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Atmospheric model

Index Atmospheric model

An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. [1]

142 relations: Academic Press, Acid rain, Acoustic wave, Air pollution, American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, Atmosphere, Atmosphere of Earth, Baroclinity, Barotropic fluid, Barotropic vorticity equation, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Bureau of Meteorology, California, Cambridge University Press, Chaos theory, Climate change, Climate model, Cloud, Cloud fraction, Cloud physics, Cold-core low, Colorado State University, Community Climate System Model, Computer simulation, Continuity equation, Convection, Cumulus cloud, Curl (mathematics), Data assimilation, Dependent and independent variables, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Dynamical systems theory, Earth, Earth System Research Laboratory, Eddy covariance, ENIAC, Environmental Modeling Center, Euler equations (fluid dynamics), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Finite difference method, Fluid, Fluid dynamics, Forecast skill, General circulation model, Geodesic grid, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Geopotential height, Geostrophic wind, Global Environmental Multiscale Model, ..., Global Forecast System, HadCM3, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Hanscom Air Force Base, Heat transfer, High-pressure area, HIRLAM, History of numerical weather prediction, Hurricane hunters, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Icosahedron, Intermediate general circulation model, Journal of Computational Physics, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Kinematics, Lewis Fry Richardson, Low-pressure area, Mathematical model, Météo-France, Met Office, METAR, Meteorological Service of Canada, Meteorology, MM5 (weather model), Model output statistics, Monthly Weather Review, National Center for Atmospheric Research, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Climatic Data Center, National Data Buoy Center, National Hurricane Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Nonlinear system, North American Mesoscale Model, Numerical stability, Numerical weather prediction, Parametrization, Parametrization (atmospheric modeling), Partial differential equation, Peter Lynch (meteorologist), Pilot report, Precipitation, Primitive equations, Prognostic chart, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Radiation, Radiosonde, Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, Relative humidity, Rossby number, Royal Meteorological Society, Sea surface temperature, Sigma coordinate system, Soil, Solenoidal vector field, Spectral method, Statistical model, Stratosphere, Stratus cloud, Subtropical ridge, Surface weather observation, SYNOP, Terrain, Thermal wind, Thermodynamics, Tornado, Tropical cyclone, Tropical cyclone forecast model, Troposphere, Turbulence, Unified Model, Unisys, United Kingdom, United States Air Force, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Navy, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, University of Miami, University of Oklahoma, University of Washington, Upper-atmospheric models, Vilhelm Bjerknes, Weather and Forecasting, Weather reconnaissance, Weather research and forecasting model, Weather satellite, Weather station, West Germany, Wind shear, World Meteorological Organization. Expand index (92 more) »

Academic Press

Academic Press is an academic book publisher.

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Acid rain

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).

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Acoustic wave

Acoustic waves (also known as sound waves) are a type of longitudinal waves that propagate by means of adiabatic compression and decompression.

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Air pollution

Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.

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American Geophysical Union

The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of geophysicists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.

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American Meteorological Society

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) is the premier scientific and professional organization in the United States promoting and disseminating information about the atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic sciences. Its mission is to advance the atmospheric and related sciences, technologies, applications, and services for the benefit of society.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.

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Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.

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Baroclinity

In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (often called baroclinicity) of a stratified fluid is a measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from the gradient of density in a fluid.

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Barotropic fluid

In fluid dynamics, a barotropic fluid is a fluid whose density is a function of pressure only.

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Barotropic vorticity equation

The barotropic vorticity equation assumes the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height.

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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.

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Bureau of Meteorology

The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Chaos theory

Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.

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Climate change

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).

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Climate model

Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate, including atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice.

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Cloud

In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body.

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Cloud fraction

Cloud fraction is the percentage of each pixel in satellite imagery or each gridbox in a weather or climate model that is covered with clouds.

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Cloud physics

Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds.

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Cold-core low

A cold-core low, also known as an upper level low or cold-core cyclone, is a cyclone aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's troposphere.

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Colorado State University

Colorado State University (also referred to as Colorado State, State, and CSU) is a public research university located in Fort Collins, in the U.S. state of Colorado.

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Community Climate System Model

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled global climate model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy (DoE), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

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Computer simulation

Computer simulation is the reproduction of the behavior of a system using a computer to simulate the outcomes of a mathematical model associated with said system.

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Continuity equation

A continuity equation in physics is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity.

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Convection

Convection is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid).

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Cumulus cloud

Cumulus clouds are clouds which have flat bases and are often described as "puffy", "cotton-like" or "fluffy" in appearance.

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Curl (mathematics)

In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space.

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Data assimilation

Data assimilation is a mathematical discipline that seeks to optimally combine theory (usually in the form of a numerical model) with observations.

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Dependent and independent variables

In mathematical modeling, statistical modeling and experimental sciences, the values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables.

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Deutscher Wetterdienst

The Deutscher Wetterdienst or DWD for short, is the German Meteorological Office, based in Offenbach am Main, Germany, which monitors weather and meteorological conditions over Germany and provides weather services for the general public and for nautical, aviational or agricultural purposes.

