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Table of Contents

1. 500 relations: Acapulco, Age of Discovery, Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Algiers, Alhucemas Islands, Almadén, Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, Altepetl, Amalgam (chemistry), Ambrogio Spinola, Amiens, Andalusian independentist conspiracy (1641), Antwerp, Army of Flanders, Augustinians, Azores, Aztec Empire, Aztecs, Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz, Baltasar de Zúñiga, Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias, Bankruptcy, Barbary pirates, Barcelona, Barter, Bartolomé de las Casas, Basques, Battle of Actium, Battle of Agnadello, Battle of Alcácer Quibir, Battle of Alcântara (1580), Battle of Ameixial, Battle of Arques, Battle of Bangkusay, Battle of Bicocca, Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Battle of Cape Celidonia, Battle of Cape Corvo, Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586), Battle of Ceresole, Battle of Dahlen, Battle of Dessau Bridge, Battle of Djerba, Battle of Gravelines (1558), Battle of Ivry, Battle of Landriano, Battle of Lützen (1632), Battle of Lens, ... Expand index (450 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1516 establishments in the Spanish Empire
3. 1700 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
4. Early modern history of Spain
5. History of Spain
6. Latin American history
7. Philippine dynasty

Acapulco

Acapulco de Juárez, commonly called Acapulco (Acapolco), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City.

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Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail.

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Albert VII, Archduke of Austria

Albert VII (Albrecht VII; 13 November 1559 – 13 July 1621) was the ruling Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and, jointly with his wife, Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands between 1598 and 1621.

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Albrecht von Wallenstein

Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein (24 September 1583 – 25 February 1634), also von Waldstein (Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna), was a Bohemian military leader and statesman who fought on the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).

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Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma

Alexander Farnese (Alessandro Farnese, Alejandro Farnesio; 27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian noble and condottiero, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.

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Algiers

Algiers (al-Jazāʾir) is the capital and largest city of Algeria, located in the north-central part of the country.

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Alhucemas Islands

The Alhucemas Islands (Islas Alhucemas, جزر الحسيمة) is a group of islands and one of the Spanish plazas de soberanía just off the Moroccan coast in the Alboran Sea.

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Almadén

Almadén is a town and municipality in the spanish province of Ciudad Real, within the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha.

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Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia

Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y de Zúñiga-Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, GE (10 September 155026 July 1615), was a Spanish aristocrat who was most noted for his role as commander of the Spanish Armada that was to attack the south of England in 1588.

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Altepetl

The altepetl (āltepētl, plural altepeme or altepemeh) was the local, ethnically-based political entity, usually translated into English as "city-state", of pre-Columbian Nahuatl-speaking societiesSmith 1997 p. 37 in the Americas.

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Amalgam (chemistry)

An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal.

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Ambrogio Spinola

Ambrogio Spinola Doria, 1st Marquess of Los Balbases and 1st Duke of Sesto (1569 – 25 September 1630) was an Italian condottiero and nobleman of the Republic of Genoa, who served as a Spanish general and won a number of important battles.

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Amiens

Amiens (English: or;; Anmien, Anmiens or Anmyin) is a city and commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille.

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Andalusian independentist conspiracy (1641)

The Andalusian independentist conspiracy in 1641 was an alleged conspiracy of Andalusian nobility for Andalusia to secede from Spain.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

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Army of Flanders

The Army of Flanders (Ejército de Flandes Leger van Vlaanderen) was a multinational army in the service of the kings of Spain that was based in the Spanish Netherlands during the 16th to 18th centuries.

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Augustinians

Augustinians are members of several religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written in about 400 AD by Augustine of Hippo.

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Azores

The Azores (Açores), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira).

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Aztec Empire

The Aztec Empire or the Triple Alliance (Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, ˈjéːʃkaːn̥ t͡ɬaʔtoːˈlóːjaːn̥) was an alliance of three Nahua city-states: italic, italic, and italic.

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Aztecs

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

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Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz

Álvaro de Bazán y Guzmán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz (12 December 1526 – 9 February 1588), was a Spanish admiral and landlord.

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Baltasar de Zúñiga

Roberto de Zúñiga y Velasco (1561 – October 1622) was a Spanish royal favourite of Philip III, his son Philip IV and a key minister in two Spanish governments.

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Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias

Balthasar Charles (17 October 1629 – 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona, Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, and Lord of Balaguer, Prince of Viana was heir apparent to all the kingdoms, states and dominions of the Spanish monarchy until his death.

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Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts.

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Barbary pirates

The Barbary pirates, Barbary corsairs, Ottoman corsairs, or naval mujahideen (in Muslim sources) were mainly Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states.

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

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Barter

In trade, barter (derived from baretor) is a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.

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Bartolomé de las Casas

Bartolomé de las Casas, OP (11 November 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a Spanish clergyman, writer, and activist best known for his work as an historian and social reformer.

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Basques

The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.

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Battle of Actium

The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

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Battle of Agnadello

The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was one of the most significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars.

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Battle of Alcácer Quibir

The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (also known as "Battle of Three Kings" (معركة الملوك الثلاثة) or "Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin" (معركة وادي المخازن) in Morocco) was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir (variant spellings: Ksar El Kebir, Alcácer-Quivir, Alcazarquivir, Alcassar, etc.) and Larache, on 4 August 1578.

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Battle of Alcântara (1580)

The Battle of Alcântara took place on 25 August 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato.

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Battle of Ameixial

The Battle of Ameixial, was fought on 8 June 1663, near the village of Santa Vitória do Ameixial, some north-west of Estremoz, between Spanish and Portuguese as part of the Portuguese Restoration War.

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Battle of Arques

The Battle of Arques occurred on 15–29 September 1589 between the French royal forces of King Henry IV of France and troops of the Catholic League commanded by Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, during the eighth and final war (1585–1598) of the French Wars of Religion.

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Battle of Bangkusay

The Battle of Bangkusay (Labanan sa Ilog Bangkusay; Batalla de Bangkusay), on June 3, 1571, was a naval engagement that marked the last resistance by locals to the Spanish Empire's occupation and colonization of the Pasig River delta, which had been the site of the indigenous polities of Rajahnate of Maynila and Tondo.

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Battle of Bicocca

The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca (Battaglia della Bicocca) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the Italian War of 1521–26.

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Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

The Battle of Breitenfeld (Schlacht bei Breitenfeld; Slaget vid Breitenfeld) or First Battle of Breitenfeld (in older texts sometimes known as Battle of Leipzig), was fought at a crossroads near Breitenfeld approximately 8 km north-west of the walled city of Leipzig on 17 September (Gregorian calendar), or 7 September (Julian calendar, in wide use at the time), 1631.

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Battle of Cape Celidonia

The Battle of Cape Celidonia took place on 14 July 1616 during the Ottoman-Habsburg struggle for the control of the Mediterranean when a small Spanish fleet under the command of Francisco de Rivera y Medina cruising off Cyprus was attacked by an Ottoman fleet that vastly outnumbered it.

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Battle of Cape Corvo

The Battle of Cape Corvo was a naval engagement of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars fought as part of the struggle for the control of the Mediterranean.

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Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)

The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586) or the Capture of Cartagena de Indias was a military and naval action fought on 9–11 February 1586, of the recently declared Anglo-Spanish War that resulted in the assault and capture by English soldiers and sailors of the Spanish colony city of Cartagena de Indias (now part of Colombia) governed by Pedro de Bustos on the Spanish Main.

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Battle of Ceresole

The Battle of Ceresole (also Cérisoles) took place on 14 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, outside the village of Ceresole d'Alba in the Piedmont region of Italy.

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Battle of Dahlen

The Battle of Dahlen was fought on April 23, 1568, between a Dutch rebel army led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers, and a Spanish army commanded by Sancho Dávila y Daza.

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Battle of Dessau Bridge

The Battle of Dessau Bridge was a significant battle of the Thirty Years' War between Danish Protestants and the Imperial German Catholic forces on the Elbe River outside Dessau, Germany on 25 April 1626.

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Battle of Djerba

The Battle of Djerba (Cerbe) took place in May 1560 near the island of Djerba, Tunisia.

