then a province of British India.

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Chemtrail conspiracy theory

The chemtrail conspiracy theory is the false claim that long-lasting condensation trails, called "chemtrails" by proponents, consist of chemical or biological agents left in the sky by high-flying aircraft and deliberately sprayed for purposes undisclosed to the general public.

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Chinese culture

Chinese culture is one of the world's oldest cultures, originating thousands of years ago.

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Chiprovtsi

Chiprovtsi (Чипровци, pronounced) is a small town in northwestern Bulgaria, administratively part of Montana Province.

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Chitrapur Guru Parampara

The Chitrapur Guru Parampara (Devanagari चित्रापुर गुरु परंपरा) or Guru Heritage of the Chitrāpur Sāraswat Brahmins is the lineage of spiritual teachers (gurus), also known as Mathadhipatis (head of the Chitrāpur Math) who have led the community throughout its history.

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Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens (Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution.

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Christian culture

Christian culture is the cultural practices common to Christianity.

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Christian Garve

Christian Garve (7 January 1742 – 1 December 1798) was one of the best-known philosophers of the late Enlightenment along with Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn.

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Christian Gueintz

Christian Gueintz (13 October 1592 – 3 April 1650) was a teacher and writer-grammarian.

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Christian Weise

Christian Weise (30 April 1642 – 21 October 1708), also known under the pseudonyms Siegmund Gleichviel, Orontes, Catharinus Civilis and Tarquinius Eatullus, was a German writer, dramatist, poet, pedagogue and librarian of the Baroque era.

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Christian Wolff (philosopher)

Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf,; also known as Wolfius; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher.

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Christine Ladd-Franklin

Christine Ladd-Franklin (December 1, 1847 – March 5, 1930) was an American psychologist, logician, and mathematician.

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Christoph von Sigwart

Christoph von Sigwart (28 March 1830 – 4 August 1904) was a German philosopher and logician.

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Christoph Wulf

Christoph Wulf is professor for anthropology and education and a member of the Interdisciplinary Center for Historical Anthropology, of the special research area “Cultures of the Performative,” of the “Languages of Emotions” Center of Excellence, and of the “InterArt/Interart Studies” graduate and postgraduate program at the Free University of Berlin.

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Christopher Clavius

Christopher Clavius (25 March 1538 – 6 February 1612) was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who modified the proposal of the modern Gregorian calendar after the death of its primary author, Aloysius Lilius.

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Chrysippus

Chrysippus of Soli (Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς, Chrysippos ho Soleus) was a Greek Stoic philosopher.

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Circular definition

A circular definition is one that uses the term(s) being defined as a part of the definition or assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined.

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Circular reference

A circular reference is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop.

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Clarence Irving Lewis

Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964), usually cited as C. I. Lewis, was an American academic philosopher and the founder of conceptual pragmatism.

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Class logic

Class logic is a logic in its broad sense, whose objects are called classes.

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Classical education movement

The Classical education movement advocates a form of education based in the traditions of Western culture, with a particular focus on education as understood and taught in Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Classics

Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.

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Classification of the sciences (Peirce)

The philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) did considerable work over a period of years on the classification of sciences (including mathematics).

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Classificatory disputes about art

Art historians and philosophers of art have long had classificatory disputes about art regarding whether a particular cultural form or piece of work should be classified as art.

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Claudio E.A. Pizzi

Claudio E.A. Pizzi (born 20 September 1944, Milan) is an Italian logician and epistemologist.

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Clause (logic)

In logic, a clause is an expression formed from a finite collection of literals (atoms or their negations) that is true either whenever at least one of the literals that form it is true (a disjunctive clause, the most common use of the term), or when all of the literals that form it are true (a conjunctive clause, a less common use of the term).

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Cleanthes

Cleanthes (Κλεάνθης Kleanthēs; c. 330 BC – c. 230 BC), of Assos, was a Greek Stoic philosopher and successor to Zeno of Citium as the second head (scholarch) of the Stoic school in Athens.

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Clix (miniatures)

Clix is a miniatures wargaming system developed by WizKids.

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Closed-world assumption

The closed-world assumption (CWA), in a formal system of logic used for knowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true.

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Closure operator

In mathematics, a closure operator on a set S is a function \operatorname: \mathcal(S)\rightarrow \mathcal(S) from the power set of S to itself which satisfies the following conditions for all sets X,Y\subseteq S |- | X \subseteq \operatorname(X) | (cl is extensive) |- | X\subseteq Y \Rightarrow \operatorname(X) \subseteq \operatorname(Y) | (cl is increasing) |- | \operatorname(\operatorname(X)).

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Cognition

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

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Cognitive bias mitigation

Cognitive bias mitigation is the prevention and reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases – unconscious, automatic influences on human judgment and decision making that reliably produce reasoning errors.

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Cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking".

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Colin Howson

Colin Howson (born 1945) is a British philosopher.

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Colin McLarty

Colin McLarty is an American logician whose publications have ranged widely in philosophy and the foundations of mathematics, as well as in the history of science and of mathematics.

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Collectively exhaustive events

In probability theory and logic, a set of events is jointly or collectively exhaustive if at least one of the events must occur.

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Collision hull

Collision hull (also collision mesh or collision geometry) is a computer gaming term for an abstract representation of the 3D world which the player can see.

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Colloquialism

Everyday language, everyday speech, common parlance, informal language, colloquial language, general parlance, or vernacular (but this has other meanings too), is the most used variety of a language, which is usually employed in conversation or other communication in informal situations.

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Columbia University Department of Philosophy

The Columbia University Department of Philosophy is ranked 11th in the US and 12th in the English-speaking world, in the 2011 ranking of philosophy departments by The Philosophical Gourmet Report (it was ranked 13th and 14th in the previous 2009 ranking).

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Combinatorics

Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and an end in obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.

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Comparison of archive formats

There are many popular computer data archive formats for creating and maintaining archive files.

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Competition

Competition is, in general, a contest or rivalry between two or more entities, organisms, animals, individuals, economic groups or social groups, etc., for territory, a niche, for scarce resources, goods, for mates, for prestige, recognition, for awards, for group or social status, or for leadership and profit.

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Competitive programming

Competitive programming is a mind sport usually held over the Internet or a local network, involving participants trying to program according to provided specifications.

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Complement (music)

In music theory, complement refers to either traditional interval complementation, or the aggregate complementation of twelve-tone and serialism.

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Comprehension (logic)

In logic, the comprehension of an object is the totality of intensions, that is, attributes, characters, marks, properties, or qualities, that the object possesses, or else the totality of intensions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion.

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Computability logic

Computability logic (CoL) is a research program and mathematical framework for redeveloping logic as a systematic formal theory of computability, as opposed to classical logic which is a formal theory of truth.

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Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions.

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Computational logic

Computational logic is the use of logic to perform or reason about computation.

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Computational semiotics

Computational semiotics is an interdisciplinary field that applies, conducts, and draws on research in logic, mathematics, the theory and practice of computation, formal and natural language studies, the cognitive sciences generally, and semiotics proper.

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Computational-representational understanding of mind

Computational representational understanding of mind (CRUM) is a hypothesis in cognitive science which proposes that thinking is performed by computations operating on representations.

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Computer programming

Computer programming is the process of building and designing an executable computer program for accomplishing a specific computing task.

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Computer science

Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.

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Computer-supported collaboration

Computer-supported collaboration (CSC) research focuses on technology that affects groups, organizations, communities and societies, e.g., voice mail and text chat.

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Computing Machinery and Intelligence

"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is a seminal paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence.

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Conceit

In modern literary criticism, in particular of genre fiction, conceit frequently means an extended rhetorical device, summed up in a short phrase, that refers to a situation which either does not exist or exists very infrequently but which is necessary to the plot.

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Concept

Concepts are mental representations, abstract objects or abilities that make up the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs.

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Conceptual model

A conceptual model is a representation of a system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents.

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Condensed detachment

Condensed detachment (Rule D) is a method of finding the most general possible conclusion given two formal logical statements.

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Conditional quantifier

In logic, a conditional quantifier is a kind of Lindström quantifier (or generalized quantifier) QA that, relative to a classical model A, satisfies some or all of the following conditions ("X" and "Y" range over arbitrary formulas in one free variable): (The implication arrow denotes material implication in the metalanguage.) The minimal conditional logic M is characterized by the first six properties, and stronger conditional logics include some of the other ones.

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Conditional sentence

Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences.

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Conflation

Conflation happens when the identities of two or more individuals, concepts, or places, sharing some characteristics of one another, seem to be a single identity, and the differences appear to become lost.

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Connotation

A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation.

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Conservation biology

Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.

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Consistency

In classical deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not contain a contradiction.

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Constance Jones

Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones (19 February 1848 – 9 April 1922) known as Constance Jones or E.E. Constance Jones, was an English philosopher and educator.

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Constantijn Huygens

Sir Constantijn Huygens, Lord of Zuilichem (4 September 159628 March 1687), was a Dutch Golden Age poet and composer.

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Constantin Noica

Constantin Noica (– 4 December 1987) was a Romanian philosopher, essayist and poet.

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Constantin Rădulescu-Motru

Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (born Constantin Rădulescu, he added the surname Motru in 1892; February 15, 1868 – March 6, 1957) was a Romanian philosopher, psychologist, sociologist, logician, academic, dramatist, as well as centre-left nationalist politician with a noted anti-fascist discourse.

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Constructed language

A constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary have been consciously devised for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally.

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Contemporary ethics

Ethics is, in general terms, the study of right and wrong.

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Contingency (philosophy)

In philosophy and logic, contingency is the status of propositions that are neither true under every possible valuation (i.e. tautologies) nor false under every possible valuation (i.e. contradictions).

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Contra principia negantem non est disputandum

Contra principia negantem non est disputandum (Latin, alternatively Contra principia negantem disputari non potest and Contra principia negantem disputari nequit; literally, "Against one who denies the principles, there can be no debate") is a principle of logic and law: in order to debate reasonably about a disagreement, there must be agreement about the principles or facts by which to judge the arguments.

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Contraposition

In logic, contraposition is an inference that says that a conditional statement is logically equivalent to its contrapositive.

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Conundrum

Conundrum may refer to.

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Convergence (logic)

In mathematics, computer science and logic, convergence refers to the idea that different sequences of transformations come to a conclusion in a finite amount of time (the transformations are terminating), and that the conclusion reached is independent of the path taken to get to it (they are confluent).

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Converse (logic)

In logic, the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two parts.

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Converse nonimplication

In logic, converse nonimplication is a logical connective which is the negation of converse implication (equivalently, the negation of the converse of implication).

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Coram Deo Academy

Coram Deo Academy (CDA) is an accredited, private, non-denominational Christian day school serving Christian families at three locations in the Dallas-Fort Worth area of Texas.

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Coram Deo Classical Academy

Coram Deo Classical Academy is a private Christian school in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, United States.

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Correlation does not imply causation

In statistics, many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated, it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other.

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Corresponding conditional

In logic, the corresponding conditional of an argument (or derivation) is a material conditional whose antecedent is the conjunction of the argument's (or derivation's) premises and whose consequent is the argument's conclusion.

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Counterexample

In logic, and especially in its applications to mathematics and philosophy, a counterexample is an exception to a proposed general rule or law.

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Cox's theorem

Cox's theorem, named after the physicist Richard Threlkeld Cox, is a derivation of the laws of probability theory from a certain set of postulates.

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Cratylism

Cratylism as a philosophical theory reflects the teachings of the Athenian Cratylus (Κρατύλος, also transliterated as Kratylos), fl.

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Crime

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.

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Crinis

Crinis (Κρὶνις) was a Stoic philosopher.

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Criteria of truth

In epistemology, criteria of truth (or tests of truth) are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims.

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Critical thinking

Critical thinking is the objective analysis of facts to form a judgment.

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Critique

Critique is a method of disciplined, systematic study of a written or oral discourse.

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Critique of Pure Reason

The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, KrV) (1781, Riga; second edition 1787) is a book by Immanuel Kant that has exerted an enduring influence on Western philosophy.

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Critique of the Kantian philosophy

"Critique of the Kantian philosophy" is a criticism Arthur Schopenhauer appended to the first volume of his The World as Will and Representation (1818).

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Crocodile dilemma

The crocodile paradox, also known as crocodile sophism, is a paradox in logic in the same family of paradoxes as the liar paradox.

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Crossbar latch

The Crossbar Latch is a technology invented by Hewlett-Packard in October 2001, that HP claims could replace transistors in some applications.

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Crossword

A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white-and black-shaded squares.

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Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

Cryptanalysis of the Enigma ciphering system enabled the western Allies in World War II to read substantial amounts of Morse-coded radio communications of the Axis powers that had been enciphered using Enigma machines.

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CS Games 2009

This CS Games edition was hosted by Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Cultural influence of Star Trek

Star Trek is one of the most culturally-influential media franchises, and is often regarded as the most influential science fiction TV series in history.

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Culture shock

Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life.

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Culturology

Culturology or science of culture is a branch of social sciences concerned with the scientific understanding, description, analysis, and prediction of cultures as a whole.

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Curry's paradox

Curry's paradox is a paradox in which an arbitrary claim F is proved from the mere existence of a sentence C that says of itself "If C, then F", requiring only a few apparently innocuous logical deduction rules.

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Curry–Howard correspondence

In programming language theory and proof theory, the Curry–Howard correspondence (also known as the Curry–Howard isomorphism or equivalence, or the proofs-as-programs and propositions- or formulae-as-types interpretation) is the direct relationship between computer programs and mathematical proofs.

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Cybernetics

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities.

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Cycle rank

In graph theory, the cycle rank of a directed graph is a digraph connectivity measure proposed first by Eggan and Büchi.

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Cygnus X-1 (song series)

"Cygnus X-1" is a two-part song series by Canadian progressive rock band Rush.

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Czesław Lejewski

Czesław Lejewski (1913–2001) was a Polish philosopher and logician, and a member of the Lwow-Warsaw School of Logic.

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D. H. Th. Vollenhoven

Dirk Hendrik Theodoor Vollenhoven (1 November 1892, Amsterdam – 6 June 1978, Amsterdam) was a Dutch philosopher.

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Dada

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.

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Dag Prawitz

Dag Prawitz (born 1936, Stockholm) is a Swedish philosopher and logician.

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Damaris Cudworth Masham

Damaris Cudworth, Lady Masham (18 January 1659 – 20 April 1708) was an English theological writer and advocate for women's education who is characterized as a proto-feminist.

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Darwin machine

A Darwin machine (a 1987 coinage by William H. Calvin, by analogy to a Turing machine) is a machine that, like a Turing machine, involves an iteration process that yields a high-quality result, but, whereas a Turing machine uses logic, the Darwin machine uses rounds of variation, selection, and inheritance.

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Data independence

Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized DBMS.

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Data-structured language

In computing a data-structured language is a programming language in which the data structure is a main organizing principle, representation, model, for data and logic (code) alike, in which both are stored and operated upon, i.e., program data and logic are structured and operated on in the same way, by the same representation.

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Database theory

Database theory encapsulates a broad range of topics related to the study and research of the theoretical realm of databases and database management systems.

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Datalog

Datalog is a declarative logic programming language that syntactically is a subset of Prolog.

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Dato Barbakadze

Dato Barbakadze (დათო ბარბაქაძე); born 7 February 1966) is a Georgian writer, essayist and translator.

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David Blitz

David Blitz has been a faculty member at Central Connecticut State University since 1989.

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David Kaplan (philosopher)

David Benjamin Kaplan (born September 17, 1933) is the Hans Reichenbach Professor of Scientific Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Philosophy.

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David Lewis (philosopher)

David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher.

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David Longoria

David Longoria is an American trumpeter, songwriter, singer, and music producer.

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David Makinson

David Clement Makinson, D.Phil, (born 27 August 1941), is an Australian mathematical logician living in London, England.

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David Strauss

David Friedrich Strauss (Strauß; January 27, 1808 in Ludwigsburg – February 8, 1874 in Ludwigsburg) was a German liberal Protestant theologian and writer, who influenced Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus", whose divine nature he denied.

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David Wiggins

David Wiggins FBA (born 8 March 1933) is a British moral philosopher, metaphysician, and philosophical logician working especially on identity and issues in meta-ethics.

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Davros

Davros is a character from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.

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De Corpore

De Corpore ("On the Body") is a 1655 book by Thomas Hobbes.

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Decidability (logic)

In logic, the term decidable refers to the decision problem, the question of the existence of an effective method for determining membership in a set of formulas, or, more precisely, an algorithm that can and will return a boolean true or false value that is correct (instead of looping indefinitely, crashing, returning "don't know" or returning a wrong answer).

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Decision Intelligence

Decision intelligence is a framework that unifies a number of best practices for organizational decision making.

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Decision-making

In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities.

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Decoupling capacitor

A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to decouple one part of an electrical network (circuit) from another.

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Deduction board game

Deduction board games are a genre of board game in which the players must use deductive reasoning and logic in order to win the game.

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Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.

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Deep ecology

Deep ecology is an ecological and environmental philosophy promoting the inherent worth of living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs, plus a radical restructuring of modern human societies in accordance with such ideas.

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Defeasible reasoning

In logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid.

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Definitions of mathematics

Mathematics has no generally accepted definition.

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Deflationary theory of truth

In philosophy and logic, a deflationary theory of truth is one of a family of theories that all have in common the claim that assertions of predicate truth of a statement do not attribute a property called "truth" to such a statement.

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Deliberation

Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully weighing options, usually prior to voting.

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Denis Miéville

Denis Miéville is an expert on the logic of Stanislaw Lesniewski and natural logic.

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Denotation

Denotation is a translation of a sign to its meaning, precisely to its literal meaning, more or less like dictionaries try to define it.

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Deontic logic

Deontic logic is the field of philosophical logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts.

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Dependent type

In computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type whose definition depends on a value.

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Derek Parfit

Derek Antony Parfit, FBA (11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics.

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Dermot Moran

Dermot Moran is an Irish philosopher specialising in phenomenology and in medieval philosophy and also active in the dialogue between analytic and continental philosophy.

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Descriptive complexity theory

Descriptive complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory and of finite model theory that characterizes complexity classes by the type of logic needed to express the languages in them.

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Descriptive interpretation

According to Rudolf Carnap, in logic, an interpretation is a descriptive interpretation (also called a factual interpretation) if at least one of the undefined symbols of its formal system becomes, in the interpretation, a descriptive sign (i.e., the name of single objects, or observable properties).

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Descriptive knowledge

Descriptive knowledge, also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the type of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions.

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Descriptive psychology

Descriptive psychology (DP) is primarily a conceptual framework for the science of psychology.

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Desidério Murcho

Desidério Murcho (born 18 May 1965) is a Portuguese philosopher, professor, and writer.

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Determinism

Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.

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Deviant logic

Philosopher Susan Haack uses the term "deviant logic" to describe certain non-classical systems of logic.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon.

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Diagrammatic reasoning

Diagrammatic reasoning is reasoning by means of visual representations.

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Diairesis

Diairesis (diaíresis, "division") is a form of classification used in ancient (especially Platonic) logic that serves to systematize concepts and come to definitions.

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Dialectic

Dialectic or dialectics (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.

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Dialogue

Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.

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Dicționar enciclopedic român

The Dicționar enciclopedic român is a Romanian encyclopedia published by Editura Politica between 1962 and 1966.

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Dichotomy

A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).

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Dick de Jongh

Dick Herman Jacobus de Jongh (born 19 October 1939, Enschede) is a Dutch logician and mathematician and a retired professor at the University of Amsterdam.

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Diderik Batens

Diderik Batens (born 15 November 1944), is a Belgian logician and epistemologist at the University of Ghent, known chiefly for his work on adaptive and paraconsistent logics.

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Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences

The Marianna Brown Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dietrich College or DC) is the liberal and professional studies college and the second largest academic unit by enrollment (after the Mellon College of Science) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

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Difference (philosophy)

Difference is a key concept of philosophy, denoting the process or set of properties by which one entity is distinguished from another within a relational field or a given conceptual system.

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Differentia

In scholastic logic, differentia is one of the predicables.

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Differential (infinitesimal)

The term differential is used in calculus to refer to an infinitesimal (infinitely small) change in some varying quantity.

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Differential TTL

Differential TTL is a type of binary electrical signaling based on the TTL (transistor-transistor logic) concept.

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Digital physics

In physics and cosmology, digital physics (also referred to as digital ontology or digital philosophy) is a collection of theoretical perspectives based on the premise that the universe is describable by information.

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Dilemma

A dilemma (δίλημμα "double proposition") is a problem offering two unrelated possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable.

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Diodotus the Stoic

Diodotus (Διόδοτος; fl. 1st century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, and was a friend of Cicero.

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Dionysios Skylosophos

Dionysios Skylosophos (Διονύσιος ὁ Σκυλόσοφος; c. 1560–1611), "the Dog-Philosopher" or "Dogwise" ("skylosophist"), was a Greek Orthodox bishop who led two farmer revolts against the Ottoman Empire, in Thessaly (1600) and Ioannina (1611), with Spanish aid.

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Direct proof

In mathematics and logic, a direct proof is a way of showing the truth or falsehood of a given statement by a straightforward combination of established facts, usually axioms, existing lemmas and theorems, without making any further assumptions.

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Dis-unification (computer science)

Dis-unification, in computer science and logic, is an algorithmic process of solving inequations between symbolic expressions.

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Discourse relation

A discourse relation (or rhetorical relation) is a description of how two segments of discourse are logically connected to one another.

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Distributive lattice

In mathematics, a distributive lattice is a lattice in which the operations of join and meet distribute over each other.

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Dnipro

Dnipro (Дніпро), until May 2016 Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетро́вськ) also known as Dnepropetrovsk (Днепропетро́вск), is Ukraine's fourth largest city, with about one million inhabitants.

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Doctor Faustus (play)

The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply as Doctor Faustus, is an Elizabethan tragedy by Christopher Marlowe, based on German stories about the title character Faust, that was first performed sometime between 1588 and Marlowe's death in 1593.

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Does not compute

"Does not compute", and variations of it, is a phrase often uttered by computers, robots, and other artificial intelligences in popular culture.

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Domain

Domain may refer to.

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Domain knowledge

Domain knowledge is knowledge of a specific, specialized discipline or field, in contrast to general knowledge, or domain-independent knowledge.

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Domenico Cotugno

Domenico Felice Antonio Cotugno (January 29, 1736 – October 6, 1822) was an Italian physician.

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Dominic Bezzina

Dominic Bezzina (18th/19th centuries) was a minor Maltese philosopher who mainly specialised in physics.

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Dominic Borg

Dominic Borg (17th century) was a minor Maltese philosopher who specialised in logic and rhetoric.

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Don Cannon production discography

The following is a discography of production by Don Cannon.

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Donald Kalish

Donald Kalish (December 4, 1919 – June 8, 2000) was an American logician, educator, and anti-war activist.

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Donald Murray (inventor)

Donald Murray (1865–1945) was an electrical engineer and the inventor of a telegraphic typewriter system using an extended Baudot code that was a direct ancestor of the teleprinter (teletype machine).

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Dorothy Howell Rodham

Dorothy Emma Rodham (née Howell; June 4, 1919 – November 1, 2011) was an American homemaker and the mother of former First Lady, U.S. Senator, United States Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton.

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Double turnstile

In logic, the symbol ⊨, ⊧ or \models is called the double turnstile.

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Doubt

Doubt is a mental state in which the mind remains suspended between two or more contradictory propositions, unable to assent to any of them.

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Douglas Wilson (theologian)

Douglas James Wilson (born 18 June 1953) is a conservative Reformed and evangelical theologian, pastor at Christ Church in Moscow, Idaho, faculty member at New Saint Andrews College, and prolific author and speaker.

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Dov Gabbay

Dov M. Gabbay (born October 23, 1945) is a British logician.

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Dov Tamari

Dov Tamari (1911 – 11 August 2006), born Bernhard Teitler, was a mathematician.

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Doxastic logic

Doxastic logic is a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs.

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Doxastic voluntarism

Doxastic voluntarism is a philosophical view that people elect their own beliefs.

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Dria (recording artist)

Dria (born Diondria) is a singer-songwriter born in Houston, TX.

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Duhem–Quine thesis

The Duhem–Quine thesis, also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine, is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses).

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Dunce

A dunce is a person considered incapable of learning.

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Duns Scotus

John Duns, commonly called Duns Scotus (1266 – 8 November 1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages (together with Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham).

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Durham District School Board

The Durham District School Board (DDSB; known as English-language Public District School Board No. 13 prior to 1999) is an Anglophone, secular public school board in Ontario, Canada.

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Dynamic Business Modeling

Dynamic Business Modeling ("DBM") describes the ability to automate business models within an open framework.

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Dynamic epistemic logic

Dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) is a logical framework dealing with knowledge and information change.

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Dysrationalia

Dysrationalia is defined as the inability to think and behave rationally despite adequate intelligence.

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Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche

The 7th Dzogchen Ponlop (Karma Sungrap Ngedon Tenpa Gyaltsen, born 1965) is an abbot of Dzogchen Monastery, president of Nalandabodhi, the founder of Nītārtha Institute, a leading Tibetan Buddhist scholar, and a meditation master.

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Early Islamic philosophy

Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Early modern Europe

Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.

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Early modern period

The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.

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Earthscore

Earthscore is a notational system that enables collaborating videographers to produce a shared perception of environmental realities.

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Eastern philosophy

Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia including Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy which are dominant in East Asia and Vietnam, and Indian philosophy (including Buddhist philosophy) which are dominant in South Asia, Tibet and Southeast Asia.

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Economic model

In economics, a model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them.

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Edinburgh University Library

Edinburgh University Library is one of the most important libraries of Scotland.

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Edmond Pourchot

Edmond Pourchot (1651, Poilly – 1734, Paris) was a university professor noted for his controversial advocacy of Cartesianism (and the Cartesian theory of mechanics) in place of Aristotelianism.

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Edmund Husserl

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (or;; 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology.

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Eduardo Barrio

Eduardo Barrio is an Argentine logician.

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Education

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

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Education for Liberation of Siam

Education for Liberation of Siam (กลุ่มการศึกษาเพื่อความเป็นไท) is a group of high school students who demand to reform Thai education system which the core members are from the Thailand Educational Revolution Alliance.

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Education in Portugal

Education in Portugal is free and compulsory until the age of 18, when students complete the 12th grade.

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Education in Romania

Education in Romania is based on a free-tuition, egalitarian system.

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Educology

The term educology denotes the fund of knowledge about the educational process.

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Edward Brerewood

Edward Brerewood (or Bryerwood) (c. 1565–1613) was an English scholar and antiquary.

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Edward Dowden

Edward Dowden (3 May 1843 – 4 April 1913), was an Irish critic and poet.

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Edward Worsley

Edward Worsley (1605 – 2 September 1676) was an English Jesuit writer and professor.

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Edwin Thompson Jaynes

Edwin Thompson Jaynes (July 5, 1922 – April 30, 1998) was the Wayman Crow Distinguished Professor of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis.

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Edzell Castle

Edzell Castle is a ruined 16th-century castle, with an early-17th-century walled garden.

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Effective method

In logic, mathematics and computer science, especially metalogic and computability theory, an effective methodHunter, Geoffrey, Metalogic: An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First-Order Logic, University of California Press, 1971 or effective procedure is a procedure for solving a problem from a specific class.

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Electra (Euripides play)

Euripides' Electra (Ἠλέκτρα, Ēlektra) is a play probably written in the mid 410s BC, likely before 413 BC.

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Eleusis (card game)

Eleusis is a multi-genre card game where one player chooses a secret rule to determine which cards can be played on top of others, and the other players attempt to determine the rule using inductive logic.

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Eli Eduardo de Gortari

Eli Eduardo de Gortari (Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico, April 28, 1918 – July 29, 1991) was a logician, philosopher of science and engineer.

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Elijah of Nisibis

Elijah, Eliya, or Elias of Nisibis (11February 975– 18July 1046) was a Nestorian cleric who served as bishop of Beth Nuhadra (1002–1008) and archbishop of Nisibis (1008–1046).

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement.

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Elliott Mendelson

Elliott Mendelson (born 1931) is an American logician.

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Elliptic divisibility sequence

In mathematics, an elliptic divisibility sequence (EDS) is a sequence of integers satisfying a nonlinear recursion relation arising from division polynomials on elliptic curves.

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Emil Leon Post

Emil Leon Post (February 11, 1897 – April 21, 1954) was an American mathematician and logician.

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Enéas Carneiro

Enéas Ferreira Carneiro (November 5, 1938 – May 6, 2007) was a Brazilian physician and politician.

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Encyclopédie Méthodique

The Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières ("Methodical Encyclopedia by Order of Subject Matter") was published between 1782 and 1832 by the French publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke, his son-in-law Henri Agasse, and the latter´s wife, Thérèse-Charlotte Agasse.

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Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

The Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (رسائل إخوان الصفا) also variously known as the Epistles of the Brethren of Sincerity, Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Loyal Friends was a large encyclopedia"The work only professes to be an epitome, an outline; its authors lay claim to no originality, they only summarize what others have thought and discovered.

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Engineer

Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are people who invent, design, analyze, build, and test machines, systems, structures and materials to fulfill objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.

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Engineered language

Engineered languages (often abbreviated to engelangs, or, less commonly, engilangs) are constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypotheses about how languages work or might work.

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Engineering

Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.

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English studies

English studies (usually called simply English) is an academic discipline taught in primary, secondary, and post-secondary education in English-speaking countries; it is not to be confused with English taught as a foreign language, which is a distinct discipline.

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Enologix

Enologix is a privately held California corporation that designs predictive analytics for luxury winegrowing.

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Enterprise modelling

Enterprise modelling is the abstract representation, description and definition of the structure, processes, information and resources of an identifiable business, government body, or other large organization.

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Entitative graph

An entitative graph is an element of the diagrammatic syntax for logic that Charles Sanders Peirce developed under the name of qualitative logic beginning in the 1880s, taking the coverage of the formalism only as far as the propositional or sentential aspects of logic are concerned.

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Epenthesis

In phonology, epenthesis (Greek) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word (at the beginning prothesis and at the end paragoge are commonly used).

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Epictetus

Epictetus (Ἐπίκτητος, Epíktētos; 55 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher.

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Epimenides paradox

The Epimenides paradox reveals a problem with self-reference in logic.

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Epistemic theories of truth

In philosophy, epistemic theories of truth are attempts to analyze the notion of truth in terms of epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief, acceptance, verification, justification, and perspective.

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Epistemologia

Epistemologia is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy.

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.

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Equational logic

First-order equational logic consists of quantifier-free terms of ordinary first-order logic, with equality as the only predicate symbol.

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Equisatisfiability

In logic, two formulae are equisatisfiable if the first formula is satisfiable whenever the second is and vice versa; in other words, either both formulae are satisfiable or both are not.

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Equivocation

In logic, equivocation ('calling two different things by the same name') is an informal fallacy resulting from the use of a particular word/expression in multiple senses throughout an argument leading to a false conclusion.

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Eristic

In philosophy and rhetoric, eristic (from Eris, the ancient Greek goddess of chaos, strife, and discord) refers to argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument, rather than searching for truth.

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Erna Schneider Hoover

Dr.

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Ernest Addison Moody

Ernest Addison Moody (1903–1975) was a noted philosopher, medievalist, and logician as well as a musician and scientist.

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Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold

Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold (18 October 1793 – 17 September 1855) was a German philosopher.

