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Low-density lipoprotein

Index Low-density lipoprotein

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein which transport all fat molecules around the body in the extracellular water. [1]

347 relations: ACAMPs, Acid lipase disease, Acid sphingomyelinase, Acipimox, ACVRL1, Adrenal gland, Alex Sevanian, Alirocumab, Almond, Alpha-Cyclodextrin, American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, An apple a day keeps the doctor away, Anabolic steroid, Anti-aging movement, Anti-cholesterol, Anti-diabetic medication, Antioxidant, Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols, Aortic stenosis, Apheresis, Apolipoprotein, Apolipoprotein A1, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein B deficiency, Apolipoprotein E, Apolipoprotein O, APOM, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Asymmetric dimethylarginine, Atheroma, Atherosclerosis, Atorvastatin, Auricularia auricula-judae, AURORA trial, Barbara Pearse, Beta-glucan, Betalain, Bezafibrate, Bile acid sequestrant, Biosynthesis, Black tea, Blood lipids, Blood proteins, Blood test, Bococizumab, CALERIE, Calorie restriction, Canadian health claims for food, Canagliflozin, Canola, ..., Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures, Carnitine, Cathepsin G, CD36, CD36 antigen, Ceramide, CETP inhibitor, Cholestasis, Cholesterol, Cholesterol absorption inhibitor, Cholesterylester transfer protein, Chromatography in blood processing, Chronic endothelial injury hypothesis, Chylomicron, Clofibrate, Cloud ear fungus, Coconut oil, Colesevelam, Colestipol, Combined hyperlipidemia, Commiphora wightii, Cooking, Cooking oil, Coronary artery disease, Corpus luteum, CPA3, Dance and health, Deramciclane, Designer Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2014, Diabetes management, Dietary fiber, Digital therapeutics, Dimethylargininase, Discovery and development of statins, Donald Trump, Doping in sport, Dyslipidemia, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Elvira de Mejia, Endocytic cycle, Endocytosis, Endosome, Endothelial progenitor cell, Epigallocatechin gallate, Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2, Esculeoside A, Esperion Therapeutics, Estrogen, Estrogen (medication), Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid, Evacetrapib, Evolocumab, ExoCarta, Exosome (vesicle), Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe/atorvastatin, Ezetimibe/simvastatin, Familial hypercholesterolemia, Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Fatty acid, Fatty acid metabolism, Fatty alcohol, Fenofibrate, Fibrate, Fibre supplements, Flax, Foam cell, Free-radical theory of aging, French paradox, Fructose, Gel electrophoresis of proteins, Gemfibrozil, Genome-wide association study, Glossary of diabetes, Glycated hemoglobin, Glycocalyx, Green tea, Growth hormone deficiency, Guggulsterone, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Hazelnut butter, HBB, Health coaching, Health effects of tobacco, Health effects of wine, Hemorheology, Hepatic lipase, HGH controversies, High-density lipoprotein, High-fructose corn syrup, HMG-CoA reductase, Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Hypobetalipoproteinemia, Hypothyroidism, ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Interesterified fat, Intermediate-density lipoprotein, Intermittent fasting, Ira Mellman, Isagenix International, Jim Otvos, John Scott (medical researcher), Joseph L. Goldstein, Juice Plus, JUPITER trial, Kathryn Uhrich, Ketogenic diet, Kobe beef, Lack of physical education, Lacteal, Lactonase, Lanosterol synthase, Laropiprant, Lauric acid, LDL (disambiguation), LDL apheresis, LDL receptor, LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein, Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, Legume, Lipase, Lipid hypothesis, Lipid metabolism, Lipid profile, Lipid-binding serum glycoprotein, Lipid-lowering agent, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoprotein, Lipoprotein lipase, Lipoprotein(a), Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, Lipoprotein-X, List of acronyms: L, List of biomolecules, List of human endocrine organs and actions, List of medical abbreviations: L, List of MeSH codes (D10), List of MeSH codes (D12.776), List of Russian scientists, Lomitapide, Lovastatin, Low-carbohydrate diet, Low-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family, Low-fat diet, Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, MARCO, Margarine, Mediterranean diet, Megestrol acetate, Metformin, Methylglyoxal, Michael Stuart Brown, Mipomersen, MiR-33, ML domain, Monounsaturated fat, MSR1, Myocardial infarction, NAD(P)H oxidase, Nathaniel Bar-Jonah, Navy bean, Nephrotic syndrome, NETO1, Neuromuscular junction, NF-κB, Niacin, Nut (fruit), Nutritional genomics, Oat, Oat beta-glucan, Obesity-associated morbidity, Oleic acid, Olive oil, OLR1, Omega-3 acid ethyl esters, Omega-3 carboxylic acids, Omega-3 fatty acid, Outline of cardiology, Oxidative stress, Palm kernel oil, Palm oil, Palmitic acid, Pancreatic lipase family, Paraoxonase, Paraproteinemia, PCSK9, Pecan oil, Perfluorononanoic acid, Peripheral artery disease, Pfizer, Phagocytosis, Phenols, Phytosterol, Pine nut oil, Pinolenic acid, Pistachio, Pitavastatin, Plant stanol ester, Plant-based diet, Plateau principle, Polyphenol, Polypill, PON1, PON3, Portfolio diet, Postmenopausal hormone therapy, Probiotic, Protamine, Protein detoxification, Psyllium, Raltegravir, Receptor-mediated endocytosis, Red yeast rice, Reelin, Reference ranges for blood tests, Regeneron, Remnant cholesterol, Resistin, Reverse cholesterol transport, Revival Soy, Rheopheresis, Rice bran oil, Richard K. Bernstein, Rinat Neuroscience Corporation, RNA silencing, Roland Stocker, Rosuvastatin, Sandip Kumar Basu, Sanofi, Santaris Pharma, Saturated fat, Scavenger receptor (immunology), SEC24A, Selective androgen receptor modulator, Serum protein electrophoresis, Seven Countries Study, Simvastatin, Singlet oxygen, Sitosterolemia, Sortilin 1, Soy protein, Soybean, Sphingolipid, Stable nucleic acid lipid particle, Stanol ester, Statin, Stearic acid, Steroid use in American football, Sterol ester, Stormie Jones, Strawberry, Syndemic, T-cadherin, Taurine, TBC1D10A, Testosterone (medication), Theaflavin, Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes, Thomas C. Südhof, Tim Russert, Tofu, Tomatine, Torcetrapib, Trans fat, Transient ischemic attack, Trenbolone acetate, Triglyceride, Two-pore channel, Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK, Unsaturated fat, Vaccenic acid, Varespladib methyl, Vascular disease, Vasospasm, Veganism, Very low-density lipoprotein, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Vimentin, Vinyldithiin, Vitamin E, Vitellogenin, Vitellogenin lipid transport domain, Vitis vinifera, VLDL receptor, Vulnerable plaque, Waist–hip ratio, Walking, Whole grain, Xanthelasma, Zinc toxicity, 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 2017 in science, 4-hydroxynonenal-lysine, 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. Expand index (297 more) »