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Battle of Gravelines (1558)

The Battle of Gravelines was fought on 13 July 1558 at Gravelines, near Calais, France.

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Battle of Ivry

The Battle of Ivry was fought on 14 March 1590, during the French Wars of Religion.

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Battle of Landriano

The Battle of Landriano took place on 21 June 1529, between the French army under Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol and the Imperial–Spanish army commanded by Don Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova in the context of the War of the League of Cognac.

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Battle of Lützen (1632)

The Battle of Lützen, fought on 6 November 1632, is considered one of the most important battles of the Thirty Years' War.

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Battle of Lens

The Battle of Lens (20 August 1648) was a French victory under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé against the Spanish army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).

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Battle of Lepanto

The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.

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Battle of Lutter

The Battle of Lutter (German: Lutter am Barenberge) took place on 27 August 1626 during the Thirty Years' War, south of Salzgitter, in Lower Saxony.

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Battle of Mühlberg

The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War.

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Battle of Montes Claros

The Battle of Montes Claros was fought on 17 June 1665, near Borba, between Spanish and a combined Anglo-Portuguese force as the last major battle in the Portuguese Restoration War.

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Battle of Nördlingen (1634)

The Battle of Nördlingen took place on 6 September 1634 during the Thirty Years' War.

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Battle of Pavia

The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies.

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Battle of Rocroi

The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death.

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Battle of San Juan (1595)

The Battle of San Juan (1595) was a Spanish victory during the Anglo–Spanish War.

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Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)

The Battle of San Juan de Ulúa was fought between English privateers and Spanish forces at San Juan de Ulúa (in modern Veracruz, Mexico).

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Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)

The Battle of Santo Domingo (1586) or the Capture of Santo Domingo was a military and naval action fought on 1 January 1586, of the recently declared Anglo-Spanish War that resulted in the assault and capture by English soldiers and sailors of the Spanish city of Santo Domingo governed by Cristóbal de Ovalle on the Spanish island of Hispaniola.

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Battle of St. Quentin (1557)

The Battle of Saint-Quentin of 1557 was a decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Empire, at Saint-Quentin in Picardy.

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Battle of Stadtlohn

The Battle of Stadtlohn was fought on 6 August 1623 between the armies of the Electoral Palatinate and of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War.

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Battle of the Downs

The Battle of the Downs took place on 21 October 1639 (New Style), during the Eighty Years' War.

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Battle of the Dunes (1658)

The Battle of the Dunes, also known as the Battle of Dunkirk, took place on 14 June 1658, near the strategic port of Dunkirk in what was then the Spanish Netherlands.

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Battle of Vila Franca do Campo

The naval Battle of Vila Franca do Campo, also known as Battle of Ponta Delgada and Naval Battle of Terceira Island, took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession.

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Battle of White Mountain

The Battle of White Mountain (Bitva na Bílé hoře; Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.

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Bendahara

Bendahara (Jawi) was an administrative position within classical Malay kingdoms comparable to a vizier before the intervention of European powers during the 19th century.

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Bohemian Revolt

The Bohemian Revolt (Böhmischer Aufstand; České stavovské povstání; 1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War.

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Bohol

Bohol, officially the Province of Bohol (Lalawigan sa Bohol; Kapuoran sang Bohol; Lalawigan ng Bohol), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands.

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Brandenburg–Prussia

Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.

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Breda

Breda is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Brabant.

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Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)

The Sultanate of Brunei (Jawi: كسلطانن بروني) or simply Brunei, also known as the Brunei Empire, was a Malay sultanate, centered around Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina.

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Bullion

Bullion is non-ferrous metal that has been refined to a high standard of elemental purity.

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Burgos

Burgos is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Burgundian State

The Burgundian StateB.

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Butuan

Butuan (pronounced), officially the City of Butuan (Dakbayan sa Butuan; Butuanon: Dakbayan hong Butuan; Lungsod ng Butuan), is a 1st class highly urbanized city and the regional center of Caraga, Philippines.

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Butuan (historical polity)

Butuan, also called the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Kingdom of Butuan (Kaharian ng Butuan; Butuanon: Gingharian hong Butuan; Gingharian sa Butuan), was a precolonial Bisaya polity (lungsod) centered around northeastern Mindanao island in present-day Butuan, Philippines.

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Cañada Real

Cañada Real is a shanty town in the Madrid Region of Spain, a linear succession of informal housing following a 14.4-kilometre-long (9 mile) stretch of the drovers' road connecting La Rioja and Ciudad Real.

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Cambodian–Spanish War

| conflict.

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Captain general

Captain general (and its literal equivalent in several languages) is a high military rank of general officer grade, and a gubernatorial title.

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Captaincy General of the Philippines

The Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid.

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Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.

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Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria

Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (also known as Don Fernando de Austria, Cardenal-Infante Fernando de España and as Ferdinand von Österreich; 16 May 1609 – 9 November 1641) was a Spanish and Portuguese prince (Infante of Spain, Infante of Portugal (until 1640)), Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Cardinal of the Holy Catholic Church, Archduke of Austria, Archbishop of Toledo (1619–41), and a general during the Thirty Years' War, the Eighty Years' War, and the Franco-Spanish War.

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Caribbean

The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.

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Casa de Contratación

The Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) or Casa de la Contratación de las Indias ("House of Trade of the Indies") was established by the Crown of Castile, in 1503 in the port of Seville (and transferred to Cádiz in 1717) as a crown agency for the Spanish Empire.

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Castilian War

The Castilian War, also called the Spanish Expedition to Borneo, was a conflict between the Spanish Empire and several Muslim states in Southeast Asia, including the Sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao.

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Catalan Courts

The Catalan Courts or General Court of Catalonia (Corts Catalanes or Cort General de Catalunya) were the policymaking and parliamentary body of the Principality of Catalonia from the 13th to the 18th century.

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Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, historical Spanish: Catharina, now: Catalina; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until its annulment on 23 May 1533.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Church in Spain

The Spanish Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Spain, is part of the Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome, and the Spanish Episcopal Conference.

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Catholic League (French)

The Catholic League of France (Ligue catholique), sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League (La Sainte Ligue), was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion.

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Catholic Monarchs of Spain

The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.

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Cádiz

Cádiz is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Cebu

Cebu (Sugbo), officially the Province of Cebu (Lalawigan sa Sugbo), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets.

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Cebu (historical polity)

The Rajahnate of Cebu or Cebu also called as Sugbu, was an Hindu monarchy mandala (polity) of Tamil Chola origin on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.

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Cerro Rico

Cerro Rico (Spanish for "Rich Mountain"), Cerro Potosí ("Potosí Mountain") or Sumaq Urqu (Quechua sumaq "beautiful, good, pleasant", urqu "mountain", "beautiful (good or pleasant) mountain"), is a mountain in the Andes near the Bolivian city of Potosí.

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Ceuta

Ceuta (Sabta; Sabtah) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.

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Charles II of Spain

Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as the Bewitched (El Hechizado), was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Cholera

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.

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Christian IV of Denmark

Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648.

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Colegio Imperial de Madrid

The Colegio Imperial de Madrid (Spanish for the "Imperial College of Madrid"), also historically known as the Colegio Imperial de la Compañía de Jesús ("Imperial College of the Society of Jesus") or the Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo de la Compañía de Jesús en la Corte ("College of St.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Colonial Brazil

Colonial Brazil (Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal.

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Composite monarchy

A composite monarchy (or composite state) is a historical category, introduced by H. G. Koenigsberger in 1975 and popularised by Sir John H. Elliott, that describes early modern states consisting of several countries under one ruler, sometimes designated as a personal union, who governs his territories as if they were separate kingdoms, in accordance with local traditions and legal structures.

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Conquest of Melilla

The Conquest of Melilla occurred on the 17th of September 1497, when a fleet sent by the Duke of Medina Sidonia occupied the north African city of Melilla.

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Conquest of the Azores

The Conquest of the Azores (also known as the Spanish conquest of the Azores), but principally involving the conquest of the island of Terceira, occurred on 2 August 1583, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, between forces loyal to the claimant D. António, Prior of Crato, supported by the French and English troops, and the Spanish and Portuguese forces loyal to King Philip II of Spain, commanded by the Admiral Don Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz, during the War of the Portuguese Succession.