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Dynamical systems theory

Dynamical systems theory is an area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of the complex dynamical systems, usually by employing differential equations or difference equations.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Earth System Research Laboratory

The Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) is a laboratory in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).

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Eddy covariance

The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) technique is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers.

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ENIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made.

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Environmental Modeling Center

The Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) improves numerical weather, marine and climate predictions at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), through a broad program of research in data assimilation and modeling.

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Euler equations (fluid dynamics)

In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations are a set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow.

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European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe and is based at Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom.

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Finite difference method

In mathematics, finite-difference methods (FDM) are numerical methods for solving differential equations by approximating them with difference equations, in which finite differences approximate the derivatives.

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Fluid

In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.

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Fluid dynamics

In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids - liquids and gases.

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Forecast skill

Forecast skill (or skill score, forecast skill, prediction skill), in the fields of forecasting and prediction, is any measure of the accuracy and/or degree of association of prediction to an observation or estimate of the actual value of what is being predicted (formally, the predictand).

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General circulation model

A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model.

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Geodesic grid

A geodesic grid is a spatial grid based on a geodesic polyhedron or Goldberg polyhedron.

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Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).

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Geopotential height

Geopotential height is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earth's mean sea level, an adjustment to geometric height (elevation above mean sea level) using the variation of gravity with latitude and elevation.

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Geostrophic wind

The geostrophic wind is the theoretical wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force.

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Global Environmental Multiscale Model

The Global Environmental Multiscale Model (GEM), is an integrated forecasting and data assimilation system developed in the Recherche en Prévision Numérique (RPN), Meteorological Research Branch (MRB), and the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC).

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Global Forecast System

The Global Forecast System (GFS) is a global numerical weather prediction system containing a global computer model and variational analysis run by the United States' National Weather Service (NWS).

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HadCM3

HadCM3 (abbreviation for Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3) is a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom.

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Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

The Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change — named in honour of George Hadley — is one of the United Kingdom's leading centres for the study of scientific issues associated with climate change.

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Hanscom Air Force Base

Hanscom Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force base located predominantly within Bedford, Massachusetts, with portions extending into the adjoining towns of Lincoln, Concord and Lexington.

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Heat transfer

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems.

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High-pressure area

A high-pressure area, high or anticyclone is a region where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is greater than its surrounding environment.

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HIRLAM

HIRLAM, the High Resolution Limited Area Model, is a Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) forecast system developed by the international HIRLAM programme.

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History of numerical weather prediction

The history of numerical weather prediction considers how current weather conditions as input into mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather and future sea state (the process of numerical weather prediction) has changed over the years.

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Hurricane hunters

Hurricane hunters are aircrews that fly into tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeastern Pacific Ocean to gather weather data.

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Hydrostatic equilibrium

In fluid mechanics, a fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest, or when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time.

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Icosahedron

In geometry, an icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces.

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Intermediate general circulation model

The Reading intermediate general circulation model (IGCM), is a simplified or "intermediate" global climate model, which is developed by members of the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading, and by members of the Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry Group of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at McGill University.

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Journal of Computational Physics

The Journal of Computational Physics is a bimonthly scientific journal covering computational physics that was established in 1966 and is published by Elsevier.

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Journal of Geophysical Research

The Journal of Geophysical Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

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Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

The Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (until 1962 titled Journal of Meteorology) is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.

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Kinematics

Kinematics is a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the mass of each or the forces that caused the motion.

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Lewis Fry Richardson

Lewis Fry Richardson, FRS (11 October 1881 – 30 September 1953) was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them.

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Low-pressure area

A low-pressure area, low, or depression, is a region on the topographic map where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations.

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Mathematical model

A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.

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Météo-France

Météo-France is the French national meteorological service.

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Met Office

The Met Office (officially the Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's national weather service.

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METAR

METAR is a format for reporting weather information.

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Meteorological Service of Canada

The Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC; Service météorologique du Canada – SMC) is a division of Environment and Climate Change Canada, which primarily provides public meteorological information and weather forecasts and warnings of severe weather and other environmental hazards.

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Meteorology

Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

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MM5 (weather model)

The MM5 (short for Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model) is a regional mesoscale model used for creating weather forecasts and climate projections.

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Model output statistics

Model Output Statistics (MOS) is a multiple linear regression technique in which predicands, often near-surface quantities, such as 2-meter (AGL) air temperature, horizontal visibility, and wind direction, speed and gusts, are related statistically to one or more predictors.

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Monthly Weather Review

The Monthly Weather Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.

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National Center for Atmospheric Research

The US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).

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National Centers for Environmental Prediction

The United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) delivers national and global weather, water, climate and space weather guidance, forecasts, warnings and analyses to its Partners and External User Communities.

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National Climatic Data Center

The United States National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), previously known as the National Weather Records Center (NWRC), in Asheville, North Carolina was the world's largest active archive of weather data.

