Germany–United Kingdom relations

Germany–United Kingdom relations, or Anglo–German relations, are the bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Germany. ^[1]

Aachen

Aachen or Bad Aachen, French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle, is a spa and border city.

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Aalen

Aalen is a former Free Imperial City located in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, about east of Stuttgart and north of Ulm.

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Aberdeen (Aiberdeen,; Obar Dheathain; Aberdonia) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 37th most populous built-up area, with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and for the local authority area.

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Aberdeenshire

Aberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.

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Aberystwyth

Aberystwyth (Mouth of the Ystwyth) is a historic market town, administrative centre, and holiday resort within Ceredigion, West Wales, often colloquially known as Aber.

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Abingdon-on-Thames

Abingdon-on-Thames, also known as Abingdon on Thames or just Abingdon, is a historic market town and civil parish in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire, England.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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Africa

Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).

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Albert, Prince Consort

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel; 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria.

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Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter

Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter (10 July 1852 – 30 December 1912, né Alfred Kiderlen) was a German diplomat and politician, who served as Secretary of State and head of the Foreign Office from 27 June 1910 to 30 December 1912.

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Allied-occupied Germany

Upon the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the victorious Allies asserted their joint authority and sovereignty over 'Germany as a whole', defined as all territories of the former German Reich which lay west of the Oder–Neisse line, having declared the extinction of Nazi Germany at the death of Adolf Hitler (see 1945 Berlin Declaration).

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Amersham

Amersham is a market town and civil parish within the Chiltern district in Buckinghamshire, England, north-west of London, in the Chiltern Hills.

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Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (Kasner, born 17 July 1954) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000.

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Anglo-German Fellowship

The Anglo-German Fellowship was a membership organisation which existed from 1935 to 1939, and which aimed to build up friendship between the United Kingdom and Germany.

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Anglo-German Naval Agreement

The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 18 June 1935 was a naval agreement between the United Kingdom and Germany regulating the size of the Kriegsmarine in relation to the Royal Navy.

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Anglo-German naval arms race

The arms race between the United Kingdom and the German Empire that occurred from the last decade of the nineteenth century until the advent of World War I in 1914 was one of the intertwined causes of that conflict.

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Anglo-Prussian alliance

Anglo-Prussian alliance can refer to.

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Angus Robertson

Angus Struan Carolus Robertson (born 28 September 1969) is a Scottish politician who was the Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) and was the party's spokesperson on the Constitution in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

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Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves (Anna von Kleve; 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.

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Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707.

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Appeasement

Appeasement in an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.

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Aschaffenburg

Aschaffenburg is a town in northwest Bavaria, Germany.

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Ashford, Kent

Ashford is a town in the county of Kent, England.

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Augsburg

Augsburg (Augschburg) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.

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Ayrshire

Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir) is an historic county and registration county in south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde.

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Backnang

Backnang is a town in Germany in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, roughly northeast of Stuttgart.

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Bad Godesberg

Bad Godesberg is a municipal district of Bonn, southern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe is the district town of the Hochtaunuskreis, Hesse, Germany, on the southern slope of the Taunus, bordering among others Frankfurt am Main and Oberursel.

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Bad Münstereifel

Bad Münstereifel is a historical spa town in the district of Euskirchen, Germany, with about 17,000 inhabitants, situated in the far south of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Bad Vilbel

Bad Vilbel is a spa town in Hesse (Hessen), Germany, famous for its many mineral water springs.

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Baden-Württemberg

Baden-Württemberg is a state in southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the border with France.

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Balance of power (international relations)

The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.

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Bamberg

Bamberg is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main.

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Barmstedt

Barmstedt is a town in the district of Pinneberg, in the south of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Barnsley

Barnsley (locally) is a town in South Yorkshire, England, located halfway between Leeds and Sheffield.

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Basingstoke

Basingstoke is the largest town in the modern county of Hampshire (Southampton and Portsmouth being cities.) It is situated in south central England, and lies across a valley at the source of the River Loddon.

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Bath, Somerset

Bath is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, known for its Roman-built baths.

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Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain (Luftschlacht um England, literally "The Air Battle for England") was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe.

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Bavaria

Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.

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Bebra

Bebra is a small town in Hersfeld-Rotenburg district in northeastern Hesse, Germany.

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Bedford

Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, England.

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Bedfordshire

Bedfordshire (abbreviated Beds.) is a county in the East of England.

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Belfast

Belfast (is the capital city of Northern Ireland, located on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Ireland.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Bensheim

Bensheim is a town in the Bergstraße district in southern Hesse, Germany.

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Bergisch Gladbach

Bergisch Gladbach, is a city in the Cologne/Bonn Region of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, and capital of the Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis (district).

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Berkshire

Berkshire (abbreviated Berks, in the 17th century sometimes spelled Barkeshire as it is pronounced) is a county in south east England, west of London and is one of the home counties.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Berlin Blockade

The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948–12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War.

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Berlin–Baghdad railway

The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway (Bağdat Demiryolu, Bagdadbahn, سكة حديد بغداد, Chemin de Fer Impérial Ottoman de Bagdad), was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the (then) Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port in the Persian Gulf, with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, linked to Europe by a bridge crossing the Bosphorous.

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Bernhard von Bülow

Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow (3 May 1849 – 28 October 1929), created Prince von Bülow in 1905, was a German statesman who served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs for three years and then as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909.

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Bernkastel-Kues

Bernkastel-Kues is a well-known winegrowing centre on the Middle Moselle in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Beverley

Beverley is a historic market town, civil parish and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Bielefeld

Bielefeld is a city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Biggleswade

Biggleswade is a market town and civil parish located on the River Ivel in Bedfordshire, England.

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Birmingham

Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England, with an estimated population of 1,101,360, making it the second most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Black people

Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other populations.

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Blackpool

Blackpool is a seaside resort on the Lancashire coast in North West England.

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Bocholt, Germany

Bocholt is a city in the north-west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, part of the district Borken.

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Bochum

Bochum (Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region.

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Bolton

Bolton (locally) is a town in Greater Manchester in North West England. A former mill town, Bolton has been a production centre for textiles since Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. The urbanisation and development of the town largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown, and at its zenith in 1929 its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War, and by the 1980s cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton. Close to the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is northwest of Manchester. It is surrounded by several smaller towns and villages that together form the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, of which Bolton is the administrative centre. The town of Bolton has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400. Historically part of Lancashire, Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known as Bolton le Moors. In the English Civil War, the town was a Parliamentarian outpost in a staunchly Royalist region, and as a result was stormed by 3,000 Royalist troops led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in 1644. In what became known as the Bolton Massacre, 1,600 residents were killed and 700 were taken prisoner. Bolton Wanderers football club play home games at the Macron Stadium and the WBA World light-welterweight champion Amir Khan was born in the town. Cultural interests include the Octagon Theatre and the Bolton Museum and Art Gallery, as well as one of the earliest public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850.