ACAMPs

Apoptotic-cell associated molecular patterns (ACAMPs) are molecular markers present on cells which are going through apoptosis, i.e. programmed cell death (similarly, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are markers of invading pathogens and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are markers of damaged tissue).

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Acid lipase disease

Acid lipase disease or deficiency is a name used to describe two related disorders of fatty acid metabolism.

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Acid sphingomyelinase

Acid sphingomyelinase is one of the enzymes that make up the sphingomyelinase (SMase) family, responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine.

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Acipimox

Acipimox (trade name Olbetam in Europe) is a niacin derivative used as a lipid-lowering agent.

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ACVRL1

Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACVRL1 gene.

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Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

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Alex Sevanian

Alex Sevanian (November 3, 1946 – February 17, 2005) was an American pharmacologist.

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Alirocumab

Alirocumab (trade name Praluent), World Health Organization is a biopharmaceutical drug approved by the FDA on July 24, 2015 as a second line treatment for high cholesterol for adults whose cholesterol is not controlled by diet and statin treatment.

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Almond

The almond (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus) is a species of tree native to Mediterranean climate regions of the Middle East, from Syria and Turkey to India and Pakistan, although it has been introduced elsewhere.

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Alpha-Cyclodextrin

alpha-Cyclodextrin (α-dextrin, α-cyclodextrin, α-CD, alphadextrin, alpha cyclodextrin (dietary fiber)) is a polysaccharide of six glucose units that are covalently attached end to end via α-1, 4 linkages.

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American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine

The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) is a United States registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that promotes the questionable field of anti-aging medicine and trains and certifies physicians in this specialty.

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An apple a day keeps the doctor away

"An apple a day keeps the doctor away" is a common English-language proverb of Welsh origin.

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Anabolic steroid

Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone.

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Anti-aging movement

The anti-aging movement is a social movement devoted to eliminating or reversing aging, or reducing the effects of it.

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Anti-cholesterol

Anti-cholesterol is a naturally occurring antibody to cholesterol produced by mammals.

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Anti-diabetic medication

Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood.

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Antioxidant

Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.

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Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols

A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure and studied in vitro.

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Aortic stenosis

Aortic stenosis (AS or AoS) is the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle of the heart (where the aorta begins), such that problems result.

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Apheresis

Apheresis (ἀφαίρεσις (aphairesis, "a taking away")) is a medical technology in which the blood of a person is passed through an apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the circulation.The blood is filtered to remove the stem cells.

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Apolipoprotein

Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fat and cholesterol) to form lipoproteins.

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Apolipoprotein A1

Apolipoprotein A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA1 gene.

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Apolipoprotein B

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOB gene.

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Apolipoprotein B deficiency

Apolipoprotein B deficiency (also known as "Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100") is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from a missense mutation which reduces the affinity of apoB-100 for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL Receptor).

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Apolipoprotein E

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a class of proteins involved in the metabolism of fats in the body.

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Apolipoprotein O

Apolipoprotein O also known as protein FAM121B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOO gene.

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APOM

Apolipoprotein M is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOM gene.

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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR or AHR or ahr or ahR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHR gene.

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Asymmetric dimethylarginine

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring chemical found in blood plasma.

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Atheroma

An atheroma is a reversible accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of an artery wall.

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Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.

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Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin, marketed under the trade name Lipitor among others, is a member of the medication class known as statins, which are used primarily as a lipid-lowering agent and for prevention of events associated with cardiovascular disease.

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Auricularia auricula-judae

Auricularia auricula-judae, known as the Jew's ear, wood ear, jelly ear or by a number of other common names, is a species of edible Auriculariales fungus found worldwide.

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AURORA trial

The AURORA trial (A Study to Evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in Subjects on Regular Hemodialysis: An Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the use of rosuvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

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Barbara Pearse

Barbara Mary Frances Pearse FRS (born 24 March 1948, Wraysbury, Buckinghamshire, England) is a British biological scientist.

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Beta-glucan

β-Glucans (beta-glucans) comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source.

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Betalain

Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments.

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Bezafibrate

Bezafibrate (marketed as Bezalip and various other brand names) is a fibrate drug used as a lipid-lowering agent to treat hyperlipidaemia.