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Conquest of Tunis (1573)

The Conquest of Tunis in 1573 was a Spanish campaign led by John of Austria to conquer Tunis.

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Conquest of Tunis (1574)

The conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire, which had seized the place a year earlier.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Conversion (law)

Conversion is an intentional tort consisting of "taking with the intent of exercising over the chattel an ownership inconsistent with the real owner's right of possession".

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Corbie

Corbie (Korbei; Picard:Corbin) is a commune of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Corregimiento

Corregimiento (Corregiment) is a Spanish term used for country subdivisions for royal administrative purposes, ensuring districts were under crown control as opposed to local elites.

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Cortes Generales

The (lit) are the bicameral legislative chambers of Spain, consisting of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house).

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Cortes of Aragon

The Cortes of Aragon (Cortes de Aragón, Cortz d'Aragón, Corts d'Aragó) is the regional parliament for the Spanish autonomous community of Aragon.

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Corts Valencianes

The Corts Valencianes, commonly known as Les Corts, are the main legislative body of the Generalitat Valenciana and therefore of the Valencian Community.

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Council of Aragon

The Council of Aragon, officially, the Royal and Supreme Council of Aragon (Real y Supremo Consejo de Aragón; Consello d'Aragón; Consell Suprem d'Aragó), was a ruling body and key part of the domestic government of the Spanish Empire in Europe, second only to the monarch himself.

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Council of Castile

The Council of Castile (Real y Supremo Consejo de Castilla), known earlier as the Royal Council (Consejo Real), was a ruling body and key part of the domestic government of the Crown of Castile, second only to the monarch himself.

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Council of Italy

The Council of Italy, officially, the Royal and Supreme Council of Italy (Real y Supremo Consejo de Italia, Reale e Supremo Consiglio d'Italia) was a ruling body and key part of the government of the Spanish Empire in Europe, second only to the monarch himself.

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Council of Portugal

The Council of Portugal, officially, the Royal and Supreme Council of Portugal (Portuguese: Real e Supremo Conselho de Portugal; Spanish: Real y Supremo Consejo de Portugal), was the ruling body and a key part of the government of the Kingdom of Portugal during the Iberian Union.

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Council of the Indies

The Council of the Indies (Consejo de las Indias), officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias), was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and those territories it governed, such as the Spanish East Indies.

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Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

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County of Artois

The County of Artois (Picard: Comté d'Artoé) was a historic province of the Kingdom of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659.

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County of Burgundy

The Free County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne; Freigrafschaft Burgund) was a medieval feudal state ruled by a count from 982 to 1678.

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County of Holland

The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic, of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

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County of Zeeland

The County of Zeeland (Graafschap Zeeland) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries and it later became one of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic.

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Cross of Burgundy

The Cross of Burgundy (Croix de Bourgogne; Cruz de Borgoña/Aspa de Borgoña; Burgunderkreuz.; Croce di Borgogna; Creu de Borgonya; Bourgondisch kruis.; Portuguese: Cruz de Borgonha) is a saw-toothed (raguly) form of the Cross of Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Burgundy, and a historical banner and battle flag used by holders of the title of Duke of Burgundy and their subjects.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum. Habsburg Spain and Crown of Aragon are early modern history of Spain.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne.

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Cuenca, Spain

Cuenca is a city and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha.

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Cuius regio, eius religio

Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion" – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

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Cultural identity

Cultural identity is a part of a person's identity, or their self-conception and self-perception, and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality, gender, or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

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Dardanelles

The Dardanelles (lit; translit), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Helle), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.

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De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

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De jure

In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.

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Debasement

A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value.

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Debt consolidation

Debt consolidation is a form of debt refinancing that entails taking out one loan to pay off many others.

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Debt moratorium

A debt moratorium is a delay in the payment of debts or obligations.

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Defenestrations of Prague

The Defenestrations of Prague (Pražská defenestrace, Prager Fenstersturz, Defenestratio Pragensis) were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestrated (thrown out of a window).

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Diego Velázquez

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Knight of the Order of Santiago (baptized 6 June 15996 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age.

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Domingo de Soto

Domingo de Soto, O.P. (1494 – 15 November 1560) was a Spanish Dominican priest and Scholastic theologian born in Segovia (Spain), and died in Salamanca (Spain), at the age of 66.

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Don Quixote

Don Quixote is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes.

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Dragut

Dragut (Turgut Reis; 1485 – 23 June 1565) was an Ottoman corsair, naval commander, governor, and noble.

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Duchy of Guelders

The Duchy of Guelders (Gelre, Gueldre, Geldern) is a historical duchy, previously county, of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the Low Countries.

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Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

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Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan (Ducato di Milano; Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277.

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Duchy of Savoy

The Duchy of Savoy (Ducato di Savoia; Duché de Savoie) was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy.

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Dunkirk

Dunkirk (Dunkerque, Duunkerke, Duinkerke or Duinkerken) is a commune in the department of Nord in northern France.

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Dunkirkers

During the Dutch Revolt (1568–1648), the Dunkirkers or Dunkirk Privateers were commerce raiders in the service of the Spanish monarchy and later the Kingdom of France.

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Dutch Brazil

Dutch Brazil (Nederlands-Brazilië), also known as New Holland (Nieuw-Holland), was a colony of the Dutch Republic in the northeastern portion of modern-day Brazil, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during Dutch colonization of the Americas.

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Dutch Republic

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

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Dutch States Navy

The Dutch States Navy (Staatse vloot) was the navy of the Dutch Republic from 1588 to 1795.

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Dutch–Portuguese War

The Dutch–Portuguese War was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company, the Dutch West India Company, and their allies, against the Iberian Union, and after 1640, the Portuguese Empire.

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Dysentery

Dysentery, historically known as the bloody flux, is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea.

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Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

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Eastern Mediterranean

Eastern Mediterranean is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea, often defined as the countries around the Levantine Sea.

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Ecuador

Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

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Eighty Years' War

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.

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El Escorial

El Escorial, or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), or italic, is a historical residence of the King of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, up the valley (road distance) from the town of El Escorial and about northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid.

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El Greco

Doménikos Theotokópoulos (Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος,; 1 October 1541 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco ("The Greek"), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance.

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Electorate of Saxony

The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806.

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Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.

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Elmina Castle

Elmina Castle was erected by the Portuguese in 1482 as Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (St. George of the Mine Castle), also known as Castelo da Mina or simply Mina (or Feitoria da Mina), in present-day Elmina, Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast.

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Enclosure

Enclosure or inclosure is a term, used in English landownership, that refers to the appropriation of "waste" or "common land" enclosing it and by doing so depriving commoners of their rights of access and privilege.

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Encomienda

The encomienda was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples.

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English Armada

The English Armada (lit), also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake–Norris Expedition, was an attack fleet sent against Spain by Queen Elizabeth I of England that sailed on 28 April 1589 during the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War.

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Entrepôt

An entrepôt or transshipment port is a port, city, or trading post where merchandise may be imported, stored, or traded, usually to be exported again.

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Erblande

The Erblande ("Hereditary Lands") of the House of Habsburg formed the Alpine heartland of the Habsburg monarchy.

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Expulsion of the Moriscos

The Expulsion of the Moriscos (Expulsión de los moriscos) was decreed by King Philip III of Spain on April 9, 1609.

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Extremadura

Extremadura (Estremaúra; Estremadura; Fala: Extremaúra) is a landlocked autonomous community of Spain.

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Fall of Antwerp

The fall of Antwerp (val van Antwerpen) on 17 August 1585 took place during the Eighty Years' War, after a siege lasting over a year from July 1584 until August 1585.

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Favourite

A favourite was the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person.

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Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.

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Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.

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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.

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Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1625, King of Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to his death.

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Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the 1519–22 Spanish expedition to the East Indies, which achieved the first circumnavigation of Earth in history.

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Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba (29 October 150711 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba (Grão Duque de Alba) in Spain and Portugal and as the Iron Duke (or shortly 'Alva') in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general and diplomat.

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Filipinos

Filipinos (Mga Pilipino) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines.