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Bonn

The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000.

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Boppard

Boppard, formerly also spelled Boppart, is a town and municipality (since the 1976 inclusion of 9 neighbouring villages, Ortsbezirken) in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, lying in the Rhine Gorge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Borken, North Rhine-Westphalia

Borken is a town and the capital of the district of the same name, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Borough of Runnymede

The Borough of Runnymede is a local government district with borough status in the English county of Surrey.

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Borough of Waverley

The Borough of Waverley is a local government district with borough status in Surrey, England.

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Bottrop

Bottrop is a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, in North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Bracknell

Bracknell is a town and civil parish in Berkshire, England, the westernmost area within the Greater London Urban Area and the administrative centre of the Borough of Bracknell Forest.

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Bramsche

Bramsche is a town in the district of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Brandenburg

Brandenburg (Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska, Braniborsko) is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany.

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Braunschweig

Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek), also called Brunswick in English, is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers.

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Brentwood, Essex

Brentwood is a town in the Borough of Brentwood, in the county of Essex in the East of England.

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Brilon

Brilon is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, that belongs to the Hochsauerlandkreis.

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Bristol

Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 456,000.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.

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British Asian

British Asians (also referred as South Asians in the United Kingdom, Asian British people or Asian Britons) are persons of South Asian descent who reside in the United Kingdom.

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British Forces Germany

British Forces Germany (BFG) is the generic name for the three services of the British military, made up of service personnel, UK Civil Servants and dependents (family members), based in Germany.

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Buckinghamshire

Buckinghamshire, abbreviated Bucks, is a county in South East England which borders Greater London to the south east, Berkshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the west, Northamptonshire to the north, Bedfordshire to the north east and Hertfordshire to the east.

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Cabinet of the United Kingdom

The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers, the most senior of the government ministers.

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Caithness

Caithness (Gallaibh, Caitnes; Katanes) is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland.

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Calque

In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.

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Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs.), is an East Anglian county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the north-east, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west.

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Cannock

Cannock, as of the 2011 census, has a population of 29,018, and is the most populous of the three towns in the district of Cannock Chase in the central southern part of the county of Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England.

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Cardiff

Cardiff (Caerdydd) is the capital of, and largest city in, Wales, and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom.

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Central Asia

Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north.

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Ceredigion

Ceredigion is a county in the Mid Wales area of Wales and previously was a minor kingdom.

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Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is the fourth borough of Berlin, formed in an administrative reform with effect from 1 January 2001, by merging the former boroughs of Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.

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Chelmsford

Chelmsford is the principal settlement of the City of Chelmsford district, and the county town of Essex, in the East of England.

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Chemnitz

Chemnitz, known from 1953 to 1990 as Karl-Marx-Stadt, is the third-largest city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

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Cheshire

Cheshire (archaically the County Palatine of Chester) is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Flintshire, Wales and Wrexham county borough to the west.

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Chester

Chester (Caer) is a walled city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales.

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Chesterfield

Chesterfield is a market town and borough in Derbyshire, England.

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Christchurch, Dorset

Christchurch is a town and borough on the south coast of England.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Cirencester

Cirencester (see below for more variations) is a market town in east Gloucestershire, England, west northwest of London.

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City of Carlisle

The City of Carlisle is a local government district of Cumbria, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district.

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City of Sunderland

The City of Sunderland is a local government district of Tyne and Wear, in North East England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough.

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Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom

A number of different systems of classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom exist.

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Cleethorpes

Cleethorpes is a seaside resort on the estuary of the Humber in North East Lincolnshire with a population of nearly 40,000 in 2011.

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Colchester

Colchester is an historic market town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester in the county of Essex.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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Constitutional republic

A Constitutional republic is a republic that operates under a system of separation of powers, where both the chief executive and members of the legislature are elected by the citizens and must govern within an existing written constitution.

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Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.

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Cottbus

Cottbus is a university city and the second-largest city in Brandenburg, Germany.

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County Durham

County Durham (locally) is a county in North East England.

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County Fermanagh

County Fermanagh is one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland and one of the six counties of Northern Ireland.

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Coventry

Coventry is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England.

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Crawley

Crawley is a town and borough in West Sussex, England.

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Cumbria

Cumbria is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England.

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Dacorum

The Borough of Dacorum is a local government district in Hertfordshire, England that includes the towns of Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted, Tring and the western part of Kings Langley.

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Daily Telegraph Affair

The Daily Telegraph Affair was the uproar that followed the 28 October 1908 publication in British newspaper The Daily Telegraph of comments by German Kaiser Wilhelm II intended to improve German-British relations.

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Darlington

Darlington is a large market town in County Durham, in North East England.

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Darmstadt

Darmstadt is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region).

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Datteln

Datteln is a town in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British statesman of the Liberal Party and the final Liberal to serve as Prime Minister.

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David McAllister

David James "Mac" McAllister (born 12 January 1971) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.

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Dawes Plan

The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an initial plan in 1924 to resolve the World War I reparations that Germany had to pay, which had strained diplomacy following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.

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Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf (Low Franconian, Ripuarian: Düsseldörp), often Dusseldorf in English sources, is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the seventh most populous city in Germany. Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs.

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Derby

Derby is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England.

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Derbyshire

Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England.

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Devon

Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south.

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Dillenburg

Dillenburg is a town in Hesse's Gießen region in Germany.

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Dorset

Dorset (archaically: Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast.

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Dorsten

Dorsten is a town in the district of Recklinghausen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and has a population of just below 80,000.

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Dortmund

Dortmund (Düörpm:; Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Dreadnought

The dreadnought was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century.

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Dreadnought (book)

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War (1991) is a book by Robert K. Massie on the growing European tension in decades before World War I, especially the naval arms race between Britain and Germany.

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Dreieich

Dreieich is a town in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hessen, Germany.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper and Lower Sorbian: Drježdźany, Drážďany, Drezno) is the capital city and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany.

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Dronfield

Dronfield is a town in North East Derbyshire in the East Midlands region of England.

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Duchy of Schleswig

The Duchy of Schleswig (Hertugdømmet Slesvig; Herzogtum Schleswig; Low German: Sleswig; North Frisian: Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland) covering the area between about 60 km north and 70 km south of the current border between Germany and Denmark.