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Bile acid sequestrant

The bile acid sequestrants are a group of resins used to bind certain components of bile in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

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Black tea

Black tea is a type of tea that is more oxidized than oolong, green, and white teas.

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Blood lipids

Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules.

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Blood proteins

Blood proteins, also termed plasma proteins, are proteins present in blood plasma.

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Blood test

A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.

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Bococizumab

Bococizumab (USAN; development code RN316) is a drug that was in development by Pfizer targeting PCSK9 to reduce LDL cholesterol.

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CALERIE

CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy) is a trial currently underway in the U.S. to study the effects of prolonged calorie restriction on healthy human subjects.

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Calorie restriction

Calorie restriction, or caloric restriction, or energy restriction, is a dietary regimen that reduces calorie intake without incurring malnutrition or a reduction in essential nutrients.

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Canadian health claims for food

Canadian health claims by Health Canada, the department of the Government of Canada responsible for national health, has allowed five scientifically verified disease risk reduction claims to be used on food labels and on food advertising.

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Canagliflozin

No description.

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Canola

Canola oil, or canola for short, is a vegetable oil derived from rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil.

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Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures

The diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying heart conditions associated with healthy vs.

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Carnitine

Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-N,N,N- trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria. Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled D-carnitine and L-carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the L-enantiomer, and D-carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of L-carnitine. Carnitine, derived from an amino acid, is found in nearly all organisms and animal tissue. Carnitine is the generic expression for a number of compounds that include L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine. It is most accumulated in cardiac and skeletal muscles as it accounts for 0.1% of its dry matter. It was first derived from meat extracts in 1905, therefore the name carnitine is derived from Latin "carnus" or flesh. The body synthesizes enough carnitine from lysine side chains to keep up with the needs of energy production in the body as carnitine acts as a transporter of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized and produce energy. Some individuals with genetic or medical disorders (like preterm infants) cannot make enough, so this makes carnitine a conditionally essential nutrient for them.

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Cathepsin G

Cathepsin G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSG gene.

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CD36

CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD36 gene.

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CD36 antigen

CD36 antigen is a transmembrane, highly glycosylated, glycoprotein expressed by monocytes, macrophages, platelets, microvascular endothelial cells and adipose tissues.

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Ceramide

Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.

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CETP inhibitor

A CETP inhibitor is a member of a class of drugs that inhibit cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP).

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Cholestasis

Cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.

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Cholesterol

Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.

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Cholesterol absorption inhibitor

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are a class of compounds that prevents the uptake of cholesterol from the small intestine into the circulatory system.

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Cholesterylester transfer protein

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), also called plasma lipid transfer protein, is a plasma protein that facilitates the transport of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between the lipoproteins.

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Chromatography in blood processing

Chromatographic techniques have been used in blood processing and purification since the 1980s.

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Chronic endothelial injury hypothesis

The chronic endothelial injury hypothesis is one of two major mechanisms postulated to explain the underlying cause of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD), the other being the lipid hypothesis.

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Chylomicron

Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small particle) are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%).

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Clofibrate

Clofibrate (tradename Atromid-S) is an organic compound.

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Cloud ear fungus

| name.

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Coconut oil

Coconut oil, or copra oil, is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).

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Colesevelam

Colesevelam is a bile acid sequestrant administered orally.

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Colestipol

Colestipol (trade names Colestid, Cholestabyl) is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower blood cholesterol, specifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

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Combined hyperlipidemia

Combined hyperlipidemia (or -aemia) (also known as multiple-type hyperlipoproteinemia) is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) characterised by increased LDL and triglyceride concentrations, often accompanied by decreased HDL.

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Commiphora wightii

Commiphora wightii, with common names Indian bdellium-tree, gugal, guggul, gugul, or Mukul myrrh tree, is a flowering plant in the family Burseraceae.

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Cooking

Cooking or cookery is the art, technology, science and craft of preparing food for consumption.

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Cooking oil

Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking.

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Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.

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Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries and is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, moderate levels of estradiol, inhibin A and small amounts of estrogen.

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CPA3

Carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell carboxypeptidase A), also known as CPA3, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the CPA3 gene.

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Dance and health

Dance is an enjoyable health promoting physical activity which many people worldwide incorporate into their lifestyles today.

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Deramciclane

Deramciclane (EGIS-3886) is a non-benzodiazepine-type anxiolytic drug to treat various types of anxiety disorders.

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Designer Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2014

The Designer Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2014 is a bill that expanded the list of anabolic steroids regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to include about two dozen new substances and established new crimes relating to false labeling of steroids.

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Diabetes management

The term diabetes includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentration of a sugar called glucose in the blood.

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Dietary fiber

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants.

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Digital therapeutics

Digital therapeutics, a subset of digital health, is a health discipline and treatment option that utilizes a digital and often online health technologies to treat a medical or psychological condition.

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Dimethylargininase

In the field of enzymology, a dimethylargininase, also known as a dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-omega,N-omega'-methyl-L-arginine and H2O, whereas its two products are dimethylamine and L-citrulline.

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Discovery and development of statins

The discovery of HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase inhibitors, called statins, was a breakthrough in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and related diseases.

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Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017.

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Doping in sport

In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors.

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Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is an abnormal amount of lipids (e.g. triglycerides, cholesterol and/or fat phospholipids) in the blood.

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Eicosapentaenoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid.

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Elvira de Mejia

Elvira de Mejia is a professor of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Endocytic cycle

The whole cycle of endocytosis plus exocytosis is known as the endocytic cycle.

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Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

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Endosome

In cell biology, an endosome is a membrane-bound compartment inside eukaryotic cells.