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Filippo di Piero Strozzi

Filippo di Piero Strozzi (French: Philippe Strozzi; 1541 – 27 July 1582) was an Italian condottiero, a member of the Florentine family of the Strozzi.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake (1540 – 28 January 1596) was an English explorer and privateer best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580.

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Francis I of France

Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.

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Francisco de Melo

Dom Francisco de Melo (1597 – 18 December 1651) was a Portuguese nobleman who served as a Spanish general during the Thirty Years' War.

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Francisco de Quevedo

Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas, Knight of the Order of Santiago (14 September 1580 – 8 September 1645) was a Spanish nobleman, politician and writer of the Baroque era.

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Francisco de Sande

Francisco de Sande Picón (1540 – September 12, 1602) was the third Spanish governor and captain-general of the Philippines from August 25, 1575 to April 1580.

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Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma

Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, 5th Marquess of Denia, 1st Count of Ampudia (1552/1553 – 17 May 1625), was a favourite of Philip III of Spain, the first of the validos ('most worthy') through whom the later Habsburg monarchs ruled.

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Francisco de Toledo

Francisco Álvarez de Toledo (Oropesa, 10 July 1515 – Escalona, 21 April 1582), also known as The Viceroyal Solon, was an aristocrat and soldier of the Kingdom of Spain and the fifth Viceroy of Peru.

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Francisco de Vitoria

Francisco de Vitoria (– 12 August 1546; also known as Francisco de Victoria) was a Spanish Roman Catholic philosopher, theologian, and jurist of Renaissance Spain.

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Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, OFM (1436 – 8 November 1517) was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman.

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Francisco Rizi

Francisco Rizi, or Francisco Ricci de Guevara (9 April 1614 – 2 August 1685) was a Spanish painter of Italian ancestry.

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Francisco Suárez

Francisco Suárez, (5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement.

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Franco-Dutch War

The Franco-Dutch War was a European conflict that lasted from 1672 to 1678.

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Franco-Ottoman alliance

The Franco-Ottoman alliance, also known as the Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between Francis I, King of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

The Franco-Spanish War was fought from 1635 to 1659 between France and Spain, each supported by various allies at different points.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.

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Fuero

Fuero, Fur, Foro or Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.

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Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares

Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, 1st Duke of Sanlúcar, 3rd Count of Olivares,, known as the Count-Duke of Olivares (taken by joining both his countship and subsequent dukedom) (6 January 1587 – 22 July 1645), was a Spanish royal favourite (valido) of Philip IV and minister.

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Germaine of Foix

Ursula Germaine of Foix (c. 1488 – 15 October 1536) was an early modern French noblewoman from the House of Foix.

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German Peasants' War

The German Peasants' War, Great Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt (Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.

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Geuzen

Geuzen (Les Gueux) was a name assumed by the confederacy of Calvinist Dutch nobles, who from 1566 opposed Spanish rule in the Netherlands.

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Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (5 March 1696 – 27 March 1770), also known as Giambattista (or Gianbattista) Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice who painted in the Rococo style, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school.

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Granada War

The Granada War (Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.

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Great Plague of Seville

The Great Plague of Seville (1647–1652) was a massive outbreak of disease in Spain that killed up to a quarter of Seville's population. Habsburg Spain and Great Plague of Seville are history of Spain.

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Great Siege of Malta

The Great Siege of Malta (Maltese: L-Assedju l-Kbir) occurred in 1565 when the Ottoman Empire attempted to conquer the island of Malta, then held by the Knights Hospitaller.

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Guanajuato

Guanajuato, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato (Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato), is one of the 32 states that make up the Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Gustavus Adolphus

Gustavus Adolphus (9 December 15946 November 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph, was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power (Stormaktstiden).

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Habsburg monarchy

The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.

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Habsburg Netherlands

Habsburg Netherlands was the Renaissance period fiefs in the Low Countries held by the Holy Roman Empire's House of Habsburg.

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Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne, was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France.

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Henry II of France

Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559.

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Henry III of France

Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589) was King of France from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.

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Henry IV of France

Henry IV (Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.

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Henry VIII

Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547.

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Henry, King of Portugal

Henry (Henrique; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste (o Casto) and the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei), was king of Portugal and an inquisitor and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580.

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Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Hispanic Monarchy (political entity)

The Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquia Hispanica in spanish), also known as Catholic Monarchy and historically referred to as Monarchy of Spain, was the political entity encompassing the territories and dependencies of the Spanish Empire between 1479 and 1716.

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History of Spain

The history of Spain dates to contact between the pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula made with the Greeks and Phoenicians.

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History of Spain (1700–1808)

The Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España) entered a new era with the death of Charles II, the last Spanish Habsburg monarch, who died childless in 1700. Habsburg Spain and History of Spain (1700–1808) are history of Spain.

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Holy League (1571)

The Holy League (Liga Sancta, Liga Santa, Lega Santa) of 1571 was arranged by Pope Pius V and included the major Catholic powers of southern Europe (Iberian Peninsula and Italian Peninsula), specifically the Spanish Empire as well as the Italian maritime powers.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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House of Aviz

The House of Aviz (Portuguese: Casa de Avis), also known as the Joanine Dynasty (Dinastia Joanina), was a dynasty of Portuguese origin which flourished during the Renaissance and the period of the Portuguese discoveries, when Portugal expanded its power globally.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon (also) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

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House of Valois

The Capetian house of Valois (also) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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Huancavelica

Huancavelica or Wankawillka in Quechua is a city in Peru.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Iberian Union

The Iberian Union is a historiographical term used to describe the dynastic union of the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself a personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and the Kingdom of Portugal, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV. Habsburg Spain and Iberian Union are early modern history of Spain.

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Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola (Ignazio Loiolakoa; Ignacio de Loyola; Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish-French Basque Catholic priest and theologian, who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541.

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Inca Empire

The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

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Inflation

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.

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Isabella Clara Eugenia

Isabella Clara Eugenia (Isabel Clara Eugenia; 12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), sometimes referred to as Clara Isabella Eugenia, was sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, which comprised the Low Countries and the north of modern France with her husband, Archduke Albert VII of Austria.

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Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I (Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504.

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Isabella of Portugal

Isabella of Portugal (Isabel de Portugal; 24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort of her husband Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy.

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Italian War of 1521–1526

The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, (Sixième guerre d'Italie) was a part of the Italian Wars.

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Italian War of 1551–1559

The Italian War of 1551–1559 began when Henry II of France declared war against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing parts of Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs.

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Italian Wars

The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea.

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James VI and I

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Joanna of Castile

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555.

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John Hawkins (naval commander)

Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled Hawkyns) (1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English naval commander, naval administrator, privateer and slave trader.

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John III of Portugal

John III (João III; 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557), nicknamed The Pious (Portuguese: o Piedoso), was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1521 until his death in 1557.

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John IV of Portugal

Dom John IV (João,; 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), nicknamed John the Restorer (João, o Restaurador), was the King of Portugal whose reign, lasting from 1640 until his death, began the Portuguese restoration of independence from Habsburg Spanish rule.

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John Joseph of Austria

John Joseph of Austria or John of Austria (the Younger) (Don Juan José de Austria; 7 April 1629 – 17 September 1679) was a Spanish general and political figure.

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John of Austria

John of Austria (Johann von Österreich, Juan de Austria; 24 February 1547 – 1 October 1578) was the illegitimate son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo

Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (c.1612 – February 10, 1667) was a Spanish Baroque portrait and landscape painter, the most distinguished of the followers of his father-in-law Velázquez, whose style he imitated more closely than did any other artist.

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Juan de Salcedo

Juan de Salcedo (1549 – 11 March, 1576) was a Spanish conquistador.

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Juana Inés de la Cruz

Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana, better known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (12 November 1648 – 17 April 1695), was a New Spain writer, philosopher, composer and poet of the Baroque period, as well as a Hieronymite nun, nicknamed "The Tenth Muse" and "The Phoenix of America" by her contemporary critics.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Jure uxoris

Jure uxoris (a Latin phrase meaning "by right of (his) wife") describes a title of nobility used by a man because his wife holds the office or title suo jure ("in her own right").