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Ernst Zermelo

Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (27 July 1871 – 21 May 1953) was a German logician and mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics.

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Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog

Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog (born 4 June 1955) is a German computer scientist.

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Erotetics

Erotetics is a part of logic, devoted to logical analysis of questions.

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Errol Harris

Errol Eustace Harris (19 February 1908 – 21 June 2009), sometimes cited as E. E. Harris, was a contemporary South African philosopher.

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Erudition

regularity in the research, due to the natural intelligence and intuition assigned to this animal. A parrot is a symbol of '''erudition''' and eloquence. (Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh) The word erudition came into Middle English from Latin.

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Erwin Engeler

Erwin Engeler (born 13 February 1930) is a Swiss mathematician who did pioneering work on the interrelations between logic, computer science and scientific computation in the 20th century.

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EtherCAT

EtherCAT (Ethernet for Control Automation Technology) is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system, invented by Beckhoff Automation.

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Ethical formalism

Ethical formalism is a type of ethical theory which defines moral judgments in terms of their logical form (e.g., as "laws" or "universal prescriptions") rather than their content (e.g., as judgments about what actions will best promote human well-being).

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Ethical persuasion

Ethical persuasion is a human being's internal ability to treat others with respect, understanding, caring, and fairness in order to understand themselves and phases of ethical persuasion; they are.

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Ethics (Spinoza)

Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata), usually known as the Ethics, is a philosophical treatise written by Benedict de Spinoza.

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Euclid of Megara

Euclid of Megara (also Euclides, Eucleides; Εὐκλείδης ὁ Μεγαρεύς; c. 435 – c. 365 BC) was a Greek Socratic philosopher who founded the Megarian school of philosophy.

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Euclid's Elements

The Elements (Στοιχεῖα Stoicheia) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC.

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Euclides da Cunha

Euclides da Cunha (January 20, 1866 – August 15, 1909) was a Brazilian journalist, sociologist and engineer.

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Eugène Dupréel

Eugène Dupréel (February 8, 1879 – February 14, 1967) was a Belgian philosopher.

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Eugeniusz Grodziński

Eugeniusz Grodziński (January 10, 1912, Pskov, Russia – October 11, 1994, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish philosopher, whose principal interests were philosophy of natural language, philosophical foundations of logic, and philosophical problems of psychology.

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Eulogius Schneider

Eulogius Schneider (baptized as: Johann Georg; October 20, 1756 – April 1, 1794) was a Franciscan monk, professor in Bonn and Dominican in Strasbourg.

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European Master Program in Computational Logic

The European Master's Program in Computational Logic (EMCL) is a two years joint MSc programme offering a joint degree between four European universities as a part of the Erasmus Mundus co-operation and mobility programme.

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European science in the Middle Ages

European science in the Middle Ages comprised the study of nature, mathematics and natural philosophy in medieval Europe.

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Eusebius of Myndus

Eusebius of Myndus (Εὐσέβιος) was a 4th-century philosopher, a distinguished Neoplatonist.

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Euthydemus (Socratic literature)

Euthydemus (Greek: Εὐθύδημος) is the name of three characters of this name in Socratic literature.

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Euthyphro dilemma

The Euthyphro dilemma is found in Plato's dialogue Euthyphro, in which Socrates asks Euthyphro, "Is the pious (τὸ ὅσιον) loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" (10a) The dilemma has had a major effect on the philosophical theism of the monotheistic religions, but in a modified form: "Is what is morally good commanded by God because it is morally good, or is it morally good because it is commanded by God?" Ever since Plato's original discussion, this question has presented a problem for some theists, though others have thought it a false dilemma, and it continues to be an object of theological and philosophical discussion today.

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Evandro Agazzi

Evandro Agazzi (born 1934) is an Italian philosopher and professor at the University of Genoa.

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Eve: The Second Genesis

Eve: The Second Genesis is an out-of-print collectible card game set in the universe created for the online game Eve Online.

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Event calculus

The event calculus is a logical language for representing and reasoning about events and their effects first presented by Robert Kowalski and Marek Sergot in 1986.

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Event sampling methodology

Event sampling methodology (ESM) refers to a diary study.

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Evert Willem Beth

Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908 – 12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics.

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Existence of God

The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion and popular culture.

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Existential graph

An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914.

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Experience

Experience is the knowledge or mastery of an event or subject gained through involvement in or exposure to it.

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Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme

The Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme was an exhibition by surrealist artists that took place from January 17 to February 24, 1938, in the generously equipped Galérie Beaux-Arts, run by Georges Wildenstein, at 140, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré in Paris.

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Expressive power (computer science)

In computer science, the expressive power (also called expressiveness or expressivity) of a language is the breadth of ideas that can be represented and communicated in that language.

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Expulsions and exoduses of Jews

In Jewish history, Jews have experienced numerous mass expulsions or ostracism by various local authorities and have sought refuge in other countries.

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Extension (semantics)

In any of several studies that treat the use of signs—for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, and semiotics—the extension of a concept, idea, or sign consists of the things to which it applies, in contrast with its comprehension or intension, which consists very roughly of the ideas, properties, or corresponding signs that are implied or suggested by the concept in question.

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Extensional and intensional definitions

Extensional and intensional definitions are two key ways in which the object(s) or concept(s) a term refers to can be defined.

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Extensionalism

Extensionalism, in the philosophy of language, in logic and semantics, is the view that all languages or at least all scientific languages should be extensional.

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Extensionality

In logic, extensionality, or extensional equality, refers to principles that judge objects to be equal if they have the same external properties.

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Externism

Externism is a fictional philosophical theory proposed by the fictional Czech genius Jára Cimrman.

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Extinct Kannada literature

Extinct Kannada literature is a body of literature of the Kannada language dating from the period preceding the first extant work, Kavirajamarga (ca. 850 CE).

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F. C. S. Schiller

Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (16 August 1864 – 6 August 1937), usually cited as F. C. S. Schiller, was a German-British philosopher.

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F. H. Bradley

Francis Herbert Bradley OM (30 January 1846 – 18 September 1924) was a British idealist philosopher.

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Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb

Faculty of Science (Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, abbr: PMF) is one of the faculties of the University of Zagreb.

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Faith

In the context of religion, one can define faith as confidence or trust in a particular system of religious belief, within which faith may equate to confidence based on some perceived degree of warrant, in contrast to the general sense of faith being a belief without evidence.

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Faith in the Bahá'í Faith

Like most religions, the Bahá'í Faith holds that having a strong belief, a personal faith, is crucial to a spiritual life.

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Fake news

Fake news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate misinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media.

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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازي) was an Iranian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher He was born in 1149 in Rey (in modern-day Iran), and died in 1209 in Herat (in modern-day Afghanistan).

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Fallacy of division

A fallacy of division occurs when one reasons logically that something true for the whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.

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Fallibilism

Broadly speaking, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical claim that no belief can have justification which guarantees the truth of the belief.

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False (logic)

In logic, false or untrue is the state of possessing negative truth value or a nullary logical connective.

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Falsifiability

A statement, hypothesis, or theory has falsifiability (or is falsifiable) if it can logically be proven false by contradicting it with a basic statement.

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Felice Fontana

Felice Fontana (15 April 1730 – 10 March 1805) was an Italian physicist who discovered the water gas shift reaction in 1780.

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Feliks Jaroński

Feliks Jaroński (6 June 1777 – 26 December 1827) was a Polish Catholic priest and philosopher.

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Feng Youlan

Feng Youlan (4 December 1895 – 26 November 1990) was a Chinese philosopher who was instrumental for reintroducing the study of Chinese philosophy in the modern era.

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Fereydoon Motamed

Fereydoon Motamed (also known as Amir Fereydoun Motamed, Amir Fereydoon Motamed or Fereydoon H. Motamed), (1917 born in Tehran, Iran – 1993 death in Charlottesville, Virginia), was an internationally known professor and linguist, winner of the Louis de Broglie award, from the Académie française, and recipient of literary award "Le Grand Prix Littéraire d'Iran" from Writer's Association of French Language.

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Fiduciary

A fiduciary is a person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust with one or more other parties (person or group of persons).

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Figurative system of human knowledge

The "figurative system of human knowledge", sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a tree developed to represent the structure of knowledge itself, produced for the Encyclopédie by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot.

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Finitary

In mathematics or logic, a finitary operation is an operation of finite arity, that is an operation that takes a finite number of input values.

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Finitary relation

In mathematics, a finitary relation has a finite number of "places".

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Finite model property

In logic, a logic L has the finite model property (fmp for short) any non-theorem of L is falsified by some finite model of L. Another way of putting this is to say that L has the fmp if for every formula A of L, A is an L-theorem iff A is a theorem of the theory of finite models of L. If L is finitely axiomatizable (and has a recursive set of recursive rules) and has the fmp, then it is decidable.

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Finite-state machine

A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA, plural: automata), finite automaton, or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation.

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Finite-valued logic

In logic, a finite-valued logic (also finitely many-valued logic) is a propositional calculus in which truth values are discrete.

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Firefly Music Festival

Firefly Music Festival is a music festival produced by Red Frog Events alongside Goldenvoice, that was first held on July 20–22, 2012, in Dover, Delaware.

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First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC

The First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (commonly shortened to First Draft) is an incomplete 101-page document written by John von Neumann and distributed on June 30, 1945 by Herman Goldstine, security officer on the classified ENIAC project.

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Flanginian School

The Flanginian School (Φλαγγίνειος Σχολή, Collegio Flanginiano) was a Greek educational institution that operated in Venice, Italy, from 1664-1665 to 1905.

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Fluent (artificial intelligence)

In artificial intelligence, a fluent is a condition that can change over time.

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Fluid and crystallized intelligence

In psychology, fluid and crystallized intelligence (respectively abbreviated Gf and Gc) are factors of general intelligence, originally identified by Raymond Cattell.

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Foras

In demonology, Foras (alternatively Forcas or Forrasis) is a powerful President of Hell, being obeyed by twenty-nine legions of demons.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Ford Expedition

The Ford Expedition is a full-size SUV that is made by Ford Motor Company.

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Forensic science

Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

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Formal epistemology

Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest.

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Formal fallacy

In philosophy, a formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.

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Formal language

In mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings of symbols together with a set of rules that are specific to it.

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Formal methods

In computer science, specifically software engineering and hardware engineering, formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems.

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Formal science

Formal sciences are formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, robotics, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.

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Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)

In foundations of mathematics, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of logic, formalism is a theory that holds that statements of mathematics and logic can be considered to be statements about the consequences of certain string manipulation rules.

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Fortunio Liceti

Fortunio Liceti (Latin: Fortunius Licetus; October 3, 1577 – May 17, 1657), was an Italian physician and philosopher.

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Forward chaining

Forward chaining (or forward reasoning) is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using an inference engine and can be described logically as repeated application of modus ponens.

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Foundations of geometry

Foundations of geometry is the study of geometries as axiomatic systems.

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Four-valued logic

In logic, a four-valued logic is any logic with four truth values.

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François d'Aguilon

François d'Aguilon (also d'Aguillon or in Latin Franciscus Aguilonius) (4 January 1567 – 20 March 1617) was a Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist and architect.

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Francesco de Vieri

Francesco de' Vieri, called Verino the second (1524-1591), was an Italian philosopher.

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Francesco Eschinardi

Francesco Eschinardi (13 December 1623 - 12 January 1703) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher.

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Francis Arinze

Francis Arinze (born 1 November 1932) is a Nigerian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Francis Dominic Bencini

Francis Dominic Bencini (1664–1744) was a minor Maltese philosopher who specialised in apologetics.

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Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)

Francis Hutcheson (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was an Irish philosopher born in Ulster to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became known as one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola

Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola Gómez (1917-1978) was a Spanish scholar and a Carlist politician.

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Franco Burgersdijk

Franco Petri Burgersdijk or Franciscus Burgersdicius, born Franck Pieterszoon Burgersdijk (3 May 1590 – 19 February 1635), was a Dutch logician.

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Franjo Marković

Franjo Marković (or Franjo pl. Marković; Križevci, July 26, 1845 – Zagreb, September 15, 1914) was a Croatian philosopher and writer.

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Frank Bigelow Tarbell

Frank Bigelow Tarbell PhD (January 1, 1853 – December 4, 1920) was a professor of Classic Studies at the University of Chicago from 1893 until 1918.

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Frank in the River

Frank in the River is a 24-page comic story by Jim Woodring.

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Frank P. Ramsey

Frank Plumpton Ramsey (22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician and economist who made fundamental contributions to abstract algebra before his death at the age of 26.

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Frank Pfenning

Frank Pfenning is a professor of computer science, adjunct professor in the department of philosophy, and head of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Frank Wanlass

Dr.

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Franz Brentano

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano (16 January 1838 – 17 March 1917) was an influential German philosopher, psychologist, and priest whose work strongly influenced not only students Edmund Husserl, Sigmund Freud, Tomáš Masaryk, Rudolf Steiner, Alexius Meinong, Carl Stumpf, Anton Marty, Kazimierz Twardowski, and Christian von Ehrenfels, but many others whose work would follow and make use of his original ideas and concepts.

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Franz Samuel Karpe

Franz Samuel Karpe, Franc Samuel Karpe, František Samuel Karpe (November 17, 1747 - September 4, 1806) was a Slovenian philosopher and rector of University of Olomouc.

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Franz Xaver Niemetschek

Franz Xaver Niemetschek (František Xaver Němeček; Niemeczek) (24 July 1766 – 19 March 1849) was a Czech philosopher, teacher and music critic.

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Frederic Fitch

Frederic Brenton Fitch (1908 – September 18, 1987) was an American logician, a Sterling Professor at Yale University.

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Frederick Rowbottom

Frederick Rowbottom (16 January 1938 – 12 October 2009) was a British logician and mathematician.

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Frederick Temple

Frederick Temple (30 November 1821 – 23 December 1902) was an English academic, teacher, churchman, and Archbishop of Canterbury, from 1896 until his death.

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Fredmund Malik

Fredmund Malik (born September 1, 1944 in Lustenau, Vorarlberg) is an Austrian economist with focus on management science and the founder and chairman of a management consultancy in St.

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Free logic

A free logic is a logic with fewer existential presuppositions than classical logic.

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Free Press Summer Fest

The Free Press Summer Festival was an annual two-day music festival held in Houston, Texas at Buffalo Bayou's Eleanor Tinsley Park.

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Freedom: The Underground Railroad

Freedom: The Underground Railroad is a 2013 co-operative board game designed by Brian Mayer and published by Academy Games, their first game in the Freedom Series.

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Freethought

Freethought (or "free thought") is a philosophical viewpoint which holds that positions regarding truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism, rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma.

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French philosophy

French philosophy, here taken to mean philosophy in the French language, has been extremely diverse and has influenced Western philosophy as a whole for centuries, from the medieval scholasticism of Peter Abelard, through the founding of modern philosophy by René Descartes, to 20th century philosophy of science, existentialism, phenomenology, structuralism, and postmodernism.

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Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg

Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (30 November 1802 – 24 January 1872) was a German philosopher and philologist.

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Friedrich Kambartel

Friedrich Kambartel (born 17 February 1935 in Münster, Germany) is a philosopher.

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Friedrich Schleiermacher

Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (November 21, 1768 – February 12, 1834) was a German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity.

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Friedrich Ueberweg

Friedrich Ueberweg (22 January 1826 – 9 June 1871), was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy.

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Friedrich von Wieser

Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (10 July 1851 – 22 July 1926) was an early (so-called "first generation") economist of the Austrian School of economics.

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Fuel pump

A fuel pump is a frequently (but not always) essential component on a car or other internal combustion engined device.

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Function block diagram

The Function Block Diagram (FBD) is a graphical language for programmable logic controller design, that can describe the function between input variables and output variables.

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Functional completeness

In logic, a functionally complete set of logical connectives or Boolean operators is one which can be used to express all possible truth tables by combining members of the set into a Boolean expression.

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Furcas

In demonology, Furcas (also spelled Forcas) is a Knight of Hell (the rank of Knight is unique to him), and rules 20 legions of demons.

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Future

The future is what will happen in the time after the present.

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Fuzzy concept

A fuzzy concept is a concept of which the boundaries of application can vary considerably according to context or conditions, instead of being fixed once and for all.

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Fyssen Foundation

The Fyssen Foundation (French: Fondation Fyssen) is a French charitable organization that was established and endowed in 1979 by H. Fyssen.

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G

G (named gee) is the 7th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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Gabbay

Gabbay may refer to.

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Gabriel Nuchelmans

Gabriel Nuchelmans (15 May 1922 Oud Gastel – 6 August 1996, Wassenaar) was a Dutch philosopher, focusing on the history of philosophy, especially philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as logic and philosophy of language.

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Gaius Musonius Rufus

Gaius Musonius Rufus (Μουσώνιος Ῥοῦφος) was a Roman Stoic philosopher of the 1st century AD.

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Gajo Petrović

Gavrilo "Gajo" Petrović (Karlovac, 12 March 1927 – Zagreb, 13 June 1993) was one of the main theorists in the Marxist humanist Praxis School in the SFR Yugoslavia.

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Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.

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Game of the Generals

The Game of the Generals, also called GG or GOG as it is most fondly called, or simply The Generals, is an educational war game invented in the Philippines by Sofronio H. Pasola, Jr.

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Game semantics

Game semantics (dialogische Logik, translated as dialogical logic) is an approach to formal semantics that grounds the concepts of truth or validity on game-theoretic concepts, such as the existence of a winning strategy for a player, somewhat resembling Socratic dialogues or medieval theory of Obligationes.

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Game theory

Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".

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Gangesha Upadhyaya

Gangesha Upadhyaya (गंगेश उपाध्याय, Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya) (late 12th century) was an Indian mathematician and philosopher from the kingdom of Mithila.

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Garbage in, garbage out

In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is where flawed, or nonsense input data produces nonsense output or "garbage".

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Gareth Evans (philosopher)

Gareth Evans (12 May 1946 – 10 August 1980) was a British philosopher who made substantial contributions to logic, philosophy of language and philosophy of mind.

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Gasper Grima

Gasper Grima (c.1680–1745) was a minor Maltese mediaeval philosopher who specialised mainly in metaphysics and logic.

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Günter Asser

Günter Asser (26 February 1926, Berlin – 23 March 2015) was a professor emeritus of logic and mathematics at the University of Greifswald.

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GCE Advanced Level in Sri Lanka

The Sri Lankan Advanced Level (A-level), is a General Certificate of Education (GCE) qualification exam in Sri Lanka, similar to the British Advanced Level, conducted annually by the Department of Examinations of the Ministry of Education.

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General frame

In logic, general frames (or simply frames) are Kripke frames with an additional structure, which are used to model modal and intermediate logics.

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General Problem Solver

General Problem Solver or G.P.S. is a computer program created in 1959 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell intended to work as a universal problem solver machine.

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Geneva Academy

Geneva Academy is a private classical Christian school located in Lincoln, Delaware.

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Genius of Britain

Genius of Britain: The Scientists Who Changed the World is a five-part television documentary presented by leading British scientific figures, which charts the history of some of Britain's most important scientists and innovators.

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Genus (philosophy)

In Scholastic logic a Genus is one of the Predicables.

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Geoffrey Hunter (logician)

Geoffrey Basil Bailey Hunter (December 14, 1925 – June 8, 2000) was a professor, philosopher, and logician.

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Geoffrey of Vinsauf

Geoffrey of Vinsauf (fl. 1200) is a representative of the early medieval grammarian movement, termed preceptive grammar by James J. Murphy for its interest in teaching ars poetria (1971, vii ff.). Ars poetria is a subdivision of the grammatical art (ars grammatica) which synthesizes "rhetorical" and "grammatical" elements.

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Georg Gottlob

Georg Gottlob FRS is an Austrian computer scientist who works in the areas of database theory, logic, and artificial intelligence and is Professor of Informatics at the University of Oxford.

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Georg Misch

Georg Misch (5 April 1878, Berlin – 10 June 1965, Göttingen) was a German philosopher.

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Georg Simmel

Georg Simmel (1 March 1858 – 28 September 1918) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure of German idealism.

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George Bentham

George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".

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George Bogle (diplomat)

George Bogle (26 November 1746 – 3 April 1781) was a Scottish adventurer and diplomat, the first to establish diplomatic relations with Tibet and to attempt recognition by the Chinese Qing dynasty.

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George Boole

George Boole (2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland.

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George Buchanan

George Buchanan (Seòras Bochanan; February 1506 – 28 September 1582) was a Scottish historian and humanist scholar.

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George Campbell (minister)

Rev Prof George Campbell DD FRSE (25 December 1719 – 6 April 1796) was a figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, known as a philosopher, minister, and professor of divinity.

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George Croom Robertson

George Croom Robertson (10 March 1842 – 20 September 1892) was a Scottish philosopher.

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George Deas, Lord Deas

Sir George Deas, Lord Deas (1804–1887) was a Scottish judge.

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George Edward Hughes

George Edward Hughes (8 June 1918 – 4 March 1994) was an Irish-born New Zealand philosopher and logician whose principal scholarly works were concerned with modal logic and medieval philosophy.

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George G. M. James

Dr.

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George Lakoff

George P. Lakoff (born May 24, 1941) is an American cognitive linguist and philosopher, best known for his thesis that lives of individuals are significantly influenced by the central metaphors they use to explain complex phenomena.

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George Lokert

George Lokert of Ayr (c. 1485 – 1547) was a Scottish philosopher and theologian who made significant contributions to the study of logic.

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George Matheson

Rev Dr George Matheson DD FRSE (27 March 1842 – 28 August 1906) was a Scottish minister and hymn writer.

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George Sylvester Morris

George Sylvester Morris (November 15, 1840 – March 23, 1889) was an American educator and philosophical writer.

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Gerald Sacks

Gerald Enoch Sacks (born 1933, Brooklyn) is a logician who holds a joint appointment at Harvard University as a professor of mathematical logic and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor emeritus.

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Gerard Verschuuren

Gerard M. Verschuuren (nicknames Gerry and Geert) is a scientist, writer, speaker, and consultant, working at the interface of science, philosophy, and religion.

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Gerardus Mercator

Gerardus Mercator (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a 16th-century German-Flemish cartographer, geographer and cosmographer.

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Gerhard Gentzen

Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909 – August 4, 1945) was a German mathematician and logician.

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Gerhard Vollmer

Gerhard Vollmer (born 17 November 1943 in Speyer) is a German physicist and philosopher.

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German philosophy

German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers.

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Gershom Carmichael

Gershom Carmichael (1672–1729) was a Scottish philosopher.

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Getting It Wrong from the Beginning

Getting it Wrong from the Beginning: Our Progressivist Inheritance from Herbert Spencer, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget is a 2002 book by Kieran Egan criticizing the traditional progressivist foundations of modern education in the Western World.

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Gheorghe Asachi

Gheorghe Asachi (surname also spelled Asaki; March 1, 1788 – November 12, 1869) was a Moldavian, later Romanian prose writer, poet, painter, historian, dramatist and translator.

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Ghost in the machine

The "ghost in the machine" is British philosopher Gilbert Ryle's description of René Descartes' mind-body dualism.

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Ghulam Rasool Noori

Ghulam Rasool Noori born in Gangoo Pulwama Kashmir is a Shia Muslim alim and cleric from Jammu and Kashmir, India.

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Giambattista Vico

Giambattista Vico (B. Giovan Battista Vico, 23 June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an Italian political philosopher and rhetorician, historian and jurist, of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Gifted education

Gifted education (also known as Gifted and Talented Education (GATE), Talented and Gifted (TAG), or G/T) is a broad term for special practices, procedures, and theories used in the education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented.

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Gilbert de la Porrée

Gilbert de la Porrée (after 1085 – 4 September 1154), also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis, was a scholastic logician and theologian.

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Giles of Rome

Giles of Rome (Latin: Aegidius Romanus; Italian: Egidio Colonna; c. 1243 – 22 December 1316), was an archbishop of Bourges who was famed for his logician commentary on the Organon by Aristotle.

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Giorgio Agamben

Giorgio Agamben (born 22 April 1942) is an Italian philosopher best known for his work investigating the concepts of the state of exception, form-of-life (borrowed from Ludwig Wittgenstein) and homo sacer.

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Giovanni Battista Venturi

Giovanni Battista Venturi (Bibbiano, 11 September 1746 – Reggio nell'Emilia, 10 September 1822) was an Italian physicist, savant, man of letters, diplomat and historian of science.

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Giovanni Vailati

Giovanni Vailati (24 April 1863 – 14 May 1909) was an Italian proto-analytic philosopher, historian of science, and mathematician.

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Girolamo Manfredi

Girolamo Manfredi or Hieronimus de Manfredis (1430 - 1493) was an Italian philosopher, physician and astronomer.

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Gisbert Hasenjaeger

Gisbert F. R. Hasenjaeger (June 1, 1919 – September 2, 2006) was a German mathematical logician.

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Giuseppe Tarantino

Philosopher Giuseppe Tarantino (1857–1950), Rector at the University of Pisa, Italy, helped introduce American and European philosophy to the Italian educational system.

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Glasgow University Dialectic Society

The Glasgow University Dialectic Society, re-instituted in 1861, is a student society at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, committed to the promotion of debating, logic, ethics and literary discussion at the university.

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Gloomhaven

Gloomhaven is a cooperative board game for 1 to 4 players designed by Isaac Childres and published by Cephalofair Games in 2017.

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Glossary of computer hardware terms

This is a glossary of terms relating to computer hardware – physical computer hardware, architectural issues, and peripherals.

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Glossary of education terms (D–F)

This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles.

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Glossary of education terms (P–R)

This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles.

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Glossary of philosophy

A glossary of terms used in philosophy.

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God in the Age of Science?

God in the Age of Science?: A Critique of Religious Reason is a 2012 book by the Dutch philosopher Herman Philipse, written in English and published in the United Kingdom.

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Good and necessary consequence

The phrase good and necessary consequence was used more commonly several centuries ago to express the idea which we would place today under the general heading of logic; that is, to reason validly by logical deduction or better, deductive reasoning.

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Goran Švob

Goran Švob (29 May 1947 – 18 April 2013) was a Croatian philosopher, logician, and author.

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Gordon Plotkin

Gordon David Plotkin, FRS, FRSE (born 9 September 1946) is a theoretical computer scientist in the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

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Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.

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Graham Priest

Graham Priest (born 1948) is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center, as well as a regular visitor at the University of Melbourne where he was Boyce Gibson Professor of Philosophy and also at the University of St Andrews.

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Grammar of Assent

An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (commonly abbreviated to the last three words) is John Henry Newman's book on the philosophy of faith, his seminal work.

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Graph rewriting

In computer science, graph transformation, or graph rewriting, concerns the technique of creating a new graph out of an original graph algorithmically.

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Great Books of the Western World

Great Books of the Western World is a series of books originally published in the United States in 1952, by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., to present the Great Books in a 54-volume set.

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Green Lantern: Circle of Fire

"Circle of Fire" is a story arc that ran through a two-issue, self-titled comic book mini-series and five one shot comics starring Green Lantern Kyle Rayner that was published by DC Comics in October 2000.

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Gregory II of Constantinople

Gregory II of Cyprus (Γρηγόριος ο Κύπριος, 1241–1290) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople between 1283–1289.

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Gregory Wheeler

Gregory Wheeler (born 1968) is an American logician, philosopher, and computer scientist, who specializes in formal epistemology.

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Grigore Moisil

Grigore Constantin Moisil (10 January 1906 – 21 May 1973) was a Romanian mathematician, computer pioneer, and member of the Romanian Academy.

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Gujarat Common Entrance Test

Gujarat Common Entrance Test (GCET) is an annual common entrance exam for MBA and MCA studies in Gujarat, India, since 2002.

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Gumball (video game)

Gumball is a 1983 video game by Veda Hlubinka-Cook (born Robert Cook) and Broderbund in which the player controls the valves of a maze-like machine to sort gumballs by their color.

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Guru Logi Champ

is a puzzle game by the Japanese developer Compile.

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Gyaincain Norbu

Chökyi Gyalpo, also referred to by his secular name Gyaincain Norbu, is the 11th Panchen Lama selected by the government of People's Republic of China.

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Gymnasium of Karlovci

The Gymnasium of Karlovci (Karlovačka gimnazija / Карловачка гимназија) is the high school (gymnasium) located in the town of Sremski Karlovci.

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Hadi Sabzavari

Hadi Sabzavari (ملا هادی سبزواری) or Hajj Molla Hadi Sabzavari (1797–1873) was a famous Iranian philosopher, mystic theologian and poet.

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Haim Gaifman

Haim Gaifman is a logician, probability theorist, and philosopher of language.

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Hakeem Noor-ud-Din

Hakeem Noor-ud-Din (also spelt: Hakim Nur-ud-Din) (حکیم نور الدین) (c. 1841 – 13 March 1914) was a close companion of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement, and was chosen as his first successor on 27 May 1908, a day after his death, becoming Khalifatul Masih I (خليفة المسيح الأول, khalīfatul masīh al-awwal), the first caliph and leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.

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Half-truth

A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth.

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Hana Vymazalová

Hana Vymazalová, born 1978, is a Czech Egyptologist.

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Hannah Ginsborg

Hannah Ginsborg is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Philosophy Department at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Hannes Leitgeb

Hannes Leitgeb (born 1972 in Salzburg) is an Austrian philosopher and mathematician.

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Hans Hermes

Hans Hermes (12 February 1912 – 10 November 2003) was a German mathematician and logician, who made significant contributions to the foundations of mathematical logic.

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Hans Lenk

Hans Lenk (born 23 March 1935) is a German rower who competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy.

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Hans-Werner Bothe

Hans-Werner Bothe (born September 23, 1952 in Langelsheim, near Goslar) is a German philosopher and neurosurgeon.

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Hao Wang (academic)

Hao Wang (20 May 1921 – 13 May 1995) was a logician, philosopher, mathematician, and commentator on Kurt Gödel.

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Harbour (software)

Harbour is a modern computer programming language, primarily used to create database/business programs.

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Hard Knock TV

Hard Knock TV is a premier multi-platform video production and entertainment company founded in 2005 by Nick Huff Barili.

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Haribhadra

Haribhadra Suri was a Svetambara mendicant Jain leader and author.

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Harold Pender Award

The Harold Pender Award, initiated in 1972 and named after founding Dean Harold Pender, is given by the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science of the University of Pennsylvania to an outstanding member of the engineering profession who has achieved distinction by significant contributions to society.

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Harry Potter Trading Card Game

The Harry Potter Trading Card Game is an out-of-print collectible card game based in the magical world of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels.

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Hasan al-Attar

Shaykh Hasan al-Attar (حسن العطار) (1766-1835) was an Islamic scholar, Grand Imam of al-Azhar from 1830 to 1835.

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Haskell (programming language)

Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose compiled purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing.

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Haskell Curry

Haskell Brooks Curry (September 12, 1900 – September 1, 1982) was an American mathematician and logician.

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Havic: The Bothering

Havic: The Bothering (colloquially "Havic" or "HTB") is a parody of the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering.

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He Is There and He Is Not Silent

He Is There and He Is Not Silent is a philosophical work written by American apologist and Christian theologian Francis A. Schaeffer, Wheaton, IL:Tyndale House, first published in 1972.

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Hegelianism

Hegelianism is the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel which can be summed up by the dictum that "the rational alone is real", which means that all reality is capable of being expressed in rational categories.

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Heimler method of Human Social Functioning

Heimler Method of Human Social Functioning (Human Social Functioning, HSF, sometimes referred to as The Heimler Method) is a form of psychotherapy that uses a client's own language and thought forms to aid them in finding their own solutions.