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Endothelial progenitor cell

Endothelial progenitor cell (or EPC) is a term that has been applied to multiple different cell types that play roles in the regeneration of the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

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Epigallocatechin gallate

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), also known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, and is a type of catechin.

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Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2

In recent years it has become apparent that the environment and underlying mechanisms affect gene expression and the genome outside of the central dogma of biology.

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Esculeoside A

Esculeoside A is a spirosolane-type glycoside with the molecular formula C58H95NO29.

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Esperion Therapeutics

Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. is a public, American pharmaceutical company focused on the development of a first-in-class, orally available, small molecule designed to significantly lower elevated levels of LDL-C - with the reduced potential for muscle-related side effects associated with statin use.

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Estrogen

Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.

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Estrogen (medication)

An estrogen is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.

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Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid

Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA, icosapent ethyl) is a derivative of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) that is used in combination with changes in diet to lower triglyceride levels in adults with severe (≥ 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia.

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Evacetrapib

Evacetrapib was a drug under development by Eli Lilly & Company (investigational name LY2484595) that inhibits cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP inhibitor).

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Evolocumab

Evolocumab (trade name Repatha) is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

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ExoCarta

ExoCarta is a manually curated database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids.

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Exosome (vesicle)

Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are present in many and perhaps all eukaryotic fluids, including blood, urine, and cultured medium of cell cultures.

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Ezetimibe

Ezetimibe is a drug that lowers plasma cholesterol levels.

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Ezetimibe/atorvastatin

Ezetimibe/atorvastatin (brand name Liptruzet) is a cholesterol lowering combination drug.

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Ezetimibe/simvastatin

Ezetimibe/simvastatin is a drug combination used for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

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Familial hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad cholesterol"), in the blood and early cardiovascular disease.

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Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase

Squalene synthase (SQS) or farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase is an enzyme localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Fatty alcohol

Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4–6 carbons to as many as 22–26, derived from natural fats and oils.

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Fenofibrate

Fenofibrate, marketed as Tricor and under several other brand names, is a drug of the fibrate class.

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Fibrate

In pharmacology, the fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids.

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Fibre supplements

Fibre supplements (or fiber supplements) are considered to be a form of a subgroup of functional dietary fibre, and in the United States are defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).

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Flax

Flax (Linum usitatissimum), also known as common flax or linseed, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae.

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Foam cell

Foam cells are the fat-laden M2 macrophages that serve as the hallmark of early stage atherosclerotic lesion formation.

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Free-radical theory of aging

The free radical theory of aging (FRTA) states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time.

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French paradox

The French paradox is a catchphrase, first used in the late 1980s, that summarizes the apparently paradoxical epidemiological observation that French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, in apparent contradiction to the widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk factor for CHD.

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Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

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Gel electrophoresis of proteins

Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract.

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Gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil is the generic name for an oral drug used to lower lipid levels.

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Genome-wide association study

In genetics, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), also known as whole genome association study (WGA study, or WGAS), is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait.

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Glossary of diabetes

The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes.

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Glycated hemoglobin

Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C, or Hb1c; sometimes also referred to as being Hb1c or HGBA1C) is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three-month average plasma glucose concentration.

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Glycocalyx

The glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells.

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Green tea

Green tea is a type of tea that is made from Camellia sinensis leaves that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process used to make oolong teas and black teas.

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Growth hormone deficiency

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition due to not enough growth hormone (GH).

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Guggulsterone

Guggulsterone is a phytosteroid found in the resin of the guggul plant, Commiphora mukul.

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Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Gynostemma pentaphyllum, also called jiaogulan ((Pinyin: jiǎogǔlán), literally "twisting blue plant", is a dioecious, herbaceous climbing vine of the family Cucurbitaceae (cucumber or gourd family) widely distributed in South and East Asia as well as New Guinea. Jiaogulan is best known as an herbal medicine reputed to have powerful antioxidant and adaptogenic effects purported to increase longevity. Pharmacological research has indicated a number of therapeutic qualities of jiaogulan, such as lowering cholesterol and high blood pressure, and strengthening immunity.

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Hazelnut butter

Hazelnut butter is a food spread made from crushed and blended hazelnuts.

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HBB

Beta globin (also referred to as HBB, β-globin, haemoglobin beta, hemoglobin beta, or preferably haemoglobin subunit beta) is a globin protein, which along with alpha globin (HBA), makes up the most common form of haemoglobin in adult humans, the HbA.

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Health coaching

Health coaching is the use of evidence-based skillful conversation, clinical interventions and strategies to actively and safely engage client/patients in health behavior change.

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Health effects of tobacco

Tobacco use has predominantly negative effects on human health and concern about health effects of tobacco has a long history.

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Health effects of wine

The health effects of wine are mainly determined by its active ingredient alcohol.

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Hemorheology

Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (from the Greek ‘αἷμα, haima "blood" and rheology), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells.

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Hepatic lipase

Hepatic lipase (HL), also called hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) or LIPC (for "lipase, hepatic"), is a form of lipase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of Triacylglyceride.

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HGH controversies

Controversies regarding the use of human growth hormone (HGH) as treatment method have centered on the claims, products, and businesses related to the use of growth hormone as an anti-aging therapy.

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High-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are one of the five major groups of lipoproteins.

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High-fructose corn syrup

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) (also called glucose-fructose, isoglucose and glucose-fructose syrup) is a sweetener made from corn starch that has been processed by glucose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose.

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HMG-CoA reductase

HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, officially abbreviated HMGCR) is the rate-controlling enzyme (NADH-dependent,; NADPH-dependent) of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.