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National Data Buoy Center

The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS).

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National Hurricane Center

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) is the division of the United States' National Weather Service responsible for tracking and predicting weather systems within the tropics between the Prime Meridian and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean.

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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; pronounced, like "Noah") is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce that focuses on the conditions of the oceans, major waterways, and the atmosphere.

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National Weather Service

The National Weather Service (NWS) is an agency of the United States Federal Government that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weather-related products to organizations and the public for the purposes of protection, safety, and general information.

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Nonlinear system

In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input.

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North American Mesoscale Model

The North American Mesoscale Model (NAM) refers to a numerical weather prediction model run by National Centers for Environmental Prediction for short-term weather forecasting.

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Numerical stability

In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, numerical stability is a generally desirable property of numerical algorithms.

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Numerical weather prediction

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions.

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Parametrization

Parametrization (or parameterization; also parameterisation, parametrisation) is the process of finding parametric equations of a curve, a surface, or, more generally, a manifold or a variety, defined by an implicit equation.

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Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)

Parameterization in a weather or climate model within numerical weather prediction is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process.

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Partial differential equation

In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives.

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Peter Lynch (meteorologist)

Peter Lynch is an Irish meteorologist, mathematician, blogger and book author.

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Pilot report

A pilot report or PIREP is a report of actual weather conditions encountered by an aircraft in flight.

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Precipitation

In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity.

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Primitive equations

The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models.

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Prognostic chart

A prognostic chart is a map displaying the likely weather forecast for a future time.

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Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of meteorology published eight times per year.

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Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.

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Radiosonde

A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument package carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver.

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Regional Atmospheric Modeling System

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is a set of computer program that simulates the atmosphere for weather and climate research and for numerical weather prediction (NWP).

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Relative humidity

Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature.

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Rossby number

The Rossby number (Ro) named for Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby, is a dimensionless number used in describing fluid flow.

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Royal Meteorological Society

The Royal Meteorological Society is a long-established institution that promotes academic and public engagement in weather and climate science.

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Sea surface temperature

Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature close to the ocean's surface.

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Sigma coordinate system

The sigma coordinate system is a common coordinate system used in computational models for oceanography, meteorology and other fields where fluid dynamics are relevant.

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Solenoidal vector field

In vector calculus a solenoidal vector field (also known as an incompressible vector field, a divergence-free vector field, or a '''transverse vector field''') is a vector field v with divergence zero at all points in the field.

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Spectral method

Spectral methods are a class of techniques used in applied mathematics and scientific computing to numerically solve certain differential equations, potentially involving the use of the Fast Fourier Transform.

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Statistical model

A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of some sample data and similar data from a larger population.

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Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere.

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Stratus cloud

Stratus clouds are low-level clouds characterized by horizontal layering with a uniform base, as opposed to convective or cumuliform clouds that are formed by rising thermals.

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Subtropical ridge

The subtropical ridge, also known as the subtropical high or horse latitudes, is a significant belt of atmospheric high pressure situated around the latitudes of 30°N in the Northern Hemisphere and 30°S in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Surface weather observation

Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide.

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SYNOP

SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations.

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Terrain

Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface.

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Thermal wind

The thermal wind is wind that varies with height due to a balance between the Coriolis and pressure-gradient forces in the atmosphere.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Tornado

A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.

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Tropical cyclone

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.

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Tropical cyclone forecast model

A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast aspects of the future state of tropical cyclones.

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Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place.

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Turbulence

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is any pattern of fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.

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Unified Model

The Unified Model is a Numerical Weather Prediction and climate modeling software suite originally developed by the United Kingdom Met Office, and now both used and further developed by many weather-forecasting agencies around the world.

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Unisys

No description.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial and space warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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United States Navy

The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States.

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University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) is a nonprofit consortium of more than 100 colleges and universities providing research and training in the atmospheric and related sciences.

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University of Miami

The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States.

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University of Oklahoma

The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a coeducational public research university in Norman, Oklahoma.

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University of Washington

The University of Washington (commonly referred to as UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington.

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Upper-atmospheric models

Upper-atmospheric models are simulations of the Earth's atmosphere between 20 and 100 km (65,000 and 328,000 feet) that comprises the stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lower thermosphere.

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Vilhelm Bjerknes

Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes (14 March 1862 – 9 April 1951) was a Norwegian physicist and meteorologist who did much to found the modern practice of weather forecasting.

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Weather and Forecasting

Weather and Forecasting is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.

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Weather reconnaissance

Weather reconnaissance is the acquisition of weather data used for research and planning.

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Weather research and forecasting model

The weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is a numerical weather prediction (NWP) system designed to serve both atmospheric research and operational forecasting needs.

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Weather satellite

The weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth.

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Weather station

A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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Wind shear

Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere.

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World Meteorological Organization

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 191 Member States and Territories.

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Redirects here:

Atmospheric modelling, Navy Operational Global Prediction System, Weather forecasting models.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_model

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