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Kampen, Overijssel

Kampen is a city and municipality in the province of Overijssel, Netherlands.

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Kampong Jerudong

Kampong Jerudong or simply Jerudong is a village in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, about from the capital Bandar Seri Begawan.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.

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Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

The Kingdom of Italy (Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum; Regno d'Italia; Königreich Italien), also called Imperial Italy (Italia Imperiale, Reichsitalien), was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.

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Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Regno di Napoli; Regno 'e Napule), was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France. Habsburg Spain and kingdom of Navarre are early modern history of Spain.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic.

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Kingdom of Valencia

The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València,; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. Habsburg Spain and Kingdom of Valencia are early modern history of Spain.

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Knights Hospitaller

The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller, is a Catholic military order.

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Lakandula

Lakandula (Baybayin:, Spanish orthography: Lacandola) was the title of the last lakan or paramount ruler of pre-colonial Tondo when the Spaniards first conquered the lands of the Pasig River delta in the Philippines in the 1570s.

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Larache

Larache (al-'Ara'ish) is a city in northwestern Morocco.

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Latifundium

A latifundium (Latin: latus, "spacious", and fundus, "farm", "estate") was originally the term used by ancient Romans for great landed estates specialising in agriculture destined for sale: grain, olive oil, or wine.

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Laws of Burgos

The Laws of Burgos (Leyes de Burgos), promulgated on 27 December 1512 in Burgos, Crown of Castile (Spain), was the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spaniards in the Americas, particularly with regard to the Indigenous people of the Americas ("native Caribbean Indians").

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Lima

Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

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Limahong

Limahong, Lim Hong, or Lin Feng (Teochew), well known as Ah Hong (Teochew) or Lim-A-Hong or Limahon (Teochew), was a Chinese pirate and warlord who invaded the northern Philippines in 1574.

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Limpieza de sangre

Limpieza de sangre, also known as limpeza de sangue or neteja de sang, literally 'cleanliness of blood' and meaning 'blood purity', was a racially discriminatory term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires during the early modern period to refer to those who were considered to be Old Christians by virtue of not having Muslim, Jewish, Romani, or Agote ancestors.

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Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.

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List of largest empires

Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement.

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List of viceroys of New Spain

This article lists the viceroys who ruled the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1535 to 1821 in the name of the monarch of Spain.

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Lordship of Groningen

The Lordship of Groningen (Heerlijkheid Groningen) was a lordship under the rule of the House of Habsburg between 1536 and 1594, which is the present-day province of Groningen.

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Lordship of Overijssel

The Lordship of Overijssel or Overissel (Latin: Transisalania) is a former division of the Netherlands named for its position along the river Issel.

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Lordship of Utrecht

The Lordship of Utrecht was formed in 1528 when Charles V of Habsburg conquered the Bishopric of Utrecht, during the Guelders Wars.

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Louis XIII

Louis XIII (sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis, Grand Condé

Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (8 September 1621 – 11 December 1686), known as le Grand Condé, was a French military commander.

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Luc-Normand Tellier

Luc-Normand Tellier (born October 10, 1944) is a Professor Emeritus in spatial economics of the University of Quebec at Montreal.

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Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga

Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga (25 August 1528 – 5 March 1576) was a Spanish general, sailor, diplomat and politician.

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Luis de Velasco, 2nd Viceroy of New Spain

Luis de Velasco y Ruiz de Alarcón (1511 – July 31, 1564) was the second viceroy of New Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the mid-sixteenth century.

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Luis Pérez Dasmariñas

Luis Pérez Dasmariñas y Páez de Sotomayor was a Spanish soldier and governor of the Philippines from December 3, 1593 to July 14, 1596.

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Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

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Madja-as

The Confederation of Madja-as was a legendary pre-colonial supra-baranganic polity on the island of Panay in the Philippines.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Magat Salamat

Datu Magat Salamat was a Filipino historical figure best known for co-organizing the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587.

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Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Maluku Islands

The Maluku Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Maluku) or the Moluccas are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia.

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Manila

Manila (Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynila), is the capital and second-most-populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City.

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Manila galleon

The Manila galleon (Galeón de Manila; Galyon ng Maynila), originally known as La Nao de China, and Galeón de Acapulco,.

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Manuel Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo

Manuel Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo (Pamplona, 6 January 1641 – Barcelona, 23 December 1707), 9th (sometimes 8th) Count of Oropesa, 7th Count of Alcaudete, etc., was a Spanish noble and politician, and Valido of King Charles II of Spain between 1685-1691 and 1698–1699.

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Martín Enríquez de Almanza

Martín Enríquez de Almanza y Ulloa, (died ca. March 13, 1583) was the fourth viceroy of New Spain, who ruled in the name of Philip II from November 5, 1568 until October 3, 1580.

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Mary of Burgundy

Mary of Burgundy (Marie de Bourgogne; Maria van Bourgondië; 13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut and other territories, from 1477 until her death in 1482.

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Maurice, Elector of Saxony

Maurice (21 March 1521 – 9 July 1553) was Duke (1541–47) and later Elector (1547–53) of Saxony.

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Maurice, Prince of Orange

Maurice of Orange (Maurits van Oranje; 14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625) was stadtholder of all the provinces of the Dutch Republic except for Friesland from 1585 at the earliest until his death in 1625.

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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

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Maynila (historical polity)

In Philippine history, the Tagalog bayan ("country" or "city-state") of Maynila was one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago.

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Mehdya, Morocco

Mehdya (al-Mahdiyā), also Mehdia or Mehedya, is a town in Kénitra Province, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, in north-western Morocco.

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Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element; it has symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

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Merino

The Merino is a breed or group of breeds of domestic sheep, characterised by very fine soft wool.

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Mers El Kébir

Mers El Kébir (lit) is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria.

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Mesta

The Mesta was a powerful association protecting livestock owners and their animals in the Crown of Castile that was incorporated in the 13th century and was dissolved in 1836.

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Mexico City

Mexico City (Ciudad de México,; abbr.: CDMX; Central Nahuatl:,; Otomi) is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America.

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Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS) was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.

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Miguel López de Legazpi

Miguel López de Legazpi (12 June 1502 – 20 August 1572), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippine islands in the mid-16th century.

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Military

A military, also known collectively as an armed forces, are a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare.

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Mindanao

Mindanao is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of the same name that also includes its adjacent islands, notably the Sulu Archipelago.

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Mit'a

Mit'a was mandatory service in the society of the Inca Empire.

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Monarchy of Spain

The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain.

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Monastery of Yuste

The Monastery of Yuste is a monastery in the small village now called Cuacos de Yuste (in older works San Yuste or San Just) in the province of Cáceres in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain.

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Monasticism

Monasticism, also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.

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Morisco

Moriscos (mouriscos; Spanish for "Moorish") were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Catholic Church and Habsburg Spain commanded to forcibly convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed Islam.

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Mukim Kota Batu

Mukim Kota Batu is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei.

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Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)

The Neapolitan Republic was a republic created in the Kingdom of Naples, which lasted from October 22, 1647, to April 5, 1648.

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Neo-Inca State

The Neo-Inca State, also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba, was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac).

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New Laws

The New Laws (Spanish: Leyes Nuevas), also known as the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians were issued on November 20, 1542, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (King Charles I of Spain) and regard the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Habsburg Spain and New Laws are latin American history.

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New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. Habsburg Spain and New Spain are latin American history.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

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Nice

Nice (Niçard: Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, Mistralian norm,; Nizza; Nissa; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France.

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Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance.

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Nine Years' War (Ireland)

The Nine Years' War, sometimes called Tyrone's Rebellion, took place in Ireland from 1593 to 1603.

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North Sea

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

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Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

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Nueva Planta decrees

The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta, Decrets de Nova Planta, "Decrees of the New Plant") were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V, the first Bourbon King of Spain, during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Oran

Oran (Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria.

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Ore

Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals concentrated above background levels, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.

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Ottoman embassy to Aceh

The Ottoman expedition to Aceh started from around 1565 when the Ottoman Empire endeavoured to support the Aceh Sultanate in its fight against the Portuguese Empire in Malacca.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman–Habsburg wars

The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Habsburg Spain.