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Hypercholesterolemia

Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

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Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood.

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Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

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Hypobetalipoproteinemia

Hypobetalipoproteinemia is a disorder consisting of low levels of LDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B, below the 5th percentile.

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Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

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ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

This is an overview about the chapter IV (also called chapter E) of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10).

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Interesterified fat

Interesterified fat is a type of oil where the fatty acids have been moved from one triglyceride molecule to another.

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Intermediate-density lipoprotein

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) belong to the lipoprotein particle family and are formed from the degradation of very low-density lipoproteins as well as high-density lipoproteins.

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Intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting (IF) is an umbrella term for various diets that cycle between a period of fasting and non-fasting during a defined period.

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Ira Mellman

Ira Mellman, Ph.D. is an American cell biologist who discovered endosomes.

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Isagenix International

Isagenix International LLC is a privately held multi-level marketing company that sells dietary supplements and personal care products.

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Jim Otvos

James D. Otvos, Ph.D. is an academician/researcher/entrepreneur in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy who has pioneered and published, since the later 1970s, extensive research on the roles of the various lipoproteins in cardiovascular disease and lead the company, LipoScience, which developed the Vantera Analyzer.

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John Scott (medical researcher)

Sir Philip John Scott (26 June 1931 – 20 October 2015) was a New Zealand medical researcher and administrator.

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Joseph L. Goldstein

Joseph Leonard Goldstein (born April 18, 1940) is an American biochemist.

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Juice Plus

Juice Plus+ is a branded line of dietary supplements containing concentrated fruit and vegetable juice extracts fortified with added vitamins and nutrients.

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JUPITER trial

The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin trial) was a clinical trial aimed at evaluating whether statins reduce heart attacks and strokes in people with normal cholesterol levels.

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Kathryn Uhrich

Kathryn Uhrich (born 1965) is Dean of the College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, at The University of California, Riverside, and founder of Polymerix Corporation.

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Ketogenic diet

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children.

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Kobe beef

is meat from the Tajima strain of Japanese Black cattle, raised in Japan's Hyōgo Prefecture according to rules set out by the Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Promotion Association.

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Lack of physical education

Lack of physical education is the inadequacy of the provision and effectiveness of exercise and physical activity within modern education.

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Lacteal

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

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Lactonase

Lactonase (also acyl-homoserine lactonase) is a metalloenzyme, produced by certain species of bacteria, which targets and inactivates acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs).

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Lanosterol synthase

Lanosterol synthase is an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that converts (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to a protosterol cation and finally to lanosterol.

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Laropiprant

Laropiprant (INN) was a drug used in combination with niacin to reduce blood cholesterol (LDL and VLDL) that is no longer sold, due to increases in side-effects with no cardiovascular benefit.

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Lauric acid

Lauric acid or systematically, dodecanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, thus having many properties of medium chain fatty acids, is a white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap.

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LDL (disambiguation)

LDL is a low-density lipoprotein, one of the five major groups of lipoproteins.

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LDL apheresis

In medicine, LDL apheresis is a form of apheresis, resembling dialysis, to eliminate the cholesterol-containing particle low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the bloodstream.

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LDL receptor

The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich LDL.

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LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein

Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-associated protein 1 also known as LRPAP1 or RAP is a chaperone protein which in humans is encoded by the LRPAP1 gene.

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Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency (LCAT deficiency) is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism.

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Legume

A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae).

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Lipase

A lipase is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids).

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Lipid hypothesis

The lipid hypothesis is a medical theory postulating a link between blood cholesterol levels and occurrence of heart disease.

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Lipid metabolism

Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the break down or storage of fats for energy.

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Lipid profile

Lipid profile or lipid panel is a panel of blood tests that serves as an initial screening tool for abnormalities in lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.

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Lipid-binding serum glycoprotein

In molecular biology, the lipid-binding serum glycoproteins family, also known as the BPI/LBP/Plunc family or LBP/BPI/CETP family represents a family which includes mammalian lipid-binding serum glycoproteins.

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Lipid-lowering agent

Hypolipidemic agents, or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia).

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Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an endocrine disorder that is an uncommon and potentially lethal form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

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Lipoprotein

A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose purpose is to transport hydrophobic lipid (a.k.a. fat) molecules in water, as in blood or extracellular fluid.

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Lipoprotein lipase

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase.

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Lipoprotein(a)

Lipoprotein(a) (also called Lp(a) or LPA) is a lipoprotein subclass.

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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a phospholipase A2 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G7 gene.

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Lipoprotein-X

Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis.

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List of acronyms: L

(Main list of acronyms).

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List of biomolecules

This is a list of articles that describe particular biomolecules or types of biomolecules.

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List of human endocrine organs and actions

The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.

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List of medical abbreviations: L

Category:Lists of medical abbreviations.

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List of MeSH codes (D10)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (D12.776)

This is part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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Lomitapide

Lomitapide (INN, marketed as Juxtapid in the US and as Lojuxta in the EU) is a drug used as a lipid-lowering agent for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia, developed by Aegerion Pharmaceuticals.

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Lovastatin

Lovastatin (Merck's Mevacor) is a statin drug, used for lowering cholesterol in those with hypercholesterolemia to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Low-carbohydrate diet

Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption.

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Low-density lipoprotein

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein which transport all fat molecules around the body in the extracellular water.

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Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family

The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family codes for a class of structurally related cell surface receptors that fulfill diverse biological functions in different organs, tissues, and cell types.

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Low-fat diet

A low-fat diet is one that restricts fat and often saturated fat and cholesterol as well.