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Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart

Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm von Sigwart (31 August 1789 – 16 November 1844) was a German philosopher and logician.

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Heinrich Scholz

Heinrich Scholz (December 17, 1884 – December 30, 1956) was a German logician, philosopher, and Protestant theologian who was a peer of Alan Turing, who wrote in his memoirs that he on the inclusion of his essay from 1936 "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem": " two people could have understood it, and would have responded – Heinrich Scholz and Richard Bevan Braithwaite." Scholz had an extraordinary career but was not considered a brilliant logician, for example on the same level as Gottlob Frege or Rudolf Carnap, but was considered an outstanding scientist of national importance.

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Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus

Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus (born 22 February 1939 in Hemer, Province of Westphalia) is a German mathematician and logician.

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Helen Longino

Helen Elizabeth Longino (born July 13, 1944) is an American philosopher of science who has argued for the significance of values and social interactions to scientific inquiry.

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Hemachandra

Acharya Hemachandra was a Jain scholar, poet, and polymath who wrote on grammar, philosophy, prosody, and contemporary history.

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Henk van Dongen

Henricus Joannes (Henk) van Dongen (May 9, 1936 in Delden – March 7, 2011 Vierhouten) was a Dutch organizational theorist, policy advisor, and University Professor at the Rotterdam School of Management and one of its founders.

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Henkin

Henkin is a Jewish last name and may refer to the following people.

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Henri Bergson

Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II.

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Henri Depelchin

Henri Joseph Depelchin, SJ (also Henry Depelchin) (24 January 1822, Russignies, East Flanders, Netherlands – 26 May 1900, Calcutta, District of West Bengal, British India), was a Belgian Jesuit priest and missionary in India and Africa.

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Henri Poincaré

Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.

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Henri Wald

Henri "Ricu" Wald (October 31, 1920 – 2002; name also spelled Henry Wald) was a Romanian professor, philosopher, logician, and essayist.

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Henric Sanielevici

Henric Sanielevici (first name also Henri, Henry or Enric, last name also Sanielevich; September 21, 1875 – February 19, 1951) was a Romanian journalist and literary critic, also remembered for his work in anthropology, ethnography, sociology and zoology.

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Henry Aldrich

Henry Aldrich (1647 – 14 December 1710) was an English theologian, philosopher, and composer.

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Henry Byerly

Henry Clement Byerly (August 7, 1935– December 28, 2016) was an American philosopher known for his work in philosophy of science, logic and evolutionary theory.

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Henry Ercole

Henry Ercole (died 1764) was a minor Maltese mediaeval philosopher who specialised mainly in ethics and logic.

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Henry Faulds

Henry Faulds (1 June 1843 – 24 March 1930) was a Scottish physician, missionary and scientist who is noted for the development of fingerprinting.

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Henry Flynt

Henry Flynt (born 1940 in Greensboro, North Carolina) is a philosopher, avant-garde musician, anti-art activist and exhibited artist often associated with Conceptual Art, Fluxus and Nihilism.

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Henry Watkins (priest)

Henry William Watkins was an Anglican priest, academic and author.

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Henryk Skolimowski

Henryk Skolimowski (4 May 1930 in Warsaw – 6 April 2018 in Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher.

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Herman Philipse

Herman Philipse (born 13 May 1951) is a professor of philosophy at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

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Hermann Lotze

Rudolf Hermann Lotze (21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician.

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Hermann Weyl

Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher.

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HeroClix

HeroClix is a collectible miniatures game that uses the Clix system that centers on the world of superhero comic books, especially the Marvel and DC Comics universes.

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Heuristics in judgment and decision-making

In psychology, heuristics are simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions.

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Hidato

Hidato (חידאתו, originating from the Hebrew word Hida.

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High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University

High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University (or NSFZ/南師附中 for short) is a high school located in Nanjing, China.

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High School of Dundee

The High School of Dundee is an independent, co-educational, day school in Dundee, Scotland which provides nursery, primary and secondary education to just over one thousand pupils.

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Higher education in Spain

There are 76 universities in Spain, most of which are supported by state funding.

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Higher-order logic

In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic is a form of predicate logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics.

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Hilbert system

In logic, especially mathematical logic, a Hilbert system, sometimes called Hilbert calculus, Hilbert-style deductive system or Hilbert–Ackermann system, is a type of system of formal deduction attributed to Gottlob FregeMáté & Ruzsa 1997:129 and David Hilbert.

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HiLog

HiLog is a programming logic with higher-order syntax, which allows arbitrary terms to appear in predicate and function positions.

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Hindu philosophy

Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India.

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History of artificial intelligence

The history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen; as Pamela McCorduck writes, AI began with "an ancient wish to forge the gods." The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols.

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History of Baltimore City College

The history of The Baltimore City College began in March 1839, when the City Council of Baltimore, Maryland, United States, passed a resolution mandating the creation of a male high school with a focus on the study of English and classical literature.

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History of calculus

Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series.

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History of communication studies

Various aspects of communication have been the subject of study since ancient times, and the approach eventually developed into the academic discipline known today as communication studies.

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History of computer science

The history of computer science began long before our modern discipline of computer science.

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History of computing hardware

The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers.

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History of encyclopedias

Encyclopedias have progressed from the beginning of history in written form, through medieval and modern times in print, and most recently, displayed on computer and distributed via computer networks.

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History of European research universities

European research universities date from the founding of the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (c. 1160–70).

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History of geometry

Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships.

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History of Islamic Philosophy

The book History of Islamic Philosophy is a collection of essays by various authorities on Islam in the Routledge series History of World Philosophies and is edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr of George Washington University and Oliver Leaman of Liverpool John Moores University.

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History of knowledge

The history of knowledge is the field covering the accumulated and known human knowledge created or discovered during the history of the world and its historic forms, focus, accumulation, bearers, impacts, mediations, distribution, applications, societal contexts, conditions and methods of production.

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History of linguistics

Linguistics, as a study, endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of language.

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History of logic

The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic).

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History of mathematics

The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the mathematical methods and notation of the past.

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History of medical diagnosis

The history of medical diagnosis began in earnest from the days of Imhotep in ancient Egypt and Hippocrates in ancient Greece but is far from perfect despite the enormous bounty of information made available by medical research including the sequencing of the human genome.

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History of philosophy in Poland

The history of philosophy in Poland parallels the evolution of philosophy in Europe in general.

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History of physics

Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.

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History of science

The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences.

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History of science in early cultures

The history of science in early cultures refers to the study of protoscience in ancient history, prior to the development of science in the Middle Ages.

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History of science in the Renaissance

During the Renaissance, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering.

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History of scientific method

The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself.

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History of Sikhism

The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru in the fifteenth century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.

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History of technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is similar to other sides of the history of humanity.

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History of the concept of creativity

The ways in which societies have perceived the concept of creativity have changed throughout history, as has the term itself.

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History of the function concept

The mathematical concept of a function emerged in the 17th century in connection with the development of the calculus; for example, the slope \operatorname\!y/\operatorname\!x of a graph at a point was regarded as a function of the x-coordinate of the point.

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History of the Jews in Spain

Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities in the world.

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History of the social sciences

The history of the social sciences has origin in the common stock of Western philosophy and shares various precursors, but began most intentionally in the early 19th century with the positivist philosophy of science.

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History of the University of Scranton

The History of the University of Scranton began with its founding as a diocesan college by Bishop William O’Hara in 1988.

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History of virtual learning environments

A virtual learning environment (VLE) is a system that creates an environment designed to facilitate teachers' management of educational courses for their students, especially a system using computer hardware and software, which involves distance learning.

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History of Western civilization before AD 500

Western civilization describes the development of human civilization beginning in Greece, and generally spreading westwards.

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History of Western typography

Contemporary typographers view typography as a craft with a very long history tracing its origins back to the first punches and dies used to make seals and currency in ancient times.

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Hold come what may

Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard Van Orman Quine.

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Holkar Science College

Holkar Science College, officially Government Model Autonomous Holkar Science College, also known as Holkar College is an educational institute in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

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Horace Kallen

Horace Meyer Kallen (August 11, 1882 – February 16, 1974) was an American philosopher.

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Horia Sima

Horia Sima (July 3, 1907 – May 25, 1993) was a Romanian nationalist-fascist politician.

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Houyhnhnm

Houyhnhnms are a race of intelligent horses described in the last part of Jonathan Swift's satirical Gulliver's Travels.

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Howard Kahane

Howard Kahane (19 April 1928 – 2 May 2001) was a professor of philosophy at Bernard M. Baruch College in New York City.

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Hrafnkels saga

Hrafnkels saga or Hrafnkels saga Freysgoða is one of the Icelanders' sagas.

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Hristo Smolenov

Hristo Smolenov is a Bulgarian scientist, logician and antiterrorism expert, born 1954 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

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Hugh MacColl

Hugh MacColl (1831–1909) was a Scottish mathematician, logician and novelist.

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Human

Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.

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Human intelligence

Human intelligence is the intellectual prowess of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.

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Humanities

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture.

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Humboldtian model of higher education

The Humboldtian model of higher education (German: Humboldtisches Bildungsideal, literally: Humboldtian education ideal) is a concept of academic education that emerged in the early 19th century and whose core idea is a holistic combination of research and studies.

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Hundred Schools of Thought

The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of ancient China.

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Hungarian Americans

Hungarian Americans (Hungarian: amerikai magyarok) are Americans of Hungarian descent.

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Husserliana

The Husserliana is the complete works project of the philosopher Edmund Husserl (April 8, 1859 – April 27, 1938), which was made possible by Herman Van Breda after he saved the manuscripts of Husserl.

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Hybrid computer

Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and Digital computers.

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Hyperbolic geometry

In mathematics, hyperbolic geometry (also called Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry or Lobachevskian geometry) is a non-Euclidean geometry.

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I Am the Greatest

I Am the Greatest or I'm the Greatest may refer to.

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Ian Rumfitt

Ian Rumfitt is a British philosopher currently serving as a senior research fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

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IB Group 5 subjects

The Group 5: Mathematics subjects of the IB Diploma Programme consist of four different mathematics courses.

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Ibn al-Akfani

Muhammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Akfani (1286-ca. 1348-49) was an Arab encyclopedist and physician.

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Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi

Ibn al‐Bannāʾ al‐Marrākushī al-Azdi, also known as Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Azdi (ابن البنّاء) (29 December 1256 – c. 1321), was a Moroccan-Arab mathematician, astronomer, Islamic scholar, Sufi, and a one-time astrologer.

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Ibn al-Nafis

Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي), known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab physician mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood.

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Ibn Arafa

Ibn Arafa, born Mohammed ibn Mohammed ibn Arafa al-Warghammi, in 1316 in Tunis and died in 1401 in the same city, was a Tunisian Imam, the most illustrious representative of Maliki Islam to the Hafsid period.

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Ibn Furak

Ibn Furak or Ibn Faurak (إبن فوراك.; 941 - 1015 CE / 330 - 406 AH) was a Muslim Imam, a theologian of Al-Ash'ari, a specialist of Arabic language, grammar and poetry, an orator, a jurist, and a hadith scholar from the Shafi'i Madhhab in 10th century.

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Ibn Hazm

Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm (أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; November 7, 994 – August 15, 1064Ibn Hazm.. Trans. A. J. Arberry. Luzac Oriental, 1997 Joseph A. Kechichian,. Gulf News: 21:30 December 20, 2012. (456 AH) was an Andalusian poet, polymath, historian, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in Córdoba, present-day Spain. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought, and produced a reported 400 works of which only 40 still survive. The Encyclopaedia of Islam refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world, and he is widely acknowledged as the father of comparative religious studies.

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Ibn Taymiyyah

Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: تقي الدين أحمد ابن تيمية, January 22, 1263 - September 26, 1328), known as Ibn Taymiyyah for short, was a controversial medieval Sunni Muslim theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and reformer.

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Ice (Dukaj novel)

Ice (Lód) is a Janusz A. Zajdel, European Union Prize for Literature and Kościelski awards-winning novel written in 2007 by the Polish science fiction writer Jacek Dukaj, published in Poland by Wydawnictwo Literackie.

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Id, ego and super-ego

The id, ego, and super-ego are three distinct, yet interacting agents in the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche.

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Identity of indiscernibles

The identity of indiscernibles is an ontological principle that states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all their properties in common.

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Idola fori

Idola fori (singular Idolum fori), sometimes translated as "Idols of the Market Place" or "Idols of the Forum", are a category of logical fallacy which results from the imperfect correspondences between the word definitions in human languages, and the real things in nature which these words represent.

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Idris Azad

Idris Azad (ادریس آزاد, born Idrees Ahmad ادریس احمد) on 7 August 1969, is an author, philosopher, novelist, poet, dramatist and columnist.

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If and only if

In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, if and only if (shortened iff) is a biconditional logical connective between statements.

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Ignacio Ellacuría

Ignacio Ellacuría, S.J. (Portugalete, Biscay, Spain, November 9, 1930 – San Salvador, November 16, 1989) was a Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian who did important work as a professor and rector at the Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" (UCA), a Jesuit university in El Salvador founded in 1965.

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Ignacio Matte Blanco

Ignacio Matte Blanco (October 3, 1908 – January 11, 1995) was a Chilean psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who developed a logic-based explanation for the operation of the unconscious, and for the non-logical aspects of experience.

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Image functors for sheaves

In mathematics, especially in sheaf theory, a domain applied in areas such as topology, logic and algebraic geometry, there are four image functors for sheaves which belong together in various senses.

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Immutable truth

In philosophy and logic, an immutable truth is an unchanging universal fact or reality that is not influenced by human opinion.

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Imperative logic

Imperative logic is the field of logic concerned with arguments containing sentences in the imperative mood.

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Implicature

Implicature is a technical term in the pragmatics linguistics, coined by H. P. Grice, which refers to what is suggested in an utterance, even though neither expressed nor strictly implied (that is, entailed) by the utterance.

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Impossible world

In philosophical logic, the concept of an impossible world (sometimes non-normal world) is used to model certain phenomena that cannot be adequately handled using ordinary possible worlds.

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Impredicativity

Something that is impredicative, in mathematics and logic, is a self-referencing definition.

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Inclusion (logic)

In logic and mathematics, inclusion is the concept that all the contents of one object are also contained within a second object.

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Incrementalism

Incrementalism is a method of working by adding to a project using many small incremental changes instead of a few (extensively planned) large jumps.

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Index of electronics articles

This is an index of articles relating to electronics and electricity or natural electricity and things that run on electricity and things that use or conduct electricity.

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Index of logic articles

No description.

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Index of philosophy articles (I–Q)

No description.

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Indexicality

In semiotics, linguistics, anthropology and philosophy of language, indexicality is the phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs.

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Indian logic

The development of Indian logic dates back to the anviksiki of Medhatithi Gautama (c. 6th century BCE) the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini (c. 5th century BCE); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism (c. 6th century BCE to 2nd century BCE); the analysis of inference by Gotama (c. 6th century BC to 2nd century CE), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy; and the tetralemma of Nagarjuna (c. 2nd century CE).

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Indiana University Bloomington

Indiana University Bloomington (abbreviated "IU Bloomington" and colloquially referred to as "IU" or simply "Indiana") is a public research university in Bloomington, Indiana, United States.

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Individualism

Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.

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Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning (as opposed to ''deductive'' reasoning or ''abductive'' reasoning) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion.

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Ineffability

Ineffability is concerned with ideas that cannot or should not be expressed in spoken words (or language in general), often being in the form of a taboo or incomprehensible term.

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Inference

Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences.

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Infinite divisibility

Infinite divisibility arises in different ways in philosophy, physics, economics, order theory (a branch of mathematics), and probability theory (also a branch of mathematics).

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Infinite-valued logic

In logic, an infinite-valued logic (or real-valued logic or infinitely many-valued logic) is a many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous range.

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Infinity

Infinity (symbol) is a concept describing something without any bound or larger than any natural number.

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Infix notation

Infix notation is the notation commonly used in arithmetical and logical formulae and statements.

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Informal logic

Informal logic, intuitively, refers to the principles of logic and logical thought outside of a formal setting.

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Information algebra

The term "information algebra" refers to mathematical techniques of information processing.

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Inquiry

An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem.

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Instantiation principle

The principle of instantiation or principle of exemplification is the concept in metaphysics and logic that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified properties (or universals).

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Institute for Logic, Language and Computation

The Institute for Logic, Language, and Computation (ILLC) is a research institute of the University of Amsterdam, in which researchers from the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Humanities collaborate.

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Institute of Philosophy, University of Warsaw

Institute of Philosophy of the University of Warsaw (Polish Instytut filozofii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego) is a research institution located in Warsaw, part of the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology of the University of Warsaw.

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Integral theory (Ken Wilber)

Integral theory is Ken Wilber's attempt to place a wide diversity of theories and thinkers into one single framework.

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Integrational theory of language

The Integrational theory of language is the general theory of language that has been developed within the general linguistic approach of integrational linguistics.

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Intellect

Intellect is a term used in studies of the human mind, and refers to the ability of the mind to come to correct conclusions about what is true or real, and about how to solve problems.

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Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many different ways to include the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, and problem solving.

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Intension

In linguistics, logic, philosophy, and other fields, an intension is any property or quality connoted by a word, phrase, or another symbol.

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Intensional logic

Intensional logic is an approach to predicate logic that extends first-order logic, which has quantifiers that range over the individuals of a universe (extensions), by additional quantifiers that range over terms that may have such individuals as their value (intensions).

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Intentionality

Intentionality is a philosophical concept and is defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as "the power of minds to be about, to represent, or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs".

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Intercultural philosophy

Intercultural philosophy (or sometimes world philosophy) is an approach to philosophy that had its precursors in the past but has started as a concept in the 1980s.

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Interlingual machine translation

Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation.

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Internal set theory

Internal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the non-standard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson.

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International Association for Computing and Philosophy

The International Association for Computing and Philosophy is a professional, philosophical association emerging from a history of conferences that began in 1986.

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International Conference on Functional Programming

The ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) is an annual academic conference in the field of computer science sponsored by the ACM SIGPLAN, in association with IFIP Working Group 2.8 (Functional Programming).

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International Encyclopedia of Unified Science

The International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (IEUS) was a series of publications devoted to unified science.

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International Prize (Fyssen Foundation)

The International Prize (French: Prix International) of the Fyssen Foundation is a science award that has been given annually since 1980 to a scientist who has conducted distinguished research in the areas supported by the foundation such as ethology, palaeontology, archaeology, anthropology, psychology, epistemology, logic and the neurosciences.

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International Union of History and Philosophy of Science

The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology is one of the members of the International Council for Science (ICSU).

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Interpretability

In mathematical logic, interpretability is a relation between formal theories that expresses the possibility of interpreting or translating one into the other.

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Interpretation (logic)

An interpretation is an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language.

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Interpretation (philosophy)

A philosophical interpretation is the assignment of meanings to various concepts, symbols, or objects under consideration.

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Interpunct

An interpunct (&middot), also known as an interpoint, middle dot, middot, and centered dot or centred dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically centered dot used for interword separation in ancient Latin script.

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Interval temporal logic

Interval temporal logic (also interval logic) is a temporal logic for representing both propositional and first-order logical reasoning about periods of time that is capable of handling both sequential and parallel composition.

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Intisar-ul-Haque

Dr.

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INTJ

INTJ (introversion, intuition, thinking, judgment) is an abbreviation used in the publications of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to refer to one of the 16 psychological types.

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Inverse (logic)

In logic, an inverse is a type of conditional sentence which is an immediate inference made from another conditional sentence.

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Investigative psychology

In applied psychology, investigative psychology attempts to describe the actions of offenders and develop an understanding of crime.

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Ioannis Kigalas

Ioannis Kigalas (Ιωάννης Κιγάλας), (Giovanni Cigala, Cicala), (Joannes Cigala; 1622 – c. 5 November 1687) was a Greek Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy and Logic who was largely active in Padova and Venice in the 17th-century Italian Renaissance.

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Ion Petrovici

Ion (Ioan) Petrovici (June 2/14 1882 – February 17, 1972), Romanian professor of philosophy at the University of Iaşi, Member of the Romanian Academy and Minister of National Education in the far right Goga ministry.

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Iota

Iota (uppercase Ι, lowercase ι) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Irish bull

An Irish bull is a ludicrous, incongruent or logically absurd statement, generally unrecognized as such by its author.

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Irving Copi

Irving Marmer Copi (né Copilovich; July 28, 1917, Duluth, Minnesota – August 19, 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii) was an American philosopher, logician, and university textbook author.

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Isaac Albalag

Isaac Albalag (יצחק אלבלג) was a Jewish philosopher of the second half of the 13th century.

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Isaac Israeli ben Solomon

Isaac Israeli ben Solomon (Hebrew: Yitzhak ben Shlomo ha-Yisraeli; Arabic: Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Suleiman al-Isra'ili) (c. 832 – c. 932), also known as Isaac Israeli the Elder and Isaac Judaeus, was one of the foremost Arab Jewish physicians and philosophers of his time.

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Isaac Malitz

Isaac Richard Jay Malitz (born 1947, Cleveland, Ohio) is a logician who introduced the subject of positive set theory in his 1976 Ph.D. Thesis at UCLA.

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Isaac Watts

Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748) was an English Christian minister (Congregational), hymn writer, theologian, and logician.

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Isidore of Alexandria

Isidore of Alexandria (also Isidorus; Ἰσίδωρος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; c. 450c. 520) was an Egyptian or GreekEncyclopædia Britannica: philosopher and one of the last of the Neoplatonists.

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Islamic philosophy

In the religion of Islam, two words are sometimes translated as philosophy—falsafa (literally "philosophy"), which refers to philosophy as well as logic, mathematics, and physics; and Kalam (literally "speech"), which refers to a rationalist form of Islamic philosophy and theology based on the interpretations of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism as developed by medieval Muslim philosophers.

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Isolate (puzzle)

Isolate is a logic-based line-placement puzzle.

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Israr Ahmed

Israr Ahmed (ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد; 26 April 1932 – 14 April 2010; Msc, MBBS) was a Pakistani Islamic theologian, philosopher, and Islamic scholar who was followed particularly in South Asia as well as by South Asian Muslims in the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America.

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Italian idealism

Italian idealism, born from interest in the German one and particularly in Hegelian doctrine, developed in Italy starting from the spiritualism of the nineteenth-century Risorgimento tradition, and culminated in the first half of the twentieth century in its two greatest exponents: Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile.

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Italian Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century (Trecento) and lasted until the 17th century (Seicento), marking the transition between Medieval and Modern Europe.

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Ivan Orlov (philosopher)

Orlov, Ivan Efimovich (October 1 (old style) 1886 Galich, Kostroma district Russia – 1936) was a philosopher, a forerunner of relevant and other substructural logics, and an industrial chemist.

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Iverson bracket

In mathematics, the Iverson bracket, named after Kenneth E. Iverson, is a notation that generalises the Kronecker delta.

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Ivor Grattan-Guinness

Ivor Owen Grattan-Guinness (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a historian of mathematics and logic.

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Ivy Club

The Ivy Club, often simply the Ivy, is the oldest eating club at Princeton University, and it is "still considered the most prestigious"by its members It was founded in 1879 with Arthur Hawley Scribner as its first head.

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J. Barkley Rosser

John Barkley Rosser Sr. (December 6, 1907 – September 5, 1989) was an American logician, a student of Alonzo Church, and known for his part in the Church–Rosser theorem, in lambda calculus.

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J. Cole production discography

The following list is a discography of production by J. Cole, an American hip hop record producer and recording artist.

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J. Roger Hindley

J.

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Jaakko Hintikka

Kaarlo Jaakko Juhani Hintikka (12 January 1929 – 12 August 2015) was a Finnish philosopher and logician.

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Jack Copeland

Brian Jack Copeland (born 1950) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and author of books on the computing pioneer Alan Turing.

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Jack Silver

Jack Howard Silver (23 April 1942 – 22 December 2016) was a set theorist and logician at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Jacopo Facciolati

Jacopo Facciolati (1682–1769) was an Italian lexicographer and philologist.

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Jacopo Zabarella

Giacomo (or Jacopo) Zabarella (5 September 1533 – 15 October 1589) was an Italian Aristotelian philosopher and logician.

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Jainism

Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion.

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Jaja Soze

Elijah Kerr (born 16 February 1980), known as Jaja Soze, is a British Hiphop artist, street activist, and entrepreneur.

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Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival

Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world and arguably the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, held in Jakarta, Indonesia.

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Jalaladdin Davani

Jalaluddin Muhammad bin As'ad dawani (1426–1502 in Dawan, Iran), often referred to as Jalaluddin Dawani, Jalal Al-Din Muhammad ibn Asad Al-Dawani, or Allamah Mohaghegh, was a leading philosopher, theologian, jurist and poet of 15th Century Iran.

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James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.

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James D. McCawley

James David McCawley (March 30, 1938 – April 10, 1999) was a Scottish-American linguist.

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James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair

James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair (May 1619 – 29 November 1695), Scottish lawyer and statesman, was born at Drummurchie, Barr, Ayrshire.

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James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey

James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey (October 18, 1875 – July 30, 1927) was an intellectual, missionary, and teacher.

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James Floyd (actor)

James Krishna Floyd (born 1987) is a British actor.

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James Frederick Ferrier

James Frederick Ferrier (16 June 1808, Edinburgh – 11 June 1864, St Andrews) was a Scottish metaphysical writer.

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James G. Birney

James Gillespie Birney (February 4, 1792November 25, 1857) was an abolitionist, politician, and attorney born in Danville, Kentucky.

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James Garson

James Garson is an American philosopher and logician.

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James H. Hyslop

James Hervey Hyslop, Ph.D, LL.D, (August 18, 1854 – June 17, 1920) was a professor of ethics and logic at Columbia University, a psychologist, and a psychical researcher.

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James H. Moor

James H. Moor is the Daniel P. Stone Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at Dartmouth College.

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James McCosh

James McCosh (April 1, 1811 – November 16, 1894) was a prominent philosopher of the Scottish School of Common Sense.

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James Thomson (poet, born 1700)

James Thomson (c. 11 September 1700 – 27 August 1748) was a British poet and playwright, known for his poems The Seasons and The Castle of Indolence, and for the lyrics of "Rule, Britannia!".

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Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania

Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania, Dhaka, also known as Jatrabari Madrasa. This is a Qawmi Jamiah situated at Jatrabari, Dhaka.

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Jan Łukasiewicz

Jan Łukasiewicz (21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher born in Lwów, a city in the Galician kingdom of Austria-Hungary.

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Jan of Stobnica

Jan of Stobnica (ca. 1470 - 1530), was a Polish philosopher, scientist and geographer of the early 16th century.

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Jan Standonck

Jan Standonck (or Jean Standonk; 16 August 1453 – 5 February 1504) was a Flemish priest, Scholastic, and reformer.

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Jape (software)

Jape is a configurable, graphical proof assistant, originally developed by Richard Bornat at Queen Mary, University of London and Bernard Sufrin the University of Oxford.

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Jaroslav Peregrin

Jaroslav Peregrin (born 1957) is a professor of logic at Charles University in Prague and also a faculty member at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.

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János Apáczai Csere

János Apáczai Csere (June 10, 1625 – December 31, 1659) was a Transylvanian Hungarian polyglot and mathematician, famous for his work The Hungarian Encyclopedia, the first textbook to be written in Hungarian.

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Jérémie-Jacques Oberlin

Jérémie-Jacques Oberlin (8 August 1735 – 10 October 1806) was an Alsatian philologist and archaeologist.

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Jónsson term

In universal algebra, within mathematics, a Jónsson term or majority term is a term t with exactly three free variables that satisfies the equations t(x, x, y).

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Józef Maria Bocheński

Józef Maria Bocheński (Czuszów, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, 30 August 1902 – 8 February 1995, Fribourg, Switzerland) was a Polish Dominican, logician and philosopher.

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Jc Beall

Jc Beall is an American philosopher, currently the Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at University of Connecticut,.

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Jean Buridan

Jean Buridan (Latin: Johannes Buridanus; –) was an influential 14th century French philosopher.

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Jean Nicod

Jean George Pierre Nicod (1893, France – 16 February 1924, Geneva, Switzerland) was a French philosopher, mathematician and logician.

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Jean-Baptiste du Hamel

Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel, Duhamel or du Hamel (11 June 1624 – 6 August 1706) was a French cleric and natural philosopher of the late seventeenth century, and the first secretary of the Academie Royale des Sciences.

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Jean-Yves Béziau

Jean-Yves Beziau (lang; born January 15, 1965 in Orléans, France) is a professor and researcher of the Brazilian Research Council — CNPq — at the University of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.

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Jean-Yves Girard

Jean-Yves Girard (born 1947) is a French logician working in proof theory.

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Jeff Paris (mathematician)

Jeffrey Bruce "Jeff" Paris, FBA (born 15 November 1944) is a British mathematician and Professor of Logic in the School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester.

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Jeremy Avigad

Jeremy Avigad is a Professor of Philosophy at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Jeremy Butterfield

Jeremy Nicholas Butterfield FBA (born 1954) is a philosopher at the University of Cambridge, noted particularly for his work on philosophical aspects of quantum theory, relativity theory and classical mechanics.

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Jeroen Groenendijk

Jeroen Antonius Gerardus Groenendijk (born 20 July 1949, Amsterdam), is a Dutch logician, linguist and philosopher, working on philosophy of language, formal semantics, pragmatics.

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Jerome Inglott

Jerome Inglott (1776–1835) was a minor Maltese philosopher and theologian.

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Jerome Lettvin

Jerome Ysroael Lettvin (February 23, 1920 – April 23, 2011), often known as Jerry Lettvin, was an American cognitive scientist, and Professor of Electrical and Bioengineering and Communications Physiology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

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Jerzy Giedymin

Jerzy Giedymin (September 18, 1925 – June 24, 1993) was a philosopher and historian of mathematics and science.

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Jerzy Perzanowski

Jerzy Perzanowski (April 23, 1943, Aix-les-Bains – May 17, 2009, Bydgoszcz), was a Polish logician and ontologist, Professor of Logic to the University of Toruń (Poland) from 1992 to 2004.

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Jesús Mosterín

Jesús Mosterín (24 September 1941 – 4 October 2017) was a leading Spanish philosopher and a thinker of broad spectrum, often at the frontier between science and philosophy.

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Jesús Padilla Gálvez

Jesús Padilla Gálvez (xe'sus pa'ðiʎa 'ɣalβeθ) (born October 28, 1959) is a philosopher who worked primarily in philosophy of language, logic, and the history of sciences.

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Jin Yuelin

Jin Yuelin (1895–1984) was a Chinese philosopher best known for three works, one each on logic, metaphysics, and epistemology.

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Jizang

Jizang (. Japanese) (549–623) was a Persian-Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who is often regarded as the founder of East Asian Mādhyamaka.

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Joachim Jungius

Joachim Jungius (22 October 1587 – 23 September 1657) was a German mathematician, logician and philosopher of sciences.

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Joachim Leilich

Joachim Leilich (born 1949) is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Antwerp, of German origin, who formerly held positions as a tutor and student-assistant at the university of Frankfurt.

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Joan Moschovakis

Joan Rand Moschovakis is a logician and mathematician focusing on intuitionistic logic and mathematics.

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Jody Azzouni

Jody Azzouni (born Jawad Azzouni; born 1954) is an American philosopher.