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Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.

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Panama

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.

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Papal conclave

A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Parliament of Navarre

The Parliament of Navarre (Spanish Parlamento de Navarra, Basque Nafarroako Parlamentua) or also known as Cortes de Navarra (in Spanish) or Nafarroako Gorteak (in Basque) is the Navarre autonomous unicameral parliament.

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Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.

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Peace of Prague (1635)

The Peace of Prague, dated 30 May 1635 Old Style, was a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War.

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Peace of Vervins

The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands.

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Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.

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Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera

() is a Spanish exclave and rocky tidal island in the western Mediterranean Sea connected to the Moroccan shore by a sandy isthmus.

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Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Pedro Calderón de la Barca (17 January 160025 May 1681) (full name: Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño) was a Spanish dramatist, poet, and writer.

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Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby

Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (12 October 1555 – 25 June 1601) was the son of Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, and Richard Bertie.

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Personal union

A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. Habsburg Spain and Philip II of Spain are Philippine dynasty.

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Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. Habsburg Spain and Philip III of Spain are Philippine dynasty.

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Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV (Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Habsburg Spain and Philip IV of Spain are Philippine dynasty.

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Philip the Handsome

Philip the Handsome (22 June/July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called the Fair, was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I) for a brief time in 1506.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Picardy

Picardy (Picard and Picardie) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder (– 9 September 1569) was among the most significant artists of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so-called genre painting); he was a pioneer in presenting both types of subject as large paintings.

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Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods.

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Politics

Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.

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Polysynodial System

The Polysynodial System, Polysynodial Regime (régimen polisinodial) or System of Councils was the way of organization of the composite monarchy ruled by the Catholic Monarchs and the Spanish Habsburgs, which entrusted the central administration in a group of collegiate bodies (councils) already existing or created ex novo. Habsburg Spain and Polysynodial System are early modern history of Spain.

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Pope Alexander VI

Pope Alexander VI (born Rodrigo de Borja; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) (epithet: Valentinus ("The Valencian")) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borgia family in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), Rodrigo studied law at the University of Bologna.

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Pope Clement VII

Pope Clement VII (Clemens VII; Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534.

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Pope Clement VIII

Pope Clement VIII (Clemens VIII; Clemente VIII; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death, in March 1605.

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Pope Gregory XIV

Pope Gregory XIV (Gregorius XIV; Gregorio XIV; 11 February 1535 – 16 October 1591), born Niccolò Sfondrato or Sfondrati, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 December 1590 to his death, in October 1591.

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Pope Innocent IX

Pope Innocent IX (Innocentius IX; Innocenzo IX; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti,Martin, John Jeffries.

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Pope Urban VII

Pope Urban VII (Urbanus VII; Urbano VII; 4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was head of the Catholic Church, and ruler of the Papal States from 15 to 27 September 1590.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

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Portuguese Ceylon

Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilão Português; පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව; போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை) is the name given to the territory on Ceylon, modern-day Sri Lanka, controlled by the Portuguese Empire between 1597 and 1658.

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Portuguese Cortes

In the Medieval Kingdom of Portugal, the Cortes was an assembly of representatives of the estates of the realm – the nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie.

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Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and later overseas territories, governed by the Kingdom of Portugal, and later the Republic of Portugal.

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Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a colonial presence in the Indonesian Archipelago.

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Portuguese Restoration War

The Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração), historically known as the Acclamation War (Guerra da Aclamação), was the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union.

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Post-Angkor period

The post-Angkor period of Cambodia (ប្រទេសកម្ពុជាក្រោយសម័យអង្គរ), also called the Middle Period, refers to the historical era from the early 15th century to 1863, the beginning of the French protectorate of Cambodia.

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Potosí

Potosí, known as Villa Imperial de Potosí in the colonial period, is the capital city and a municipality of the Department of Potosí in Bolivia.

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Presidio

A presidio (jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries in areas under their control or influence.

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Price revolution

The Price Revolution, sometimes known as the Spanish Price Revolution, was a series of economic events that occurred between the second half of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, and most specifically linked to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe.

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Princess Kandarapa

Kandarapa was a native Filipina princess of the Kingdom of Tondo in the island of Luzon during the 16th century Spanish conquest of the Philippines, and the wife of the Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo.

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Principality of Catalonia

The Principality of Catalonia (Principat de Catalunya; Principat de Catalonha; Principado de Cataluña; Principatus Cathaloniæ) was a medieval and early modern state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Habsburg Spain and Principality of Catalonia are early modern history of Spain.

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Privateer

A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war.

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Protestant Union

The Protestant Union (Protestantische Union), also known as the Evangelical Union, Union of Auhausen, German Union or the Protestant Action Party, was a coalition of Protestant German states.

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Puerto Rico

-;.

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Raid on St. Augustine

The Raid on St.

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Rajah Sulayman

Sulayman, sometimes referred to as Sulayman III (Arabic script: سليمان, Abecedario: Solimán) (d. 1590s), was a Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Luzon in the 16th century and was a nephew of King Ache of Luzon.

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Real Audiencia

A Real Audience, or simply an Audience (Reial Audience, Audience Reial, or Audience), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire.

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Reapers' War

The Reapers' War (Guerra dels Segadors,; Guerra de los Segadores), also known as the Catalan Revolt, was a conflict that affected the Principality of Catalonia between the years of 1640 and 1659.

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Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)

The second rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571), sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region and on the Granada Altiplano region, northeast of the city of Granada.

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Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Reductions

Reductions (reducciones, also called congregaciones;, pl. reduções) were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines).

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

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Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

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Relaciones geográficas

Relaciones geográficas were a series of elaborate questionnaires distributed to the lands of King Philip II of Spain in the Viceroyalty of New Spain in North America.

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Religious ecstasy

Religious ecstasy is a type of altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and reportedly expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness, frequently accompanied by visions and emotional (and sometimes physical) euphoria.

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Republic of Florence

The Republic of Florence (Repubblica di Firenze), known officially as the Florentine Republic (Repubblica Fiorentina), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.

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Revolt of the Comuneros

The Revolt of the Comuneros (Guerra de las Comunidades de Castilla, "War of the Communities of Castile") was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration between 1520 and 1521.

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Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, (24 June 1532 – 4 September 1588) was an English statesman and the favourite of Elizabeth I from her accession until his death.

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Rotterdam

Rotterdam (lit. "The Dam on the River Rotte") is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam.

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Roussillon

Roussillon (Rosselló,; Rosselhon) was a historical province of France that largely corresponded to the County of Roussillon and part of the County of Cerdagne of the former Principality of Catalonia.

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Royal fifth

The royal fifth (Spanish and quinto real / quinto del rey) is a historical royal tax which reserves to the monarch 20% of all precious metals and other commodities (including slaves) acquired by his subjects as war loot, found as treasure or extracted by mining.

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Ruy López de Villalobos

Ruy López de Villalobos (– 23 April 1546) was a Spanish explorer who led a failed attempt to colonize the Philippines in 1544, attempting to assert Spanish control there under the terms of the treaties of Tordesillas and Zaragoza.

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Saadi Sultanate

The Saadi Sultanate (translit), also known as the Sharifian Sultanate, was a state which ruled present-day Morocco and parts of West Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Sack of Rome (1527)

The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of Rome on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, during the War of the League of Cognac.

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Saint-Domingue

Saint-Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1697 to 1804.

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Sangley Rebellion

The Sangley Rebellion was a series of armed confrontations between overseas Chinese, known as the Sangley, and the Spanish and their allied forces in Manila under the Captaincy General of the Philippines, in October 1603.

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Santander, Spain

Santander is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain.

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Schmalkaldic League

The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.

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School of Salamanca

The School of Salamanca (Escuela de Salamanca) is an intellectual movement of 16th-century and 17th-century Iberian Scholastic theologians rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria.

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Sebastian, King of Portugal

Sebastian (Sebastião I; 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578) was King of Portugal from 11 June 1557 to 4 August 1578 and the penultimate Portuguese monarch of the House of Aviz.

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Segovia

Segovia is a city in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Seignory of Frisia

The Seignory of Frisia or Seignory of Friesland (Hearlikheid Fryslân, Heerlijkheid Friesland) was a feudal dominion in the Netherlands.

