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199 relations: Abdication, Alaksandar Milinkievič, Aleksandr Butko, Aleksei Antonov, Alexander Süsskind of Grodno, Andżelika Borys, Antoni Tyzenhaus, Ashkelon, Augustus II the Strong, Auschwitz concentration camp, Autopsy, Balts, Baroque architecture, Batory Square, Battle of Grodno (1706), Battle of Grodno (1708), Battle of Grodno (1939), Battle of Grunwald, Battle of the Niemen River, Battle of Warsaw (1920), Belarus, Belarus High Technologies Park, Belarusian People's Republic, Białystok, Black Ruthenia, Boris and Gleb, Bridgettines, Bronisław Bohatyrewicz, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Canada, Casimir IV Jagiellon, Catholic Church, Chaim Dov Rabinowitz, Chairman, Chief of the General Staff (Russia), Czesław Niemen, David of Hrodna, David Rubinoff, Druskininkai, Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eitan Livni, Eliza Orzeszkowa, Esperanto, First Battle of Grodno (1920), France, Further-eastern European Time, Gediminas, Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, German Empire, ..., Germany, Gord (archaeology), Gordon, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Great Northern War, Great Synagogue (Hrodna), Grodno District, Grodno Ghetto, Grodno Governorate, Grodno Region, Grodno Sejm, Grodno TV Tower, Haradnichanka, Hebrew language, Henryk Hlebowicz, Herman Yablokoff, Humid continental climate, Institute of National Remembrance, Invasion of Poland, Irgun, Israel, January Suchodolski, January Uprising, Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński, Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, Jerzy Maksymiuk, Jews, Judenrat, Juliusz Rómmel, Kaliningrad, Kalozha Church, Karol Rómmel, Katyn massacre, Köppen climate classification, Khimki, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine, Komsomol, L. L. Zamenhof, Lasosna, Latin, Limoges, List of Polish monarchs, List of rulers of Lithuania, List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, Lithuania, Lithuanian language, Lithuanians, Magdeburg rights, Maksim Bahdanovič, March battalion, Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, Meyer Lansky, Military occupation, Mindaugas, Minden, Minsk, Moisey Ostrogorsky, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Mordecai Yoffe, Nachum Kaplan, Navahrudak, Nazi concentration camps, Nazism, Neman, New Hrodna Castle, NKVD prisoner massacres, Ober Ost, Old East Slavic, Old Grodno Castle, Old Prussians, Olga Korbut, Operation Barbarossa, Partitions of Poland, Paul Baran, Paweł Jasienica, Peace of Riga, Peter the Great, Peterborough, Ontario, Poland, Poles, Poles in Belarus, Polish Land Forces, Polish language, Polish population transfers (1944–1946), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish–Soviet War, Political prisoner, Political sociology, Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Powiat, Primary Chronicle, Prince, Prisoner of war, Progressive rock, Prussian uprisings, Pyotr Stolypin, Red Army, Regions of Belarus, Renaissance, Repatriation of Poles (1955–59), Rurik dynasty, Russia, Russian Empire, Russian Empire Census, Russian Revival architecture, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Saint Casimir, Słupsk, Second Polish Republic, Sejm, Shchyolkovo, Shimon Shkop, Sister city, Slavs, Society of Jesus, Solomon Perel, Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviet Union, Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Grodno, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Starosta, Stephen Báthory, Tanakh, Territorial changes of the Baltic states, Teutonic Order, The Holocaust, Third Partition of Poland, Trakai Voivodeship, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Treblinka extermination camp, Tzipi Livni, Ufa, Union of Poles in Belarus, Valery Levaneuski, Valery Tsepkalo, Vasil Bykaŭ, Vawkavysk, Vilnius, Voivodeship, Vytautas, Wehrmacht, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Yaroslav the Wise, Yiddish, Yotvingians, Yurysdyka, Zelik Epstein, Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski. Expand index (149 more) »
Abdication
Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.
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Alaksandar Milinkievič
Alaksandar Uładzimieravič Milinkievič (Аляксандар Уладзімеравіч Мілінкевіч or Аляксандр Уладзіміравіч Мілінкевіч, Alaksandar Uładzimiravič Milinkievič (in Belarusian Łacinka), Александр Владимирович Милинкевич Aleksandr Vładimirovich Milinkievich, born 25 July 1947 in Grodno) is a Belarusian politician.