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Duisburg

Duisburg (locally) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Dundee

Dundee (Dùn Dè) is Scotland's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom.

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Durmersheim

Durmersheim is a small town in the district of Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany and has a population of 12,049 (2005).

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East Africa

East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography.

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East Germany

East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.

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East Riding of Yorkshire

The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Yorkshire, is a ceremonial county in the North of England.

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East Sussex

East Sussex is a county in South East England.

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Edinburgh

Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann; Edinburgh) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.

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Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg

The Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg) was an Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, located in northwestern Germany.

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Elgin, Moray

Elgin (Eilginn, Ailgin) is a town (former cathedral city) and Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland.

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Elizabeth II

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.

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Ellesmere Port

Ellesmere Port is a town and port in Cheshire, England, part of the Cheshire West and Chester local authority.

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Embassy of the United Kingdom, Reykjavík

The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Reykjavík is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in Iceland.

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Emmerich am Rhein

Emmerich am Rhein meaning Emmerich on the Rhine (Low Rhenish and Emmerik) is a town and municipality in the northwest of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Empress Matilda

Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 110210 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English Channel

The English Channel (la Manche, "The Sleeve"; Ärmelkanal, "Sleeve Channel"; Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; Mor Bretannek, "Sea of Brittany"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

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English people

The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England who speak the English language. The English identity is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn ("family of the Angles"). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living there are British citizens. Historically, the English population is descended from several peoples the earlier Celtic Britons (or Brythons) and the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain following the withdrawal of the Romans, including Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England (from the Old English Englaland) along with the later Danes, Anglo-Normans and other groups. In the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become fairly closely aligned with British customs and identity in general. Today many English people have recent forebears from other parts of the United Kingdom, while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other European countries and from the Commonwealth. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system, the common law system and numerous major sports such as cricket, football, rugby union, rugby league and tennis. These and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire.

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Enniskillen

Enniskillen is a town and civil parish in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.

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Entente Cordiale

The Entente Cordiale was a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the French Republic which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations.

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Epping, Essex

Epping is a market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England.

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Eppingen

is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.

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Erftstadt

Erftstadt is a town located about 20 km south-west of Cologne in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Erlangen

Erlangen (East Franconian: Erlang) is a Middle Franconian city in Bavaria, Germany.

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Erlensee

Erlensee is a municipality in the Main-Kinzig district, in Hesse, Germany.

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Eschweiler

Eschweiler is a municipality in the district of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany on the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier, and about east of Aachen and west of Cologne.

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Essen

Essen (Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Essex

Essex is a county in the East of England.

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Euro

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Euskirchen

Euskirchen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the district Euskirchen.

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Exeter

Exeter is a cathedral city in Devon, England, with a population of 129,800 (mid-2016 EST).

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Eyre Crowe

Sir Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe (30 July 1864 – 28 April 1925) was a British diplomat.

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Fareham

Fareham is a market town at the north-west tip of Portsmouth Harbour, between the cities of Portsmouth and Southampton in the south east of Hampshire, England.

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Fürth

Fürth (East Franconian: Färdd; פיורדא, Fiurda) is a city in northern Bavaria, Germany, in the administrative division (Regierungsbezirk) of Middle Franconia.

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Federalism

Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system.

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Felixstowe

Felixstowe is a seaside town in Suffolk, England.

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Fife

Fife (Fìobha) is a council area and historic county of Scotland.

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First Moroccan Crisis

The First Moroccan Crisis (also known as the Tangier Crisis) was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco.

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Flensburg

Flensburg (Danish, Low Saxon: Flensborg; North Frisian: Flansborj; South Jutlandic: Flensborre) is an independent town (kreisfreie Stadt) in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Fourteen Points

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.

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France–Germany relations

The relations between France and Germany, since 1871, according to Ulrich Krotz, has three grand periods: 'hereditary enmity' (down to 1945), 'reconciliation' (1945–63) and since 1963 the 'special relationship' embodied in a cooperation called Franco-German Friendship (Amitié franco-allemande; Deutsch-Französische Freundschaft).

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Franco-Russian Alliance

The Franco-Russian Alliance, or Russo-French Rapprochement, was an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891–93; it lasted until 1917.

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Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician serving as President of Germany since 19 March 2017.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.

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Frederick III, German Emperor

Frederick III (Friedrich; 18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for ninety-nine days in 1888, the Year of the Three Emperors.

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Freiburg im Breisgau

Freiburg im Breisgau (Alemannic: Friburg im Brisgau; Fribourg-en-Brisgau) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, with a population of about 220,000.

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French Congo

The French Congo (Congo français) or Middle Congo (Moyen-Congo) was a French colony which at one time comprised the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the Central African Republic.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

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Friedrich von Holstein

Friedrich August Karl Ferdinand Julius von Holstein (April 24, 1837 – May 8, 1909) Brockhaus Geschichte Second Edition was a civil servant of the German Empire and served as the head of the political department of the German Foreign Office for more than thirty years.

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Fritz Fischer

Fritz Fischer (5 March 1908 – 1 December 1999) was a German historian best known for his analysis of the causes of World War I. In the early 1960s Fischer advanced the controversial thesis that responsibility for the outbreak of the war rested solely on Imperial Germany.

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Gelsenkirchen

Gelsenkirchen is a city in the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany.

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Genoa Conference (1922)

The Genoa Economic and Financial Conference was a formal international conclave of 34 nations held in Genoa, Italy from 10 April to 19 May 1922.

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George I of Great Britain

George I (George Louis; Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698 until his death.

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George III of the United Kingdom

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.

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George V

George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.

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German federal election, 1912

Federal elections were held in Germany on 12 January 1912.

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German Navy

The German Navy (Deutsche Marine or simply Marine—) is the navy of Germany and part of the unified Bundeswehr ("Federal Defense"), the German Armed Forces.

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German reunification

The German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR, colloquially East Germany; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik/DDR) became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, colloquially West Germany; German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland/BRD) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz (constitution) Article 23.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Germans in the United Kingdom

Germans have been coming to live in the United Kingdom for hundreds of years.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Glasgow

Glasgow (Glesga; Glaschu) is the largest city in Scotland, and third most populous in the United Kingdom.

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Glossop

Glossop is a market town in the High Peak, Derbyshire, England, about east of Manchester, west of Sheffield and north of the county town, Matlock.

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Gloucester

Gloucester is a city and district in Gloucestershire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Gloucestershire

Gloucestershire (formerly abbreviated as Gloucs. in print but now often as Glos.) is a county in South West England.