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Johan van Benthem (logician)

Johannes Franciscus Abraham Karel (Johan) van Benthem (born 12 June 1949 in Rijswijk) is a University Professor (universiteitshoogleraar) of logic at the University of Amsterdam at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation and professor of philosophy at Stanford University (at CSLI).

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Johann Baptiste Horvath

Johann Baptiste Horvath (Keresztély János Horváth, 13 July 1732 in Kőszeg – 20 October 1799 in Buda) was a Hungarian-born Jesuit Professor of Physics and Philosophy at the University of Trnava (Nagyszombat) in modern-day Slovakia, which was then part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

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Johann Christoff Büss

Johann Christoff Büss (1776–??) was a German bookbinder and educator who is best known for his work with Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.

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Johann Christoph Gottsched

Johann Christoph Gottsched (2 February 1700 – 12 December 1766) was a German philosopher, author, and critic.

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Johann Christoph Schwab

Johann Christoph Schwab (10 December 1743 - 15 April 1821) was a Württemberg philosopher.

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Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch

Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch (29 August 1725 – 1 December 1778) was a German theologian, linguist, and naturalist from Jena.

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Johann Gerhard

Johannes Gerhard (17 October 1582 – 17 August 1637) was a Lutheran church leader and Lutheran Scholastic theologian during the period of Orthodoxy.

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Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher)

Johann Jakob Müller (31 May 1650 - 13 April 1716) was a German moral philosopher.

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Johannes Acronius Frisius

Johannes Acronius (or Atrocianus) Frisius (1520 – 18 October 1564) was a Dutch doctor and mathematician of the 16th century.

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Johannes Canuti Lenaeus

Johannes Canuti Lenaeus (November 29, 1573 – April 23, 1669) was a professor at Uppsala University and Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1657 to his death.

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Johannes Steuchius

Johannes Steuchius (January 3, 1676 – June 21, 1742) was Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1730 to his death.

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John 1:1

John 1:1 is the first verse in the opening chapter of the Gospel of John.

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John Austin Stevens

John Austin Stevens Jr. (1827–1910) was a leader of business, an adviser of government and a student of the American Revolution.

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John Barker (scholar)

John Barker (fl. ca. 1471–1482) was first recorded as a King's Scholar at Eton College about 1471.

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John Bellairs

John Anthony Bellairs (January 17, 1938 – March 8, 1991) was an American author, best known for his fantasy novel The Face in the Frost and many gothic mystery novels for young adults featuring the characters Lewis Barnavelt, Rose Rita Pottinger, Anthony Monday, and Johnny Dixon.

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John Bruce Wallace

John Bruce Wallace is an American composer and avant-garde, free jazz, fusion, experimental, improvisational progressive metal guitarist.

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John Case (Aristotelian writer)

John Case (or Johannes Casus) (died 1600) was an English writer on Aristotle.

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John Constance Parnis

John Constance Parnis (1695–1735) was a major Maltese mediaeval philosopher who specialised mainly in metaphysics, physics, and logic.

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John Corcoran (logician)

John Corcoran (born 1937) is an American logician, philosopher, mathematician, and historian of logic.

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John Dee

John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609) was an English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occult philosopher, and advisor to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to the study of alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy.

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John Dewey

John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, Georgist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform.

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John Dumbleton

John of Dumbleton (Latin Ioannes De Dumbleton; c. 1310 – c. 1349) was a member of the Dumbleton village community in Gloucestershire, a southwestern county in England.

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John Etchemendy

John W. Etchemendy (born 1952 in Reno, Nevada) was Stanford University's twelfth Provost.

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John Flavel (logician)

John Flavel (1596–1617) was an English logician.

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John Flemming

John Stanton Flemming CBE FBA (6 February 1941, Reading, Berkshire, England – 5 August 2003, Oxford, England) was an economist and Warden of Wadham College, Oxford.

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John Foxe

John Foxe (1516/17 – 18 April 1587) was an English historian and martyrologist, the author of Actes and Monuments (popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs), an account of Christian martyrs throughout Western history, but emphasizing the sufferings of English Protestants and proto-Protestants from the 14th century through the reign of Mary I. Widely owned and read by English Puritans, the book helped to mould British popular opinion about the Catholic Church for several centuries.

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John Frame (theologian)

John M. Frame (born April 8, 1939 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American Christian philosopher and Calvinist theologian especially noted for his work in epistemology and presuppositional apologetics, systematic theology, and ethics.

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John Gill (theologian)

John Gill (23 November 1697 – 14 October 1771) was an English Baptist pastor, biblical scholar, and theologian who held to a firm Calvinistic soteriology.

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John Grier Hibben

John Grier Hibben (April 19, 1861 – May 16, 1933) was a Presbyterian minister, a philosopher, and educator.

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John Italus

John Italus or Italos (Ἰωάννης ὁ Ἰταλός, Iōannēs o Italós; Johannes Italus) was a Neoplatonic Byzantine philosopher of the eleventh century.

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John J. Tigert

John James Tigert IV (February 11, 1882 – January 21, 1965) was an American university president, university professor and administrator, college sports coach and the U.S. Commissioner of Education.

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John Lemmon

Edward John Lemmon (1 June 1930 – 29 July 1966) was a logician and philosopher born in Sheffield, England.

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John Lucas (philosopher)

John Randolph Lucas FBA (born 18 June 1929) is a British philosopher.

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John M. MacEachran

John Malcolm MacEachran (January 16, 1877 – 1971) was a Canadian philosopher and psychologist, whose most notable credentials involved the development of the Psychology and Philosophy Department at the University of Alberta.

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John MacFarlane (philosopher)

John MacFarlane is a professor.

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John Major (philosopher)

John Major (or Mair) (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who was much admired in his day and was an acknowledged influence on all the great thinkers of the time.

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John McDowell

John Henry McDowell (born 7 March 1942) is a South African philosopher, formerly a fellow of University College, Oxford and now University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh.

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John of Głogów

John of Głogów (Jan z Głogowa, Jan Głogowczyk; Johann von Schelling von Glogau) (c. 1445 – 11 February 1507) was a notable polyhistor at the turn of the Middle Ages and Renaissance—a philosopher, geographer and astronomer at the University of Krakow.

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John of St. Thomas

John of St.

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John P. Burgess

John Patton Burgess (born 5 June 1948) is a John N. Woodhull Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University.

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John Pagus

John Pagus (fl. first half of the 13th century) was a scholastic philosopher at the University of Paris, generally considered the first logician writing at the Arts faculty at Paris.

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John Perry (philosopher)

John R. Perry (born 1943) is Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of California, Riverside.

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John Rodd

John Rodd is a freelance music recording, mixing and mastering engineer.

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John Scotus Eriugena

John Scotus Eriugena or Johannes Scotus Erigena (c. 815 – c. 877) was an Irish theologian, neoplatonist philosopher, and poet.

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John Steinhoff

John Steinhoff (15 September 1942) is a classical physicist, best known for his important contributions to computational fluid dynamics field.

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.

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John Vattanky

Rev.

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John Veitch (poet)

Prof John Veitch (October 24, 1829 – September 3, 1894), Scottish poet, philosopher, and historian, son of a Peninsular War veteran, was born at Peebles, and educated at Edinburgh University.

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John Venn

John Venn, FRS, FSA, (4 August 1834 – 4 April 1923) was an English logician and philosopher noted for introducing the Venn diagram, used in the fields of set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.

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John Wallis

John Wallis (3 December 1616 – 8 November 1703) was an English clergyman and mathematician who is given partial credit for the development of infinitesimal calculus.

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John White, 1st Baron Overtoun

John Campbell White, 1st Baron Overtoun JP, DL (21 November 1843 – 15 February 1908), was a Scottish chemical manufacturer, supporter of religious causes, philanthropist and Liberal politician.

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John Woods (logician)

John Hayden Woods (born 1937) is a Canadian logician and philosopher.

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Jon Barwise

Kenneth Jon Barwise (June 29, 1942 – March 5, 2000) was an American mathematician, philosopher and logician who proposed some fundamental revisions to the way that logic is understood and used.

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Jonathon Keats

Jonathon Keats (born October 2, 1971) is an American conceptual artist and experimental philosopher known for creating large-scale thought experiments.

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Jonnie Penn

Jonnie Penn (born January 2, 1987 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a bestselling Canadian non-fiction author, technologist, historian, television personality, and filmmaker.

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Jordan Howard Sobel

Jordan Howard Sobel (22 September 1929 – 26 March 2010) was a Canadian-American philosopher specializing in ethics, logic, and decision theory.

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Jorge Luis Borges and mathematics

Jorge Luis Borges and mathematics concerns several modern mathematical concepts found in certain essays and short stories of Argentinian author Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), including concepts such as set theory, recursion, chaos theory, and infinite sequences, although Borges' strongest links to mathematics are through Georg Cantor's theory of infinite sets, outlined in "The Doctrine of Cycles" (La doctrina de los ciclos).

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José Ortega y Gasset

José Ortega y Gasset (9 May 1883 – 18 October 1955) was a Spanish philosopher, and essayist.

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Joseph Agassi

Joseph Agassi (יוסף אגסי; born in Jerusalem on May 7, 1927) is an Israeli academic with contributions in logic, scientific method, and philosophy.

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Joseph Dietzgen

Peter Josef Dietzgen (October 28, 1828April 15, 1888) was a German socialist philosopher, Marxist and journalist.

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Joseph Diez Gergonne

Joseph Diez Gergonne (19 June 1771 at Nancy, France – 4 May 1859 at Montpellier, France) was a French mathematician and logician.

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Joseph Moncada

Joseph Moncada (18th century) was a Dominican theologian, the first Professor of Philosophy at the University of Malta and Rector of the same university.

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Joseph Parker (theologian)

Joseph Parker (9 April 1830 – 28 November 1902) was an English Congregational minister.

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Joseph Rizzo

Joseph Rizzo (18th century) was a minor Maltese philosopher and theologian who probably specialised in logic.

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Jost Amman

Jost Amman (June 13, 1539 – March 17, 1591) was a Swiss-German artist, celebrated chiefly for his woodcuts, done mainly for book illustrations.

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Jotto

Jotto (or Giotto) is a logic-oriented word game played with two players, a writing implement, and a piece of paper with the alphabet on it.

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Journal of Automated Reasoning

The Journal of Automated Reasoning was established in 1983 by Larry Wos who was its editor in chief until 1992.

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Journal of Logic and Computation

The Journal of Logic and Computation is a peer-reviewed academic journal focused on logic and computing.

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Journal of Philosophical Logic

The Journal of Philosophical Logic is a peer-reviewed scientific journal founded in 1972.

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Juan de Celaya

Juan de Celaya (Valencia, c.1490 - 6 December 1558) was a Spanish mathematician, physicist, cosmologist, philosopher and theologian.

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Juan Nuño

Juan Antonio Nuño Montes (Madrid, 27 March 1927 - Caracas, 5 May 1995) was a philosopher, writer and university professor.

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Judah Messer Leon

Judah ben Jehiel, (יהודה בן יחיאל, 1420 to 1425 – c. 1498), more usually called Judah Messer Leon (יהודה מסר לאון), was an Italian rabbi, teacher, physician, and philosopher.

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Judaism

Judaism (originally from Hebrew, Yehudah, "Judah"; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people.

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Judgment (mathematical logic)

In mathematical logic, a judgment (or judgement) or assertion is a statement or enunciation in the metalanguage.

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Judgmental language

Judgmental language is a subset of red herring fallacies.

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Judy Green (mathematician)

Judith (Judy) Green is an American logician and historian of mathematics who studies women in mathematics.

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Juha Varto

Juha Varto (born 27 June 1949) is a Finnish philosopher, considered the most important phenomenologist in Finland, known also for his prolific output on a variety of philosophical themes.

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Jules Vuillemin

Jules Vuillemin (15 February 1920 – 16 January 2001) was a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy of Knowledge at the prestigious Collège de France, in Paris, from 1962 to 1990, succeeding Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Professor emeritus from 1991 to 2001.

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Julius Richard Büchi

Julius Richard Büchi (1924–1984) was a Swiss logician and mathematician.

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JumpStart Advanced 2nd Grade

JumpStart Advanced 2nd Grade is a personal computer game created by Knowledge Adventure.

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Junayd of Baghdad

Junayd of Baghdad (835-910) was a Persian mystic and one of the most famous of the early Saints of Islam.

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June 1918

The following events occurred in June 1918.

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Jurij Moskvitin

Jurij Moskvitin (Robert Jurij Moskvitin Hansen, January 6, 1938 – May 25, 2005) was a classical pianist, composer, philosopher, mathematician and boheme.

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Jurij Vega

Baron Jurij Bartolomej Vega (also Veha; Georgius Bartholomaei Vecha; Georg Freiherr von Vega; born Vehovec, March 23, 1754 – September 26, 1802) was a Slovene mathematician, physicist and artillery officer.

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Jurjani Definitions

A book called Al Taʿrīfāt (التعريفات "The Definitions"), written by Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani (1339–1414), who was a known philosopher, astronomer, theologian, and a linguist.

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Just Cause Y'all Waited

Just Cause Y'all Waited is the twelfth mixtape by American rapper Lil Durk.

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Juxtaposition

Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side.

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Kai Wehmeier

Kai Frederick Wehmeier (born 1968) is a German-American philosopher and logician.

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Kantakuzina Katarina Branković Serbian Orthodox Secondary School

The Kantakuzina Katarina Branković Serbian Orthodox Secondary School (Srpska pravoslavna opća gimnazija Kantakuzina Katarina Branković; Српска православна општа гимназија Кантакузина Катарина Бранковић), also known as SPOG, is a coeducational gymnasium of the Metropolitanate of Zagreb, Ljubljana and all Italy in Zagreb, Croatia.

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Karel Lambert

Karel Lambert (born 1928) is a philosopher and logician at the University of California, Irvine and the University of Salzburg.

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Karin Schneider

Karin Schneider (born 1970) is an American/Brazilian artist.

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Karl Popper

Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor.

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Karl Schröter

Karl Walter Schröter (* 7 September 1905 in Biebrich near Wiesbaden, † 22 August 1977 in Berlin) was a German mathematician and logician.

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Karl Wilhelm Ramler

Karl Wilhelm Ramler (25 February 1725 – 11 April 1798) was a German poet.

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Karl-Georg Niebergall

Karl-Georg Niebergall (born 1961) is a German logician and philosopher and professor for logic and philosophy of language at Humboldt University of Berlin.

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Katyayanidas Bhattacharya

Katyayanidas Bhattacharya (1917 - 1966), also known as K.D. Bhattacharya, was a scholar of philosophy and an academician of Bengal.

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Kavi Kant

Manishankar Ratnji Bhatt (મણિશંકર રત્નજી ભટૃ), popularly known as Kavi Kant (ગુજરાતી: કવિ કાન્ત) was a Gujarati poet, playwright and essayist.

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Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh

Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh (کاظم صادق‌زاده; born 23 April 1942) is an analytic philosopher of medicine.

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Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (12 December 1890 – 12 April 1963) was a Polish philosopher and logician, a prominent figure in the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic.

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Kazimierz Kuratowski

Kazimierz Kuratowski (Polish pronunciation:, 2 February 1896 – 18 June 1980) was a Polish mathematician and logician.

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Kazimierz Twardowski

Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski (20 October 1866 – 11 February 1938) was a Polish philosopher, logician, and rector of the Lviv University.

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Keith Clark

Keith Leonard Clark (born 1943) is a Professor of Computer Science at Imperial College London, England.

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Ken Gemes

Ken Gemes is a philosopher with a primary interest in Nietzsche.

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Ken Wilber

Kenneth Earl Wilber II (born January 31, 1949) is an American writer on transpersonal psychology and his own integral theory, a four-quadrant grid which suggests the synthesis of all human knowledge and experience.

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Kenichi Itō (politics)

is a diplomat-turned-political scientist in Japan and is engaged in international politics and strategic studies.

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Kevin Mulligan

Kevin Mulligan (born 23 June 1951) is a British philosopher, working on ontology, the philosophy of mind, and Austrian philosophy.

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Khariar College

Khariar College was founded on Vijaya Dashami, in October 1977.

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Kidaptive

No description.

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Kimaris

Kimaris, also known by the alternate names Cimeies, Cimejes and Cimeries, is most widely known as the 66th demon of the first part of the Lemegeton (popularly known as the Ars Goetia).

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Kingdomino

Kingdomino is a 2016 board game for 2-4 players designed by Bruno Cathala and published by Blue Orange Games.

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Kingsbarns

The village and parish of Kingsbarns in Scotland lies near the eastern coast of Fife, in an area known as the East Neuk, southeast of St Andrews and north of Crail.

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Kitaro Nishida

was a prominent Japanese philosopher, founder of what has been called the Kyoto School of philosophy.

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Knowing and the Known

Knowing and the Known is a 1949 book by John Dewey and Arthur Bentley.

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Knowledge representation and reasoning

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KR², KR&R) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language.

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Knowledge retrieval

Knowledge retrieval (KR) seeks to return information in a structured form, consistent with human cognitive processes as opposed to simple lists of data items.

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Konser Tur 2001

Konser Tur 2001 (2001 Concert Tour) is an Indonesian album by Chrisye released in 2001 by Musica Studios.

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KOS-MOS

(recursive acronym for (Kosmos Obey Strategical Multiple Operation System) is a fictional character from the Xenosaga role-playing video game series by Monolith Soft and Bandai Namco Entertainment. KOS-MOS also appears as a major character in the anime Xenosaga: The Animation and in several crossover video games.

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Krastyo Krastev

Krastyo Kotev Krastev (Кръстьо Котев Кръстев; also transliterated as Krǎstjo Krǎstev, Krustyo Krustev, etc.) (31 May 1866 – 15 April 1919), popularly known as Dr.

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Kryptos

Kryptos is a sculpture by the American artist Jim Sanborn located on the grounds of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Langley, Virginia.

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Ksenija Atanasijević

Ksenija Atanasijević (1894–1981) was the first recognised major female Serbian philosopher, and one of the first female professors of Belgrade University, where she graduated.

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Kurt Gödel

Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

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Kurt Gödel Society

The Kurt Gödel Society was founded in Vienna, Austria in 1987.

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Kurt Grelling

Kurt Grelling (2 March 1886 – September 1942) was a German logician and philosopher, member of the Berlin Circle.

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L. T. F. Gamut

L.

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Laboratory Life

Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts is a 1979 book by sociologists of science Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar.

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Labouchere Amendment

Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, commonly known as the Labouchere Amendment, made "gross indecency" a crime in the United Kingdom.

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Language complexity

Language complexity is a topic in linguistics which can be divided into several sub-topics such as phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic complexity.

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Lars Stigzelius

Lars Stigzelius (October 27, 1598 – August 31, 1676) was Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1670 to his death.

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Lars Svenonius

Lars Svenonius (1927, Skellefteå – September 27, 2010, Silver Spring, Maryland) was a Swedish logician and philosopher.

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Lateral thinking

Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic.

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Laurel Christian High School

Laurel Christian High School is a private, college preparatory Christian school that was founded in 1982.

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Laurentius Paulinus Gothus

Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (November 10, 1565 – November 29, 1646) was a Swedish theologian, astronomer and Archbishop of Uppsala (1637–1645).

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Law (principle)

A law is a universal principle that describes the fundamental nature of something, the universal properties and the relationships between things, or a description that purports to explain these principles and relationships.

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Law of excluded middle

In logic, the law of excluded middle (or the principle of excluded middle) states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true.

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Law of identity

In logic, the law of identity states that each thing is identical with itself.

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Law of noncontradiction

In classical logic, the law of non-contradiction (LNC) (also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction) states that contradictory statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e.g. the two propositions "A is B" and "A is not B" are mutually exclusive.

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Law of thought

The laws of thought are fundamental axiomatic rules upon which rational discourse itself is often considered to be based.

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Lawrence Krader

Lawrence Krader (December 9, 1919 in Jamaica, New YorkNovember 15, 1998) was an American socialist anthropologist and ethnologist.

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Laws of Form

Laws of Form (hereinafter LoF) is a book by G. Spencer-Brown, published in 1969, that straddles the boundary between mathematics and philosophy.

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Lazăr Șăineanu

Lazăr Șăineanu (also spelled Șeineanu, born Eliezer Schein;Leopold, p.383, 417 Francisized Lazare Sainéan,, Alexandru Mușina,, in România Literară, Nr. 19/2003 or Sainéanu; April 23, 1859 – May 11, 1934) was a Romanian-born philologist, linguist, folklorist and cultural historian.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

Lazzaro Spallanzani (10 January 1729 – 12 February 1799) was an Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions, animal reproduction, and animal echolocation.

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Le Pallet

Le Pallet is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique département in western France.

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Leap of faith

A leap of faith, in its most commonly used meaning, is the act of believing in or accepting something outside the boundaries of reason.

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Legal English

Legal English is the type of English as used in legal writing.

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Legend of the Five Rings: The Card Game (living card game)

No description.

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Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy

The debate over whether the ancient Chinese masters can be counted as philosophy has been discussed since the introduction of this academic discipline into China about a hundred years ago.

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Leigh Van Valen

Leigh Van Valen (August 12, 1935 – October 16, 2010) was a U.S. evolutionary biologist.

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Lennart Åqvist

Lennart Åqvist (born 1932 in SwedenGerhard Schurz and Georg J. W. Dorn (Editors), Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1991,; p. 631) is a Swedish logician.

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Leo Apostel

Leo Apostel (Antwerp, 4 September 1925 – Ghent, 10 August 1995) was a Belgian philosopher and professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University.

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Leo the Mathematician

Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher (Λέων ὁ Μαθηματικός or ὁ Φιλόσοφος, Léōn ho Mathēmatikós or ho Philósophos; c. 790 – after 869) was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of Iconoclasm.

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Leon Chwistek

Leon Chwistek (Kraków, Austria-Hungary, 13 June 1884 – 20 August 1944, Barvikha near Moscow, Russia) was a Polish avant-garde painter, theoretician of modern art, literary critic, logician, philosopher and mathematician.

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Leon Henkin

Leon Albert Henkin (April 19, 1921, Brooklyn, New York – November 1, 2006, Oakland, California), Oroville Mercury-Register, November 24, 2006.

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Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara

Leonello d'Este (also spelled Lionello; 21 September 1407 – 1 October 1450) was Marquis of Ferrara and Duke of Modena and Reggio Emilia from 1441 to 1450.

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Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.

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Leopold Biwald

Leopold Gottlieb Biwald (February 26, 1731 in Vienna – September 8, 1805 in Graz) was a professor at the University of Graz.

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Leopold Kronecker

Leopold Kronecker (7 December 1823 – 29 December 1891) was a German mathematician who worked on number theory, algebra and logic.

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Levett

Levett is an Anglo-Norman territorial surname deriving from the village of Livet-en-Ouche, now Jonquerets-de-Livet, in Eure, Normandy.

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Leviathan (Hobbes book)

Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil—commonly referred to as Leviathan—is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651 (revised Latin edition 1668). Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan. The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. Leviathan ranks as a classic western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli's The Prince. Written during the English Civil War (1642–1651), Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature ("the war of all against all") could only be avoided by strong, undivided government.

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Lewis Black's Root of All Evil

Lewis Black's Root of All Evil is an American television series that premiered on March 12, 2008, on Comedy Central and was hosted by comedian Lewis Black.

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Lewis Carroll

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer.

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LGBT music

LGBT music (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender music) is music that focuses on LGBT issues.

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Li Xueqin

Li Xueqin (born 28 March 1933) is a Chinese historian, archaeologist, epigrapher, and professor of Tsinghua University.

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Liar paradox

In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox is the statement of a liar who states that he or she is lying: for instance, declaring that "I am lying" or "everything I say is false".

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Liar paradox in early Islamic tradition

Many early Islamic philosophers and logicians discussed the liar paradox.

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Liberal Arts and Science Academy

Liberal Arts and Science Academy (LASA) is a selective public magnet high school for liberal arts, science and mathematics in Austin, Texas.

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Liberal arts education

Liberal arts education (from Latin "free" and "art or principled practice") can claim to be the oldest programme of higher education in Western history.

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Liberty

Liberty, in politics, consists of the social, political, and economic freedoms to which all community members are entitled.

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Liberty Classical Academy

Liberty Classical Academy is an independent college-preparatory private Christian school in White Bear Lake, Minnesota, United States, serving students in prekindergarten through grade 12.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class B -- Philosophy, Psychology, Religion

Class B: Philosophy, Psychology, Religion is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system.

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Lincoln–Douglas debate format

Lincoln–Douglas debate (commonly abbreviated as LD Debate, or simply LD) is a type of one-on-one debate practiced mainly in the United States at the high school level.

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Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra

In mathematical logic, the Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra (or Lindenbaum algebra) of a logical theory T consists of the equivalence classes of sentences of the theory (i.e., the quotient, under the equivalence relation ~ defined such that p ~ q exactly when p and q are provably equivalent in T).

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Linear partial information

Linear partial information (LPI) is a method of making decisions based on insufficient or fuzzy information.

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Linear temporal logic

In logic, linear temporal logic or linear-time temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time.

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Link Trainer

The term Link Trainer, also known as the "Blue box" and "Pilot Trainer" is commonly used to refer to a series of flight simulators produced between the early 1930s and early 1950s by the Link Aviation Devices, Inc, founded and headed by Ed Link, based on technology he pioneered in 1929 at his family's business in Binghamton, New York.

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Lisa Lapinski

Lisa Lapinski (born in 1967 in Palo Alto, California) is an American visual artist who creates dense, formally complex sculptures which utilize both the language of traditional craft and advanced semiotics.

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List object

In category theory, an abstract mathematical discipline, and in its applications to logic and theoretical computer science, a list object is an abstract definition of a list, that is, a finite ordered sequence.

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List of academic fields

The following outline is provided as an overview of an topical guide to academic disciplines: An academic discipline or field of study is known as a branch of knowledge.

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List of accolades received by The Imitation Game

The Imitation Game is a 2014 British-American historical thriller film about British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, a key figure in cracking Nazi Germany's Enigma code that helped the Allies win the Second World War, only to later be criminally prosecuted for his homosexuality.

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List of artificial intelligence projects

The following is a list of current and past, nonclassified notable artificial intelligence projects.

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List of atheist philosophers

There have been many philosophers in recorded history who were atheists.

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List of atheists (surnames T to Z)

Atheists with surnames starting T, U, V, W, X, Y or Z, sortable by the field for which they are mainly known and nationality.

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List of atheists in science and technology

This is a list of atheists in science and technology.

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List of books about skepticism

This list of books about skepticism is a skeptic's library of works centered on scientific skepticism, religious skepticism, critical thinking, scientific literacy, and refutation of claims of the paranormal.

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List of British scientists

This is a list of British scientists.

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List of Christians in science and technology

This is a list of Christians in science and technology.

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List of Columbia College people

The following list contains only notable graduates and former students of Columbia College, the undergraduate liberal arts division of Columbia University, and its predecessor, from 1754 to 1776, King's College.

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List of computer hardware manufacturers

Below is a list of notable computer hardware manufacturers.

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List of computer scientists

This is a list of computer scientists, people who do work in computer science, in particular researchers and authors.

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List of concerts at Barclays Center

The Barclays Center is an indoor arena in Brooklyn, New York City opened in September 2012.

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List of cultural icons of England

This list of cultural icons of England is a list of people and things from any period which are independently considered to be cultural icons characteristic of England.

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List of demons in the Ars Goetia

The demons' names (given below) are taken from the Ars Goetia, which differs in terms of number and ranking from the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum of Johann Weyer.

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List of Dewey Decimal classes

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is structured around ten main classes covering the entire world of knowledge; each main class is further structured into ten hierarchical divisions, each having ten sections of increasing specificity.

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List of Dutch inventions and discoveries

The Netherlands had a considerable part in the making of modern society.

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List of entertainment events at Madison Square Garden

This article shows lists of entertainment events that were held at the Madison Square Garden in New York City.

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List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and subatomic particles

This list contains fictional chemical elements, materials, isotopes or subatomic particles that either a) play a major role in a notable work of fiction, b) are common to several unrelated works, or c) are discussed in detail by independent sources.

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List of former Def Jam Recordings artists

This is a list of former artists who have recorded for Def Jam Recordings.

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List of Game Boy Color games

The following is a list of all 581 games for the Game Boy Color.

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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/L

Category:Lists of words.

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List of Greek phrases

(h)ē;ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς A hoplite could not escape the field of battle unless he tossed away the heavy and cumbersome shield.

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List of Harvard University people

The list of Harvard University people includes notable graduates, professors, and administrators affiliated with Harvard University.

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List of Huguenots

Some notable Huguenots or people with Huguenot ancestry include.

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List of important publications in mathematics

This is a list of important publications in mathematics, organized by field.

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List of In Our Time programmes

In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.

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List of Islamic seminaries

This is a list of Islamic seminaries throughout history, including the operational, historical, defunct or converted ones.

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List of Israeli inventions and discoveries

This is a list of inventions and discoveries by Israeli scientists and researchers, working locally or overseas.

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List of Jewish atheists and agnostics

Based on Jewish law's emphasis on matrilineal descent, even religiously conservative Orthodox Jewish authorities would accept an atheist born to a Jewish mother as fully Jewish.

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List of liberal theorists

Individual contributors to classical liberalism and political liberalism are associated with philosophers of the Enlightenment.

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List of loanwords in Chinese

Loanwords have entered written and spoken Chinese from many sources, including ancient peoples whose descendants now speak Chinese.

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List of logic journals

This is a list of academic journals in logic.

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List of logic symbols

In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation.

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List of logicians

A logician is a person whose topic of scholarly study is logic.

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List of medieval European scientists

Scientific activity in medieval Europe was maintained by the activity of a number of significant scholars, active in a wide range of scientific disciplines and working in Greek, Latin, and Arabic-speaking cultures.

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List of MeSH codes (K01)

The following is a list of the "K" codes for MeSH.

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List of Muslim philosophers

Muslim philosophers both profess Islam and engage in a style of philosophy situated within the structure of Islamic culture, though not necessarily concerned with religious issues.

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List of Occitans

This is a non-exhaustive list of people who were born in the Occitania historical territory (although it is difficult to know the exact boundaries), or notable people from other regions of France or Europe with Occitan roots, or notable people from other regions of France or Europe who have other significant links with the historical region.

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List of Old Etonians born before the 18th century

The following notable old boys of Eton College were born in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

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List of Oriel College people

A list of notable people affiliated with Oriel College, Oxford University, England, including alumni, academics, provosts and honorary fellows.

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List of people from Nagpur

The following is a list of notable people from and/or related to Nagpur, India.

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List of people from Prague

Prague, the capital of today's Czech Republic, has been for over a thousand years the centre and the biggest city of the Czech lands.

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List of philosophical concepts

No description.

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List of philosophies

Philosophies: particular schools of thought, styles of philosophy, or descriptions of philosophical ideas attributed to a particular group or culture - listed in alphabetical order.

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List of rasa'il in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

The following is a list of the rasa'il (epistles) which compose the influential Neoplatonic encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity composed by the Brethren of Purity in the tenth century CE in Basra, Iraq.

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List of Russian philosophers

Russian philosophy includes a variety of philosophical movements.

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List of Shia Muslims

The following is a list of notable Shia Muslims.

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List of St Anne's College, Oxford people

The following is a list of notable people associated with St Anne's College, Oxford, including alumni, academics, and Principals of the college.

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List of Stoic philosophers

This is a list of Stoic philosophers, ordered (roughly) by date.