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Aleksandr Butko
Aleksandr Anatolyevich Butko (Александр Анатольевич Бутько; born 18 March 1986) is a Russian volleyball player, a member of Russia men's national volleyball team and Russian club Zenit Kazan, 2012 Olympic Games.
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Aleksei Antonov
Aleksei Innokentievich Antonov (Алексе́й Инноке́нтьевич Анто́нов) (9 September 1896 – 16 June 1962) was a General of the Soviet Army, awarded the Order of Victory for his efforts in World War II.
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Alexander Süsskind of Grodno
Alexander Susskind ben Moses of Grodno was a kabbalist of the eighteenth century.
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Andżelika Borys
Andżelika Czesławowna Borys (Анжаліка Борыс; born October 14, 1973 in Grabyani - Hrodna district) is a Polish activist in Belarus.
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Antoni Tyzenhaus
Antoni Tyzenhaus (1733 – March 31, 1785 in Warsaw) was a noble from the Tyzenhaus family, son of Benedykt Tyzenhaus.
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Ashkelon
Ashkelon (also spelled Ashqelon and Ascalon; help; عَسْقَلَان) is a coastal city in the Southern District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, south of Tel Aviv, and north of the border with the Gaza Strip.
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Augustus II the Strong
Augustus II the Strong (August II.; August II Mocny; Augustas II; 12 May 16701 February 1733) of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin was Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I), Imperial Vicar and elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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Auschwitz concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.
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Autopsy
An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.
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Balts
The Balts or Baltic people (baltai, balti) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, which was originally spoken by tribes living in the area east of Jutland peninsula in the west and in the Moscow, Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east.
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Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church.
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Batory Square
Batory Square is the historical name (during the Polish period in 1921 - 1939) of Soviet (Savyetskaya) Square - the central square for the city of Hrodna in Belarus.
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Battle of Grodno (1706)
The Battle of Grodno (1706) refers to the battle during the Great Northern War.
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Battle of Grodno (1708)
Battle of Grodno (1708) refers to the short battle on January 26, 1708, during the Great Northern War.
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Battle of Grodno (1939)
The Battle of Grodno took place between 21 September and 24 September 1939, during the Soviet invasion of Poland.
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Battle of Grunwald
The Battle of Grunwald, First Battle of Tannenberg or Battle of Žalgiris, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
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Battle of the Niemen River
The Battle of the Niemen River was the second-greatest battle of the Polish–Soviet War.
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Battle of Warsaw (1920)
The Battle of Warsaw refers to the decisive Polish victory in 1920 during the Polish–Soviet War.
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Belarus
Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.
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Belarus High Technologies Park
Belarus High Technologies Park (HTP) is a special economic zone with a special tax and legal regime in the Republic of Belarus, contributing to the favorable and successful development of IT business.
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Belarusian People's Republic
The Belarusian People's Republic (Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка,, transliterated as Bielarúskaja Naródnaja Respúblika, BNR), (Белорусская народная республика) (transliterated as Belorusskaya narodnaya respublika), historically referred to as the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic (Weißruthenische Volksrepublik) was a failed attempt to create a Belarusian state on the territory controlled by the German Imperial Army during World War I. The BNR existed from 1918 to 1919.
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Białystok
Białystok (Bielastok, Balstogė, Belostok, Byalistok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship.
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Black Ruthenia
Black Ruthenia (Ruthenia Nigra), Black Rus' (Чорная Русь / Čornaja Ruś, Ruś Czarna, Juodoji Rusia) identified a historic region around Navahrudak (Novgorodok), in the western part of contemporary Belarus on the upper reaches of the Neman River.
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Boris and Gleb
Boris and Gleb (Борисъ и Глѣбъ, Borisŭ i Glěbŭ; Борис и Глеб, Boris i Gleb; Борис і Гліб, Borys i Hlib), Christian names Roman and David, respectively (Романъ, Давꙑдъ, Romanŭ, Davydŭ), were the first saints canonized in Kievan Rus' after the Christianization of the country.
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Bridgettines
The Order of the Most Holy Savior, abbreviated as O.Ss.S., and informally known as the Brigittine or Bridgettine Order is a monastic religious order of Augustinian nuns, Religious Sisters, and monks founded by Saint Bridget of Sweden (Birgitta) in 1344, and approved by Pope Urban V in 1370.