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Goslar

Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Greater Manchester

Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2,782,100.

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Guildford

Guildford is a large town in Surrey, England, United Kingdom located southwest of central London on the A3 trunk road midway between the capital and Portsmouth.

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H. H. Asquith

Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928), generally known as H. H. Asquith, was a British statesman of the Liberal Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916.

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Halifax, West Yorkshire

Halifax is a minster town in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in West Yorkshire, England.

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Halldór Ásgrímsson

Halldór Ásgrímsson (pronounced; 8 September 1947 – 18 May 2015) was an Icelandic politician, who served as Prime Minister of Iceland from 2004 to 2006 and was leader of the Progressive Party from 1994 to 2006.

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Hamburg

Hamburg (locally), Hamborg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),Constitution of Hamburg), is the second-largest city of Germany as well as one of the country's 16 constituent states, with a population of roughly 1.8 million people. The city lies at the core of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which spreads across four German federal states and is home to more than five million people. The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign state. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919 it formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. The city has repeatedly been beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, exceptional coastal flooding and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids. Historians remark that the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Situated on the river Elbe, Hamburg is home to Europe's second-largest port and a broad corporate base. In media, the major regional broadcasting firm NDR, the printing and publishing firm italic and the newspapers italic and italic are based in the city. Hamburg remains an important financial center, the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, italic, italic, italic, and Unilever. The city is a forum for and has specialists in world economics and international law with such consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. In recent years, the city has played host to multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German Chancellor italic, who governed Germany for eight years, and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, come from Hamburg. The city is a major international and domestic tourist destination. It ranked 18th in the world for livability in 2016. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. Among its most notable cultural venues are the italic and italic concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's italic is among the best-known European entertainment districts.

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Hamelin

Hamelin (Hameln) is a town on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Hampshire

Hampshire (abbreviated Hants) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom.

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Hanover

Hanover or Hannover (Hannover), on the River Leine, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover).

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Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

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Hartlepool

Hartlepool is a town in County Durham, England.

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Hückelhoven

Hückelhoven is a town in the district of Heinsberg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Hegemony

Hegemony (or) is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

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Heidelberg

Heidelberg is a college town in Baden-Württemberg situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany.

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Heilbronn

Heilbronn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Heligoland

Heligoland (Helgoland; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun, Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj) is a small German archipelago in the North Sea.

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Hemel Hempstead

Hemel Hempstead is a new town in Hertfordshire, England.

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Henry I of England

Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death.

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Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry V (Heinrich V.; 11 August 1081/86 – 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1099 to 1125) and Holy Roman Emperor (from 1111 to 1125), the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death.

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Henstedt-Ulzburg

Henstedt-Ulzburg is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Hereford

Hereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England.

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Herefordshire

Herefordshire is a county in the West Midlands of England, governed by Herefordshire Council.

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Herford

Herford is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the lowlands between the hill chains of the Wiehen Hills and the Teutoburg Forest.

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Herne Bay, Kent

Herne Bay is a seaside town in Kent, South East England, with a population of 38,563.

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Hertfordshire

Hertfordshire (often abbreviated Herts) is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south.

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Hesse

Hesse or Hessia (Hessen, Hessian dialect: Hesse), officially the State of Hesse (German: Land Hessen) is a federal state (''Land'') of the Federal Republic of Germany, with just over six million inhabitants.

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High Wycombe

High Wycombe, often referred to as Wycombe, is a large town in Buckinghamshire, England.

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Hildesheim

Hildesheim (Eastphalian: Hilmessen) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany with 103,804 inhabitants.

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Hinckley

Hinckley is a market town in southwest Leicestershire, England.

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Holzminden

Holzminden is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Holzwickede

Holzwickede is a municipality in the district of Unna in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Hong Kong

Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory of China on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia.

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House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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House of Hanover

The House of Hanover (or the Hanoverians; Haus Hannover) is a German royal dynasty that ruled the Electorate and then the Kingdom of Hanover, and also provided monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1800 and ruled the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from its creation in 1801 until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901.

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House of Nassau

The House of Nassau is a diversified aristocratic dynasty in Europe.

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House of Oldenburg

The House of Oldenburg is a European dynasty of North German origin.

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House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (German: Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) is a German dynasty that ruled the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which was one of the Ernestine duchies.

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House of Windsor

The House of Windsor is the reigning royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.

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Husum

Husum (North Frisian: Hüsem) is the capital of the Kreis (district) Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Idar-Oberstein

Idar-Oberstein is a town in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Imperial German Navy

The Imperial German Navy ("Imperial Navy") was the navy created at the time of the formation of the German Empire.

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Ingelheim am Rhein

Ingelheim am Rhein is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany on the Rhine’s west bank.

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Ingolstadt

Ingolstadt (Austro-Bavarian) is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, in the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Inverness

Inverness (from the Inbhir Nis, meaning "Mouth of the River Ness", Inerness) is a city in the Scottish Highlands.

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Irreligion

Irreligion (adjective form: non-religious or irreligious) is the absence, indifference, rejection of, or hostility towards religion.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Itzehoe

Itzehoe (Itzhoe) is a town in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Jameson Raid

The Jameson Raid (29 December 1895 – 2 January 1896) was a botched raid against the South African Republic (commonly known as the Transvaal) carried out by British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his Company troops ("police" in the employ of Beit and Rhodes' British South Africa Company) and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895–96.

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Junkers

Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I), more commonly Junkers, was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer.

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Karina Urbach

Karina Urbach is a German historian with a special interest in Nazi Germany (1933–45).

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Karlsruhe

Karlsruhe (formerly Carlsruhe) is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany, near the French-German border.

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Königswinter

Königswinter is a city and summer resort in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Kelkheim

Kelkheim is a town in the Main-Taunus district in Hesse, Germany.

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Kellogg–Briand Pact

The Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".

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Kendal

Kendal, anciently known as Kirkby in Kendal or Kirkby Kendal, is a market town and civil parish within the South Lakeland District of Cumbria, England.

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Kent

Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties.

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Kettering

Kettering is a town in Northamptonshire, England, about north of London and from Northampton, on the west side of the River Ise, a tributary of the River Nene.

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Kidderminster

Kidderminster is a large town and civil parish in the Wyre Forest district of Worcestershire, England.

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Kiel

Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 249,023 (2016).

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Kilmarnock

Kilmarnock (Cille Mheàrnaig, "Meàrnag's church") is a large burgh in East Ayrshire, Scotland with a population of 46,350, making it the 15th most populated place in Scotland and the second largest town in Ayrshire.