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List of stutterers

Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.

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List of television networks by country

This is a list of television networks by country.

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List of The Colbert Report episodes (2008)

This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report in 2008.

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List of theorems

This is a list of theorems, by Wikipedia page.

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List of things named after Alfred Tarski

In the history of mathematics, Alfred Tarski (1901–1983) is one of the most important logicians.

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List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

This is a list of topics that have, at one point or another in their history, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers.

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List of undecidable problems

In computability theory, an undecidable problem is a type of computational problem that requires a yes/no answer, but where there cannot possibly be any computer program that always gives the correct answer; that is, any possible program would sometimes give the wrong answer or run forever without giving any answer.

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List of University of Szeged people

The list of University of Szeged people includes notable graduates and nongraduates; professors; and administrators affiliated with the University of Szeged, located in Szeged, Hungary.

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List of video game genres

A video game genre is a specific category of games related by similar gameplay characteristics.

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Lists of mathematics topics

This article itemizes the various lists of mathematics topics.

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Literature

Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.

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LLP Group

LLP Group is a holding company based in Prague, Czech Republic specializing in business software consulting, software development, ERP implementations.

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Loaded language

In rhetoric, loaded language (also known as loaded terms or emotive language) is wording that attempts to influence an audience by using appeal to emotion or stereotypes.

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Logic (disambiguation)

Logic may refer to.

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Logic alphabet

The logic alphabet, also called the X-stem Logic Alphabet (XLA), constitutes an iconic set of symbols that systematically represents the sixteen possible binary truth functions of logic.

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Logic and dialectic

Since the 1980s, European and American logicians have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for logic and dialectic through formalisation, although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times.

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Logic and rationality

As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality.

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Logic in China

Formal logic in China has a special place in the history of logic due to its repression and abandonment—in contrast to the strong ancient adoption and continued development of the study of logic in Europe, India, and the Islamic world.

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Logic in computer science

Logic in computer science covers the overlap between the field of logic and that of computer science.

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Logic in Islamic philosophy

Early Islamic law placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a "novel approach to logic" (منطق manṭiq "speech, eloquence") in Kalam (Islamic scholasticism) However, with the rise of the Mu'tazili philosophers, who highly valued Aristotle's Organon, this approach was displaced by the older ideas from Hellenistic philosophy, The works of al-Farabi, Avicenna, al-Ghazali and other Persian Muslim logicians who often criticized and corrected Aristotelian logic and introduced their own forms of logic, also played a central role in the subsequent development of European logic during the Renaissance.

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Logic Lane

Logic Lane is a small historic cobbled lane through University College in Oxford, England, so-called because it was the location of a school of logicians.

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Logic of class

The logic of class is a branch of logic that distinguishes valid from invalid syllogistic reasonings by the use of Venn Diagrams.

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Logical atomism

Logical atomism is a philosophical belief that originated in the early 20th century with the development of analytic philosophy.

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Logical biconditional

In logic and mathematics, the logical biconditional (sometimes known as the material biconditional) is the logical connective of two statements asserting "P if and only if Q", where P is an antecedent and Q is a consequent.

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Logical conjunction

In logic, mathematics and linguistics, And (∧) is the truth-functional operator of logical conjunction; the and of a set of operands is true if and only if all of its operands are true.

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Logical connective

In logic, a logical connective (also called a logical operator, sentential connective, or sentential operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the value of the compound sentence produced depends only on that of the original sentences and on the meaning of the connective.

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Logical consequence

Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic, which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements.

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Logical constant

In logic, a logical constant of a language \mathcal is a symbol that has the same semantic value under every interpretation of \mathcal.

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Logical disjunction

In logic and mathematics, or is the truth-functional operator of (inclusive) disjunction, also known as alternation; the or of a set of operands is true if and only if one or more of its operands is true.

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Logical equivalence

In logic, statements p and q are logically equivalent if they have the same logical content.

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Logical extreme

A logical extreme is a useful, though often fallacious, rhetorical device for the disputation of propositions.

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Logical Form (linguistics)

In some theories of syntax and grammar, in particular in the Chomskyan schools of government and binding theory and the minimalist program, the Logical Form (abbreviated LF and conventionally spelled with capital initial letters) of a linguistic expression is a mental representation of it, derived solely from surface structure.

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Logical framework

In logic, a logical framework provides a means to define (or present) a logic as a signature in a higher-order type theory in such a way that provability of a formula in the original logic reduces to a type inhabitation problem in the framework type theory.

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Logical graph

A logical graph is a special type of diagramatic structure in any one of several systems of graphical syntax that Charles Sanders Peirce developed for logic.

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Logical intuition

Logical Intuition, or mathematical intuition or rational intuition, is the ability to perceive logical or mathematical truth.

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Logical Investigations (Husserl)

Logical Investigations (Logische Untersuchungen) is a work of philosophy by Edmund Husserl, published in two volumes in 1900 and 1901, with a second edition in 1913 and 1921.

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Logical Methods in Computer Science

Logical Methods in Computer Science is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering theoretical computer science and applied logic.

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Logical pluralism

Logical pluralism is the philosophical view that there is more than one correct logic.

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Logical quality

In many philosophies of logic statements are categorized into different logical qualities based on how they go about saying what they say.

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Logical truth

Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic, and there are different theories on its nature.

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Logicians

Logicians are persons whose topic of scholarly study is logic.

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Logicism

Logicism is one of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.

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Logology (science of science)

Logology ("the science of science") is the study of all aspects of science and of its practitioners—aspects philosophical, biological, psychological, societal, historical, political, institutional, financial.

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Logos

Logos (lógos; from λέγω) is a term in Western philosophy, psychology, rhetoric, and religion derived from a Greek word variously meaning "ground", "plea", "opinion", "expectation", "word", "speech", "account", "reason", "proportion", and "discourse",Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott,: logos, 1889.

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Lola Panda

Lola Panda is a trademarked game character, featuring in children's mobile games created by Finnish computer game developer BeiZ.

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London School of Economics

The London School of Economics (officially The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as LSE) is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London.

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Lopön Tenzin Namdak

Lopön Tenzin Namdak (born 1926 in Khyungpo Karu - - in Kham) is a Tibetan religious leader and the most senior teacher of Bon, in particular of Dzogchen and the Mother Tantras.

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Lorenzo Magnani

Lorenzo Magnani (born 1952), is an Italian philosopher who teaches philosophy of science in the Department of Humanities, Philosophy Section, at the University of Pavia, where he is full professor and directs the Computational Philosophy Laboratory.

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Lorenzo Peña

Lorenzo Peña (born August 29, 1944) is a Spanish philosopher, lawyer, logician and political thinker.

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Lotfi A. Zadeh

Lotfi Aliasker Zadeh (Lütfəli Rəhim oğlu Ələsgərzadə; لطفی علی‌عسگرزاده; February 4, 1921 – September 6, 2017) was a mathematician, computer scientist, electrical engineer, artificial intelligence researcher and professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Louis Couturat

Louis Couturat (17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist.

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Louis Narens

Louis Narens is the Graduate Director of Mathematical Behavioral Science, Professor in the Department of Cognitive Sciences and the Department of Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the University of California, Irvine.

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Lowell Police Department

The Lowell Police Department (LPD) has the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation for a population of about 107,000 in the city of Lowell, Massachusetts.

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Luciano Floridi

Luciano Floridi (born 16 November 1964) is currently Professor of Philosophy and Ethics of Information and Director of the Digital Ethics Lab, at the University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute, Professorial Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford,, Senior Member of the Faculty of Philosophy, Research Associate and Fellow in Information Policy at the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, and Distinguished Research Fellow of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics.

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Lucien Lévy-Bruhl

Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (10 April 1857 – 13 March 1939) was a French scholar trained in philosophy, who made contributions to the budding fields of sociology and ethnology.

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Luck or Grace: The Intersect

Luck or Grace: The Intersect, is a novel by Scot C. Taylor, published in 2012, to encourage people to choose between entrusting their life to either luck or grace.

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Ludics

In proof theory, ludics is an analysis of the principles governing inference rules of mathematical logic.

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Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian-American theoretical Austrian School economist.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.

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Luke 1

Luke 1 is the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Lwów–Warsaw school

The Lwów–Warsaw school (Szkoła lwowsko-warszawska) was a Polish school of thought founded by Kazimierz Twardowski in 1895 in Lwów.

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M712 Copperhead

The M712 Copperhead is a 155 mm caliber cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP).

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Mañjuśrīmitra

Mañjuśrīmitra (fl. 55 CE)() was an Indian Buddhist scholar, the main student of Garab Dorje and a teacher of Dzogchen.

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Machine

A machine uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an intended action.

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Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī (c.1540–1640) was an Indian philosopher in the Advaita Vedānta tradition.

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Madilog

The Madilog by Iljas Hussein (the pen name of Tan Malaka), first published in 1943, official first edition 1951, is the magnum opus of Tan Malaka, the Indonesian national hero and is the most influential work in the history of modern Indonesian philosophy.

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Madrasah of Granada

The Madrasah of Granada (Madraza de Granada, also Yusufiyya, Casa de la Ciencia, Palacio de la Madraza) was a Madrasah or mosque school in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.

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Madryga

In cryptography, Madryga is a block cipher published in 1984 by W. E. Madryga.

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Madsen Pirie

Duncan Madsen Pirie (born 24 August 1940) is a British researcher, author, and educator.

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Magic pushbutton

The magic pushbutton is a common anti-pattern in graphical user interfaces.

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Make 10: A Journey of Numbers

is a puzzle/logic-style adventure game published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS platform.

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Man-Computer Symbiosis

"Man-Computer Symbiosis" is the title of a work by J.C.R. Licklider, which was published during the year 1960.

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Manuel Belgrano

Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano y González (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader.

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Manuel Sánchez Cuesta

Manuel Sánchez Cuesta (born May 13, 1942 in San Martín del Castañar, Salamanca) is philosopher, ethicist and humanist.

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Many-valued logic

In logic, a many-valued logic (also multi- or multiple-valued logic) is a propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values.

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Marcial Solana González-Camino

Marcial Solana González-Camino (1880–1958) was a Spanish scholar, writer and politician.

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Marcin Schroeder

Marcin Schroeder (born January 10, 1953 in Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland, son of Jerzy Schroeder and Irena Grudzińska) is a Polish-Japanese mathematician and theoretical physicist, currently a professor and head of basic education and dean of academic affairs at Akita International University, Japan, and President Elect of the International Society for the Study of Information (IS4SI).

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Marcus Terentius Varro

Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC – 27 BC) was an ancient Roman scholar and writer.

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Mario Savio

Mario Savio (December 8, 1942 – November 6, 1996) was an American activist and a key member in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement.

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Mark 11

Mark 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, beginning Jesus' final week before his death as he arrives in Jerusalem for the coming Passover.

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Marshall McLuhan

Herbert Marshall McLuhan (July 21, 1911December 31, 1980) was a Canadian professor, philosopher, and public intellectual.

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Marsilius of Inghen

Marsilius of Inghen (c. 1340 – August 20, 1396) was a medieval Dutch Scholastic philosopher who studied with Albert of Saxony and Nicole Oresme under Jean Buridan.

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Martin Knutzen

Martin Knutzen (14 December 1713 – 29 January 1751) was a German philosopher, a follower of Christian Wolff and teacher of Immanuel Kant, to whom he introduced the physics of Isaac Newton.

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Martin Stokhof

Martin Stokhof (born 1950, Amsterdam) is a Dutch logician and philosopher.

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Martyn Lloyd-Jones

David Martyn Lloyd-Jones (20 December 1899 – 1 March 1981) was a Welsh Protestant minister and medical doctor who was influential in the Reformed wing of the British evangelical movement in the 20th century.

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Massanutten Governor's School for Integrated Environmental Science and Technology

The Massanutten Regional Governor's School is one of Virginia's 18 state-initiated magnet Governor's Schools, located in Mt. Jackson, in Shenandoah County.

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Material inference

In logic, inference is the process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

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Mathematical joke

A mathematical joke is a form of humor which relies on aspects of mathematics or a stereotype of mathematicians to derive humor.

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Mathematical Kangaroo

Mathematical Kangaroo (also known as International Mathematical Kangaroo, or Kangourou sans frontières in French) is an international mathematical competition where over 50 countries are represented.

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Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics.

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Mathematical proof

In mathematics, a proof is an inferential argument for a mathematical statement.

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Mathematicism

Mathematicism is any opinion, viewpoint, school of thought, or philosophy that states that everything can be described/defined/modelled ultimately by mathematics, or that the universe and reality (both material and mental/spiritual) are fundamentally/fully/only mathematical, i.e. that 'everything is mathematics' necessitating the ideas of logic, reason, mind, and spirit.

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Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.

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Mathematics education in New York

Mathematics education in New York in regard to both content and teaching method can vary depending on the type of school a person attends.

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Matthew Lipman

Matthew Lipman (August 24, 1923 in Vineland, New Jersey – December 26, 2010 in West Orange, New Jersey) is recognized as the founder of Philosophy for Children.

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Matthias Flacius

Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Latin; Matija Vlačić Ilirik) (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575) was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present day Croatia.

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Matthias Schirn

Matthias Schirn (born 03.10.1944 in Weidenau/Siegen) is a German philosopher and logician.

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Matura

Matura or its translated terms (Mature, Matur, Maturita, Maturità, Maturität, Maturité, Mатура) is a Latin name for the secondary school exit exam or "maturity diploma" in various countries, including Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.

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Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal

Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal (Urdu) was an Islamic Sunni Hanafi scholar of the Deobandi school of thought and political leader of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and Tehreek-e-Khatme-e-Nubuwwat.

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Mauro Nervi

Mauro Nervi (born 1959) is an Italian poet in the Esperanto language.

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Max Bense

Max Bense (February 7, 1910 in Strasbourg – April 29, 1990 in Stuttgart) was a German philosopher, writer, and publicist, known for his work in philosophy of science, logic, aesthetics, and semiotics.

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Max Scheler

Max Ferdinand Scheler (22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology.

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Mário Ferreira dos Santos

Mário Ferreira dos Santos (January 3, 1907 – April 11, 1968) was a Brazilian philosopher.

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Münejjim Bashi

Ahmed Lütfullah (early 17th century – 27 February 1702), better known by his court title of Münejjim Bashi (Müneccimbaşı; "Chief Astrologer"), was an Ottoman courtier, scholar, Sufi poet and historian.

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Meaning and Necessity

Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic is a 1947 book about logic by the philosopher Rudolf Carnap.

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Mechanical system

A mechanical system manages power to accomplish a task that involves forces and movement.

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Media manipulation

Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular interests.

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Mediator pattern

In software engineering, the mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact.

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Medical algorithm

A medical algorithm is any computation, formula, statistical survey, nomogram, or look-up table, useful in healthcare.

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Medical diagnosis

Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or DS) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.

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Medical school

A medical school is a tertiary educational institution —or part of such an institution— that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons.

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Medieval Kannada literature

Medieval Kannada literature covered a wide range of subjects and genres which can broadly be classified under the Jain, Virashaiva, Vaishnava and secular traditions.

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Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange, as the liturgical language of Chalcedonian Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, and as a language of science, literature, law, and administration.

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Medieval philosophy

Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. to the Renaissance in the 16th century.

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Meditations on First Philosophy

Meditations on First Philosophy —The original Meditations, translated, in its entirety.

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Megara

Megara (Μέγαρα) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece.

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Megarian school

The Megarian school of philosophy, which flourished in the 4th century BC, was founded by Euclides of Megara, one of the pupils of Socrates.

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Meirokusha

The was an intellectual society in Meiji period Japan that published social-criticism journal.

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Melvin Fitting

Melvin "Mel" Fitting (born January 24, 1942) is a logician with special interests in philosophical logic and tableau proof systems.

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Memorization

Memorization is the process of committing something to memory.

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Mental model

A mental model is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world.

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Mental operations

Mental operations are operations that affect mental contents.

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Mental plane

The mental plane, or world of thought, in Hermeticism, Theosophical, Rosicrucian, Aurobindonian, and New Age thought refers to the macrocosmic or universal plane or reality that is made up purely of thought or mindstuff.

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Mereotopology

In formal ontology, a branch of metaphysics, and in ontological computer science, mereotopology is a first-order theory, embodying mereological and topological concepts, of the relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and the boundaries between parts.

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Meronymy

Meronymy (from Greek μέρος meros, "part" and ὄνομα onoma, "name") is a semantic relation specific to linguistics, distinct from the similar meronomy.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.

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Meta-communication

Meta-communication - (Etymology: Gk, meta + L, communicare, to inform), or metacommunication, is a secondary communication (including indirect cues) about how a piece of information is meant to be interpreted.

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Metalanguage

Broadly, any metalanguage is language or symbols used when language itself is being discussed or examined.

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Metalinguistics

Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to other cultural behaviors.

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Metalogic

Metalogic is the study of the metatheory of logic.

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Metamath

Metamath is a language for developing strictly formalized mathematical definitions and proofs accompanied by a proof checker for this language and a growing database of thousands of proved theorems covering conventional results in logic, set theory, number theory, group theory, algebra, analysis, and topology, as well as topics in Hilbert spaces and quantum logic.

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Metamathematics

Metamathematics is the study of mathematics itself using mathematical methods.

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Metaphysical naturalism

Metaphysical naturalism, also called ontological naturalism, philosophical naturalism, and scientific materialism is a philosophical worldview, which holds that there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and relations of the kind studied by the natural sciences.

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Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.

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Metatheorem

In logic, a metatheorem is a statement about a formal system proven in a metalanguage.

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Metatheory

A metatheory or meta-theory is a theory whose subject matter is some theory.

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Metavariable

In logic, a metavariable (also metalinguistic variable or syntactical variable) is a symbol or symbol string which belongs to a metalanguage and stands for elements of some object language.

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Method of loci

The method of loci (loci being Latin for "places") is a method of memory enhancement which uses visualizations with the use of spatial memory, familiar information about one's environment, to quickly and efficiently recall information.

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Methods of obtaining knowledge

Knowledge may originate or be derived from the following origins or methods.

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Mia's Math Adventure: Just in Time!

Mia's Math Adventure: Just in Time! is the third title of the Mia's Big Adventure Collection software series created by Kutoka Interactive.

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Michał Falkener

Michael Falkener, Michał z Wrocławia, Michał Wrocławczyk, Michael de Wratislava, Michael Vratislaviensis (ca. 1450 or 1460 in Wrocław – 1534) was a Polish Scholastic philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, theologian, philologist, and professor of the Kraków Academy.

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Michał Heller

Michał Kazimierz Heller (born 12 March 1936 in Tarnów) is a Polish professor of philosophy at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków, Poland, and an adjunct member of the Vatican Observatory staff.

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Michael A. Jackson

Michael Anthony Jackson (born 16 February 1936) is a British computer scientist, and independent computing consultant in London, England.

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Michael Detlefsen

Michael Detlefsen is the McMahon-Hank II professor of philosophy at the University of Notre Dame.

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Michael Ferejohn

Michael Ferejohn (born 1945) is a professor of philosophy at Duke University, and the author of the book The Origins of Aristotelian Science.

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Michael Fourman

Michael Paul Fourman FBCS (born 12 September 1950) is Professor of Computer Systems at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, UK, and was Head of the School of Informatics from 2001–2009.

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Michael Wooldridge (computer scientist)

Michael John Wooldridge (born 26 August 1966) is a professor of computer science at the University of Oxford.

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Michael Zammit

Michael Zammit (born 1954) is a Maltese philosopher, specialised in Ancient and Eastern philosophy.

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Michele Marsonet

Michele Marsonet (born 1950) is Professor of Philosophy of Science and Methodology of the Human Sciences, Chairman of the Philosophy Department and Vice-Rector for International Relations of the University of Genoa in Italy.

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Michiel van Lambalgen

Michiel van Lambalgen (born 6 November 1954, Krimpen aan den IJssel) is a professor of Logic and Cognitive Science at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation and the Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

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Middle Dutch

Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects (whose ancestor was Old Dutch) spoken and written between 1150 and 1500.

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Middle term

In logic, a middle term is a term that appears (as a subject or predicate of a categorical proposition) in both premises but not in the conclusion of a categorical syllogism.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), more commonly known as Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

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Mihailo Marković

Mihailo Marković, PhD (Михаило Марковић; 24 February 1923 – 7 February 2010) was a Serbian philosopher who gained prominence in the 1960s and 1970s as a proponent of the Praxis School, a Marxist humanist movement that originated in Yugoslavia.

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Mike Cernovich

Michael Cernovich (born November 17, 1977) is an American alt-right social media personality, writer, and conspiracy theorist.

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Mikołaj Bojańczyk

Mikołaj Bojańczyk (born 1977) is a Polish theoretical computer scientist and logician known for settling major open problems on tree walking automata jointly with Thomas Colcombet, and for numerous contributions to logic in automata theory.

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MiMa Mineralogy and Mathematics Museum

MiMa is a museum of mineralogy and mathematics in Oberwolfach, in the central Black Forest in southern Germany.

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Mind–body dualism

Mind–body dualism, or mind–body duality, is a view in the philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical,Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", in A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, ed.

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Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS

Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS, is a landmark Australian judgment of the High Court.

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Mircea Eliade

Mircea Eliade (– April 22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago.

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Mirza Jahangir Khan

Mirzā Jahāngir Khān (≈1870, or 1875, Shiraz — June 23, 1908, Tehran) (میرزا جهانگیرخان), also known as Mirzā Jahāngir Khān Shirāzi (شيرازى) and Jahāngir-Khān-e Sūr-e-Esrāfil (جهانگیرخان صوراسرافیل), was an Iranian writer and intellectual, and a revolutionary during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911).

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Miscellanea Logica

Miscellanea Logica is an academic journal of logic based at the Charles University in Prague.

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Modal algebra

In algebra and logic, a modal algebra is a structure \langle A,\land,\lor,-,0,1,\Box\rangle such that.

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Modal companion

In logic, a modal companion of a superintuitionistic (intermediate) logic L is a normal modal logic which interprets L by a certain canonical translation, described below.

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Model checking

In computer science, model checking or property checking refers to the following problem: Given a model of a system, exhaustively and automatically check whether this model meets a given specification.

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Model of hierarchical complexity

The model of hierarchical complexity is a framework for scoring how complex a behavior is, such as verbal reasoning or other cognitive tasks.

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Model theory

In mathematics, model theory is the study of classes of mathematical structures (e.g. groups, fields, graphs, universes of set theory) from the perspective of mathematical logic.

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Modern elementary mathematics

Modern elementary mathematics is the theory and practice of teaching elementary mathematics according to contemporary research and thinking about learning.

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Modern philosophy

Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity.

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Modus non excipiens

In logic, modus non excipiens is a valid rule of inference that is closely related to modus ponens.

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Mohism

Mohism or Moism was an ancient Chinese philosophy of logic, rational thought and science developed by the academic scholars who studied under the ancient Chinese philosopher Mozi (c. 470 BC – c. 391 BC) and embodied in an eponymous book: the Mozi.

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Mojżesz Presburger

Mojżesz Presburger (1904–1943?) was a Polish Jewish mathematician, logician, and philosopher.

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Monadic predicate calculus

In logic, the monadic predicate calculus (also called monadic first-order logic) is the fragment of first-order logic in which all relation symbols in the signature are monadic (that is, they take only one argument), and there are no function symbols.

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Monism

Monism attributes oneness or singleness (Greek: μόνος) to a concept e.g., existence.

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Montague grammar

Montague grammar is an approach to natural language semantics, named after American logician Richard Montague.

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Moritz Schlick

Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick (April 14, 1882 – June 22, 1936) was a German philosopher, physicist, and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.

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Moritz Traube

Moritz Traube (12 February 1826 in Ratibor, Province of Silesia, Prussia (now Racibórz, Poland) – 28 June 1894 in Berlin, German Empire) was a German chemist (physiological chemistry) and universal private scholar.

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Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch

Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch (August 16, 1802, Leipzig – September 30, 1896, Leipzig) was a German mathematician, logician, psychologist and philosopher.

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Morris Ginsberg

Morris Ginsberg FBA (14 May 1889 – 31 August 1970) was a British sociologist, who played a key role in the development of the discipline.

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Moses Schönfinkel

Moses Ilyich Schönfinkel, also known as Moisei Isai'evich Sheinfinkel' (Моисей Исаевич Шейнфинкель; 4 September 1889 – 1942), was a Russian logician and mathematician, known for the invention of combinatory logic.

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Mozi

Mozi (Latinized as Micius; c. 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States period).

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Mozi (book)

The Mozi is an ancient Chinese text from the Warring States period (476221) that expounds the philosophy of Mohism.

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Muhammad al-Fayadh

Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Ishaq al-Fayyad (also Fayad, Fayyadh; محمد إسحاق الفياض) (born in 1930) is one of the most senior Shi'a marja living in Iraq after Ali al-Sistani.

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Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر الصدر) (March 1, 1935 – April 9, 1980) was an Iraqi Shia cleric, philosopher, and ideological founder of the Islamic Dawa Party, born in al-Kazimiya, Iraq.

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Muhammad Emin Er

Muhammad Emin Er (c. 1914 – 27 June 2013) was an Islamic scholar trained in the Ottoman tradition and former student of Bediüzzaman Said Nursi.

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Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariyyā-ye Rāzī, also known by his Latinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854–925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine.

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Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi

Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi (1833-1880) was an Islamic Scholar and the main person responsible for establishing Deoband Movement.

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Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar

Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffarwas a Shia Marja', philosopher and jurist.

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Muhammed Hamdi Yazır

Muhammed Hamdi Yazır also known as Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır and Elmalılı (1878, Antalya - 27 May 1942, İstanbul) was a Turkish theologian, logician, Qur'an translator, Qur'anic exegesis scholar, Islamic legal academic, philosopher and encyclopedist.

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Mulla Shams ad-Din al-Fanari

Mulla Shams ad-Din Muhammad ibn Hamzah al-Fanari (1350–1431),Alan Godlas, Molla Fanari and the Misbah al-Uns: The Commentator and The Perfect Man, International Symposium On Molla Fanari 4–6 December 2009 Bursa Proceedings, p. 31.

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Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers.

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Multiple-conclusion logic

A multiple-conclusion logic is one in which logical consequence is a relation, \vdash, between two sets of sentences (or propositions).

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MuseData

The MuseData collection or database of virtual musical scores aims to represent the logical content of the standard classical repertory from 1690 to 1890 in a software-neutral fashion.

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Mutatis mutandis

Mutatis mutandis is a Medieval Latin phrase meaning "the necessary changes having been made" or "once the necessary changes have been made".

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Mutio Vitelleschi

Very Rev.

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Mutual exclusivity

In logic and probability theory, two events (or propositions) are mutually exclusive or disjoint if they cannot both occur (be true).

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Mutual knowledge (logic)

Mutual knowledge is a fundamental concept about information in game theory, (epistemic) logic, and epistemology.

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Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna

Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna (ಎಂ.ಎಸ್. ಪುಟ್ಟಣ್ಣ) was one of the authors of Kannada literature noted for introducing Kannada in prose form to a wider audience.

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Nabadwip

Nabadwip is a city under Municipal administration in the Nadia District in West Bengal, (India).

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Nae Ionescu

Nae Ionescu (born Nicolae C. Ionescu; – 15 March 1940) was a Romanian philosopher, logician, mathematician, professor, and journalist.

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Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi

Maulana Syed Muhammad Naim-ud-din Moradabadi, also known as Sadr ul-Afazil, was a twentieth-century jurist, scholar, mufti, Quranic exegetic, and educator.

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Narrative logic

Narrative logic describes any logical process of narrative analysis used by readers or viewers to understand and draw conclusions from narratives.

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Narrative paradigm

Narrative paradigm is a communication theory conceptualized by 20th-century communication scholar Walter Fisher.

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Nasty P

Nasty P (Paul Rutherford) is a hip hop Producer/DJ from Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Nathan Salmon

Nathan U. Salmon (né Nathan Salmon Ucuzoglu in 1951) is an American philosopher in the analytic tradition, specializing in metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of logic.

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Natural deduction

In logic and proof theory, natural deduction is a kind of proof calculus in which logical reasoning is expressed by inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.

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Natural language

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and the philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation.

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Natural number

In mathematics, the natural numbers are those used for counting (as in "there are six coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the third largest city in the country").

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Naturalism (philosophy)

In philosophy, naturalism is the "idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world." Adherents of naturalism (i.e., naturalists) assert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that the changing universe at every stage is a product of these laws.

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Navigrid

Navigrid is a logic-based number-placement puzzle.

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Navya-Nyāya

The Navya-Nyāya or Neo-Logical darśana (view, system, or school) of Indian logic and Indian philosophy was founded in the 13th century CE by the philosopher Gangeśa Upādhyāya of Mithila and continued by Raghunatha Siromani.

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Ndre Mjeda

Ndre Mjeda (20 November 1866 – 1 August 1937) was an Albanian priest, philologist, poet and an activist of Albanian national awakening.

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Near and Far

Near and Far is a board game for 2 to 4 players designed by Ryan Laukat and published by Red Raven Games in 2017.

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Neats and scruffies

Neat and scruffy are labels for two different types of artificial intelligence (AI) research.

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Necessity and sufficiency

In logic, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe an implicational relationship between statements.

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Negation

In logic, negation, also called the logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition P to another proposition "not P", written \neg P (¬P), which is interpreted intuitively as being true when P is false, and false when P is true.

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Nelson Goodman

Henry Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906 – 25 November 1998) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism, and aesthetics.

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Neoevolutionism

Neoevolutionism as a social theory attempts to explain the evolution of societies by drawing on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution while discarding some dogmas of the previous theories of social evolutionism.

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Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is a term used to designate a strand of Platonic philosophy that began with Plotinus in the third century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion.

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Neural circuit

A neural circuit, is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.

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Neuro-linguistic programming

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in California, United States in the 1970s.

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Neven Sesardić

Neven Sesardić (born 30 July 1949) is a Croatian philosopher known for his writings on heritability and race.

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Nevile Davidson

Andrew Nevile Davidson, (13 February 1899 – 20 December 1976) was a senior Church of Scotland minister.

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New Atheism

New Atheism is a term coined in 2006 by the agnostic journalist Gary Wolf to describe the positions promoted by some atheists of the twenty-first century.

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New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries

The New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries is a system of library classification developed by Yung-Hsiang Lai since 1956.

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New Nigerian Cinema

New Nigerian Cinema (also known as New Wave or controversially as New Nollywood) is an emerging phase in Nigerian cinema, in which there became a major shift in the method of film production, from the video format, which came about during the video boom, back to the cinema method, which constituted the films produced in the Golden era of Nigerian cinema history.

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New York University Department of Philosophy

The New York University Department of Philosophy is ranked 1st in the US and 1st in the English-speaking world, in the 2014-15 ranking of philosophy departments by The Philosophical Gourmet Report (it was ranked 1st in the previous 2011, 2009, and 2006 rankings).

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Newton da Costa

Newton Carneiro Affonso da Costa (born 16 September 1929 in Curitiba, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher.

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Nicholas of Autrecourt

Nicholas of Autrecourt (French: Nicholas d'Autrécourt; Latin: Nicolaus de Autricuria or Nicolaus de Ultricuria; c. 1299, Autrecourt – 16 or 17 July 1369, Metz) was a French medieval philosopher and Scholastic theologian.

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Nicholas Quemerford

Nicholas Quemerford (c. 1554–1599) was an Irish Jesuit priest.