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Bronisław Bohatyrewicz
Bronisław Bohatyrewicz of Ostoja (1870–1940) was a Polish military commander and a general of the Polish Army.
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Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, or Byelorussian SSR; Bielaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika; Belorusskaya SSR.), also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia, was a federal unit of the Soviet Union (USSR).
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV KG (Kazimierz IV Andrzej Jagiellończyk; Kazimieras Jogailaitis; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) of the Jagiellonian dynasty was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447, until his death.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Chaim Dov Rabinowitz
Chaim Dov Rabinowitz (1909–2001) was a Lithuanian born rabbi who authored a monumental commentary on the Hebrew Bible (Daat Soferim) and a history of the Jewish people (From Nechemia to the Present).
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Chairman
The chairman (also chairperson, chairwoman or chair) is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly.
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Chief of the General Staff (Russia)
The Chief of the General Staff (Начальник Генерального штаба / Nachal'nik General'nogo shtaba) is the chief of staff of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
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Czesław Niemen
Czesław Niemen (February 16, 1939 – January 17, 2004), born Czesław Juliusz Wydrzycki, and often credited as just Niemen, was one of the most important and original Polish singer-songwriters and rock balladeers of the last quarter-century, singing mainly in Polish.
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David of Hrodna
David (Давыд Гарадзенскі, Dovydas Gardiniškis, killed in 1326) was a castellan of Hrodna and one of the most famous military commanders of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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David Rubinoff
David Rubinoff, also known as Dave Rubinoff (September 3, 1897, Grodno, Russian Empire, now Belarus – October 6, 1986), was a popular violinist who was heard during the 1930s and 1940s on various radio programs playing his $100,000 Stradivarius violin.
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Druskininkai
Druskininkai (Druskieniki, Друскенiкi, דרוזגעניק Druzgenik, Друскеники) is a spa town on the Nemunas River in southern Lithuania, close to the borders of Belarus and Poland.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.
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Eitan Livni
Yeruham "Eitan" Livni (ירוחם "איתן" לבני; 1 April 1919 – 27 December 1991) was a Revisionist Zionist activist, Irgun commander and Israeli politician, father of Israeli politician Tzipi Livni.
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Eliza Orzeszkowa
Eliza Orzeszkowa (June 6, 1841 – May 18, 1910) was a Polish novelist and a leading writer, Britannica, Retrieved June 5, 2016 of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland.
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Esperanto
Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.
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First Battle of Grodno (1920)
The First Battle of Grodno took place between July 19 and July 20, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Further-eastern European Time
Further-eastern European Time (FET) is a time zone defined as three hours ahead of UTC (UTC+03:00) without daylight saving time.
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Gediminas
Gediminas (– December 1341) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1315 or 1316 until his death.
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Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland
The Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic Countries (Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich) is a monumental Polish gazetteer, published 1880–1902 in Warsaw by Filip Sulimierski, Bronisław Chlebowski, Władysław Walewski and others.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gord (archaeology)
A gord is a medieval Slavic fortified wooden settlement, sometimes known as a burgwall after the German term for such sites.
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Gordon
Gordon may refer to.
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.
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Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
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Great Synagogue (Hrodna)
The Great Synagogue of Hrodna, (Харальная сінагога, Горадня, Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно) located in Hrodna, Belarus, dates from the 16th century and is a 2007 candidate for UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Grodno District
Grodno District or Hrodna District (Гродзенскі раён, Гарадзенскі раён; Гродненский район) is a district (raion) of Grodno Region of Belarus.
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Grodno Ghetto
The Grodno Ghetto (getto w Grodnie, עברית) was a World War II ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Polish Jews in German-occupied eastern Poland.
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Grodno Governorate
The Grodno Governorate, (translit, Gubernia grodzieńska, translit, Gardino gubernija) was a governorate (guberniya) of the Russian Empire.
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Grodno Region
Grodno/Hrodna Region (Гродзенская вобласць, Hrodzienskaja vobłasć; Гродненская область, Grodnenskaya oblast) is one of the regions of Belarus.
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Grodno Sejm
Grodno Sejm (Sejm grodzieński; Гарадзенскі сойм; Gardino seimas) was the last Sejm (session of parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Grodno TV Tower
Grodno TV Tower is a 254 metre tall lattice tower at Grodno, Belarus, built in 1984 from unique design.