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King's German Legion

The King's German Legion (KGL) was a British Army unit of mostly expatriate German personnel during the period 1803–16.

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King's Lynn

King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn, is a seaport and market town in Norfolk, England, about north of London, north-east of Peterborough, north north-east of Cambridge and west of Norwich.

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Kingdom of Hanover

The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover) was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kirkcaldy

Kirkcaldy (Cair Chaladain) is a town and former royal burgh in Fife, on the east coast of Scotland.

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Kleve

Cleves (Kleve; Kleef; Clèves; Clivia) is a town in the Lower Rhine region of northwestern Germany near the Dutch border and the river Rhine.

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Knaresborough

Knaresborough is an historic market town, spa town and civil parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England.

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Koblenz

Koblenz (Coblence), spelled Coblenz before 1926, is a German city situated on both banks of the Rhine where it is joined by the Moselle.

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Konstanz

Konstanz (locally; formerly English: Constance, Czech: Kostnice, Latin: Constantia) is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany, bordering Switzerland.

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Krefeld

Krefeld, also known as Crefeld until 1929, is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Kronberg im Taunus

Kronberg im Taunus is a town in the Hochtaunuskreis district, Hesse, Germany and part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area.

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Kruger telegram

The Kruger telegram was a message sent by Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II to Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, president of the Transvaal Republic, on 3 January 1896.

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Kulmbach

Kulmbach is the capital of the district of Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany.

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Labour Party (UK)

The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.

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Lahnstein

Lahnstein is a ''verband''-free town of Rhein-Lahn-Kreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Lanarkshire

Lanarkshire, also called the County of Lanark (Siorrachd Lannraig, Lanrikshire) is a historic county in the central Lowlands of Scotland.

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Lancashire

Lancashire (abbreviated Lancs.) is a county in north west England.

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Lancaster, Lancashire

Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, England. It is on the River Lune and has a population of 52,234; the wider City of Lancaster local government district has a population of 138,375. Long a commercial, cultural and educational centre, Lancaster gives Lancashire its name. The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family, whilst the Duchy of Lancaster holds large estates on behalf of Elizabeth II, who is also the Duke of Lancaster. Lancaster is an ancient settlement, dominated by Lancaster Castle, Lancaster Priory Church and the Ashton Memorial. It is also home to Lancaster University and a campus of the University of Cumbria.

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Landshut

Landshut (Landsad) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany.

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Langenlonsheim

Langenlonsheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Late Middle Ages

The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD.

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Lörrach

Lörrach is a city in southwest Germany, in the valley of the Wiese, close to the French and the Swiss borders.

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Lübeck

Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.

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Leeds

Leeds is a city in the metropolitan borough of Leeds, in the county of West Yorkshire, England.

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Leicester

Leicester ("Lester") is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire.

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Leicestershire

Leicestershire (abbreviation Leics.) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands.

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Lemgo

Lemgo is a university city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 25km east from Bielefeld.

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Leven, Fife

Leven (Inbhir Lìobhann) is a seaside town in Fife, set in the east Central Lowlands of Scotland.

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Leverkusen

Leverkusen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine.

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Liberal Party (UK)

The Liberal Party was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom – with the opposing Conservative Party – in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Liberal welfare reforms

The Liberal welfare reforms (1906–1914) were a series of acts of social legislation passed by the British Liberal Party after the 1906 General Election.

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Lichfield

Lichfield is a cathedral city and civil parish in Staffordshire, England.

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Lichtenfels, Bavaria

Lichtenfels is a town in the Upper Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany, the administrative seat of Lichtenfels district.

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Limburg an der Lahn

Limburg an der Lahn (officially abbreviated Limburg a. d. Lahn) is the district seat of Limburg-Weilburg in Hesse, Germany.

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Lincoln, England

Lincoln is a cathedral city and the county town of Lincolnshire in the East Midlands of England.

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Lincolnshire

Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in east central England.

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Littlehampton

Littlehampton is a seaside resort and pleasure harbour, and the most populous civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England.

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017.

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Locarno Treaties

The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 5–16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (the Weimar Republic).

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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London Borough of Barking and Dagenham

The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is a London borough in East London, England.

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London Borough of Barnet

The London Borough of Barnet is a suburban London borough in North London, England, with some districts within North West London forming part of Outer London.

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London Borough of Bromley

The London Borough of Bromley is one of the 32 London boroughs that, along with the City of London, comprises Greater London.

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London Borough of Ealing

The London Borough of Ealing is a London Borough in west London, England, and forms part of Outer London.

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London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham

The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough partly in West London (Hammersmith, West Kensington) and partly in South West London (Fulham), and forms part of Inner London.

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London Borough of Havering

The London Borough of Havering is a London borough in East London, England and forms part of Outer London.

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London Borough of Hillingdon

The London Borough of Hillingdon is a large borough located in Greater London, England which had a population of 273,936 according to the 2011 Census.

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London Borough of Lewisham

The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south London, England and forms part of Inner London.

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London Borough of Richmond upon Thames

The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in southwest London, England, forms part of Outer London and is the only London borough on both sides of the River Thames.

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London Borough of Sutton

The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in South West London, England and forms part of Outer London.

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London Borough of Waltham Forest

The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in North East London, England.

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Lord Arthur Russell

Lord Arthur John Edward Russell (13 June 1825 – 4 April 1892) was a British Liberal Party politician.

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Low Countries

The Low Countries or, in the geographic sense of the term, the Netherlands (de Lage Landen or de Nederlanden, les Pays Bas) is a coastal region in northwestern Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level.

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Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen, Neddersassen) is a German state (Land) situated in northwestern Germany.

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Ludwigshafen

Ludwigshafen am Rhein is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine opposite Mannheim.

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Luton

Luton is a large town in Bedfordshire, England, Luton east of Aylesbury, west of Stevenage, northwest of London, and southeast of Milton Keynes.

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Maidenhead

Maidenhead is a large town in Berkshire, England, on the south-western bank of the River Thames.

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Main-Kinzig-Kreis

Main-Kinzig-Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the east of Hesse, Germany.

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Main-Taunus-Kreis

Main-Taunus is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany and is part of the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region as well as the Frankfurt urban area.

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Mainz

Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden Mainz (Mogontiacum, Mayence) is the capital and largest city of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

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Malcolm Rifkind

Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).

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Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 530,300.

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Mannheim

Mannheim (Palatine German: Monnem or Mannem) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany, the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe with a 2015 population of approximately 305,000 inhabitants.

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Marburg

Marburg is a university town in the German federal state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (Landkreis).