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Nicholas Rescher

Nicholas Rescher (born 15 July 1928) is a German-American philosopher at the University of Pittsburgh.

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Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn

Nicolaas Govert (Dick) de Bruijn (9 July 1918 – 17 February 2012) was a Dutch mathematician, noted for his many contributions in the fields of analysis, number theory, combinatorics and logic.

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Nicolai A. Vasiliev

Nicolai Alexandrovich Vasiliev (Николай Александрович Васильев), also Vasil'ev, Vassilieff, Wassilieff (– December 31, 1940), was a Russian logician, philosopher, psychologist, poet.

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Nicolas d'Orbellis

Nicolas d'Orbellis was a French Franciscan theologian and philosopher, of the Scotist school.

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Nicolaus I Bernoulli

Nicolaus Bernoulli (born 21 October 1687 in Basel, died 29 November 1759 in Basel; also spelled Nicolas or Nikolas), was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.

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Nijaz Ibrulj

Nijaz Ibrulj (born 2 July 1956) is a Bosnian philosopher and a professor at the University of Sarajevo's Department of Philosophy and Sociology.

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Nikolai Ladovsky

Nikolai Alexandrovich Ladovsky (Russian: Николай Александрович Ладовский) (1881–1941) was a Russian avant-garde architect and educator, leader of the rationalist movement in 1920s architecture, an approach emphasizing human perception of space and shape.

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Nils Wallerius

Nils Wallerius (Stora Mellösa 1 January 1706 – Funbo 16 August 1764) was a Swedish physicist, philosopher and theologian.

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Nominal terms (computer science)

Nominal terms are a metalanguage for embedding object languages with binding constructs into.

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Non-logical symbol

In logic, the formal languages used to create expressions consist of symbols, which can be broadly divided into constants and variables.

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Non-well-founded set theory

Non-well-founded set theories are variants of axiomatic set theory that allow sets to contain themselves and otherwise violate the rule of well-foundedness.

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Noneism

Noneism, also known as modal Meinongianism, is a theory in logic and metaphysics first coined by Richard Routley and appropriated again in 2005 by Graham Priest.

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Normal modal logic

In logic, a normal modal logic is a set L of modal formulas such that L contains.

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Norman Kemp Smith

Norman Duncan Kemp Smith FRSE (5 May 1872 – 3 September 1958) was a Scottish philosopher who was Professor of Psychology (1906–14) and Philosophy (1914–19) at Princeton University and was Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh (1919–45).

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Norman L. Biggs

Norman Linstead Biggs (born 2 January 1941) is a leading British mathematician focusing on discrete mathematics and in particular algebraic combinatorics.

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North Coast Music Festival

The North Coast Music Festival is a music and arts festival featuring folk, rock, hip hop, DJ's and wide variety of performance and installation artists held annually over Labor Day weekend in Chicago at Union Park.

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Nostradamus

Michel de Nostredame (depending on the source, 14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566), usually Latinised as Nostradamus was a French physician and reputed seer, who is best known for his book Les Propheties, a collection of 942 poetic quatrains allegedly predicting future events. The book was first published in 1555 and has rarely been out of print since his death. Nostradamus's family was originally Jewish, but had converted to Catholicism before he was born. He studied at the University of Avignon, but was forced to leave after just over a year when the university closed due to an outbreak of the plague. He worked as an apothecary for several years before entering the University of Montpellier, hoping to earn a doctorate, but was almost immediately expelled after his work as an apothecary (a manual trade forbidden by university statutes) was discovered. He first married in 1531, but his wife and two children were killed in 1534 during another plague outbreak. He fought alongside doctors against the plague before remarrying to Anne Ponsarde, who bore him six children. He wrote an almanac for 1550 and, as a result of its success, continued writing them for future years as he began working as an astrologer for various wealthy patrons. Catherine de' Medici became one of his foremost supporters. His Les Propheties, published in 1555, relied heavily on historical and literary precedent and initially received mixed reception. He suffered from severe gout towards the end of his life, which eventually developed in edema. He died on 2 July 1566. Many popular authors have retold apocryphal legends about his life. In the years since the publication of his Les Propheties, Nostradamus has attracted a large number of supporters, who, along with much of the popular press, credit him with having accurately predicted many major world events. Most academic sources reject the notion that Nostradamus had any genuine supernatural prophetic abilities and maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus's quatrains are the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations (sometimes deliberate). These academics argue that Nostradamus's predictions are characteristically vague, meaning they could be applied to virtually anything, and are useless for determining whether their author had any real prophetic powers. They also point out that English translations of his quatrains are almost always of extremely poor quality, based on later manuscripts, produced by authors with little knowledge of sixteenth-century French, and often deliberately mistranslated to make the prophecies fit whatever events the translator believed they were supposed to have predicted.

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Nothing

Nothing is a concept denoting the absence of something, and is associated with nothingness.

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Notion (philosophy)

A notion in philosophy is a reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and relations.

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Nous

Nous, sometimes equated to intellect or intelligence, is a philosophical term for the faculty of the human mind which is described in classical philosophy as necessary for understanding what is true or real.

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Novum Organum

The Novum Organum, fully Novum Organum Scientiarum ('new instrument of science'), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620.

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NUE Agency

Nue Agency is a Creative Music Agency located in New York City.

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Number Four (Battlestar Galactica)

Simon O'Neill (Number Four), is a fictional character, a Cylon from the reimagined Battlestar Galactica series.

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Nyaya

(Sanskrit: न्याय, ny-āyá), literally means "rules", "method" or "judgment".

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Object language

An object language is a language which is the "object" of study in various fields including logic, linguistics, mathematics, and theoretical computer science.

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Object of the mind

An object of the mind is an object that exists in the imagination, but which, in the real world, can only be represented or modeled.

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Objectivism (Ayn Rand)

Objectivism is a philosophical system developed by Russian-American writer Ayn Rand (1905–1982).

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Occam's razor

Occam's razor (also Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: lex parsimoniae "law of parsimony") is the problem-solving principle that, the simplest explanation tends to be the right one.

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Of Education

The tractate Of Education was published in 1644, first appearing anonymously as a single eight-page quarto sheet (Ainsworth 6).

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Olaf Helmer

Olaf Helmer (June 4, 1910 – April 14, 2011) was a German-American logician and futurologist.

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Omer Talon

Omer Talon (Audomarus Talaeus) (c.1510–1562) was a French humanist, a close ally of Petrus Ramus.

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OMTROLL

OMTROLL basically is an Object-oriented modeling idea that has been formulated by combining the traditional Object Modelling Approaches(OMT) and the formal specifications of the TROLL language.

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OODA loop

The OODA loop is the decision cycle of observe, orient, decide, and act, developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd.

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Opaque context

An opaque context or referentially opaque context is a linguistic context in which it is not always possible to substitute "co-referential" expressions (expressions referring to the same object) without altering the truth of sentences.

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Ordinary language philosophy

Ordinary language philosophy is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting what words actually mean in everyday use.

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Organizational engineering

Organizational engineering (OE) is a form of organizational development.

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Organon

The Organon (Greek: Ὄργανον, meaning "instrument, tool, organ") is the standard collection of Aristotle's six works on logic.

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Origen

Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was a Hellenistic scholar, ascetic, and early Christian theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.

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Orthoepy

Orthoepy is the study of pronunciation of a particular language, within a specific oral tradition.

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Orthogonal array

In mathematics, in the area of combinatorial designs, an orthogonal array is a "table" (array) whose entries come from a fixed finite set of symbols (typically), arranged in such a way that there is an integer t so that for every selection of t columns of the table, all ordered t-tuples of the symbols, formed by taking the entries in each row restricted to these columns, appear the same number of times.

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Orthogonal array testing

Orthogonal array testing is a black box testing technique that is a systematic, statistical way of software testing.

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Oskar Becker

Oscar Becker (5 September 1889 – 13 November 1964) was a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, and historian of mathematics.

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Oslo Cathedral School

Schola Osloensis, known in Norwegian as Oslo katedralskole (Oslo Cathedral School) and more commonly as "Katta" is a selective upper secondary school located in Oslo, Norway.

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Ostap Ortwin

Ostap Ortwin (real name Oskar Katzenellenbogen) (born November 23, 1876, murdered in spring 1942 in Lwów) was a Polish Jewish journalist and literary critic.

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Oswald Külpe

Oswald Külpe (3 August 1862 – 30 December 1915) was one of the structural psychologists of the late 19th and early 20th century.

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Otto Casmann

Otto Casmann (1562 - 1 August 1607) (also known by the Latinized name Casmannus) was a German humanist who converted from Catholicism to Protestantism as a young man.

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Otto Weininger

Otto Weininger (3 April 1880 – 4 October 1903) was an Austrian philosopher.

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Otto's encyclopedia

Otto's encyclopedia (Ottova encyklopedie or Ottův slovník naučný), published at the turn of the 20th century, is the largest encyclopedia written in the Czech language.

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Outline of academic disciplines

An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher education.

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Outline of discrete mathematics

Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous.

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Outline of epistemology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to epistemology: Epistemology or theory of knowledge – branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.

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Outline of humanism

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to humanism: Humanism – group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism), over established doctrine or faith (fideism).

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Outline of logic

Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics.

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Outline of philosophy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to philosophy: Philosophy – study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Outline of self

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the self: Self – an individual person, from his or her own perspective.

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Outline of software engineering

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering: Software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to software.

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Outline of the history of Western civilization

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of Western civilization, a record of the development of human civilization beginning in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and generally spreading westwards.

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Outline of the human brain

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human brain: Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull.

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Outline of thought

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking): Thought (also called thinking) – the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world.

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Overlap (term rewriting)

In mathematics, computer science and logic, overlap, as a property of the reduction rules in term rewriting system, describes a situation where a number of different reduction rules specify potentially contradictory ways of reducing a reducible expression (or redex) within a term.

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Ovidio Montalbani

Ovidio Montalbani (1601 or 1602 – 1671) was an Italian mathematician.

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Oxford Calculators

The Oxford Calculators were a group of 14th-century thinkers, almost all associated with Merton College, Oxford; for this reason they were dubbed "The Merton School".

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Package-deal fallacy

The logical fallacy of the package deal (also known as false conjunction) consists of assuming that things often grouped together by tradition or culture must always be grouped that way.

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Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC; Urdu) is an independent governmental authority and a scientific research institution, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology.

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Palacký University

Palacký University Olomouc is the oldest university in Moravia and the second-oldest in the Czech Republic.

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Panaetius

Panaetius (Παναίτιος, Panaitios; c. 185 – c. 110/109 BC) of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher.

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Pandemic (board game)

Pandemic is a cooperative board game designed by Matt Leacock and published by Z-Man Games in 2007.

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Panic

Panic is a sudden sensation of fear, which is so strong as to dominate or prevent reason and logical thinking, replacing it with overwhelming feelings of anxiety and frantic agitation consistent with an animalistic fight-or-flight reaction.

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Panlogism

In philosophy, panlogism is a Hegelian doctrine that holds that the universe is the act or realization of Logos.

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Papias (lexicographer)

Papias (fl. 1040s–1060s) was a Latin lexicographer from Italy.

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Paraconsistent logic

A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way.

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Paradox

A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion.

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Paradox of the Court

The Paradox of the Court, also known as the counterdilemma of Euathlus, is a very old problem in logic stemming from ancient Greece.

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Parameter

A parameter (from the Ancient Greek παρά, para: "beside", "subsidiary"; and μέτρον, metron: "measure"), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc.

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Parlour game

A parlour or parlor game is a group game played indoors.

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Parnassus plays

The Parnassus plays are three satiric comedies, or full-length academic dramas each divided into five acts.

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Patrick Hamilton (martyr)

Patrick Hamilton (1504 – 29 February 1528) was a Scottish churchman and an early Protestant Reformer in Scotland.

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Paul Gochet

Paul Gochet (21 March 1932 – 21 June 2011) was a Belgian logician, philosopher, and emeritus professor of the University of Liège.

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Paul Kurtz

Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was a prominent American scientific skeptic and secular humanist.

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Paul of Venice

Paul of Venice (or Paulus Venetus; 1369–1429) was a Roman Catholic scholastic philosopher, theologian, and realist logician and metaphysician of the Hermits of the Order of Saint Augustine.

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Paul the Venetian

Paul the Venetian or the Venetian Chohan is one of the "Masters of the Ancient Wisdom" in the teachings of Theosophy and is regarded as one of the ascended masters in the Ascended Master Teachings (also collectively called the Great White Brotherhood).

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Paul VI High School

Paul VI High School is a private Catholic high school located in Haddon Township, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States.

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Pauli Pylkkö

Pauli Pylkkö is a Finnish philosopher.

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Pavel Jozef Šafárik

Pavel Jozef Šafárik (13 May 1795 – 26 June 1861) was a Slovak philologist, poet, one of the first scientific Slavists; literary historian, historian and ethnographer.

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Pavel Tichý

Pavel Tichý (18 February 1936 Brno, Czechoslovakia – 26 October 1994 Dunedin, New Zealand) was a Czech logician, philosopher and mathematician.

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Peace Theological Seminary & College of Philosophy

Peace Theological Seminary & College of Philosophy (PTS) is a theological seminary and the educational arm of the Church of the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness.

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Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher)

Pedro da Fonseca (Proença-a-Nova, 1528 – Lisbon, 4 November 1599) was a Portuguese Jesuit philosopher and theologian.

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Pedro Nunes

Pedro Nunes (Latin: Petrus Nonius; 1502 – 11 August 1578) was a Portuguese mathematician, cosmographer, and professor, from a New Christian (of Jewish origin) family.

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Peirce's law

In logic, Peirce's law is named after the philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce.

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Penelope Maddy

Penelope Maddy (born 4 July 1950 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is a UCI Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine.

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Per fas et nefas

"Per fas et nefas" (Latin for "through right and wrong") refers to unfair eristic treatment.

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Per Lindström

Per "Pelle" Lindström (9 April 1936 – 21 August 2009, Gothenburg)ASL, September 2009 was a Swedish logician, after whom Lindström's theorem and the Lindström quantifier are named.

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Per Martin-Löf

Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (born May 8, 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician.

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Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena

Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena, sometimes called simulacra, are sightings of images with spiritual or religious themes or import to the perceiver.

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Persuasion

Persuasion is an umbrella term of influence.

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Peter Abelard

Peter Abelard (Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; Pierre Abélard,; 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician.

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Peter Geach

Peter Thomas Geach, FBA (29 March 1916 – 21 December 2013) was a British philosopher and professor of logic at the University of Leeds.

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Peter Ludlow

Peter Ludlow (born January 16, 1957), who also writes under the pseudonym Urizenus Sklar, is an American philosopher of language.

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Peter Suber

Peter Dain Suber (born November 8, 1951) is a philosopher specializing in the philosophy of law and open access to knowledge.

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Peter Weibel

Peter Weibel (born 5 March 1944 in Odessa, USSR) is an Austrian artist, curator and theoretician.

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Petr Hájek

Petr Hájek (6 February 1940 – 26 December 2016) was a Czech scientist in the area of mathematical logic and a professor of mathematics.

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Petro Zheji

Petro Zheji (18 October 1929 - 14 March 2015) was an Albanian linguist, translator, philosopher, and author from Gjirokastër who lived and worked intellectually in Tiranë, Albania.

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Petrus de Ibernia

Petrus de Ibernia, also known as Peter of Ireland, writer and lecturer, fl.

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Petrus Ramus

Petrus Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée; Anglicized to Peter Ramus; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was an influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer.

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Phaenias of Eresus

Phaenias of Eresus (Φαινίας ὁ Ἐρέσιος, Phainias; also Phanias) was a Greek philosopher from Lesbos, important as an immediate follower of and commentator on Aristotle.

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Philip Ehrlich

Philip Ehrlich is Professor at Department of Philosophy of Ohio University.

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Philip Jourdain

Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain (16 October 1879 – 1 October 1919) was a British logician and follower of Bertrand Russell.

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Philippus Baldaeus

Philips Baelde or Father Philippus Baldaeus, (baptized on 24 October 1632, Delft – 1671, Geervliet) was a Dutch minister.

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Philosopher

A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science.

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Philosophical Investigations

Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen) is a work by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, first published, posthumously, in 1953, in which Wittgenstein discusses numerous problems and puzzles in the fields of semantics, logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of action, and philosophy of mind.

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Philosophical logic

Philosophical logic refers to those areas of philosophy in which recognized methods of logic have traditionally been used to solve or advance the discussion of philosophical problems.

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Philosophical progress

A prominent question in metaphilosophy is that of whether philosophical progress occurs, and more so, whether such progress in philosophy is even possible.

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Philosophy

Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Philosophy in Canada

The study and teaching of philosophy in Canada date from the time of New France.

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Philosophy in the Soviet Union

Philosophy in the Soviet Union was officially confined to Marxist–Leninist thinking, which theoretically was the basis of objective and ultimate philosophical truth.

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Philosophy of biology

The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences.

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Philosophy of education

Philosophy of education can refer either to the application of philosophy to the problem of education, examining definitions, goals and chains of meaning used in education by teachers, administrators or policymakers.

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Philosophy of healthcare

The philosophy of healthcare is the study of the ethics, processes, and people which constitute the maintenance of health for human beings.

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Philosophy of information

The philosophy of information (PI) is a branch of philosophy that studies topics relevant to computer science, information science and information technology.

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Philosophy of language

Philosophy of language explores the relationship between language and reality.

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Philosophy of life

There are at least two senses in which the term philosophy is used: a formal and an informal sense.

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Philosophy of logic

Following the developments in formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic.

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Philosophy of mathematics

The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics, and purports to provide a viewpoint of the nature and methodology of mathematics, and to understand the place of mathematics in people's lives.

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Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy has been a major influence in the development of 20th-century philosophy, especially existentialism and postmodernism.

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Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science is a sub-field of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

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Philosophy Research Index

The Philosophy Research Index is an indexing database containing bibliographic information on philosophical publications in several western languages.

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Philosophy, Politics and Economics

Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) is an interdisciplinary undergraduate/post-graduate degree which combines study from three disciplines.

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Phylogenetic comparative methods

Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses.

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence.

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Piergiorgio Odifreddi

Piergiorgio Odifreddi (born 13 July 1950 in Cuneo) is an Italian mathematician, logician and aficionado of the history of science, who is also extremely active as a popular science writer and essayist, especially in a perspective of philosophical atheism as a member of the Italian Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics.

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Pierre Duhem

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (9 June 1861 – 14 September 1916) was a French physicist, mathematician, historian and philosopher of science.

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Pierre Gassendi

Pierre Gassendi (also Pierre Gassend, Petrus Gassendi; 22 January 1592 – 24 October 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, astronomer, and mathematician.

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Pieter Seuren

Pieter Albertus Maria Seuren (born July 9, 1934 in Haarlem), a Dutch linguist, is emeritus professor of Linguistics and Philosophy of Language at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, now a research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics at Nijmegen.

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Pietro Alagona

Pietro Alagona (1549 – 19 October 1624) was a Catholic theologian.

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Pietro Catena

Pietro Catena (1501–1577) was an Italian astronomer, philosopher, mathematician, theologian and catholic priest, citizen of the Republic of Venice.

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Pietro Rossi (scientist)

Pietro Rossi (23 January 1738 in Florence – 21 December 1804 in Pisa) was an Italian scientist and entomologist.

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Pinocchio paradox

The Pinocchio paradox arises when Pinocchio says "My nose grows now" and is a version of the liar paradox.

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Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer

Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer (born 21 December 1952 in Meßkirch) is a German philosopher and professor of theoretical philosophy at the university of Leipzig.

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Place and route

Place and route is a stage in the design of printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, and field-programmable gate arrays.

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Places in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

This is a list of places featured in Douglas Adams's science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

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Plan

A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with details of timing and resources, used to achieve an objective to do something.

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Platform mound

A platform mound is any earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity.

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Plato's Problem

Plato's Problem is the term given by Noam Chomsky to "the problem of explaining how we can know so much" given our limited experience.

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Platon Poretsky

Platon Sergeevich Poretsky (Платон Серге́евич Порецкий; October 3, 1846 in Elisavetgrad – August 9, 1907 in Chernihiv Governorate) was a noted Russian astronomer, mathematician, and logician.

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Platonic epistemology

Plato's epistemology holds that knowledge of Platonic Ideas is innate, so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul, often under the midwife-like guidance of an interrogator.

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Plot hole

In fiction, a plot hole, plothole or plot error is a gap or inconsistency in a storyline that goes against the flow of logic established by the story's plot.

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Pluralism (philosophy)

Pluralism is a term used in philosophy, meaning "doctrine of multiplicity", often used in opposition to monism ("doctrine of unity") and dualism ("doctrine of duality").

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Pneumatic school

The Pneumatic school of medicine (Pneumatics, or Pneumatici, Πνευματικοί) was an ancient school of medicine in ancient Greece and Rome.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish Logic

Polish Logic is an anthology of papers by several authors—Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Leon Chwistek, Stanislaw Jaskowski, Zbigniew Jordan, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Stanislaw Lesniewski, Jan Lukasiewicz, Jerzy Słupecki, and Mordchaj Wajsberg—published in 1967 and covering the period 1920–1939.

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Polish notation

Polish notation (PN), also known as normal Polish notation (NPN), Łukasiewicz notation, Warsaw notation, Polish prefix notation or simply prefix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators precede their operands, in contrast to reverse Polish notation (RPN) in which operators follow their operands.

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Polish Philosophical Society

The Polish Philosophical Society is a scientific society based in Poland, founded in 1904 in Lwów, whose statutory goal is to practice and promote philosophy, especially onthology, theory of knowledge, logic, methodology, ethics, history of philosophy as well as the history of social science.

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Political hip hop

Political hip hop is a subgenre of hip hop music that was developed in the 1980s as a way of turning rap music into a call for action and a form of social activism.

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Polylogism

Polylogism is the belief that different groups of people reason in fundamentally different ways (coined from Greek poly.

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Pope John XXI

Pope John XXI (Ioannes XXI; – 20 May 1277), born Peter Juliani (Petrus Iulianus; Pedro Julião), was Pope from 8 September 1276 to his death in 1277.

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Pope Sylvester II

Pope Sylvester II or Silvester II (– 12 May 1003) was Pope from 2 April 999 to his death in 1003.

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Porphyrian tree

The Porphyrian tree, Tree of Porphyry or Arbor Porphyriana is a classic device for illustrating what is also called a "scale of being".

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Posidonius

Posidonius (Ποσειδώνιος, Poseidonios, meaning "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (c. 135 BCE – c. 51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.

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Positivism

Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.

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Possible world

In philosophy and logic, the concept of a possible world is used to express modal claims.

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Post's lattice

In logic and universal algebra, Post's lattice denotes the lattice of all clones on a two-element set, ordered by inclusion.

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Power: A New Social Analysis

Power: A New Social Analysis by Bertrand Russell (1st imp. London 1938, Allen & Unwin, 328 pp.) is a work in social philosophy written by Bertrand Russell.

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PQ: Practical Intelligence Quotient

PQ: Practical Intelligence Quotient is a puzzle game for the PlayStation Portable.

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Practical arguments

Practical arguments are a logical structure used to determine the validity or dependencies of a claim made in natural language.

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Practical philosophy

The division of philosophy into a practical philosophy and a theoretical discipline has its origin in Aristotle's moral philosophy and natural philosophy categories.

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Pragma-dialectics

Pragma-dialectics, or pragma-dialectical theory, developed by Frans H. van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst (see 1984; 1992; 2004) at the University of Amsterdam, is an argumentation theory that is used to analyze and evaluate argumentation in actual practice.

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Pragmatic mapping

Pragmatic mapping — a term in current use in linguistics, computing, cognitive psychology, and related fields — is the process by which a given abstract predicate (a symbol) comes to be associated through action (a dynamic index) with some particular logical object (an icon).

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Pragmatic maxim

The pragmatic maxim, also known as the maxim of pragmatism or the maxim of pragmaticism, is a maxim of logic formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce.

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Pragmatic theory of truth

A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism.

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Pragmatism

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870.

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Pramāṇa-samuccaya

The Pramāṇa-samuccaya ("Compendium of Validities") is a philosophical treatise by Dignāga, an Indian Buddhist logician and epistemologist who lived from c. 480 to c. 540.

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Predicate abstraction

In logic, predicate abstraction is the result of creating a predicate from a sentence.

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Predicate functor logic

In mathematical logic, predicate functor logic (PFL) is one of several ways to express first-order logic (also known as predicate logic) by purely algebraic means, i.e., without quantified variables.

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Prefaces

Prefaces is a book by Søren Kierkegaard published under the pseudonym Nicolaus Notabene.

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Preintuitionism

In the mathematical philosophy, the pre-intuitionists were a small but influential group who informally shared similar philosophies on the nature of mathematics.

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Premise

A premise or premiss is a statement that an argument claims will induce or justify a conclusion.

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Primitive notion

In mathematics, logic, and formal systems, a primitive notion is an undefined concept.

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Prince Rupert of the Rhine

Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland (17 December 1619 – 29 November 1682) was a noted German soldier, admiral, scientist, sportsman, colonial governor and amateur artist during the 17th century.

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Principle of bivalence

In logic, the semantic principle (or law) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth value, either true or false.

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Principle of sufficient reason

The principle of sufficient reason states that everything must have a reason or a cause.

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Principles of grid generation

A grid is a small-sized geometrical shape that covers the physical domain, whose objective is to identify the discrete volumes or elements where conservation laws can be applied.

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Probabilistic CTL

Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) is an extension of computation tree logic (CTL) which allows for probabilistic quantification of described properties.

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Probabilistic logic

The aim of a probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) is to combine the capacity of probability theory to handle uncertainty with the capacity of deductive logic to exploit structure of formal argument.

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Probability interpretations

The word probability has been used in a variety of ways since it was first applied to the mathematical study of games of chance.

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Problem of evil

The problem of evil refers to the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil with an omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent God (see theism).

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Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the American Mathematical Society.

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Process of elimination

Process of elimination is a method to identify an entity of interest among several ones by excluding all other entities.

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Product (mathematics)

In mathematics, a product is the result of multiplying, or an expression that identifies factors to be multiplied.

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Programmable Array Logic

Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc.

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Programming language

A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output.

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Prolog

Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

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Proof (truth)

A proof is sufficient evidence or a sufficient argument for the truth of a proposition.

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Proof by contradiction

In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof, and more specifically a form of indirect proof, that establishes the truth or validity of a proposition.

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Proof by contrapositive

In logic, the contrapositive of a conditional statement is formed by negating both terms and reversing the direction of inference.

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Proof procedure

In logic, and in particular proof theory, a proof procedure for a given logic is a systematic method for producing proofs in some proof calculus of (provable) statements.

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Propædia

The one-volume Propædia is the first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia.

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Property (philosophy)

In philosophy, mathematics, and logic, a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness.

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Proposed redefinition of SI base units

The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) has proposed revised definitions of the SI base units, for consideration at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM).

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Propositional calculus

Propositional calculus is a branch of logic.

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Propositional function

A propositional function in logic, is a sentence expressed in a way that would assume the value of true or false, except that within the sentence is a variable (x) that is not defined or specified, which leaves the statement undetermined.

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Proving a point

Proving a point is an element of debate or argument in which the logical truth of a position is established.

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Pseudoelementary class

In logic, a pseudoelementary class is a class of structures derived from an elementary class (one definable in first-order logic) by omitting some of its sorts and relations.

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Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method.

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Psychological typologies

Psychological typologies are classifications used by psychologists to describe the distinctions between people.

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Psychologism

Psychologism is a philosophical position, according to which psychology plays a central role in grounding or explaining some other, non-psychological type of fact or law.

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Psychology of reasoning

The psychology of reasoning is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions.

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Public eProcurement

The term Public eProcurement ("electronic procurement" in the public sector) refers, in Singapore, Ukraine, Europe and Canada, to the use of electronic means in conducting a public procurement procedure for the purchase of goods, works or services.

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Pure mathematics

Broadly speaking, pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts.

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Purgatory

In Roman Catholic theology, purgatory (via Anglo-Norman and Old French) is an intermediate state after physical death in which some of those ultimately destined for heaven must first "undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven," holding that "certain offenses can be forgiven in this age, but certain others in the age to come." And that entrance into Heaven requires the "remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven," for which indulgences may be given which remove "either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin," such as an "unhealthy attachment" to sin.

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Puzzle video game

Puzzle video games make up a unique genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving.

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Qaani

Mirza Habibollah Shirazi, known as Qaani, is one of the most famous poets of the Qajar era.

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Qazi Motahar Hossain

Qazi Motahar Hossain (কাজী মোতাহার হোসেন) was a Bangladeshi author, scientist, statistician, chess player, and journalist.

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Quadrivium

The quadrivium (plural: quadrivia) is the four subjects, or arts, taught after teaching the trivium.

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Qualitative psychological research

In psychology, qualitative research has come to be defined as research whose findings are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures.

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Quality (philosophy)

In philosophy, a quality is an attribute or a property characteristic of an object.

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Quantifier (logic)

In logic, quantification specifies the quantity of specimens in the domain of discourse that satisfy an open formula.

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Quasi-quotation

Quasi-quotation or Quine quotation is a linguistic device in formal languages that facilitates rigorous and terse formulation of general rules about linguistic expressions while properly observing the use–mention distinction.

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Question

A question is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or the request made using such an expression.

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R. R. Rockingham Gill

Richard Rowan Rockingham Gill, (born 1944, South Africa) was a lecturer of philosophy—in particular, logic—and is an author.

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Rabbi Ishmael

Rabbi Yishmael "Ba'al HaBaraita" or Yishmael ben Elisha (90-135 CE, Hebrew: רבי ישמעאל בעל הברייתא) was a Tanna of the 1st and 2nd centuries (third tannaitic generation).

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Rachel Speght

Rachel Speght (1597 – death date unknown) was a poet and polemicist.

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Radha Charan Gupta

Radha Charan Gupta (born 1935 in Jhansi, in present-day Uttar Pradesh) is an Indian historian of mathematics.

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Ralph Creed Meredith

Ralph Creed Meredith, M.A., (7 October 1887 – 10 January 1970) was an Anglican Cleric who succeeded Edward Keble Talbot as Chaplain to His Majesty, King George VI and afterwards Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

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Ralph McKenzie

Ralph Nelson Whitfield McKenzie (born October 20, 1941) is an American mathematician, logician, and abstract algebraist.

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Ralph Monroe Eaton

Ralph Monroe Eaton (June 28, 1892 – April 13, 1932) was an American philosopher of Harvard University whose career was cut short when he killed himself at the age of 39.

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Ralph Strode

Ralph Strode (fl. 1350 – 1400), English schoolman, was probably a native of the West Midlands.

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Ramism

Ramism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic, and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher, and Huguenot convert, who was murdered during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572.

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Ramon Llull

Ramon Llull, T.O.S.F. (c. 1232 – c. 1315; Anglicised Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull; in Latin Raimundus or Raymundus Lullus or Lullius) was a philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary and Spanish writer.

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Randall Dougherty

Randall Dougherty (born 1961) is an American mathematician.

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Raphael Debono

Raphael Debono (19th century) was a Maltese minor philosopher.

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Rashid Ahmad

Rashid Ahmed, PhD (رشید احمد; 4 November 1934 – March 2011) was a Pakistani Mathematician and a university administrator.

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Rathmell Academy

Rathmell Academy was a Dissenting academy set up at Rathmell, North Yorkshire, and was the oldest non-conformist seat of learning in the north of England.