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Haradnichanka
The Haradnichanka, Haradnitsa (Гараднічанка, Гарадніца; Городничанка, Gorodnichanka; Gardinėlė) is a river in Hrodna and Hrodna district, Belarus.
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Hebrew language
No description.
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Henryk Hlebowicz
Henryk Hlebowicz (1904 – November 9, 1941) was a Polish and Roman Catholic priest.
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Herman Yablokoff
Herman Yablokoff (August 11, 1903 – April 3, 1981, הערמאַן יאַבלאָקאָף, Герман Яблоков., born Chaim Yablonik, Хаим Яблоник), sometimes written Herman Yablokov, Herman Yablokow, etc., was a Belarusian-born Jewish American actor, singer, composer, poet, playwright, director and producer who became one of the biggest stars in Yiddish theatre.
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Humid continental climate
A humid continental climate (Köppen prefix D and a third letter of a or b) is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, which is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters.
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Institute of National Remembrance
The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; IPN) is a Polish government-affiliated research institute with lustration prerogatives, as well as prosecution powers.
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Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.
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Irgun
The Irgun (ארגון; full title:, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel") was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948.
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Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.
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January Suchodolski
January Suchodolski (September 19, 1797 – March 20, 1875) was a Polish painter and Army officer.
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January Uprising
The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.
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Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński
Józef Konstanty Olszyna-Wilczyński (27 November 1890 – 22 September 1939) was a Polish general and one of the high-ranking commanders of the Polish Army.
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Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert
Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (21 June 1741, Lyon - 2 September 1814, Lyon) was a French politician, botanist, freemason, medical doctor and member of the Académie de Lyon.
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Jerzy Maksymiuk
Jerzy Maksymiuk (born 9 April 1936, Grodno, Poland) is a Polish composer, pianist and orchestra conductor.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Judenrat
A Judenrat ("Jewish council") was a World War II Jewish-German-collaborative administrative agency imposed by Germany, principally within the ghettos of occupied Europe, including those of German-occupied Poland.
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Juliusz Rómmel
Juliusz Karol Wilhelm Rómmel (3 June 1881 – 8 September 1967) was a Polish military commander, a general of the Polish Army and a member of the civil rights movement.
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Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad (p; former German name: Königsberg; Yiddish: קעניגסבערג, Kenigsberg; r; Old Prussian: Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg; Polish: Królewiec) is a city in the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea.
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Kalozha Church
The Kalozha church of Sts.
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Karol Rómmel
Karol Rómmel (Карл Альфонсович Руммель, Karol von Rummel; 1888–1967) was a Polish and Russian military officer, sportsman and horse rider.
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Katyn massacre
The Katyn massacre (zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń massacre" or "Katyn crime"; Катынская резня or Катынский расстрел Katynskij reznya, "Katyn massacre") was a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", the Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940.
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Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.
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Khimki
Khimki (p) is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, 30 kilometres northwest of central Moscow.
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Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Khmelnytskyi (Chmel'nyc'kyj,; Chmielnicki) (until 1954, Proskuriv, Проску́рів; Płoskirów) is a city in western part of Ukraine, the administrative center for the Khmelnytskyi Oblast (region) and the Khmelnytskyi Raion (district).
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Komsomol
The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Всесою́зный ле́нинский коммунисти́ческий сою́з молодёжи (ВЛКСМ)), usually known as Komsomol (Комсомо́л, a syllabic abbreviation of the Russian kommunisticheskiy soyuz molodyozhi), was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union.
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L. L. Zamenhof
Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof; –), credited as L. L. Zamenhof and sometimes as the pseudonymous Dr.
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Lasosna
The Lasosna, Lasasyanka (Ласосна, Ласасянка), Łosośna is a river in Poland (Sokółka County) and Belarus (Hrodna and Hrodna district).
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Limoges
Limoges (Occitan: Lemòtges or Limòtges) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and was the administrative capital of the former Limousin region in west-central France.
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List of Polish monarchs
Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).
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List of rulers of Lithuania
The following is a list of rulers over Lithuania—grand dukes, kings, and presidents—the heads of authority over historical Lithuanian territory.
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List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
The following is a list of tribes who lived on the territories of contemporary Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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Lithuanian language
Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.