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Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

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Margate

Margate is a seaside town in the district of Thanet in Kent, England.

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Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $ billion in US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

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Mayen-Koblenz

Mayen-Koblenz is a district (Kreis) in the north of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Mülheim

Mülheim an der Ruhr, also described as "City on the River", is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

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Münster

Münster (Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, "monastery") is an independent city (Kreisfreie Stadt) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Merseyside

Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1.38 million.

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Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough is a large post-industrial town on the south bank of the River Tees in North Yorkshire, north-east England, founded in 1830.

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Military alliance

A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance.

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Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes, locally abbreviated to MK, is a large townAlthough Milton Keynes was specified to be a city in scale and the term "city" is used locally (inter alia to avoid confusion with its constituent towns), formally this title cannot be used.

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Minden

Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Minister-president

A minister-president or minister president is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments with a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government where he or she presides over the council of ministers.

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Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)

Mixed is an ethnicity category that has been used by the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics since the 1991 Census.

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Moray

Moray (Moireibh or Moireabh, Moravia, Mýræfi) is one of the 32 Local Government council areas of Scotland.

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Motherwell

Motherwell (Mitherwall, Tobar na Màthar) is a large town and former burgh in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, south east of Glasgow.

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Munich

Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.

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Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the "Sudetenland", was coined.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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Neu-Isenburg

The 'Huguenot city' of Neu-Isenburg is a town in Germany, located in the Offenbach district of Hesse.

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Neukölln

Neukölln ("New Cölln") is one of the twelve Boroughs of Berlin.

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Neustadt an der Weinstraße

Neustadt an der Weinstraße (formerly known as "Neustadt an der Haardt") is a town located in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Neuwied

Neuwied is a town in the north of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, capital of the District of Neuwied.

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Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne, commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, from the North Sea.

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Niall Ferguson

Niall Campbell Ferguson (born 18 April 1964) Niall Ferguson is a conservative British historian and political commentator.

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Nordenham

Nordenham is a town in the Wesermarsch district, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Norfolk

Norfolk is a county in East Anglia in England.

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Normandy landings

The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.

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North East Lincolnshire

North East Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire in England.

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North Rhine-Westphalia

North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen,, commonly shortened to NRW) is the most populous state of Germany, with a population of approximately 18 million, and the fourth largest by area.

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North Sea

The North Sea (Mare Germanicum) is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.

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North Somerset

North Somerset is a unitary authority area in England.

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North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county (or shire county) and larger ceremonial county in England.

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Northampton

Northampton is the county town of Northamptonshire in the East Midlands of England.

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Northamptonshire

Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants.), archaically known as the County of Northampton, is a county in the East Midlands of England.

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Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the general term for the geographical region in Europe that is approximately north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea.

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Norwich

Norwich (also) is a city on the River Wensum in East Anglia and lies approximately north-east of London.

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Nottingham

Nottingham is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, England, north of London, in the East Midlands.

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Nottinghamshire

Nottinghamshire (pronounced or; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Nuneaton and Bedworth

Nuneaton and Bedworth is a local government district with borough status, in northern Warwickshire, England, consisting of the densely populated towns of Nuneaton and Bedworth, the village of Bulkington and the green belt land in between.

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Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg) is a city on the river Pegnitz and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about north of Munich.

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Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg trials (Die Nürnberger Prozesse) were a series of military tribunals held by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war after World War II.

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Oakham

Oakham is the county town of Rutland in the East Midlands of England, east of Leicester, south-east of Nottingham and west of Peterborough.

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Oberhausen

Oberhausen is a city on the river Emscher in the Ruhr Area, Germany, located between Duisburg and Essen. The city hosts the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen and its Gasometer Oberhausen is an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

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Oberursel (Taunus)

Oberursel (Taunus) is a town in Germany and part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area.

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Occupation of the Ruhr

The Occupation of the Ruhr (Ruhrbesetzung) was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic's failure to meet its second reparation payment of the £6.6 billion that was dictated in the Treaty of Versailles by the Triple Entente(1919) in the aftermath of World War I.

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Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej, Oder-Neiße-Grenze) is the international border between Germany and Poland.

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Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill

Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill, (20 February 182925 August 1884), styled Lord Odo Russell between 1872 and 1881, was a British diplomat and the first British Ambassador to the German Empire.

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Operation Sea Lion

Operation Sea Lion, also written as Operation Sealion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), was Nazi Germany's code name for the plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain in the Second World War.

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Osnabrück

Osnabrück (Ossenbrügge; archaic Osnaburg) is a city in the federal state of Lower Saxony in north-west Germany.

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Otto von Bismarck

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Oxford

Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.

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Oxfordshire

Oxfordshire (abbreviated Oxon, from Oxonium, the Latin name for Oxford) is a county in South East England.

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Paderborn

Paderborn is a city in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district.

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Paisley, Renfrewshire

Paisley (Pàislig, Paisley) is the largest town in the historic county of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland and serves as the administrative centre for the Renfrewshire council area.

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Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

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Parliamentary system

A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.

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Paul Kennedy

Paul Michael Kennedy (born 17 June 1945) is a British historian specialising in the history of international relations, economic power and grand strategy.

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Paul Kruger

Stephanus Johannes Paulus "Paul" Kruger (10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904) was one of the dominant political and military figures in 19th-century South Africa, and President of the South African Republic (or Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900.

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Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known generally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Generalfeldmarschall and statesman who commanded the German military during the second half of World War I before later being elected President of the Weimar republic in 1925.

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Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu.

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Per capita

Per capita is a Latin prepositional phrase: per (preposition, taking the accusative case, meaning "by means of") and capita (accusative plural of the noun caput, "head").

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Personal union

A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Perth and Kinross

Perth and Kinross (Pairth an Kinross, Peairt agus Ceann Rois) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and a Lieutenancy Area.

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Perth, Scotland

Perth (Peairt) is a city in central Scotland, located on the banks of the River Tay.

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Peter Padfield

Peter L. N. Padfield (born 1932) is a British author, biographer, historian, and journalist who specializes in naval history and in the Second World War period.

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Peterlee

Peterlee is a small town built under the New Towns Act of 1946, in County Durham, England.

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Pinneberg

Pinneberg (Northern Low Saxon: Pinnbarg) is a town in Schleswig-Holstein, capital of the district Pinneberg in Germany.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Portsmouth

Portsmouth is a port city in Hampshire, England, mainly on Portsea Island, south-west of London and south-east of Southampton.

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Potsdam Agreement

The Potsdam Agreement (Potsdamer Abkommen) was the August 1945 agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

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Potton

Potton is a town and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England.