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Rational consequence relation

In logic, a rational consequence relation is a non-monotonic consequence relation satisfying certain properties listed below.

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Rational temperament

The Rational temperament is one of the four temperaments defined by David Keirsey.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".

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Rationality

Rationality is the quality or state of being rational – that is, being based on or agreeable to reason.

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Rationalization (psychology)

In psychology and logic, rationalization or rationalisation (also known as making excuses) is a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable—or even admirable and superior—by plausible means.

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Ravi Zacharias

Ravi Zacharias (born 26 March 1946) is an Indian-born Canadian-American Christian apologist.

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Ray Monk

Ray Monk (born 15 February 1957) is a British philosopher.

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Raymond Reiter

Raymond Reiter (June 12, 1939 – September 16, 2002), was a Canadian computer scientist and logician.

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Raymond Smullyan

Raymond Merrill Smullyan (May 25, 1919 – February 6, 2017) was an American mathematician, magician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist, and philosopher.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.

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Reason (argument)

A reason is a consideration which justifies or explains.

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Reasoning system

In information technology a reasoning system is a software system that generates conclusions from available knowledge using logical techniques such as deduction and induction.

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Recursion

Recursion occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type.

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Recursion (computer science)

Recursion in computer science is a method of solving a problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem (as opposed to iteration).

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Recursive language

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language (a set of finite sequences of symbols taken from a fixed alphabet) is called recursive if it is a recursive subset of the set of all possible finite sequences over the alphabet of the language.

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Recursively enumerable language

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is called recursively enumerable (also recognizable, partially decidable, semidecidable, Turing-acceptable or Turing-recognizable) if it is a recursively enumerable subset in the set of all possible words over the alphabet of the language, i.e., if there exists a Turing machine which will enumerate all valid strings of the language.

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Reductio ad absurdum

In logic, reductio ad absurdum ("reduction to absurdity"; also argumentum ad absurdum, "argument to absurdity") is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a statement by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous, absurd, or impractical conclusion, or to prove one by showing that if it were not true, the result would be absurd or impossible.

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Referent

A referent is a person or thing to which a name – a linguistic expression or other symbol – refers.

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Relation construction

In logic and mathematics, relation construction and relational constructibility have to do with the ways that one relation is determined by an indexed family or a sequence of other relations, called the relation dataset.

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Relationship between religion and science

Various aspects of the relationship between religion and science have been addressed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others.

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Relevance logic

Relevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications to be relevantly related.

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Religiosity and intelligence

The study of religiosity and intelligence explores the link between religiosity and issues related to intelligence and educational level (by country and on the individual level).

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Religious pluralism

Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society.

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Remigius of Auxerre

Remigius (Remi) of Auxerre (Remigius Autissiodorensis; c. 841 – 908) was a Benedictine monk during the Carolingian period, a teacher of Latin grammar, and a prolific author of commentaries on classical Greek and Latin texts.

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Representation (arts)

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else.

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Resource Description Framework

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata data model.

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Reverse Polish notation

Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands.

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Revision (writing)

Revision is the stage in the writing process where the author reviews, alters, and amends her or his message, according to what has been written in the draft.

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Rewrite

Rewrite and rewriting may refer to.

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Rewriting

In mathematics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of (potentially non-deterministic) methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms.

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Reza Hosseini Nassab

Grand Ayatollah Seyed Reza Hosseini Nassab (Persian: سيد رضا حسيني نسب) (born 1960) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja, currently residing in Canada.

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.

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Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle's Rhetoric (Rhētorikḗ; Ars Rhetorica) is an ancient Greek treatise on the art of persuasion, dating from the 4th century BC.

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Rhetoric of science

Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity.

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Richard Ferrybridge

Richard Ferrybridge was an English Scholastic logician of the fourteenth century.

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Richard Frankland (tutor)

Richard Frankland (1630–1698) was an English nonconformist, notable for founding the Rathmell Academy, a dissenting academy in the north of England.

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Richard Grandy

Richard Grandy is an American philosopher and logician.

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Richard Jeffrey

Richard Carl Jeffrey (August 5, 1926 – November 9, 2002) was an American philosopher, logician, and probability theorist.

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Richard Lewis Nettleship

Richard Lewis Nettleship (17 December 1846 – 25 August 1892) was an English philosopher.

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Richard Milton Martin

Richard Milton Martin (1916, Cleveland, Ohio – 22 November 1985, Milton, Massachusetts) was an American logician and analytic philosopher.

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Richard Montague

Richard Merritt Montague (September 20, 1930 – March 7, 1971) was an American mathematician and philosopher.

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Richard Swineshead

Richard Swineshead (also Suisset, Suiseth, etc.; fl. c. 1340 – 1354) was an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher.

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Richard Sylvan

Richard Sylvan (13 December 1935 – 16 June 1996) was a philosopher, logician, and environmentalist.

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Richard's paradox

In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy of set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905.

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Ricochet (1989 video game)

Ricochet is an arcade adventure game, originally written for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron home computers, published by Superior Software in 1989.

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Rights

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

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Rival conceptions of logic

The history of logic as a subject has been characterised by many disputes over what the topic deals with, and the main article 'Logic' has as a result been hesitant to commit to a particular definition of logic.

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Robert Abelson

Robert Paul Abelson (September 12, 1928 – July 13, 2005) was a Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic.

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Robert Adam

Robert Adam (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer.

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Robert Alyngton

Robert Alyngton (a.k.a. Arlyngton; died September 1398), was an English philosopher who developed new logical, semantic, metaphysical, and ontological theories in 14th century thought.

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Robert B. Lisek

Robert B. Lisek is a Polish artist and mathematician who focuses on systems and processes, conducts a research in the area theory of ordered sets in relation with logic, algebra and combinatorics; his artistic practice draws upon conceptual art, radical art strategies, hacktivism, bioart, software art.

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Robert Feys

Robert Feys (19 December 1889 – 13 April 1961) was a Belgian logician and philosopher, who worked at the University of Leuven (Belgium).

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Robert Kilwardby

Robert Kilwardby (c. 1215 – 11 September 1279) was an Archbishop of Canterbury in England and a cardinal.

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Robert Kowalski

Robert Anthony "Bob" Kowalski (born 15 May 1941) is a logician and computer scientist, who has spent most of his career in the United Kingdom.

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Robert L. M. Underhill

Robert Lindley Murray Underhill (March 3, 1889 – May 11, 1983) was an American mountaineer best known for introducing modern Alpine style rope and belaying techniques to the U.S. climbing community in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

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Robert Rynasiewicz

Robert Rynasiewicz is a Professor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University and an Adjunct Professor in Philosophy and the Committee on History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Maryland.

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Robert S. Hartman

Robert Schirokauer Hartman (January 27, 1910 – September 20, 1973) was a logician and philosopher.

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Roberto Torretti

Roberto Torretti (born February 15, 1930 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean philosopher, author and academic who is internationally renowned for his contributions to the history of philosophy, physics and mathematics.

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Robin Gandy

Robin Oliver Gandy (22 September 1919 – 20 November 1995) was a British mathematician and logician.

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Robustness (computer science)

In computer science, robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution1990.

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Rock en Seine

The Rock en Seine festival is a three-day rock music festival, held at Domaine National de Saint-Cloud, the Château de Saint-Cloud's park, west of Paris, inside the garden designed by André Le Nôtre.

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Rokeach Value Survey

The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) is a values classification instrument.

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Rolf Schock

Rolf Schock (5 April 1933 – 5 December 1986) was Swedish–American philosopher and artist, born in Cap-d'Ail, France of German parents.

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Rolf Schock Prizes

The Rolf Schock Prizes were established and endowed by bequest of philosopher and artist Rolf Schock (1933–1986).

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Romain Gauthier

Romain Gauthier is an independent Swiss manufacturer of watches based in Le Sentier and Vallée de Joux, Switzerland.

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Ronald de Wolf

Ronald de Wolf is a Dutch Computer Scientist, currently a Senior Researcher at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) and a Professor at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam (UvA).

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Rose Rand

Rose Rand (June 14, 1903 – July 28, 1980) was an Austrian-American logician and philosopher.

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Roy A. Clouser

Roy A. Clouser is Professor Emeritus of the College of New Jersey.

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Royal Society of Thailand

The Royal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา), formerly known as the Royal Society of Siam, is the national academy of Thailand in charge of academic works of the government.

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Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden.

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Rudolf Carnap

Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was a German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.

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Rudolf Steiner

Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 (or 25) February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist.

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Rule Interchange Format

The Rule Interchange Format (RIF) is a W3C Recommendation.

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Rule of inference

In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions).

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Rule of replacement

In logic, a rule of replacement is a transformation rule that may be applied to only a particular segment of an expression.

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Ruth Barcan Marcus

Ruth Barcan Marcus (born Ruth C. Barcan; August 2, 1921 – February 19, 2012) was an American philosopher and logician who developed the Barcan formula.

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S. K. Rudra

Susil Kumar Rudra (7 January 1861 – 29 June 1925) was an Indian educationalist and associate of Mahatma Gandhi and C F Andrews who served as the first Indian principal of St Stephen's College, Delhi.

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S5 (modal logic)

In logic and philosophy, S5 is one of five systems of modal logic proposed by Clarence Irving Lewis and Cooper Harold Langford in their 1932 book Symbolic Logic.

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Saadi Shirazi

Abū-Muhammad Muslih al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī (ابومحمد مصلح‌الدین بن عبدالله شیرازی), better known by his pen-name Saadi (سعدی Saʿdī()), also known as Saadi of Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی Saadi Shirazi), was a major Persian poet and literary of the medieval period.

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Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki

Sayyid Sadr Al-Din Dashtaki or Sayyed Sanad was an Iranian Shia philosopher and theologian.

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Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi

Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Isḥāq b. Muḥammad b. Yūnus Qūnawī, (صدر الدین قونوی), (Turkish: Sadreddin Konevî), (1207-1274 CE/605-673 AH), was one of the most influential thinkers in mystical or Sufi philosophy.

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Salomon Maimon

Salomon Maimon (שלמה מימון‎; 1753 – 22 November 1800) was a German-speaking philosopher, born of Jewish parentage in present-day Belarus.

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Salva congruitate

Salva congruitate is a Latin scholastic term in logic, which means "without becoming ill-formed", salva meaning rescue, salvation, welfare and congruitate meaning combine, coincide, agree.

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Salvino Azzopardi

Salvino Azzopardi (21 June 1931 – 6 August 2006), was a Maltese Jesuit priest, philosopher at Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth in Pune, India.

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Salzburg Conference for Young Analytic Philosophy

Salzburg Conference for Young Analytic Philosophy (German: Salzburgiense Concilium Omnibus Philosophis Analyticis, abbreviated SOPhiA) is an annual conference for students and doctoral candidates in philosophy.

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Samuel Putnam

Samuel Putnam (October 10, 1892 – January 15, 1950) was an American translator and scholar of Romance languages.

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Samuel Ramos

Samuel Ramos Magaña, Ph.D. (1897 – June 20, 1959), was a Mexican philosopher and writer.

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Saul Kripke

Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician.

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Saviour Cumbo

Saviour Cumbo (1810–1877) was a Maltese theologian and minor philosopher.

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Saviour Montebello

Saviour Montebello (1762–1809) was a Maltese Doctor of Theology, a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Malta, and a Parish Priest of Bormla.

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Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.

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Scattergood Friends School

Scattergood Friends School in Cedar County, Iowa, educates students in grades nine through twelve.

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Schema (Kant)

In Kantian philosophy, a transcendental schema (plural: schemata; from σχῆμα, "form, shape, figure") is the procedural rule by which a category or pure, non-empirical concept is associated with a sense impression.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.

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Schools of Islamic theology

Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding aqidah (creed).

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Sci.* hierarchy

The sci.* hierarchy is a major class of newsgroups in Usenet, containing all newsgroups whose name begins with "sci.", organized hierarchically.

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Science

R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.

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Science in the Age of Enlightenment

The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America.

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Science of Logic

Science of Logic (SL; Wissenschaft der Logik, WL), first published between 1812 and 1816, is the work in which Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel outlined his vision of logic.

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Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), previously Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology (SMET), is a term used to group together these academic disciplines.

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Scientific management

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows.

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Scientific method

Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.

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Scientific modelling

Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.

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Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

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Scientific temper

The Scientific temper is a way of life (defined in this context as an individual and social process of thinking and acting) which uses the scientific method and which may, consequently, include questioning, observing physical reality, testing, hypothesizing, analysing, and communicating (not necessarily in that order).

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Scope (logic)

In logic, the scope of a quantifier or a quantification is the range in the formula where the quantifier "engages in".

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Scythe (board game)

Scythe is a board game for 1 to 5 players designed by Jamey Stegmaier and published by Stonemaier Games in 2016.

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SeaFall

SeaFall is a board game designed by Rob Daviau and published in 2016 by Plaid Hat Games.

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Second-order logic

In logic and mathematics second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic.

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Secular ethics

Secular ethics is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties such as logic, empathy, reason or moral intuition, and not derived from supernatural revelation or guidance—the source of ethics in many religions.

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Secular morality

Secular morality is the aspect of philosophy that deals with morality outside of religious traditions.

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Self-deception

Self-deception is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or importance of opposing evidence and logical argument.

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Self-reference puzzle

A self-reference puzzle is a type of logical puzzle where the question in the puzzle refers to the attributes of the puzzle itself.

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Self-reflection

Human self-reflection is the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and the willingness to learn more about their fundamental nature, purpose and essence.

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Self-test of intelligence

A self-test of intelligence is a psychological test that someone can take to measure one's own intelligence.

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Semantic memory

Semantic memory is one of the two types of declarative or explicit memory (our memory of facts or events that is explicitly stored and retrieved).

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Semantic theory of truth

A semantic theory of truth is a theory of truth in the philosophy of language which holds that truth is a property of sentences.

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Semantics (computer science)

In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages.

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Semantics of logic

In logic, the semantics of logic is the study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and (idealizations of) natural languages usually trying to capture the pre-theoretic notion of entailment.

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Semi-Thue system

In theoretical computer science and mathematical logic a string rewriting system (SRS), historically called a semi-Thue system, is a rewriting system over strings from a (usually finite) alphabet.

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Semigroup with two elements

In mathematics, a semigroup with two elements is a semigroup for which the cardinality of the underlying set is two.

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Semiosis

Semiosis (from the σημείωσις, sēmeíōsis, a derivation of the verb σημειῶ, sēmeiô, "to mark") is any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning.

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Semiotics

Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign process (semiosis) and meaningful communication.

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Sentence function

In linguistics, sentence function refers to a speaker's purpose in uttering a specific sentence, phrase, or clause.

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Set-builder notation

In set theory and its applications to logic, mathematics, and computer science, set-builder notation is a mathematical notation for describing a set by enumerating its elements or stating the properties that its members must satisfy.

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Seven arts

Seven arts may refer to.

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Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Movahed Abtahi

Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Movahed Abtahi (Luri/Persian:آیت الله العظمی سید محمد باقر موحد ابطحی) was a Shia Marja', Islamic scholar and author.

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Shabbatai HaKohen

Shabbatai ben Meir HaKohen (שבתי בן מאיר הכהן; 1621–1662) was a noted 17th century talmudist and halakhist.

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Shadia Mansour

Shadia Mansour (شادية منصور, born 1985), also known as "the first lady of Arabic hip hop" See also is a British Palestinian singer and MC who sings and raps in Arabic and English.

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Shamil, 3rd Imam of Dagestan

Imam Shamil (also spelled Shamyl, Schamil, Schamyl or Shameel; Шейх Шамил; Şeyh Şamil; Имам Шамиль; الشيخ شامل) (pronounced "Shaamil") (26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, as well as the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859).

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Shea Zellweger

Shea Zellweger (born September 7, 1925 in Chicago, Illinois, USA) served as Chair of the Psychology Department at the University of Mount Union from 1969 to 1992.

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Shield of the Trinity

The Shield of the Trinity or Scutum Fidei (Latin for "shield of faith") is a traditional Christian visual symbol which expresses many aspects of the doctrine of the Trinity, summarizing the first part of the Athanasian Creed in a compact diagram.

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Shiing-Shen Chern

Shiing-Shen Chern (October 26, 1911 – December 3, 2004) was a Chinese-American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to differential geometry and topology.

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Shinro

is a logic-based puzzle that has similarities to Sudoku and Minesweeper.

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Shopgirl

Shopgirl is a 2005 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Anand Tucker and starring Steve Martin, Claire Danes, and Jason Schwartzman.

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Siberian Mathematical Journal

The Siberian Mathematical Journal (abbreviated as Sib. Math. J.) is a cover-to-cover English translation of the Russian peer-reviewed mathematics journal ''Sibirskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal'', a publication of the Sobolev Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk).

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Sicilian Questions

Sicilian Questions (المسائل الصقلية, al-Masāʼil al-Ṣiqilliyya, in Arabic) is the name of Ibn Sab'in's masterpiece, one of the leading representatives of the Andalusian mystic of the 13th century.

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Siegfried Gottwald

Siegfried Johannes Gottwald (30 March 1943 – 20 September 2015) was a German mathematician, logician and historian of science.

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Sign

A sign is an object, quality, event, or entity whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else.

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Sign (linguistics)

A linguistic sign is a part of language used to indicate a being.

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Sign relation

A sign relation is the basic construct in the theory of signs, also known as semiotics, as developed by Charles Sanders Peirce.

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Signature (logic)

In logic, especially mathematical logic, a signature lists and describes the non-logical symbols of a formal language.

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Simharaja

Simharaja (IAST: Siṃharāja, r. c. 944-971 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty.

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Simone Cavalli (musician)

Simone Cavalli (born 15 April 1994), is an Italian producer.

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Simonne Jones

Simonne Jones (born Simonne Michelle Jones in Los Angeles, California) is a producer, singer, composer, model and visual artist based in Berlin.

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Simul8

SIMUL8 simulation software is a product of the SIMUL8 Corporation used for simulating systems that involve processing of discrete entities at discrete times.

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SimulationX

SimulationX is a CAE software application running on Microsoft Windows for the physical simulation of technical systems developed and sold by ESI ITI GmbH in Dresden, Germany.

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Singular they

Singular they is the use in English of the pronoun they or its inflected or derivative forms, them, their, theirs, and themselves (or themself), as an epicene (gender-neutral) singular pronoun.

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Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton

Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet (4 September 1829 – 1 July 1906) was an English temperance campaigner and radical, anti-imperialist Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1859 and 1906.

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Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet

Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet FRSE DD FSAS (8 March 1788 – 6 May 1856) was a Scottish metaphysician.

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Sister Miriam Joseph

'''Sister''' Miriam Joseph Rauh, C.S.C., PhD (1898–1982) was a member of the Sisters of the Holy Cross.

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Situation calculus

The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains.

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Skullduggery (board game)

Skullduggery, created and illustrated by Allegra Vernon, Outset Media's Creative Director, is a children's board game, teaching basic logic and strategy.

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Slingshot argument

In logic, a slingshot argument is one of a group of arguments claiming to show that all true sentences stand for the same thing.

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Slippery slope

A slippery slope argument (SSA), in logic, critical thinking, political rhetoric, and caselaw, is a consequentialist logical device in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect.

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SNePS

SNePS is a knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting (KRRA) system developed and maintained by Stuart C. Shapiro and colleagues at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

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Social anthropology

Social anthropology or anthroposociology is the dominant constituent of anthropology throughout the United Kingdom and Commonwealth and much of Europe (France in particular), where it is distinguished from cultural anthropology.

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Social research

Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan.

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Sociocultural evolution

Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time.

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Socrates Jones: Pro Philosopher

Socrates Jones: Pro Philosopher is an educational point-and-click browser game and visual novel developed by a group of students and faculty at Carnegie Mellon University collectively called Chief Wakamkamu and released on Kongregate.

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Socratic method

The Socratic method, also can be known as maieutics, method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions.

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Sol Garfunkel

Solomon "Sol" Garfunkel born 1943, in Brooklyn, New York, is an American mathematician who has dedicated his career to mathematics education.

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Solipsism

Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist.

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Some Remarks on Logical Form

Some Remarks on Logical Form (Bemerkungen über logische Form) was the only academic paper ever published by Ludwig Wittgenstein, and contained Wittgenstein's thinking on logic and the philosophy of mathematics immediately before the rupture that divided the early Wittgenstein of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus from the later Wittgenstein.

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Sophismata

Sophismata (from the Greek word σόφισμα, 'sophisma', which also gave rise to the related term "sophism") in medieval philosophy are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved.

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Souleymane Bachir Diagne

Souleymane Bachir Diagne is a Senegalese philosopher, born in 1955 in Saint-Louis, Senegal.

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South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today

South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today is the first non-fiction book in Blackwell Publishing Company’s Philosophy & Pop Culture series and is edited by philosopher and ontologist, Robert Arp, at the time assistant professor of philosophy at Southwest Minnesota State University.

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Special case

In logic, especially as applied in mathematics, concept is a special case or specialization of concept precisely if every instance of is also an instance of but not vice versa, or equivalently, if is a generalization of.

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Specialized High Schools Admissions Test

The Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT) is an examination administered to eighth and ninth grade students residing in New York City and used to determine admission to all but one of the city's nine Specialized High Schools.

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Speculative reason

Speculative reason or pure reason is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought (sometimes called theoretical reason), as opposed to practical (active, willing) thought.

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Sperone Speroni

Sperone Speroni degli Alvarotti (1500–1588) was an Italian Renaissance humanist, scholar and dramatist.

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Spoilt Rotten

Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (subtitle in US editions: How Britain is Ruined by Its Children) is a non-fiction book by the British writer and retired doctor and psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple, originally published in 2010.

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Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form.

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Stanford University centers and institutes

Stanford University has many centers and institutes dedicated to the study of various specific topics.

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Stanisław Jaśkowski

Stanisław Jaśkowski (22 April 1906, Warsaw – 16 November 1965, Warsaw) was a Polish logician who made important contributions to proof theory and formal semantics.

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Stanisław Leśniewski

Stanisław Leśniewski (March 30, 1886 – May 13, 1939) was a Polish mathematician, philosopher and logician.

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Stanisław Ossowski

Stanisław Ossowski (Lipno, 22 May 18977 November 1963, Warsaw) was one of Poland's most important sociologists.

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Stanley Tennenbaum

Stanley Tennenbaum (April 11, 1927 – May 4, 2005) was an American mathematician who contributed to the field of logic.

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Star Trek: Legacy

Star Trek: Legacy is a real-time tactics space combat video game for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 developed by Mad Doc Software and published by Bethesda Softworks.

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Star Wars: The Card Game

No description.

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Statement (logic)

In logic, the term statement is variously understood to mean either: In the latter case, a statement is distinct from a sentence in that a sentence is only one formulation of a statement, whereas there may be many other formulations expressing the same statement.

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Stathis Zachos

Stathis K. Zachos (Στάθης (Ευστάθιος) Ζάχος; born 1947 in Athens) is a mathematician, logician and theoretical computer scientist.

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Static Blue

Static Blue (real name Jonathan Blakoe) is a trance music producer and DJ.

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Statistics education

Statistics education is the practice of teaching and learning of statistics, along with the associated scholarly research.

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Stative verb

In linguistics, a stative verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.

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Stéphane Lupasco

Stéphane Lupasco (born Ştefan Lupaşcu; 11 August 1900 – 7 October 1988) was a Romanian philosopher who developed non-Aristotelian logic.

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Steel detailer

A steel detailer is a person who produces detailed drawings for steel fabricators and steel erectors.

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Stefan Pawlicki

Stefan Zachariasz Pawlicki (2 September 1839, Danzig (Gdańsk) – 28 April 1916, Kraków) was a Polish Catholic priest, philosopher, historian of philosophy, professor and rector of Kraków's Jagiellonian University.

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Stefano Pace

Stefano (or Stephen) Pace (1695–1735) was a minor Maltese mediaeval philosopher who specialised mainly in physics.

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Stephen Crain

Stephen Crain is the Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), and a Distinguished Professor at Macquarie University in the Department of Linguistics.

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Stephen Toulmin

Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator.

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Steve Awodey

Steve Awodey (born 1959, Michigan) is a Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Steve Martin

Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American actor, comedian, writer, producer, and musician.

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Steven James Bartlett

Steven James Bartlett (born 1945) is an American philosopher and psychologist notable for his studies in epistemology and the theory of reflexivity, and for his work on the psychology of human aggression and destructiveness, and the shortcomings of psychological normality.

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Steven Kuhn

Steven Kuhn is a philosophy professor at Georgetown University.

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Stilpo

Stilpo (or Stilpon; Στίλπων, gen.: Στίλπωνος; c. 360 – c. 280 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school.

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Stoic categories

The term Stoic categories refers to Stoic ideas regarding categories of being: the most fundamental classes of being for all things.

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Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC.

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Str8ts

Str8ts is a logic-based number-placement puzzle, invented by Jeff Widderich in 2008.

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Straight and Crooked Thinking

Straight and Crooked Thinking, first published in 1930 and revised in 1953, is a book by Robert H. Thouless which describes, assesses and critically analyses flaws in reasoning and argument.

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Strange loop

A strange loop is a cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system.

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Strict conditional

In logic, a strict conditional is a conditional governed by a modal operator, that is, a logical connective of modal logic.

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Structure

Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.

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Studia Logica

Studia Logica is an international journal of mathematics and logic.

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Subjunctive possibility

Subjunctive possibility (also called alethic possibility) is the form of modality most frequently studied in modal logic.

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Substitution (logic)

Substitution is a fundamental concept in logic.

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Substructural logic

In logic, a substructural logic is a logic lacking one of the usual structural rules (e.g. of classical and intuitionistic logic), such as weakening, contraction, exchange or associativity.

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Sudoku

(originally called Number Place) is a logic-based, combinatorial number-placement puzzle.

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Suit of cups

The Suit of Cups or Suit of Goblets is one of the four suits of Latin-suited playing cards.

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Sum of Logic

The Summa Logicae ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham.

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Supratik Chakraborty

Supratik Chakraborty is an Indian computer scientist.

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Surendra Sheodas Barlingay

Surendra Shivdas Barlingay (20 July 1919 – 19 December 1997) Nagpur, India) was an Indian logician and Marathi writer. He earned his PhD in philosophy at Nagpur University, taught at University of Pune and Zagreb University, and was chair of the philosophy department at Delhi University. Barlingay was chair of the State Board of Literature and Culture for the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra from 1980–88. Barlingay was incarcerated during India's independence movement. Barlingay introduced the concept of geni-analysis in philosophy.

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Surreal humour

Surreal humour (also known as absurdist humour), or surreal comedy, is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical.

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Susan Haack

Susan Haack (born 1945) is Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, Professor of Philosophy, and Professor of Law at the University of Miami.

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Susan Stebbing

Lizzie Susan Stebbing (2 December 1885 – 11 September 1943) was a British philosopher. She belonged to the 1930s generation of analytic philosophy, and was a founder in 1933 of the journal Analysis.

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Susan Sto Helit

Susan Sto Helit (also spelled Sto-Helit), once referred to as Susan Death, is a fictional character in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of fantasy novels.

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Susan Sutherland Isaacs

Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst.

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Susanna S. Epp

Susanna Samuels Epp is an author, mathematician, and professor.

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Sven Ove Hansson

Sven Ove Hansson (born 1951) is a professor of philosophy and chair of the Department of Philosophy and History of Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Switching (film)

Switching is the first ever Danish interactive movie directed by Morten Schjødt, produced by Oncotype and released in 2003.

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Sylvester Medal

The Sylvester Medal is a bronze medal awarded by the Royal Society (London) for the encouragement of mathematical research, and accompanied by a £1,000 prize.

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Symbol (formal)

A logical symbol is a fundamental concept in logic, tokens of which may be marks or a configuration of marks which form a particular pattern.

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Syntactic Structures

Syntactic Structures is a major work in linguistics by American linguist Noam Chomsky.

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Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.

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Syntax (logic)

In logic, syntax is anything having to do with formal languages or formal systems without regard to any interpretation or meaning given to them.

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System F

System F, also known as the (Girard–Reynolds) polymorphic lambda calculus or the second-order lambda calculus, is a typed lambda calculus that differs from the simply typed lambda calculus by the introduction of a mechanism of universal quantification over types.

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T (disambiguation)

T is the twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet.

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T-norm

In mathematics, a t-norm (also T-norm or, unabbreviated, triangular norm) is a kind of binary operation used in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces and in multi-valued logic, specifically in fuzzy logic.

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Tadeusz Czeżowski

Tadeusz Czeżowski (July 26, 1889 – March 28, 1981) was a Polish philosopher and logician.

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Tadeusz Kotarbiński

Tadeusz Kotarbiński (31 March 1886 – 3 October 1981), was a Polish philosopher, logician and ethicist.

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Tafsir al-Baydawi

Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta'wil (lit), better known as Tafsir al-Baydawi (تفسير البيضاوي), is one of the most popular classical Sunni Qur'anic interpretational works (tafsir) composed by the 13th-century Muslim scholar al-Baydawi (d. 685 AH).

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Taftazani

Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی) also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322–1390"Al-Taftazanni Sa'd al-Din Masud b. Umar b. Abdullah", in Encyclopedia Islam by W. Madelung, Brill. 2007) was a Muslim Persian polymath.

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Taha Abdurrahman

Taha Abderrahmane, or Abdurrahman in a more transliterated form （born 1944） is a Moroccan philosopher, and one of the leading philosophers and thinkers in the Arab-Islamic world.

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Takuzu

Takuzu is a logic-based number placement puzzle.

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Taraneh Javanbakht

Taraneh Javanbakht (ترانه جوانبخت) (born May 12, 1974 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian-Canadian scientist, philosopher, artist, writer, poet, translator, literary critic, peer-reviewer, editor and human rights activist.

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Tautology (logic)

In logic, a tautology (from the Greek word ταυτολογία) is a formula or assertion that is true in every possible interpretation.

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Türkan Örs Baştuğ

Türkan Örs Baştuğ (1900 – September 27, 1975) was a Turkish female school teacher, politician and one of the first 18 members of the Turkish parliament.

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Tee (symbol)

The tee (⊤), also called down tack (as opposed to the up tack) or verum is a symbol used to represent.

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Temporal logic

In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time.

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Teorema (journal)

Teorema is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy, published in Spain.

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Term (logic)

In analogy to natural language, where a noun phrase refers to an object and a whole sentence refers to a fact, in mathematical logic, a term denotes a mathematical object and a formula denotes a mathematical fact.

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Term algebra

In universal algebra and mathematical logic, a term algebra is a freely generated algebraic structure over a given signature.

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Term logic

In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century.

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Ternopil

Ternopil (Ternopil',; Tarnopol; Ternopol'; Tarnopol; Ternepol/Tarnopl; Tarnopol) is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River.

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Terraforming Mars (board game)

Terraforming Mars is board game for 1 to 5 players designed by Jacob Fryxelius and published by FryxGames in 2016, and thereafter by 12 others, including Stronghold Games.

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Terrell Ward Bynum

Terrell Ward Bynum (born 1941) is an American philosopher, writer and editor.

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The Aims of the Philosophers

Maqasid al Falasifa, or The Aims of the Philosophers was written by Al-Ghazali.

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The Art of Being Right

The Art of Being Right: 38 Ways to Win an Argument (also Eristic Dialectic: The Art of Winning an Argument; German: Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten; 1831) is an acidulous and sarcastic treatise written by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in sardonic deadpan.