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Lithuanians
Lithuanians (lietuviai, singular lietuvis/lietuvė) are a Baltic ethnic group, native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,561,300 people.
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Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg rights (Magdeburger Recht; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages, granted by the local ruler.
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Maksim Bahdanovič
Maksim Adamavič Bahdanovič (Belarusian language: Максім Адамавіч Багдановіч) (December 9, 1891 – May 25, 1917) was a Belarusian poet, journalist, translator, literary critic and historian of literature.
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March battalion
A march battalion (Bataillon de Marche,, Battaglione di marcia or) is a military unit comprising replacement and support personnel, usually for a regiment or brigade-sized formation.
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Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann (3.5.1662-17.1.1736) was a German master builder who helped to rebuild Dresden after the fire of 1685.
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Meyer Lansky
Meyer Lansky (born Meier Suchowlański; July 4, 1902 – January 15, 1983), known as the "Mob's Accountant", was a major organized crime figure who, along with his associate Charles "Lucky" Luciano, was instrumental in the development of the National Crime Syndicate in the United States.
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Military occupation
Military occupation is effective provisional control by a certain ruling power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the violation of the actual sovereign.
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Mindaugas
Mindaugas (Myndowen, Mindowe, Мендог, Міндоўг, c. 1203 – autumn 1263) was the first known Grand Duke of Lithuania and the only King of Lithuania.
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Minden
Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Minsk
Minsk (Мінск,; Минск) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and the Nyamiha Rivers.
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Moisey Ostrogorsky
Moisey Yakovlevich Ostrogorski (also Ostrogorsky; Моисе́й Я́ковлевич Острого́рский; Майсе́й Я́каўлевiч Aстрaго́рскi; Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire, now in Belarus, 1854 – Petrograd, USSR, February 10, 1921) was a politician, political scientist, historian, jurist and sociologist.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.
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Mordecai Yoffe
Mordecai ben Avraham Yoffe (or Jaffe or Joffe) (1530 – 7 March 1612; Hebrew: מרדכי בן אברהם יפה) was a Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva and posek.
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Nachum Kaplan
Reb Menachem Nachum ben Uzziel Kaplan (1811 in Baisogala – October 25, 1879) was a Lithuanian Talmudist, philanthropist,Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography.
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Navahrudak
Navahrudak (Навагрудак), more commonly known by its Russian name Novogrudok (Новогрудок) (Naugardukas; Nowogródek; נאָווהאַרדאָק Novhardok) is a city in the Grodno Region of Belarus.
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Nazi concentration camps
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Neman
The Neman, Nemunas, Nyoman, Niemen or Memel, a major Eastern European river.
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New Hrodna Castle
The New Castle in Hrodna, Belarus is a royal palace of Augustus III of Poland and Stanisław August Poniatowski where the famous Grodno Sejm took place in 1793.
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NKVD prisoner massacres
The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions carried out by the Soviet NKVD secret police during World War II against political prisoners across Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union from which the Red Army was retreating following the Nazi German attack on the Soviet positions in occupied Poland, known as Operation Barbarossa.
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Ober Ost
Ober Ost is short for Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten, German for "Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East" during World War I. It also has an implied double meaning, as in its own right, "Ober Ost" translates into "Upper East," which describes its geographic region in reference to the German Empire.
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Old East Slavic
Old East Slavic or Old Russian was a language used during the 10th–15th centuries by East Slavs in Kievan Rus' and states which evolved after the collapse of Kievan Rus'.
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Old Grodno Castle
The Old Grodno Castle (also known as the Grodno Upper Castle and Bathory's Castle) originated in the 11th century as the seat of a dynasty of Black Ruthenian rulers, descended from a younger son of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev.
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Old Prussians
Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: Prūsai; Pruzzen or Prußen; Pruteni; Prūši; Prūsai; Prusowie; Prësowié) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia.
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Olga Korbut
Olga Valentinovna Korbut (born 16 May 1955) is a Belarusian former gymnast.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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Paul Baran
Paul Baran (April 29, 1926 – March 26, 2011) was a Polish-born Jewish American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks.
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Paweł Jasienica
Paweł Jasienica was the pen name of Leon Lech Beynar (10 November 1909 – 19 August 1970), a Polish historian, journalist, essayist and soldier.