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Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency

Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL deficiency or LAL-D), also known as Wolman disease, is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism that results in the body not producing enough active lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) enzyme.

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MARCO

Macrophage receptor MARCO also known as macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MARCO gene.

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Margarine

Margarine is an imitation butter spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking.

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Mediterranean diet

The Mediterranean diet is a diet inspired by the eating habits of Greece, Southern Italy, and Spain in the 1940s and 1950s.

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Megestrol acetate

Megestrol acetate (MGA), sold under the brand name Megace among others, is a progestin medication which is used mainly as an appetite stimulant to treat wasting syndromes such as cachexia.

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Metformin

Metformin, marketed under the trade name Glucophage among others, is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight.

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Methylglyoxal

Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO.

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Michael Stuart Brown

Michael Stuart Brown (born April 13, 1941) is an American geneticist and Nobel laureate.

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Mipomersen

Mipomersen (INN; trade name Kynamro) is used to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and is administered by subcutaneous injection.

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MiR-33

miR-33 is a family of microRNA precursors, which are processed by the Dicer enzyme to give mature microRNAs.

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ML domain

The MD-2-related lipid-recognition (ML) domain is implicated in lipid recognition, particularly in the recognition of pathogen related products.

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Monounsaturated fat

In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fatty acids (abbreviated MUFAs, or more plainly monounsaturated fats) are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remainder carbon atoms being single-bonded.

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MSR1

Macrophage scavenger receptor 1, also known as MSR1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MSR1 gene.

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Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.

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NAD(P)H oxidase

NAD(P)H oxidase is a membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the production of superoxide– a reactive free radical– through a one electron transfer from NAD(P)H (NADH or NADPH) to oxygen as the electron acceptor.

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Nathaniel Bar-Jonah

Nathaniel Benjamin Levi Bar-Jonah (February 15, 1957 – April 13, 2008), born David Paul Brown, was an American convicted child molester, suspected serial killer and cannibal who was serving a 130-year prison sentence without the possibility of parole in Montana after being convicted of kidnapping, aggravated assault, and sexual assault of various children.

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Navy bean

The navy bean, haricot, pearl haricot bean, boston bean,Anne Willan white pea bean, or pea bean, is a variety of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) native to the Americas, where it was domesticated.

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Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage.

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NETO1

Neuropilin (NRP) and tolloid (TLL)-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NETO1 gene.

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Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

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NF-κB

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

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Niacin

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient.

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Nut (fruit)

A nut is a fruit composed of an inedible hard shell and a seed, which is generally edible.

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Nutritional genomics

Nutritional genomics is a science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition and health.

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Oat

The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).

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Oat beta-glucan

Oat β-glucans are water-soluble β-glucans derived from the endosperm of oat kernels known for their dietary contribution as components of soluble fiber.

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Obesity-associated morbidity

Obesity is an important risk factor for many chronic physical and mental illnesses that people suffer from.

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Oleic acid

Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils.

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Olive oil

Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin.

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OLR1

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1) also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OLR1 gene.

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Omega-3 acid ethyl esters

Omega-3 acid ethyl esters are the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), i.e., the ester part, attached at one end to an ethanol molecule - the ethyl part.

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Omega-3 carboxylic acids

Omega-3 carboxylic acids (Epanova) is an FDA approved prescription medication used alongside a low fat and low cholesterol diet that lowers high triglyceride (fat) levels in adults with very high levels.

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Omega-3 fatty acid

Omega−3 fatty acids, also called ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

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Outline of cardiology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cardiology: Cardiology – branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart.

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Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

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Palm kernel oil

Palm kernel oil is an edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis.

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Palm oil

Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.

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Palmitic acid

Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.

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Pancreatic lipase family

Triglyceride lipases are a family of lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyse ester linkages of triglycerides.

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Paraoxonase

Paraoxonases are a family of mammalian enzymes with aryldialkylphosphatase activity.

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Paraproteinemia

Paraproteinemia, also known as monoclonal gammopathy, is the presence of excessive amounts of paraprotein or single monoclonal gammaglobulin in the blood.

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PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an enzyme encoded by the PCSK9 gene in humans on chromosome 1.

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Pecan oil

Pecan oil is an edible pressed oil extracted from the pecan nut.

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Perfluorononanoic acid

Perfluorononanoic acid, or PFNA, is a synthetic perfluorinated carboxylic acid and fluorosurfactant that is also an environmental contaminant found in people and wildlife along with PFOS and PFOA.

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Peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or the brain.

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Pfizer

Pfizer Inc. is an American pharmaceutical conglomerate headquartered in New York City, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut.

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Phagocytosis

In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.

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Phenols

In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.

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Phytosterol

Phytosterols, which encompass plant sterols and stanols, are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.

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Pine nut oil

Pine nut oil, also called pine seed oil or cedar nut oil, is a vegetable oil, extracted from the edible seeds of several species of pine.

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Pinolenic acid

Pinolenic acid (often misspelled as pinoleic acid) is a fatty acid contained in Siberian Pine nuts, Korean Pine nuts and the seeds of other pines (Pinus species).

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Pistachio

The pistachio (Pistacia vera), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East.

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Pitavastatin

Pitavastatin (usually as a calcium salt) is a member of the blood cholesterol lowering medication class of statins, marketed in the United States under the trade name Livalo, and in European Union and Russia under the trade name Livazo.

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Plant stanol ester

Stanol esters are a heterogeneous group of phytosterol esters with a saturated sterol ring structure known to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in blood when ingested.

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Plant-based diet

A plant-based diet is a diet based on foods derived from plants, including vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes and fruits, but with few or no animal products.

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Plateau principle

The plateau principle is a mathematical model or scientific law originally developed to explain the time course of drug action.

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Polyphenol

Polyphenols (also known as polyhydroxyphenols) are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semisynthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units.

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Polypill

A polypill is a medication that is a drug product in pill form (i.e., tablet or capsule) that combines multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients.

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PON1

Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) also known as A esterase, homocysteine thiolactonase or serum aryldialkylphosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PON1 gene.

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PON3

Paraoxonase 3, also known as PON3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PON3 gene.

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Portfolio diet

Portfolio Diet is a therapeutic vegan diet created by Canadian researcher David J. Jenkins in 2003 to lower blood cholesterol.

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Postmenopausal hormone therapy

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), or postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT, PMHT), also known as hormone replacement therapy in menopause, is a form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) which is used in postmenopausal, perimenopausal, and surgically menopausal women.

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Probiotic

Probiotics are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed.

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Protamine

Protamines are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histones late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis and are believed essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization.

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Protein detoxification

Protein detoxification is the process by which proteins containing methylated arginine are broken down and removed from the body.

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Psyllium

Psyllium, or ispaghula, is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage.

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Raltegravir

Raltegravir (RAL), sold under the brand name Isentress, is an antiretroviral medication used, together with other medication, to treat HIV/AIDS.

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, other proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being absorbed (endocytosis).

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Red yeast rice

Red yeast rice, red rice koji (べにこうじ, lit. 'red koji') or akakoji (あかこぎ, also meaning 'red koji'), red fermented rice, red kojic rice, red koji rice, anka, or ang-kak, is a bright reddish purple fermented rice, which acquires its colour from being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus.

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Reelin

Reelin (RELN) is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell-cell interactions.

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Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.

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Regeneron

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biotechnology company headquartered in Eastview, near Tarrytown, New York.

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Remnant cholesterol

Remnant cholesterol, also known as remnant lipoprotein, is a very atherogenic lipoprotein composed primarily of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).

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Resistin

Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich adipose-derived peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene.

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Reverse cholesterol transport

Reverse cholesterol transport is a multi-step process resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver first via entering the lymphatic system, then the bloodstream.

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Revival Soy

Revival Soy is a brand of soy food and supplement products developed by Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a private, family-owned company located in Kernersville, North Carolina.

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Rheopheresis

Rheopheresis is a process to change the viscosity of blood by filtering blood to remove some components such as fibrinogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin, von Willebrand factor, LDL cholesterol and immunoglobulin M. It is an experimental treatment for dry age-related macular degeneration, and acute ischemic stroke.

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Rice bran oil

Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk).

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Richard K. Bernstein

Richard K. Bernstein (born June 17, 1934) is a physician and an advocate for a low-carbohydrate diabetes diet to help achieve normal blood sugars for diabetics.

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Rinat Neuroscience Corporation

Rinat Neuroscience Corporation was a privately held biotechnology company that discovered and developed antibody-based drugs including.

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RNA silencing

RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs.

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Roland Stocker

Roland Stocker (born 5 October 1956 in Switzerland) is a Swiss Australian biochemist who discovered the antioxidant activity of bilirubin.

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Rosuvastatin

Rosuvastatin (INN), marketed under the tradename Crestor, is a member of the drug class of statins, used in combination with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to treat high cholesterol and related conditions, and to prevent cardiovascular disease.

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Sandip Kumar Basu

Sandip Kumar Basu (born 1944) is an Indian molecular biologist and the holder of the J. C. Bose Chair of the National Academy of Sciences, India, who is credited with innovations in the treatment protocols of leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, viral infections, multidrug resistant cancer and arterosclerosis.

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Sanofi

Sanofi S.A. is a French multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Gentilly, France, as of 2013 the world's fifth-largest by prescription sales.

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Santaris Pharma

Santaris Pharma A/S is a biopharmaceutical company founded in 2003 in Copenhagen, Denmark with a small branch in San Diego, California that opened in 2009.

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Saturated fat

A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds.

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Scavenger receptor (immunology)

Scavenger receptors are receptors on macrophages and other cells that bind to numerous ligands, such as bacterial cell-wall components, and remove them from the blood.

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SEC24A

SEC24 family, member A (S. cerevisiae) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC24A gene.

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Selective androgen receptor modulator

Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands.

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Serum protein electrophoresis

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP or SPE) is a laboratory test that examines specific proteins in the blood called globulins.

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Seven Countries Study

The Seven Countries Study is an epidemiological longitudinal study directed by Ancel Keys at what is today the University of Minnesota Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene & Exercise Science (LPHES).

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Simvastatin

Simvastatin, marketed under the trade name Zocor among others, is a lipid-lowering medication.

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Singlet oxygen

Singlet oxygen, systematically named dioxygen(singlet) and dioxidene, is a gaseous inorganic chemical with the formula O.

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Sitosterolemia

Sitosterolemia (also known as "Phytosterolemia") is a rare autosomal recessively inherited lipid metabolic disorder.

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Sortilin 1

Sortilin (SORT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SORT1 gene on chromosome 1.

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Soy protein

Soy protein is a protein that is isolated from soybean.

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Soybean

The soybean (Glycine max), or soya bean, is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.

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Sphingolipid

Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine.

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Stable nucleic acid lipid particle

Stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) are microscopic particles approximately 120 nanometers in diameter, smaller than the wavelengths of visible light.

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Stanol ester

Stanol ester is a heterogeneous group of chemical compounds known to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in blood when ingested, though to a much lesser degree than prescription drugs such as statins.

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Statin

Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-lowering medications.

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Stearic acid

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid.

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Steroid use in American football

The use of anabolic steroids and performance-enhancing drugs in American football is officially prohibited by virtually every sanctioning body.

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Sterol ester

Sterol esters are a heterogeneous group of chemical compounds.

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Stormie Jones

Stormie Dawn Jones (May 30, 1977 – November 11, 1990) was the world's first recipient of a successful simultaneous heart and liver organ transplant.

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Strawberry

The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries.

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Syndemic

A syndemic or synergistic epidemic is the aggregation of two or more concurrent or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease.

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T-cadherin

T-cadherin also known as cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13) is a unique member of cadherin superfamily because it lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains and is anchored to the cells membrane through the GPI anchor.

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Taurine

No description.

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TBC1D10A

TBC1 domain family member 10A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBC1D10A gene.

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Testosterone (medication)

Testosterone is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

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Theaflavin

Theaflavin (TF) and its derivatives, known collectively as theaflavins, are antioxidant polyphenols that are formed from the condensation of flavan-3-ols in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (sometimes erroneously referred to as fermentation) of black tea.

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Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes

Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes, also known as the TLC Diet, is a dietary pattern recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program, part of the National Institutes of Health, to control hypercholesterolemia.

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Thomas C. Südhof

Thomas Christian Südhof (born December 22, 1955) is a German-American biochemist known for his study of synaptic transmission.

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Tim Russert

Timothy John Russert (May 7, 1950 – June 13, 2008) was an American television journalist and lawyer who appeared for more than 16 years as the longest-serving moderator of NBC's Meet the Press.

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Tofu

Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food cultivated by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks.

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Tomatine

Tomatine (sometimes called tomatin or lycopersicin) is a glycoalkaloid, found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants, and in the fruits at much lower concentrations.

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Torcetrapib

Torcetrapib (CP-529,414, Pfizer) was a drug being developed to treat hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) and prevent cardiovascular disease.

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Trans fat

Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids, are a type of unsaturated fat that occur in small amounts in nature but became widely produced industrially from vegetable fats starting in the 1950s for use in margarine, snack food, and packaged baked goods and for frying fast food.

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Transient ischemic attack

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by loss of blood flow (ischemia) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without tissue death (infarction).

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Trenbolone acetate

Trenbolone acetate, sold under brand names such as Finajet and Finaplix among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in veterinary medicine, specifically to increase the profitability of livestock by promoting muscle growth in cattle.

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Triglyceride

A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride).

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Two-pore channel

Two-pore channels (TPCs) are eukaryotic intracellular voltage-gated and ligand gated cation selective ion channels.

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Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK

Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK also known as C-terminal Src kinase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CSK gene.

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Unsaturated fat

An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain.

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Vaccenic acid

Vaccenic acid, also known as (E)-octadec-11-enoic acid is a naturally occurring trans-fatty acid found in the fat of ruminants and in dairy products such as milk, butter, and yogurt.

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Varespladib methyl

Varespladib methyl (also known as A-002, formerly LY333013 and S-3013) is a secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibitor formerly under development by Anthera Pharmaceuticals as a treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

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Vascular disease

Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the blood vessels – the arteries and veins of the circulatory system of the body.

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Vasospasm

Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction.

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Veganism

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.

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Very low-density lipoprotein

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver.

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Vesicular stomatitis virus

Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV; often still referred to as VSV) is a virus in the family Rhabdoviridae; the well-known rabies virus belongs to the same family.

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Vimentin

Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene.

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Vinyldithiin

Vinyldithiins, more precisely named 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin, are organosulfur phytochemicals formed in the breakdown of allicin from crushed garlic (Allium sativum).

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Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

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Vitellogenin

Vitellogenin (VTG or less popularly known as VG) (from Latin vitellus, yolk, and gener, to produce) is a precursor protein of egg yolk normally in the blood or hemolymph only of females that is used as a biomarker in vertebrates of exposure to environmental estrogens which stimulate elevated levels in males as well as females.

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Vitellogenin lipid transport domain

This domain represents a conserved region found in several lipid transport proteins, including vitellogenin, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein B-100.

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Vitis vinifera

Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran.

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VLDL receptor

The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a transmembrane lipoprotein receptor of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family.

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Vulnerable plaque

A vulnerable plaque is a kind of atheromatous plaque – a collection of white blood cells (primarily macrophages) and lipids (including cholesterol) in the wall of an artery – that is particularly unstable and prone to produce sudden major problems such as a heart attack or stroke.

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Waist–hip ratio

The Waist-hip ratio or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is the dimensionless ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips.

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Walking

Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of locomotion among legged animals.

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Whole grain

A whole grain is a grain of any cereal and pseudocereal that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran, in contrast to refined grains, which retain only the endosperm.

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Xanthelasma

Xanthelasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids.

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Zinc toxicity

Zinc toxicity is a medical condition involving an overdose on, or toxic overexposure to, zinc.

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13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) is the commonly used term for 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE).

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2017 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2017.

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4-hydroxynonenal-lysine

4-hydroxynonenal-lysine is an epitope generated by the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein.

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9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid or 9-HODE) has been used in the literature to designate either or both of two stereoisomer metabolites of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid: 9(S)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9(S)-HODE) and 9(R)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9(R)-HODE); these two metabolites differ in having their hydroxy residues in the S or R configurations, respectively.

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Bad cholesterol, Freidwald equation, Friedewald equation, LDL, LDL cholesterol, LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol, Ldl cholesterol, Lipoproteins, ldl, Low Density Lipoprotein, Low density cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low-density lipoproteins, Low-density-lipoprotein.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein

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