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Preemptive war

A preemptive war is a war that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war shortly before that attack materializes.

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Prestwick

Prestwick is a town in South Ayrshire on the west coast of Ayrshire in Scotland about south-west of Glasgow.

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Prince George of Denmark

Prince George of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Cumberland (Jørgen; 2 April 165328 October 1708), was the husband of Queen Anne, who reigned over Great Britain from 1702 to 1714.

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Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (17 August 1786 – 16 March 1861), later Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, was a German princess and the mother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

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Project MUSE

Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books.

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Protectorate

A protectorate, in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state.

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Pulheim

Pulheim is a city in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Queen Mary University of London

Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London.

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Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

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Quickborn

Quickborn is a town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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R. J. Q. Adams

Ralph James Quincy Adams (born September 22, 1943), usually known as R. J. Q. Adams, is an American historian, writer, historiographer, and professor.

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Reading, Berkshire

Reading is a large, historically important minster town in Berkshire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Regensburg

Regensburg (Castra-Regina;; Řezno; Ratisbonne; older English: Ratisbon; Bavarian: Rengschburg or Rengschburch) is a city in south-east Germany, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers.

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Reigate and Banstead

Reigate and Banstead is a local government district with borough status in East Surrey, England.

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Reinickendorf

is the twelfth borough of Berlin.

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Rendsburg

Rendsburg (Rendsborg) is a town on the River Eider and the Kiel Canal in the central part of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Renfrewshire

Renfrewshire (Siorrachd Rinn Friù, Renfrewshire) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland.

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Reutlingen

Reutlingen is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Rhineland-Palatinate

Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) is one of the 16 states (Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall

Richard (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272), second son of John, King of England, was the nominal Count of Poitou (1225-1243), Earl of Cornwall (from 1225) and King of Germany (from 1257).

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Rinteln

Rinteln is a small town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, (3 February 183022 August 1903), styled Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and Viscount Cranborne from June 1865 until April 1868, was a British statesman of the Conservative Party, serving as Prime Minister three times for a total of over thirteen years.

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Robert K. Massie

Robert Kinloch Massie III (born January 5, 1929) is an American historian and biographer.

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Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.

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Rossendale

Rossendale is a district with borough status in Lancashire, England, holding a number of small former mill towns centred on the valley of the River Irwell in the industrial North West.

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Roth, Bavaria

Roth (formerly Roth bei Nürnberg) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, the capital of the district (Landkreis) Roth.

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Royal Air Force

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force.

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Royal Borough of Greenwich

The Royal Borough of Greenwich is a London borough in south-east London, England.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force.

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Royal Tunbridge Wells

Royal Tunbridge Wells is a large affluent town in western Kent, England, around south-east of central London by road and by rail.

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Rushmoor

Rushmoor is a local government district and borough in Hampshire, England.

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Rutland

Rutland is a landlocked county in the East Midlands of England, bounded to the west and north by Leicestershire, to the northeast by Lincolnshire and the southeast by Northamptonshire.

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Salic law

The Salic law (or; Lex salica), or the was the ancient Salian Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.

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Saxony

The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen; Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked federal state of Germany, bordering the federal states of Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland (Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Liberec, and Ústí nad Labem Regions).

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Schleswig-Holstein

Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig.

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Schongau, Bavaria

Schongau is a town in Bavaria, near the Alps.

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Schuman Declaration

The Schuman Declaration is the statement made by the French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950.

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Schwäbisch Gmünd

Schwäbisch Gmünd (until 1934: Gmünd) is a town in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Schweinfurt

Schweinfurt (in German literally 'swine ford') is a city in the Lower Franconia region of Bavaria in Germany on the right bank of the navigable Main River, which is spanned by several bridges here, 27 km northeast of Würzburg.

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Scotland

Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

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Scottish National Party

The Scottish National Party (SNP; Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba, Scots Naitional Pairtie) is a Scottish nationalist and social-democratic political party in Scotland.

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Second Boer War

The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa.

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Selm

Selm is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Sheffield

Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.

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Simbach am Inn

Simbach am Inn (Simbach on the Inn) is a town on the Inn in the Rottal-Inn district of Bavaria, Germany.

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Sindelfingen

Sindelfingen is a German town near Stuttgart at the headwaters of the Schwippe (a tributary of the river Würm), which is home to a Mercedes-Benz assembly plant.

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Singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.

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Single market

A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.

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Skipton

Skipton (also known as Skipton-in-Craven) is a market town and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England.

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Social Democratic Party of Germany

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.

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Solihull

Solihull is a large town in the West Midlands of England with a population of 206,700 in the 2011 Census.

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Somerset

Somerset (or archaically, Somersetshire) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west.

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South African Republic

The South African Republic (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, ZAR), often referred to as the Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal, was an independent and internationally recognised country in Southern Africa from 1852 to 1902.

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South Ayrshire

South Ayrshire (Sooth Ayrshire; Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Deas) is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland, covering the southern part of Ayrshire.

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South Glamorgan

South Glamorgan (De Morgannwg) is a preserved county of Wales.

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South Tyneside

South Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear in North East England.

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South Yorkshire

South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England.

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Spalding, Lincolnshire

Spalding is a market town with a population of 28,722 at the 2011 census, on the River Welland in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Speyer

Speyer (older spelling Speier, known as Spire in French and formerly as Spires in English) is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, with approximately 50,000 inhabitants.

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St Albans

St Albans is a city in Hertfordshire, England, and the major urban area in the City and District of St Albans.

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St Helens, Merseyside

St Helens is a large town in Merseyside, England.

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Stafford

Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England.

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Staffordshire

Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England.

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State Socialism (Germany)

State Socialism (Staatssozialismus) was a term introduced to describe Otto von Bismarck's social welfare policies.

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Steelyard

The Steelyard, from the Middle Low German Stalhof, was the main trading base (kontor) of the Hanseatic League in London during 15th and 16th centuries.

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Steinfurt

Steinfurt is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Stevenage

Stevenage is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England.

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Stockport

Stockport is a large town in Greater Manchester, England, south-east of Manchester city centre, where the River Goyt and Tame merge to create the River Mersey.

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Stoke-on-Trent

Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England, with an area of.

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Strategic bombing

Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both.

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Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Suffolk

Suffolk is an East Anglian county of historic origin in England.

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Surrey

Surrey is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties.

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Swansea

Swansea (Abertawe), is a coastal city and county, officially known as the City and County of Swansea (Dinas a Sir Abertawe) in Wales, UK.

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Tempelhof-Schöneberg

Tempelhof-Schöneberg is the seventh borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former boroughs of Tempelhof and Schöneberg.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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Theresa May

Theresa Mary May (Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2016.

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Thurso

Thurso (pronounced, Thursa, Inbhir Theòrsa) is a town and former burgh on the north coast of the Highland council area of Scotland.

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Timeline of British diplomatic history

This timeline covers the main points of British (and English) foreign policy from 1485 to the early 21st century.

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Titles Deprivation Act 1917

The Titles Deprivation Act 1917 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which authorised enemies of the United Kingdom during the First World War to be deprived of their British peerages and royal titles.

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Todmorden

Todmorden (locally or) is a market town and civil parish in the Upper Calder Valley in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England.

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Torbay

Torbay is a borough in Devon, England, administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council.

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Trade unions in Germany

Trade unions in Germany have a history reaching back to the German revolution in 1848, and still play an important role in the German economy and society.

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Treaty of London (1839)

The Treaty of London of 1839, also called the First Treaty of London, the Convention of 1839, the Treaty of Separation, the Quintuple Treaty of 1839, or the Treaty of the XXIV articles, was a treaty signed on 19 April 1839 between the Concert of Europe, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium.

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Treaty of Warsaw (1970)

The Treaty of Warsaw (Warschauer Vertrag, Polish: Układ PRL-RFN) was a treaty between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland.

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland), or the Two Plus Four Agreement (Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag; short: German Treaty), was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (the eponymous Two), and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: the French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.

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Trier

Trier (Tréier), formerly known in English as Treves (Trèves) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle.

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Triple Alliance (1882)

The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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Truro

Truro (Truru) is a city and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.

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Two World Wars and One World Cup

"Two World Wars and One World Cup" is a football song sung by supporters of the England national football team to the tune of Camptown Races as part of the England–Germany football rivalry.

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Tyne and Wear

Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear.

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Uckfield

Uckfield is a town in the Wealden District of East Sussex in South East England.

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Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.

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Unitary state

A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the EU referendum and the Brexit referendum, took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of, or leaving, the European Union (EU) under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 and also the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.

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United Kingdom general election, 1918

The 1918 United Kingdom general election was called immediately after the Armistice with Germany which ended the First World War, and was held on Saturday 14 December 1918.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Urban planning

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use in an urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.

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Verden an der Aller

Verden an der Aller, also called Verden (Aller) or simply Verden, is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Aller.

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Victoria, Princess Royal

Victoria, Princess Royal (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa; 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was German empress and queen of Prussia by marriage to German Emperor Frederick III.

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Waltrop

Waltrop is a town in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Wandsbek

Wandsbek is the second-largest of seven boroughs that make up the city of Hamburg, Germany.

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Ware, Hertfordshire

Ware is a town of around 18,800 people in Hertfordshire, England close to the county town of Hertford.

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Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose.

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Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

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Warwick

Warwick is the county town of Warwickshire, England.

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Warwickshire

Warwickshire (abbreviated Warks) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England.

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Waterlooville

Waterlooville is a town in Hampshire, England, approximately 8 miles north of Portsmouth.

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Watford

Watford is a town and borough in North West London, England, situated northwest of central London and inside the circumference of the M25 motorway.

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Wülfrath

Wülfrath is a town in the district of Mettmann (district), in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Würzburg

Würzburg (Main-Franconian: Wörtzburch) is a city in the region of Franconia, northern Bavaria, Germany.

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Wellingborough

Wellingborough is a large market town in the Wellingborough district in the county of Northamptonshire, England, situated about from the county town of Northampton.

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Weltpolitik

Weltpolitik ("world politics") was the imperialist foreign policy adopted by the German Empire during the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II from 1890 onwards.

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Werner Hoyer

Werner Hoyer (born 17 November 1951 in Wuppertal) is a German politician of the liberal Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP), currently serving as the President of the European Investment Bank.

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Wesel

Wesel is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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West Berlin

West Berlin (Berlin (West) or colloquially West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin during the years of the Cold War.

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West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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West Glamorgan

West Glamorgan (Gorllewin Morgannwg) is a preserved county and former administrative county of Wales, one of the divisions of the ancient county of Glamorgan.

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West Midlands (county)

The West Midlands is a metropolitan county and city region in western-central England with a 2014 estimated population of 2,808,356, making it the second most populous county in England.

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West Sussex

West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex (with Brighton and Hove) to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel.

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West Yorkshire

West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.

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Weston-super-Mare

Weston-super-Mare is a seaside town in Somerset, England, on the Bristol Channel south west of Bristol between Worlebury Hill and Bleadon Hill.

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Wetzlar

Wetzlar is a city located in the state of Hesse, Germany.

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Weymouth, Dorset

Weymouth is a seaside town in Dorset, England, situated on a sheltered bay at the mouth of the River Wey on the English Channel coast.

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White British

White British is an ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census.

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Whitstable

Whitstable (locally) is a seaside town on the north coast of Kent in south-east England, 5 miles (8km) north of Canterbury and 2 miles (3km) west of Herne Bay.

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Wiesbaden

Wiesbaden is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse.

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Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

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William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone, (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman of the Liberal Party.

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William I, German Emperor

William I, or in German Wilhelm I. (full name: William Frederick Louis of Hohenzollern, Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern, 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), of the House of Hohenzollern was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and the first German Emperor from 18 January 1871 to his death, the first Head of State of a united Germany.

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William III of England

William III (Willem; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672 and King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.

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Willy Brandt

Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1969 to 1974.

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Windsor, Berkshire

Windsor is a historic market town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England.

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Witten

Witten is a university city in the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis (district) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Wittlich

The town of Wittlich is the seat of the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Wokingham

Wokingham is an historic market town in Berkshire, England, west of London, southeast of Reading, north of Camberley and west of Bracknell.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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Worcester

Worcester is a city in Worcestershire, England, southwest of Birmingham, west-northwest of London, north of Gloucester and northeast of Hereford.

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Worcestershire

Worcestershire (written abbreviation: Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands of England.

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Workington

Workington is an historic industrial town and civil parish at the mouth of the River Derwent on the west coast of Cumbria, England.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt-am-Main.

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Wuppertal

Wuppertal is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in and around the Wupper valley, east of Düsseldorf and south of the Ruhr.

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Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference and code named the Argonaut Conference, held from 4 to 11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Germany and Europe's postwar reorganization.

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York

York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England.

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Young Plan

The Young Plan was a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I written in August 1929 and formally adopted in 1930.

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Zanzibar

Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania.

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Redirects here:

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany–United_Kingdom_relations

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