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Peace of Riga
The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga (Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine.
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Peter the Great
Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.
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Peterborough, Ontario
Peterborough is a city on the Otonabee River in Central Ontario, Canada, 125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Toronto and about 270 kilometers (167 mi) southwest of Ottawa.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Poles
The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.
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Poles in Belarus
The Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 294,549 according to 2009 census.
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Polish Land Forces
The Land Forces (Wojska Lądowe) are a military branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland.
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Polish language
Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.
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Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
The Polish population transfers in 1944–46 from the eastern half of prewar Poland (also known as the expulsions of Poles from the Kresy macroregion), refer to the forced migrations of Poles toward the end – and in the aftermath – of World War II.
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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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Polish–Soviet War
The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was fought by the Second Polish Republic, Ukrainian People's Republic and the proto-Soviet Union (Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine) for control of an area equivalent to today's western Ukraine and parts of modern Belarus.
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Political prisoner
A political prisoner is someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment.
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Political sociology
Political sociology is concerned with the sociological analysis of political phenomena ranging from the State, to civil society, to the family, investigating topics such as citizenship, social movements, and the sources of social power.
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Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Population transfer in the Soviet Union refers to forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population (often classified as "enemies of workers"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories.
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Powiat
A powiat (pronounced; Polish plural: powiaty) is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries.
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Primary Chronicle
The Tale of Past Years (Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, Pověstĭ Vremęnĭnyhŭ Lětŭ) or Primary Chronicle is a history of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113.
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Prince
A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Progressive rock
Progressive rock (shortened as prog; sometimes called art rock, classical rock or symphonic rock) is a broad genre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s.
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Prussian uprisings
The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade.
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Pyotr Stolypin
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (p; –) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Russia, and Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire from 1906 to 1911.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Regions of Belarus
At the top level of administration, Belarus is divided into six regions and the city of Minsk, which has a special status being the capital of Belarus.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Repatriation of Poles (1955–59)
Repatriation of Polish population in the years of 1955–1959 (also known as the second repatriation, to distinguish it from the ''first repatriation'' in the years 1944-1946) was the second wave of forced repatriation (in fact, deportation) of the Poles living in the territories annexed by the Soviet Union (see Kresy Wschodnie).
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Rurik dynasty
The Rurik dynasty, or Rurikids (Рю́риковичи, Ryúrikovichi; Рю́риковичі, Ryúrykovychi; Ру́рыкавічы, Rúrykavichi, literally "sons of Rurik"), was a dynasty founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who established himself in Novgorod around the year AD 862.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian Empire Census
The Russian Imperial Census of 1897 was first and only census carried out in the Russian Empire (Finland was excluded).
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Russian Revival architecture
The Russian Revival style is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture (pseudo-Russian style, neo-Russian style, Russian-Byzantine style/Byzantine style (псевдорусский стиль, неорусский стиль, русско-византийский стиль)) that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.
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Saint Casimir
Saint Casimir Jagiellon (Kazimierz, Kazimieras; October 3, 1458 – March 4, 1484) was a prince of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Słupsk
Słupsk (Stolp; also known by several alternative names) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, with a population of 98,757.
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Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).
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Sejm
The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.
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Shchyolkovo
Shchyolkovo (p) is a city and the administrative center of Shchyolkovsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River (Oka's tributary), northeast of Moscow.
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Shimon Shkop
Shimon Yehuda Hakohen Shkop (שמעון שקופ; 1860 – October 22, 1939) was a rosh yeshiva ("dean") of the Yeshiva of Telshe and then of Yeshiva Shaar Hatorah of Grodno, and a renowned Talmudic scholar.
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Sister city
Twin towns or sister cities are a form of legal or social agreement between towns, cities, counties, oblasts, prefectures, provinces, regions, states, and even countries in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.
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Slavs
Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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Solomon Perel
Solomon Perel (also Shlomo Perel or Sally Perel; born 21 April 1925) is an Israeli author and motivational speaker.
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Soviet invasion of Poland
The Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet Union military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, also known as the Moscow Peace Treaty, was signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia on July 12, 1920.
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St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Grodno
St.
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Stanisław August Poniatowski
Stanisław II Augustus (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), who reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, was the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Starosta
The title of starost or starosta (Cyrillic: старост/а, Latin: capitaneus, Starost, Hauptmann) is a Slavic term that originally referred to the administrator of the assets of a "clan, kindred, extended family".