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The arts

The arts refers to the theory and physical expression of creativity found in human societies and cultures.

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The Awkward Yeti

The Awkward Yeti is an ongoing gag-a-day webcomic by Nick Seluk.

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The Best Page in the Universe

The Best Page in the Universe is a personal satirical humor website created by George Ouzounian, better known as Maddox, of Salt Lake City, Utah.

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The Book of Healing

The Book of Healing (Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitāb al-Šifāʾ, Latin: Sufficientia) is a scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) from ancient Persia, near Bukhara in Greater Khorasan.

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The Century (book)

The Century is a book about politics, philosophy and literature by Alain Badiou, first published in French by Éditions du Seuil in 2005; the English translation by Alberto Toscano was published by Polity Press in 2007.

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The Chronicles of Amber

The Chronicles of Amber is a series of fantasy novels by American writer Roger Zelazny.

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The Colbert Report

The Colbert Report is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005 to December 18, 2014 for 1,447 episodes.

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The Creators

The Creators is a non-fiction work of cultural history by Daniel Boorstin published in 1992 and is the second volume in what has become known as the Knowledge Trilogy. It was preceded by The Discoverers and succeeded by The Seekers.

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The Crocodile's Dilemma

"The Crocodile's Dilemma" is the pilot episode of the FX anthology series Fargo.

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The Demon-Haunted World

The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark is a 1995 book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan, in which the author aims to explain the scientific method to laypeople, and to encourage people to learn critical and skeptical thinking.

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The Desert Forges

The Desert Forges was a game show set in the Wadi Rum desert region in Jordan.

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The Dignity of the Nation

(also translated The Dignity of a Nation, The Dignity of Nations) is a bestselling book by Japanese essayist and mathematician Masahiko Fujiwara.

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The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie

The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie) is a 1972 surrealist film directed by Luis Buñuel and written by Jean-Claude Carrière in collaboration with the director.

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The Ellen DeGeneres Show (season 15)

This is a list of episodes of the fifteenth season of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, which began airing from Tuesday September 5, 2017.

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The Foundations of Arithmetic

The Foundations of Arithmetic (Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik) is a book by Gottlob Frege, published in 1884, which investigates the philosophical foundations of arithmetic.

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The Frontiers of Criticism

"The Frontiers of Criticism" is a lecture given by T. S. Eliot at the University of Minnesota in 1956.

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The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever

The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever is a logic puzzle so called by American philosopher and logician George Boolos and published in The Harvard Review of Philosophy in 1996.

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The Heap (Fargo)

"The Heap" is the eighth episode of the FX anthology series Fargo.

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The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game

The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game is produced by Fantasy Flight Games.

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The Marriage of Sense and Soul

The Marriage of Sense and Soul: Integrating Science and Religion is a 1998 book by American author Ken Wilber.

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The Master Algorithm

The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World is a book by Pedro Domingos released in 2015.

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The Oxford Murders (novel)

The Oxford Murders (Crímenes imperceptibles; Imperceptible Crimes) is a novel by the Argentine author Guillermo Martínez, first published in 2003.

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The Philosophy of 'As if'

The Philosophy of 'As if': A System of the Theoretical, Practical and Religious Fictions of Mankind (Die Philosophie des Als Ob) is a 1911 book by the German philosopher Hans Vaihinger, based on his dissertation of 1877.

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The Principles of Mathematics

The Principles of Mathematics (PoM) is a book written by Bertrand Russell in 1903.

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The Resistance (game)

The Resistance is a game where players attempt to deduce one another's identities.

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The Skeptic's Dictionary

The Skeptic's Dictionary is a collection of cross-referenced skeptical essays by Robert Todd Carroll, published on his website skepdic.com and in a printed book.

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The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002) is Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould's technical book on macroevolution and the historical development of evolutionary theory.

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The tale of Phyllis and Aristotle

The tale of Phyllis and Aristotle is a cautionary medieval tale about the triumph of a seductive woman, Phyllis, over the greatest male intellect, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.

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The Ultimate Foe

The Ultimate Foe is the fourth and final serial of the 23rd season in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in two weekly parts from 29 November to 6 December 1986.

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The Value of Science

The Value of Science (La Valeur de la Science) is a book by the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Henri Poincaré.

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Theodore Roszak (artist)

Theodore Roszak (May 1, 1907 – September 2, 1981) was a Polish-American sculptor and painter.

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Theological veto

The theological veto is the concept in philosophy of religion that philosophy and logic are impious and that God, not reason, is sovereign.

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Theophrastus

Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos,Gavin Hardy and Laurence Totelin, Ancient Botany, 2015, p. 8.

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Theorem

In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and generally accepted statements, such as axioms.

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Theoretical philosophy

The division of philosophy into a practical and a theoretical discipline has its origin in Aristotle's moral philosophy and natural philosophy categories.

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Theoretical physics

Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.

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Theoretical psychology

Theoretical psychology is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of psychology.

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Theory

A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.

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Theory of knowledge (IB course)

Theory of knowledge is a required subject in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.

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Theory of multiple intelligences

The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates human intelligence into specific 'modalities', rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability.

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Think of the children

"Think of the children" (also "What about the children?") is a cliché that evolved into a rhetorical tactic.

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Thinker's Library

The Thinker's Library was a series of 140 small hardcover books published between 1929 and 1951 for the Rationalist Press Association by Watts & Co., London, a company founded by Charles Albert Watts.

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This Book Needs No Title

This Book Needs No Title: A Budget of Living Paradoxes is a 1980 collection of essays about logic, paradoxes, and philosophy, by Raymond Smullyan.

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Thisuri Yuwanika

Thisuri Yuwanika Madduma Liyanage (තිසුරි යුවනිකා මද්දුම ලියනගේ) is an award-winning Sri Lankan actress mainly act in television serials.

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Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thomas Bayes

Thomas Bayes (c. 1701 7 April 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem.

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Thomas Blundeville

Thomas Blundeville (c. 1522 – c. 1606) was an English humanist writer and mathematician.

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Thomas Bradwardine

Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury.

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Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron

Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1762–1846), was an American born Scottish peer, who along with his father, on December 11, 1799, was among the last guests at Mount Vernon before Washington died.

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Thomas Fowler (academic)

Thomas Fowler (1 September 1832 – 20 November 1904), was an English academic and academic administrator, acting as President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford.

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Thomas Morton (bishop)

Thomas Morton (20 March 156420 September 1659) was an English churchman, bishop of several dioceses.

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Thomas Seebohm

Thomas Seebohm (born William Thomas Mulvany Seebohm, July 7, 1934, Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia – August 25, 2014, Bonn, Germany) was a phenomenological philosopher whose wide-ranging interests included, among others, Immanuel Kant, Edmund Husserl, hermeneutics, and logic.

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Thomas Spencer Baynes

Thomas Spencer Baynes (24 March 1823 in Wellington – 31 May 1887 in London) was a philosopher.

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Thomas Tymoczko

A.

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Thomas Wilson (rhetorician)

Sir Thomas Wilson (1524–1581) was an English diplomat and judge who served as a privy councillor and secretary of state (1577-81) to Queen Elizabeth I. He is now remembered principally for his Logique (1551) and The Arte of Rhetorique (1553), which have been called "the first complete works on logic and rhetoric in English." He also wrote A Discourse upon Usury by way of Dialogue and Orations (1572), and he was the first to publish a translation of Demosthenes into English.

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Thought leader

A thought leader is an individual or firm that is recognized as an authority in a specialized field and whose expertise is sought and often rewarded.

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Thought: A Journal of Philosophy

Thought: A Journal of Philosophy is a twice-annual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell for the Northern Institute of Philosophy.

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Three Investigators

The Three Investigators is an American juvenile detective book series first published as "Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators".

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Three-valued logic

In logic, a three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which there are three truth values indicating true, false and some indeterminate third value.

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Tim Maudlin

Tim William Eric Maudlin (born April 23, 1958, Washington, D.C.) is an American philosopher of science who has mainly studied the foundations of physics, metaphysics and logic.

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Timeline of artificial intelligence

This is a timeline of artificial intelligence.

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Timeline of Buddhism

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of Gautama Buddha to the present.

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Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom

This is a timeline of notable events in the history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community in the United Kingdom.

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Timeline of mathematics

This is a timeline of pure and applied mathematics history.

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Timeline of psychology

This article is a general timeline of psychology.

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Timeline of Western philosophers

This is a list of philosophers from the Western tradition of philosophy.

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Timothy Smiley

Timothy John Smiley FBA (born 13 November 1930) is a British philosopher, appointed Emeritus Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy at Clare College, Cambridge University.

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Timothy Williamson

Timothy Williamson, (born 6 August 1955) is a British philosopher whose main research interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and metaphysics.

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TLA+

TLA+ (pronounced as tee ell a plus) is a formal specification language developed by Leslie Lamport.

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To Mock a Mockingbird

To Mock a Mockingbird and Other Logic Puzzles: Including an Amazing Adventure in Combinatory Logic (1985) is a book by the mathematician and logician Raymond Smullyan.

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Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche

Tonpa Shenrab ("Teacher gShenrab") or Shenrab Miwo—also called the Buddha Shenrab, Guru Shenrab and a number of other titles—is the founder of the Bon tradition of Tibet.

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Top type

The top type in the type theory of mathematics, logic, and computer science, commonly abbreviated as top or by the down tack symbol (⊤), is the universal type, sometimes called the universal supertype as all other types in any given type system are subtypes of top.

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Topical logic

Topical logic is the logic of topical argument, a branch of rhetoric developed in the Late Antique period from earlier works, such as Aristotle's Topics and Cicero's Topica.

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Topics (Aristotle)

The Topics (Τοπικά; Topica) is the name given to one of Aristotle's six works on logic collectively known as the Organon: The Topics constitutes Aristotle's treatise on the art of dialectic—the invention and discovery of arguments in which the propositions rest upon commonly held opinions or endoxa (ἔνδοξα in Greek).

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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP) (Latin for "Logico-Philosophical Treatise") is the only book-length philosophical work published by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his lifetime.

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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (6.5)

In the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Proposition 6.5 seeks to ground his philosophy of action (Proposition 7: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent").

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Trakhtenbrot's theorem

In logic, finite model theory, and computability theory, Trakhtenbrot's theorem (due to Boris Trakhtenbrot) states that the problem of validity in first-order logic on the class of all finite models is undecidable.

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Transcendentals

The transcendentals (transcendentalia) are the properties of being that correspond to three aspects of the human field of interest and are their ideals; science (truth), the arts (beauty) and religion (goodness).

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Transderivational search

Transderivational search (often abbreviated to TDS) is a psychological and cybernetics term, meaning when a search is being conducted for a fuzzy match across a broad field.

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Transduction (machine learning)

In logic, statistical inference, and supervised learning, transduction or transductive inference is reasoning from observed, specific (training) cases to specific (test) cases.

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Transhistoricity

Transhistoricity is the quality of holding throughout human history, not merely within the frame of reference of a particular form of society at a particular stage of historical development.

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Transport/protocol abstraction

Transport abstraction is the ability to change service transport protocol implementations in a configuration file with no change to business logic implementation code.

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Trichotomy (philosophy)

A trichotomy is a three-way classificatory division.

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Trinity Classical School

Trinity Classical School is a private, classical Christian school offering college-preparatory, Christian education for grades pre-Kindergarten through Eleventh Grade and is one of approximately 25 University-style (or "blended model") schools in Texas.

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Triple bar

The triple bar, ≡, is a symbol with multiple, context-dependent meanings.

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Tristan Tzara

Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist.

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Trivia

Trivia refers to bits of information, often of little importance.

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Trivialism

Trivialism is the logical theory that all statements (also known as propositions) are true and that all contradictions of the form "p and not p" (e.g. the ball is red and not red) are true.

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Trivium

The trivium is the lower division of the seven liberal arts and comprises grammar, logic, and rhetoric (input, process, and output).

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TRIZ

TRIZ (теория решения изобретательских задач,, literally: "theory of the resolution of invention-related tasks") is "a problem-solving, analysis and forecasting tool derived from the study of patterns of invention in the global patent literature".

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Trust metric

In psychology and sociology, a trust metric is a measurement of the degree to which one social actor (an individual or a group) trusts another social actor.

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Truth

Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.

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Truth claim

A truth claim is a proposition or statement that a particular person or belief system holds to be true.

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Truth function

In logic, a truth function is a function that accepts truth values as input and produces a truth value as output, i.e., the input and output are all truth values.

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Truth table

A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables (Enderton, 2001).

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Truth value

In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth.

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Truth-bearer

A truth-bearer is an entity that is said to be either true or false and nothing else.

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Truthiness

Truthiness is the belief or assertion that a particular statement is true based on the intuition or perceptions of some individual or individuals, without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.

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Tsvetan Radoslavov

Tsvetan Radoslavov Hadzhidenkov (Цветан Радославов Хаджиденков) (1863–1931) was a Bulgarian teacher and the author of the current national anthem of Bulgaria, Mila Rodino.

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Turing machine

A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that defines an abstract machine, which manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules.

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Tuvix

"Tuvix" is the 40th episode (24th in the second season) of the science fiction television program Star Trek: Voyager.

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Two Dogmas of Empiricism

"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a paper by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951.

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Two envelopes problem

The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a brain teaser, puzzle, or paradox in logic, probability, and recreational mathematics.

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Type theory

In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a type theory is any of a class of formal systems, some of which can serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation for all mathematics.

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Type–token distinction

The type–token distinction is used in disciplines such as logic, linguistics, metalogic, typography, and computer programming to clarify what words mean.

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U-shaped development

U-shaped development, also known as U-shaped learning, is the typical pattern by which select physical, artistic, and cognitive skills are developed.

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UCLA Logic Center

The UCLA Logic Center was established in the Fall of 2004, by a generous, anonymous donation.

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Udayana

Udayana, also known as Udayanācārya (Udyanacharya, or Master Udayana), was a very important Hindu logician of the tenth century who attempted to reconcile the views held by the two major schools of logic (Nyaya and Vaisheshika).

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Ulisse Aldrovandi

Ulisse Aldrovandi (11 September 1522 – 4 May 1605) was an Italian naturalist, the moving force behind Bologna's botanical garden, one of the first in Europe.

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Undecidable problem

In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is known to be impossible to construct a single algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer.

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Under Pressure (album)

Under Pressure is the debut studio album by American rapper Logic.

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UNESCO nomenclature

UNESCO Nomenclature (more properly UNESCO nomenclature for fields of science and technology) is a system developed by UNESCO for classification of research papers and doctoral dissertations.

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Unexpected hanging paradox

The unexpected hanging paradox or hangman paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event which they are told will occur at an unexpected time.

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Unification (computer science)

In logic and computer science, unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic expressions.

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Unilineal evolution

Unilineal evolution (also referred to as classical social evolution) is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures.

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Uniqueness quantification

In mathematics and logic, the phrase "there is one and only one" is used to indicate that exactly one object with a certain property exists.

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Unity of the proposition

In philosophy, the unity of the proposition is the problem of explaining how a sentence in the indicative mood expresses more than just what a list of proper names expresses.

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Universal logic

Universal logic is the field of logic that studies the common features of all logical systems, aiming to be to logic what universal algebra is to algebra.

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Universal reason

The idea of a Universal reason implies an underpinning system of perception and conception of all forms of complexity.

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Universal science

Universal science (Universalwissenschaft; scientia generalis, scientia universalis) is a branch of metaphysics.

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University

A university (universitas, "a whole") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines.

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University of Ez-Zitouna

Ez-Zitouna University (جامعة الزيتونة, Université Zitouna) is in Montfleury, Tunis.

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University of Granada

The University of Granada (Universidad de Granada, UGR) is a public university located in the city of Granada, Spain, and founded in 1531 by Emperor Charles V. With approximately 80,000 students, it is the fourth largest university in Spain.

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Vacuous truth

In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a statement that asserts that all members of the empty set have a certain property.

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Valentin Alberti

Valentin Alberti (1635–1697) was a Lutheran, orthodox philosopher and theologian from Silesia and was the son of a preacher.

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Valentino Annibale Pastore

Valentino Annibale Pastore (13 November 1868 - 27 February 1956) was an Italian philosopher and logician.

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Valeria de Paiva

Valeria Correa Vaz de Paiva is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and computer scientist associated with Nuance Communications.

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Validity

In logic, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false.

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Vallathol Narayana Menon

Vallathol Narayana Menon (16 October 1878 – 13 March 1958) was a poet in the Malayalam language, which is spoken in the south Indian state of Kerala.

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Valuation (logic)

In logic and model theory, a valuation can be.

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Value theory

Value theory is a range of approaches to understanding how, why, and to what degree persons value things; whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else.

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Vardan Areveltsi

Vardan Areveltsi (Վարդան Արևելցի; Vardan the Easterner, circa 1198 – 1271 AD) was a thirteenth-century Armenian historian, geographer, philosopher and translator.

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Variable and attribute (research)

In science and research, attribute is a characteristic of an object (person, thing, etc.).Earl R. Babbie, The Practice of Social Research", 12th edition, Wadsworth Publishing, 2009,, p. 14-18 Attributes are closely related to variables.

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Vector logic

Vector logicMizraji, E. (1992).

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Venn diagram

A Venn diagram (also called primary diagram, set diagram or logic diagram) is a diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets.

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Veritas Christian Academy

Veritas Christian Academy is a private, co-educational, non-denominational, classical Christian school in Fletcher, North Carolina.

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Version control

A component of software configuration management, version control, also known as revision control or source control, is the management of changes to documents, computer programs, large web sites, and other collections of information.

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Vertical bar

The vertical bar (|) is a computer character and glyph with various uses in mathematics, computing, and typography.

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Very Short Introductions

Very Short Introductions (VSI) are a book series published by the Oxford University Press (OUP).

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Vic Dudman

Victor Howard ("Vic") Dudman (1935–2009) was an Australian logician based at Macquarie University.

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Victor Alekseyevich Vaziulin

Victor Alekseyevich Vaziulin (Виктор Алексеевич Вазюлин; 20 August 1932 – 8 January 2012) was a Soviet philosopher.

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Victor Cousin

Victor Cousin (28 November 179214 January 1867) was a French philosopher.

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Victor Shestakov

Victor Ivanovich Shestakov (1907–1987) was a Russian/Soviet logician and theoretician of electrical engineering.

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Victoria, Lady Welby

Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912), more correctly Lady Welby-Gregory, was a self-educated English philosopher of language, musician and water-colour artist.

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Victorian literature

Victorian literature is literature, mainly written in English, during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (the Victorian era).

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Vidyodaya Pirivena

The Vidyodaya Pirivena was one of the prominent piriven (a monastic college, similar to a seminary, for the education of Buddhist monks) in Sri Lanka.

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Vienna Circle

The Vienna Circle (Wiener Kreis) of Logical Empiricism was a group of philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Schlick.

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Vienna Development Method

The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest-established formal methods for the development of computer-based systems.

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Vienna Summer of Logic

The Vienna Summer of Logic was a scientific event in the summer of 2014, combining 12 major conferences and several workshops from the fields of mathematical logic, logic in computer science, and logic in artificial intelligence.

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Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement

Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement have expressed controversial views on a wide variety of topics.

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Viggo Stoltenberg-Hansen

Viggo Stoltenberg-Hansen, born 1942, professor at Uppsala University, Department of Mathematics, is a Swedish mathematician/logician and expert on domain theory and recursion theory (also known as computability theory).

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Vince Riolo

Vincent Riolo (born 1947) is a Maltese philosopher mostly interested and specialised in logic and the philosophy of language.

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Vincent Ferrer

Dominican mystics Vincent Ferrer, O.P. (Sant Vicent Ferrer; 23 January 1350 – 5 April 1419) was a Valencian Dominican friar, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician.

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Vincent of Beauvais

Vincent of Beauvais (Vincentius Bellovacensis or Vincentius Burgundus; 1184/1194 – c. 1264) was a Dominican friar at the Cistercian monastery of Royaumont Abbey, France.

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Virtual design and construction

Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the management of integrated multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the product (i.e., facilities), work processes and organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support explicit and public business objectives.

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Virtue epistemology

Virtue epistemology is a contemporary philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual, and specifically epistemic virtues.

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Vissarion Korkoliakos

Vissarion Korkoliakos (Βησσαρίων Κορκολιάκος; 1908–1991), was a Greek Orthodox monk of the Agathonos Monastery, close to Lamia, Central Greece.

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Volker Halbach

Volker Halbach (born in 1965 in Ingolstadt, Germany) is a German logician and philosopher and fellow of New College, Oxford.

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Vulcan (Star Trek)

Vulcans (also Vulcanians) are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid species in the Star Trek franchise who originate from the planet Vulcan.

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W. Coleman Nevils

William Coleman Nevils, S.J. (1878 - 1955) was an American priest of the Society of Jesus.

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Walter Burley

Walter Burley (or Burleigh) (c. 1275–1344/5) was a medieval English scholastic philosopher and logician with at least 50 works attributed to him.

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Walter Carnielli

Walter Alexandre Carnielli (born 11 January 1952 in Campinas, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher, full professor of Logic at the.

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Walter de la Mare

Walter John de la Mare (25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was a British poet, short story writer and novelist.

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Walter Dubislav

Walter Dubislav (20 September 1895 – 17 September 1937) was a German logician and philosopher of science (Wissenschaftstheoretiker).

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Walter of Saint Victor

Walter of St Victor (d. c. 1180) was a mystic philosopher and theologian, and an Augustinian canon of Paris.

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Walter Pitts

Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. (23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of computational neuroscience.

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Warhammer 40,000: Conquest

No description.

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Warhammer: Invasion

No description.

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Warrant canary

A warrant canary is a method by which a communications service provider aims to inform its users that the provider has been served with a secret government subpoena despite legal prohibitions on revealing the existence of the subpoena.

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Warren Weaver

Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator.

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Warsaw School (mathematics)

Warsaw School of Mathematics is the name given to a group of mathematicians who worked at Warsaw, Poland, in the two decades between the World Wars, especially in the fields of logic, set theory, point-set topology and real analysis.

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Wason selection task

The Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966.

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Wasteland Express Delivery Service

Wasteland Express Delivery Service is a board game for 2 to 5 players published by Pandasaurus Games in 2017.

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Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski

Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski (November 17, 1858 in Kiev – April 25, 1935 in Konstancin-Jeziorna) was a Polish philosopher.

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Weak interpretability

In mathematical logic, weak interpretability is a notion of translation of logical theories, introduced together with interpretability by Alfred Tarski in 1953.

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Weak ontology

In computer science, a weak ontology is an ontology that is not sufficiently rigorous to allow software to infer new facts without intervention by humans (the end users of the software system).

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Web Ontology Language

The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies.

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Werner Leinfellner

Werner Leinfellner (January 27, 1921 – April 6, 2010) was professor of philosophy at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and at the Vienna University of Technology.

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Western canon

The Western canon is the body of Western literature, European classical music, philosophy, and works of art that represents the high culture of Europe and North America: "a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature".

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Western philosophy

Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world.

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What the Tortoise Said to Achilles

"What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", written by Lewis Carroll in 1895 for the philosophical journal Mind, is a brief allegorical dialogue on the foundations of logic.

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Where Mathematics Comes From

Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being (hereinafter WMCF) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.

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Who Shaves the Barber?

"Who Shaves the Barber?" is the seventh episode of the FX anthology series Fargo.

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Why I Am Not a Christian

Why I Am Not a Christian is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell.

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Wilfrid Hodges

Wilfrid Augustine Hodges, FBA (born 27 May 1941) is a British mathematician, known for his work in model theory.

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Wilhelm Ackermann

Wilhelm Friedrich Ackermann (29 March 1896 – 24 December 1962) was a German mathematician best known for the Ackermann function, an important example in the theory of computation.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.

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Wilhelm Xylander

Wilhelm Xylander (born Wilhelm Holtzman, graecized to Xylander; 26 December 153210 February 1576) was a German classical scholar and humanist.

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Willard Van Orman Quine

Willard Van Orman Quine (known to intimates as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century." From 1930 until his death 70 years later, Quine was continually affiliated with Harvard University in one way or another, first as a student, then as a professor of philosophy and a teacher of logic and set theory, and finally as a professor emeritus who published or revised several books in retirement.

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Willem Ouweneel

Willem Johannes Ouweneel (born 2 June 1944 in Zaandam) is a Dutch biologist, philosopher and theologian.

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William Duncan (philosopher)

William Duncan (1717 in Aberdeen – 1760 in Aberdeen) was a Scottish natural philosopher and classicist, professor of natural philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen.

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William Ernest Johnson

William Ernest Johnson (23 June 1858 – 14 January 1931), usually cited as W. E. Johnson, was a British philosopher and logician mainly remembered for his Logic (1921–1924), in 3 volumes.

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William George Ward

William George Ward (21 March 1812 – 6 July 1882) was an English theologian and mathematician.

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William Grey (bishop of Ely)

William Grey (died 1478) was a medieval English churchman, academic, and Lord High Treasurer.

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William Hearn (legal academic)

William Edward Hearn (21 April 1826 – 23 April 1888) was an Irish university professor and politician.

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William J. Rapaport

William J. Rapaport is an associate professor at the University at Buffalo.

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William Kneale

William Calvert Kneale (22 June 1906 – 24 June 1990) was an English logician best known for his 1962 book The Development of Logic, a history of logic from its beginnings in Ancient Greece written with his wife Martha.

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William Lax

William Lax (1761 – 29 October 1836) was an English astronomer and mathematician who served as Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge for 41 years.

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William McCune

William Walker McCune (December 17, 1953 – May 4, 2011) was an American computer scientist and logician working in the fields of Automated reasoning, Algebra, Logic, and Formal Methods.

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William Minto

William Minto (10 October 1845 – 1 March 1893) was a Scottish academic, critic, editor, journalist and novelist.

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William of Malmesbury

William of Malmesbury (Willelmus Malmesbiriensis) was the foremost English historian of the 12th century.

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William of Ockham

William of Ockham (also Occam, from Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.

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William of Sherwood

William of Sherwood or William Sherwood, with numerous variant spellings, was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher.

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William S. Hatcher

William S. Hatcher (1935–2005) was a mathematician, philosopher, educator and a member of the Bahá'í Faith.

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William Spalding (writer)

Prof William Spalding (22 May 1809 – 16 November 1859) was a Scottish writer and academic.

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William Stanley Jevons

William Stanley Jevons FRS (1 September 1835 – 13 August 1882) was an English economist and logician.

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William Wotton

William Wotton (13 August 1666 – 13 February 1727) was an English theologian, classical scholar and linguist.

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Wim De Smet

Wim De Smet (Antwerp, October 19, 1932 – Brasschaat, March 10, 2012) was a Flemish zoologist, specialized in marine mammals, and an esperantist.

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Without Memory

Without Memory is a single-player third person interactive psychological thriller video game, being developed by Russian studio Dino Games for the video game console PlayStation 4.

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Wolfgang Rautenberg

Wolfgang Rautenberg (27 February 1936 − 4 September 2011) was a German mathematician and logician whose areas of research were model theory, non-classical logic, modal logic, temporal logic and self reference.

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Wolfgang Spohn

Wolfgang Konrad Spohn (born 20 March 1950 in Tübingen) is a German philosopher.

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Wolfgang Stegmüller

Wolfgang Stegmüller (June 3, 1923 – June 11, 1991), was a German-Austrian philosopher with important contributions in philosophy of science and in analytic philosophy.

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Women in philosophy

Women have engaged in philosophy throughout the field's history.

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Wonderlic test

The Wonderlic Personnel Test (formerly known as the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test) is a popular group intelligence test used to assess the aptitude of prospective employees for learning and problem-solving in a range of occupations.

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Word Association

Word Association is a common word game involving an exchange of words that are associated together.

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Works by Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban(s), KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method.

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Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation

WoLLIC, the Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation is an academic conference in the field of pure and applied logic and theoretical computer science.

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Workshop on Reachability Problems

RP, the International Workshop on Reachability Problems is an annual academic conference in the field of computer science.

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Writer

A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas.

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Xenocrates

Xenocrates (Ξενοκράτης; c. 396/5314/3 BC) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC.

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XHarbour

xHarbour is a free multi-platform extended Clipper compiler, offering multiple graphic terminals (GTs), including console drivers, GUIs, and hybrid console/GUIs.

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Xuanzang

Xuanzang (fl. c. 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who travelled to India in the seventh century and described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang dynasty.

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Yale shooting problem

The Yale shooting problem is a conundrum or scenario in formal situational logic on which early logical solutions to the frame problem fail.

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Yawning Heights

Yawning Heights (r) is the first published novel by Soviet philosopher Alexander Zinoviev.

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Yonas (hip hop artist)

Yonas Mellesse, known under the mononym, YONAS, is an independent hip-hop artist hailing from New York City.

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Yoshimi Takeuchi

Yoshimi Takeuchi is a Japanese Sinologist.

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Zameer Naqvi

Allama Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi, (علامہ سید ضمیر اختر نقوی; born 24 March 1944) is a Pakistani scholar, religious leader, public speaker, and Urdu poet.

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Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji

Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji (زین الدین عمر ساوجی) was a Persian philosopher and logician.

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Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium (Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς, Zēnōn ho Kitieus; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a Hellenistic thinker from Citium (Κίτιον, Kition), Cyprus, and probably of Phoenician descent.

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Ziauddin Ahmad

Sir Ziauddin Ahmad CIE, MP (born Ziauddin Ahmed Zuberi on 13 February 1878 – died on 23 December 1947) was a mathematician, parliamentarian, logician, natural philosopher, politician, political theorist, educationist and a scholar.

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Zygmunt Zalcwasser

Zygmunt Zalcwasser (1898 – 1943) was a Polish mathematician from the Warsaw School of Mathematics in the period between the World Wars collaborating especially in the fields of logic, set theory, general topology and real analysis.

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Zygmunt Zawirski

Zygmunt Zawirski (29 September 1882 – 2 April 1948) was a Polish philosopher and logician.

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... but the clouds ...

...

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1013

Year in topic Year 1013 (MXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1079 in philosophy

This is a list of philosophy-related events in 1079.

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1142 in philosophy

This is a list of philosophy-related events in 1142.

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1515 in science

The year 1515 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

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1572 in science

The year 1572 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

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1587 in science

The year 1587 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

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1657 in science

The year 1657 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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17th-century philosophy

17th century philosophy in the West is generally regarded as seeing the start of modern philosophy, and the shaking off of the medieval approach, especially scholasticism.

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1868 in France

Events from the year 1868 in France.

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1871 in science

The year 1871 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1874 in science

The year 1874 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1901 in science

The year 1901 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1914 in France

Events from the year 1914 in France.

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1923 in science

The year 1923 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1969 in science

The year 1969 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1983 in science

The year 1983 in science and technology involved many significant events, as listed below.

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2012 in science

The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries, including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft, the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson, and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease.

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2018 in hip hop music

This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 2018.

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350 BC

Year 350 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature

UNESCO Nomenclature (more properly UNESCO nomenclature for fields of science and technology) is a system developed by UNESCO for classification of research papers and doctoral dissertations.

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44 (number)

44 (forty-four) is the natural number following 43 and preceding 45.

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Redirects here:

Classical two-valued logic, Compound proposition, DefinitionOfLogic, Formal symbolic logic, Logic of mathematics, Logic/alternate-start, Logical, Logical rules, Logically, Logician, Logico, Logics, Logicus, Logika, Logike, Lógica, Material logic, Types of logic.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic