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53 relations: Alpine transhumance, Alps, Basque language, Caramany, Celtic languages, Danubian culture, Eteocypriot language, Etruscan language, Finnish language, Germanic substrate hypothesis, Goidelic substrate hypothesis, History of France, History of the British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, Iberians, Imbsheim, Indo-European languages, Italic languages, Kosmaj, Languages of Asia, Languages of Cyprus, Liburnian language, Liburnians, Linear A, List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes, List of ancient peoples of Italy, List of chemical element name etymologies, Mask, Milan Budimir, Neolithic Europe, Nuragic civilization, Old Europe (archaeology), Old European hydronymy, Origin of the Basques, Paleo-European, Paleo-European languages, Paleo-Sardinian language, Paleolithic Continuity Theory, Petit Vignemale, Pictish language, Pit–Comb Ware culture, Pre-Celtic, Pre-Greek substrate, Pre-Indo-European, Prehistoric Iberia, Sardinian people, Scone Palace, Silesia, Tardebigge, Tolosa, Spain, ..., Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Vasconic substratum theory, William Wadden Turner. Expand index (3 more) »
Alpine transhumance
Alpine transhumance is transhumance as practiced in the Alps, that is, a seasonal droving of grazing livestock between the valleys in winter and the high mountain pastures in summer (German Alpwirtschaft, Almwirtschaft from the term for "seasonal mountain pasture", Alp, Alm).
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Alps
The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.
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Basque language
Basque (euskara) is a language spoken in the Basque country and Navarre. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and, as a language isolate, to any other known living language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion. Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities of Álava, and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen the language. By contrast, most of Álava, the western part of Biscay and central and southern areas of Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries, in some areas (most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it was possibly never spoken there, in other areas (Enkarterri and southeastern Navarre). Under Restorationist and Francoist Spain, public use of Basque was frowned upon, often regarded as a sign of separatism; this applied especially to those regions that did not support Franco's uprising (such as Biscay or Gipuzkoa). However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising (such as Navarre or Álava) the Basque language was more than merely tolerated. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain, and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school. A language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. The origin of the Basques and of their languages is not conclusively known, though the most accepted current theory is that early forms of Basque developed prior to the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, including the Romance languages that geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, and Basque speakers have in turn lent their own words to Romance speakers. The Basque alphabet uses the Latin script.
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Caramany
Caramany is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France.
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Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.
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Danubian culture
The term Danubian culture was coined by the Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe to describe the first agrarian society in central and eastern Europe.
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Eteocypriot language
Eteocypriot was a pre-Indo-European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus.
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Etruscan language
The Etruscan language was the spoken and written language of the Etruscan civilization, in Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Corsica, Campania, Veneto, Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna.
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Finnish language
Finnish (or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland.
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Germanic substrate hypothesis
The Germanic substrate hypothesis is an attempt to explain the distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European languages.
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Goidelic substrate hypothesis
The Goidelic substrate hypothesis refers to the hypothesized language or languages spoken in Ireland before the Iron Age arrival of the Goidelic languages.
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History of France
The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.
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History of the British Isles
The history of the British Isles has witnessed intermittent periods of competition and cooperation between the people that occupy the various parts of Great Britain, the Isle of Man, Ireland, the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the smaller adjacent islands, which together make up the British Isles.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.
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Iberians
The Iberians (Hibērī, from Ίβηρες, Iberes) were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others, Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodotus and Strabo) identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the 6th century BC.
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Imbsheim
Imbsheim is a village and a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department, eastern France.
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
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Italic languages
The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family, originally spoken by Italic peoples.
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Kosmaj
Kosmaj (Serbian Cyrillic: Космај) is a mountain south of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.
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Languages of Asia
There is a wide variety of languages spoken throughout Asia, comprising different language families and some unrelated isolates.
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Languages of Cyprus
The official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish.
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Liburnian language
The Liburnian language is an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied Liburnia in classical times.
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Liburnians
The Liburnians (or Liburni) were an ancient Illyrian tribe inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic between the rivers Arsia (Raša) and Titius (Krka) in what is now Croatia.
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Linear A
Linear A is one of two currently undeciphered writing systems used in ancient Greece (Cretan hieroglyphic is the other).
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List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes
This is a list of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes, listed in order of the province (Roman province) or the general area in which they lived.
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List of ancient peoples of Italy
This list of ancient peoples living in Italy summarises groupings existing before the Roman expansion and conquest.
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List of chemical element name etymologies
This is the list of etymologies for all chemical element names.
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Mask
A mask is an object normally worn on the face, typically for protection, disguise, performance, or entertainment.
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Milan Budimir
Milan Budimir (Милан Будимир; 2 November 1891 – 17 October 1975) was the most distinguished Serbian classical scholar, professor, Serbian philosopher and Chair of the Department of Classical Philology.
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Neolithic Europe
Neolithic Europe is the period when Neolithic technology was present in Europe, roughly between 7000 BCE (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) and c. 1700 BCE (the beginning of the Bronze Age in northwest Europe).
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Nuragic civilization
The Nuragic civilization was a civilization in Sardinia, the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, which lasted from the 18th century BC (Bronze Age) to the 2nd century AD.
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Old Europe (archaeology)
Old Europe is a term coined by archaeologist Marija Gimbutas to describe what she perceived as a relatively homogeneous pre-Indo-European Neolithic culture in southeastern Europe located in the Danube River valley, also known as Danubian culture.
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Old European hydronymy
Old European (Alteuropäisch) is the term used by Hans Krahe (1964) for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European hydronymy (river names) in Central and Western Europe.
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Origin of the Basques
The origin of the Basques and the Basque language is a controversial topic that has given rise to numerous hypotheses.
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Paleo-European
Paleo-European (Palaeo-European) may refer to.
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Paleo-European languages
The Paleo-European languages, or Old European languages, are the mostly-unknown languages that were spoken in Europe prior to the spread of the Indo-European and the Uralic families caused by invasion of pastoralists from the Bronze Age Eurasian steppe that dominate the continent today.
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Paleo-Sardinian language
Paleo-Sardinian, also known as Proto-Sardinian or Nuragic, is an extinct language (or perhaps set of languages) spoken in Sardinia (and possibly Corsica) during the Bronze Age, which is thought to have left traces in the onomastics as well as toponyms of the island and in the modern Sardinian language.
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Paleolithic Continuity Theory
The Paleolithic Continuity Theory (or PCT, Italian La teoria della continuità), since 2010 relabelled as a "paradigm", as in Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm or PCP), is a hypothesis suggesting that the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) can be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic, several millennia earlier than the Chalcolithic or at the most Neolithic estimates in other scenarios of Proto-Indo-European origins. As advanced by Mario Alinei in his Origini delle Lingue d’Europa (Origins of the Languages of Europe), published in two volumes in 1996 and 2000, the PCT posits that the advent of Indo-European languages should be linked to the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa in the Upper Paleolithic. Employing "lexical periodisation", Alinei arrives at a timeline deeper than even that of Colin Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis, previously the mainstream linguistic theory proposing the earliest origin for Indo-European. Since 2004, an informal workgroup of scholars who support the Paleolithic Continuity Theory has been held online. Members of the group (referred to as "Scientific Committee" in the website) include linguists Xaverio Ballester (University of Valencia) and Francesco Benozzo (University of Bologna), prehistorian Marcel Otte (Université de Liège) and anthropologist Henry Harpending (University of Utah). The Paleolithic Continuity Theory is distinctly a minority view as it enjoys very little academic support, serious discussion being limited to a small circle of scholars. It is not listed by Mallory among the proposals for the origins of the Indo-European languages that are widely discussed and considered credible within academia.
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Petit Vignemale
The Petit Vignemale is a summit in the French Pyrenees in the massif du Vignemale.
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Pictish language
Pictish is the extinct language, or dialect, spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from the late Iron Age to the Early Middle Ages.
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Pit–Comb Ware culture
The Pit–Comb Ware culture or Comb Ceramic culture was a northeast European characterised by its Pit–Comb Ware.
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Pre-Celtic
The pre-Celtic period in the prehistory of Central and Western Europe occurred before the expansion of the Celts or their culture in Iron Age Europe and Anatolia (9th to 6th centuries BC), but after the emergence of the Proto-Celtic language and cultures.
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Pre-Greek substrate
The Pre-Greek substrate (or Pre-Greek substratum) consists of the unknown language or languages spoken in prehistoric ancient Greece before the settlement of Proto-Hellenic speakers in the area.
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Pre-Indo-European
Pre-Indo-European means "preceding Indo-European".
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Prehistoric Iberia
The prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula begins with the arrival of the first hominins 1.2 million years ago and ends with the Punic Wars, when the territory enters the domains of written history.
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Sardinian people
The Sardinians, or also the Sards (Sardos or Sardus; Italian and Sassarese: Sardi; Catalan: Sards or Sardos; Gallurese: Saldi; Ligurian: Sordi), are the native people and ethnic group from which Sardinia, a western Mediterranean island and autonomous region of Italy, derives its name.
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Scone Palace
Scone Palace is a Category A listed historic house and 5 star tourism attraction near the village of Scone and the city of Perth, Scotland.
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Silesia
Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.
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Tardebigge
Tardebigge is a village in Worcestershire, England.
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Tolosa, Spain
Tolosa is a town and municipality in the Basque province of Gipuzkoa, in northern Spain.
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Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain and Ireland have a very varied toponymy due the different settlement patterns, political and linguistic histories.
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Vasconic substratum theory
The Vasconic substratum theory is a proposal that several western European languages contain remnants of an old language family of Vasconic languages, of which Basque is the only surviving member.
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William Wadden Turner
William Wadden Turner (October, 23 1810 – November 29, 1859) was an English-born American philologist and librarian.
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Asianic, Asianic languages, Indo-European substrate hypotheses, Indo-European substrate hypothesis, Pre-Indo-European language.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages