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Stephen Báthory
Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).
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Tanakh
The Tanakh (or; also Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach), also called the Mikra or Hebrew Bible, is the canonical collection of Jewish texts, which is also a textual source for the Christian Old Testament.
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Territorial changes of the Baltic states
Territorial changes of the Baltic states refers to the redrawing of borders of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia after 1940.
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Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.
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Third Partition of Poland
The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918.
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Trakai Voivodeship
Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship (Trakų vaivadija, Palatinatus Trocensis, Województwo trockie), was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations.
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Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.
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Tzipi Livni
Tziporah Malka "Tzipi" Livni (ציפורה מלכה "ציפי" לבני; born 8 July 1958) is a prominent Israeli politician and former Foreign Minister of Israel.
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Ufa
Ufa (p; Өфө) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, and the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center of the republic.
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Union of Poles in Belarus
The Union of Poles in Belarus (Związek Polaków na Białorusi, Саюз Палякаў Беларусі) is an organization located in Belarus.
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Valery Levaneuski
Valéry Levanéuski (Левоне́вский Вале́рий Станисла́вович, Вале́ры Станісла́вавіч Леване́ўскі, Walery Lewoniewski) is a Belarusian political and social activist, former political prisoner.
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Valery Tsepkalo
Valery Tsepkalo (Russian: Валерий Цепкало; born 22 February 1965) is a Belarusian diplomat and executive, founder of Belarus Hi-Tech Park.
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Vasil Bykaŭ
Vasíl Uładzímiravič Býkaŭ (often spelled Vasil Bykov, Васі́ль Уладзі́міравіч Бы́каў, Василь Влади́мирович Быков) (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was a prolific author of novels and novellas about World War II and a significant figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought.
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Vawkavysk
Vawkavysk (Ваўкавы́ск, Vaŭkavýsk; Волковыск; Wołkowysk; Valkaviskas; וואלקאוויסק; names in other languages) is one of the oldest towns in southwestern Belarus and the capital of the Vawkavysk district.
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Vilnius
Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,221.
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Voivodeship
A voivodeship is the area administered by a voivode (Governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe.
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Vytautas
Vytautas (c. 1350 – October 27, 1430), also known as Vytautas the Great (Lithuanian:, Вітаўт Кейстутавіч (Vitaŭt Kiejstutavič), Witold Kiejstutowicz, Rusyn: Vitovt, Latin: Alexander Vitoldus) from the 15th century onwards, was a ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which chiefly encompassed the Lithuanians and Ruthenians.
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Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".
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Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno
Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno (Гродзенскі дзяржаўны універсітэт імя Янкі Купалы, Гродненский государственный университет имени Янки Купалы) а higher education institution, located in Grodno.
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Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus, known as Yaroslav the Wise or Iaroslav the Wise (tr; Jaroslav Mudryj; Jaroslav Mudryj; Jarizleifr Valdamarsson;; Iaroslaus Sapiens; c. 978 – 20 February 1054) was thrice grand prince of Veliky Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule.
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Yiddish
Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, "Jewish",; in older sources ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews.
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Yotvingians
Yotvingians, or Sudovians (also called Suduvians, Jatvians, or Jatvingians in English; Jotvingiai, Sūduviai; Jātvingi; Jaćwingowie, Яцвягі, Ятвяги Sudauer), were a Baltic people with close cultural ties in the 13th century to the Lithuanians and Prussians.
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Yurysdyka
The Yurysdyka (Юрысдыка; Юрисдика, Yurisdika) is a river in Hrodna and Hrodna district, Belarus.
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Zelik Epstein
Zelik Epstein, also known as Zelig Epstein (full name Aharon Zelig Epstein) (July 10, 1912 – August 3, 2009), was a prominent Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Shaar HaTorah-Grodno, a private, Talmudical institution in Kew Gardens, Queens, New York, containing a high school, Beis Midrash, and Kollel.
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Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski
Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski (28 October 1845 – 16 April 1888) was a Polish physicist and chemist.
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Redirects here:
Gardinas, Grodno, Belarus, Harodnia, History of Grodno, Horadnia, Hrodna, Hrodna, Belarus, Hrodno.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno