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Selim II

Selim II (Selīm-i sānī; II.; 28 May 1524 – 15 December 1574), also known as Selim the Blond (Sarı Selim) or Selim the Drunkard (Sarhoş Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574.

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.

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Sheep

Sheep (sheep) or domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are a domesticated, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Siege of Breda (1624)

The Siege of Breda of 1624–1625 occurred during the Eighty Years' War.

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Siege of Deventer (1591)

The siege of Deventer was a siege of the city of Deventer from 1 to 10 June 1591 during the Eighty Years' War by Dutch and English troops under Maurice of Nassau in an attempt to retake it from its Spanish garrison, commanded by Herman van den Bergh on behalf of the Spanish.

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Siege of Groningen (1594)

The siege of Groningen was a two-month siege which commenced on 19 May 1594, and which took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War.

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Siege of Kinsale

The siege of Kinsale (Léigear Chionn tSáile), also known as the battle of Kinsale, was the ultimate battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland, commencing in October 1601, near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and at the climax of the Nine Years' War—a campaign by Hugh O'Neill, Hugh Roe O'Donnell and other Irish lords against English rule.

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Siege of La Rochelle

The Siege of La Rochelle (or sometimes Le Grand Siège de La Rochelle) was a result of a war between the French royal forces of Louis XIII of France and the Huguenots of La Rochelle in 1627–1628.

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Siege of Leiden

The Siege of Leiden occurred during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War in 1573 and 1574, when the Spanish under Francisco de Valdez attempted to capture the rebellious city of Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands.

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Siege of Maastricht (1579)

The siege of Maastricht was a battle of the Eighty Years' War which lasted from March 12 to July 1, 1579.

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Siege of Nice

The siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of England.

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Siege of Nijmegen (1591)

The siege of Nijmegen was a military engagement during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War which took place from 17 to 21 October 1591.

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Siege of Zutphen (1591)

The siege of Zutphen was an eleven-day siege of the city of Zutphen by Dutch and English troops led by Maurice of Nassau, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War.

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Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir

Between April and June 1563 the Regency of Algiers launched a major military campaign to retake the Spanish military-bases of Oran and Mers el Kébir on the North African coast, occupied by Spain since 1505.

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Singeing the King of Spain's Beard

Singeing the King of Spain's Beard is the derisive name given--> to a series of attacks by the English privateer Francis Drake against the Spanish in the summer of 1587, beginning in April with a raid on Cádiz.

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Sovereign default

A sovereign default is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full when due.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spaniards

Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a people native to Spain.

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Spanish America

Spanish America refers to the Spanish territories in the Americas during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Habsburg Spain and Spanish America are history of Spain and latin American history.

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Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada (often known as Invincible Armada, or the Enterprise of England, lit) was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by Alonso de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by Philip II of Spain.

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Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile.

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Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre

The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524.

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Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)

The conquest of Oran by the Spanish Empire took place on May 1509, when an army led by Pedro Navarro on behalf of the Cardinal Cisneros seized the North African city, which was controlled by the Kingdom of Tlemcen.

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Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was a pivotal event in the history of the Americas, marked by the collision of the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Spanish Empire, ultimately reshaping the course of human history.

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Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish conquest of Tripoli

The Conquest of Tripoli was a maritime campaign led by Pedro Navarro which captured the city of Tripoli in North Africa in the name of the Crown of Aragon in 1510.

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Spanish dollar

The Spanish dollar, also known as the piece of eight (real de a ocho, dólar, peso duro, peso fuerte or peso), is a silver coin of approximately diameter worth eight Spanish reales.

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Spanish East Indies

The Spanish East Indies were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through the captaincy general in Manila for the Spanish Crown, initially reporting to Mexico City, then Madrid, then later directly reporting to Madrid after the Spanish American Wars of Independence.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish Florida

Spanish Florida (La Florida) was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European Age of Discovery.

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Spanish Fury

The Spanish Fury (or the Spanish Terror) was a number of violent sackings of cities (lootings) in the Low Countries or Benelux, mostly by Spanish Habsburg armies, that happened in the years 1572–1579 during the Dutch Revolt.

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Spanish Golden Age

The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish: Siglo de Oro ˈsiɣlo ðe ˈoɾo, "Golden Century") was a period that coincided with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs. Habsburg Spain and Spanish Golden Age are early modern history of Spain.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

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Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

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Spanish Main

During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the Spanish Main was the collective term for the parts of the Spanish Empire that were on the mainland of the Americas and had coastlines on the Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico.

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Spanish Navy

The Spanish Navy or officially, the Armada, is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world.

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Spanish Netherlands

The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.

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Spanish real

The real (English: /ɹeɪˈɑl/ Spanish: /reˈal/) (meaning: "royal", plural: reales) was a unit of currency in Spain for several centuries after the mid-14th century.

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Spanish treasure fleet

The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet (Flota de Indias, also called silver fleet or plate fleet; from the plata meaning "silver"), was a convoy system of sea routes organized by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, which linked Spain with its territories in the Americas across the Atlantic.

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Spanish West Indies

The Spanish West Indies, Spanish Caribbean or the Spanish Antilles (also known as "Las Antillas Occidentales" or simply "Las Antillas Españolas" in Spanish) were Spanish territories in the Caribbean.

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Spanish–Moro conflict

The Spanish–Moro conflict (La Guerra Español y Moro; Sagupaang Kastila at Moro, Labanang Kastila at Moro) was a series of battles in the Philippines lasting several centuries.

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Stato da Màr

The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar was the Republic of Venice's maritime and overseas possessions from around 1000 to 1797, including at various times parts of what are now Istria, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and notably the Ionian Islands, Peloponnese, Crete, Cyclades, Euboea, as well as Cyprus.

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Stralsund

Stralsund (Swedish: Strålsund), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: Hansestadt Stralsund), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg and Greifswald, and the second-largest city in the Pomeranian part of the state.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman I (Süleyman-ı Evvel; I.,; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.

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Sultanate of Maguindanao

The Sultanate of Maguindanao (Maguindanaon: Kasultanan nu Magindanaw, Jawi: كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو; Filipino: Sultanato ng Maguindanao) was a Sunni Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces (Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte), Soccsksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region.

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Sultanate of Sulu

The Sultanate of Sulu (Kasultanan sin Sūg; Kesultanan Sulu; Sultanato ng Sulu) was a Sunni Muslim state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga City and certain portions of Palawan in the today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah and North Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo.

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Sultanate of Ternate

The Sultanate of Ternate (Jawi: کسلطانن ترناتي), previously also known as the Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan.

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Sulu Archipelago

The Sulu Archipelago (Tausug:, Jawi: كڤولاوان سولو, Kapuluan ng Sulu) is a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern Philippines.

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Tagalog people

The Tagalog people are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Philippines, particularly the Metro Manila and Calabarzon regions and Marinduque province of southern Luzon, and comprise the majority in the provinces of Bulacan, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, and Zambales in Central Luzon and the island of Mindoro.

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Tarik Sulayman

Tarik Sulayman, also spelled Tarik Soliman (from Arabic طارق سليمان Tāriq Sulaiman), is the most popular of several names attributed by Kapampangan historians to the individual that led the forces of Macabebe against the Spanish forces of Miguel López de Legazpi during the Battle of Bangkusay Channel on June 3, 1571.

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Túpac Amaru

Tupaq Amaru or Thupa Amaru (14 April 154524 September 1572) (first name also spelled Túpac, Tupac, Topa, Tupaq, Thupaq, Thupa, last name also spelled Amaro instead of Amaru) was the last Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca State, the final remaining independent part of the Inca Empire.

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Teresa of Ávila

Teresa of Ávila, OCD (Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda Dávila y Ahumada; 28 March 15154 or 15 October 1582), also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, was a Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.

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The Fronde

The Fronde were a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

See Habsburg Spain and Thirty Years' War

Tidore

Tidore (Kota Tidore Kepulauan, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera.

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Toledo, Spain

Toledo is a city and municipality of Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha.

See Habsburg Spain and Toledo, Spain

Tondo (historical polity)

In early Philippine history, the Tagalog settlement at Tondo (Baybayin), sometimes referred to as the Kingdom of Tondo, was a major trade hub located on the northern part of the Pasig River delta on Luzon island.

See Habsburg Spain and Tondo (historical polity)

Tondo Conspiracy

The Tondo Conspiracy of 1587, popularly known as the Conspiracy of the Maginoos, also known as the Revolt of the Lakans, was a revolt planned by Tagalog nobles known as maginoos, led by Don Agustin de Legazpi of Tondo and his cousin Martin Pangan, to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines due to injustices against the Filipinos.

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Torture chamber

A torture chamber is a room where torture is inflicted.

See Habsburg Spain and Torture chamber

Transhumance

Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

See Habsburg Spain and Transhumance

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559 ended the 1494 to 1559 Italian Wars.

See Habsburg Spain and Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)

Treaty of Lisbon (1668)

The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of England in which Spain recognised the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza.

See Habsburg Spain and Treaty of Lisbon (1668)

Treaty of London (1604)

The Treaty of London (Tratado de Londres), signed on 18 August O.S. (28 August N.S.) 1604, concluded the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War.

See Habsburg Spain and Treaty of London (1604)

Treaty of the Pyrenees

The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635.

See Habsburg Spain and Treaty of the Pyrenees

Treaty of Zaragoza

The Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza or Saragossa, was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King JohnnbspIII of Portugal and the Habsburg emperor Charles V in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza.

See Habsburg Spain and Treaty of Zaragoza

Tripoli, Libya

Tripoli (translation) is the capital and largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.183 million people in 2023.

See Habsburg Spain and Tripoli, Libya

Tunisia

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.

See Habsburg Spain and Tunisia

Twelve Years' Truce

The Twelve Years' Truce was a ceasefire during the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609 and ended on 9 April 1621.

See Habsburg Spain and Twelve Years' Truce

Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

See Habsburg Spain and Umayyad Caliphate

Union of Arras

The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War.

See Habsburg Spain and Union of Arras

United States Government Publishing Office

The United States Government Publishing Office (USGPO or GPO), formerly the United States Government Printing Office, is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States Federal government.

See Habsburg Spain and United States Government Publishing Office

Valencia

Valencia (officially in Valencian: València) is the capital of the province and autonomous community of the same name in Spain.

See Habsburg Spain and Valencia

Valladolid

Valladolid is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

See Habsburg Spain and Valladolid

Vassal state

A vassal state is any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire, in a status similar to that of a vassal in the feudal system in medieval Europe.

See Habsburg Spain and Vassal state

Venezuela

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

See Habsburg Spain and Venezuela

Veni, vidi, vici

Veni, vidi, vici ("I came; I saw; I conquered") is a Latin phrase used to refer to a swift, conclusive victory.

See Habsburg Spain and Veni, vidi, vici

Viceroy

A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

See Habsburg Spain and Viceroy

Viceroyalty of New Granada

The Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada (Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada), also called Viceroyalty of New Granada or Viceroyalty of Santafé, was the name given on 27 May 1717 to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela.

See Habsburg Spain and Viceroyalty of New Granada

Viceroyalty of Peru

The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru, was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima.

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Vilcabamba, Peru

Vilcabamba (in Hispanicized spelling) or Willkapampa (Aymara and Quechua), often called the Lost City of the Incas, is a lost city in the Echarate District of La Convención Province in the Cuzco Region of Peru.

See Habsburg Spain and Vilcabamba, Peru

War of Devolution

The War of Devolution took place from May 1667 to May 1668.

See Habsburg Spain and War of Devolution

War of the League of Cambrai

The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and several other names, was fought from February 1508 to December 1516 as part of the Italian Wars of 1494–1559.

See Habsburg Spain and War of the League of Cambrai

War of the League of Cognac

The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.

See Habsburg Spain and War of the League of Cognac

War of the Mantuan Succession

The War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) was a conflict related to the Thirty Years' War and was caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, the last male heir in the direct line of the House of Gonzaga and the ruler of the duchies of Mantua and Montferrat.

See Habsburg Spain and War of the Mantuan Succession

War of the Portuguese Succession

The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal. Habsburg Spain and war of the Portuguese Succession are early modern history of Spain.

See Habsburg Spain and War of the Portuguese Succession

War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.

See Habsburg Spain and War of the Spanish Succession

William the Silent

William the Silent or William the Taciturn (Willem de Zwijger; 24 April 153310 July 1584), more commonly known in the Netherlands as William of Orange (Willem van Oranje), was the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648.

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Zacatecas

Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas), is one of the 31 states of Mexico.

See Habsburg Spain and Zacatecas

Zamboanga City

Zamboanga City, officially the City of Zamboanga (Ciudad de Zamboanga, Dāira sin Sambuangan, Lungsod ng Zamboanga, Dakbayan sa Zamboanga) or Jambangan in the native Subanon language, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Zamboanga Peninsula region of the Philippines.

See Habsburg Spain and Zamboanga City

1519 imperial election

The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Habsburg Spain and 1519 imperial election

See also

1516 establishments in the Spanish Empire

• Habsburg Spain

1700 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire

• Habsburg Spain

Early modern history of Spain

• Corregidor (position)
• Crown of Aragon
• Enlightenment in Spain
• Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
• Habsburg Spain
• Iberian Union
• Justicia mayor
• Kingdom of Aragon
• Kingdom of Navarre
• Kingdom of Valencia
• Maestranza de caballería
• Monfí
• Polysynodial System
• Principality of Catalonia
• Real cédula
• Regalism
• Sargento mayor
• Spanish Baroque
• Spanish Baroque painting
• Spanish Golden Age
• Teniente a guerra
• War of the Portuguese Succession

History of Spain

• Al-Andalus
• Anarchist insurrection of Alt Llobregat
• Ancient Regime of Spain
• Checa (Spanish Civil War)
• Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)
• Cross of Alcoraz
• Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer
• Discovery of Brazil
• Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
• Gamazada
• Great Plague of Seville
• Habsburg Spain
• History of Asturias
• History of Spain
• History of Spain (1700–1808)
• House of Ponce de León
• Indiano
• July 1936 coup d'état in Granada
• Opposition to Francoism
• Principality of Tarragona
• Reign of Alfonso XII
• Reign of Alfonso XIII
• Reign of Isabella II
• Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)
• Spain in the 17th century
• Spanish America
• Spanish Constitution of 1812
• Spanish Decadence
• Spanish Revolution of 1936
• Tribunal Mayor de Cuentas de Buenos Aires
• Verdes-Montenegro family

Latin American history

• Anti-clericalism in Latin America
• Cacique
• Caciques in Puerto Rico
• Catholic Church in Latin America
• Drug barons of Colombia
• Economic history of Latin America
• Encomenderos
• Environmental history of Latin America
• Great Depression in Latin America
• Habsburg Spain
• History of Central America
• History of Latin America
• History of Mesoamerica
• History of South America
• History of libraries in Latin America
• History of the Caribbean
• History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
• José Antonio de Mendoza, 3rd Marquis of Villagarcía
• Kennedy Doctrine
• Kuraka
• Latin American Section
• Latin American debt crisis
• Latin American spring
• Military history of Latin America
• Monroe Doctrine
• New Laws
• New Spain
• Obedezco pero no cumplo
• Oxford Handbook of Latin American History
• Post-abolition in Brazil
• Reception of unaccompanied minors from the Northern Triangle
• Slavery in Latin America
• Spanish America
• Spanish American Enlightenment
• Steve Ellner
• The Cambridge History of Latin America
• The Right in Latin America: Elite Power, Hegemony and the Struggle for the State
• Tobacco in Latin America
• Travelogues of Latin America
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

Philippine dynasty

• Cristóvão de Moura, 1st Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo
• Habsburg Spain
• Junta (Habsburg)
• Philip II of Spain
• Philip III of Spain
• Philip IV of Spain
• Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
• Philippine dynasty

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain

Also known as Aragon and Castile, Castile and Aragon, Habsburg Kingdom of Spain, Hapsburg Spain, Spanish Habsburg, Spanish Habsburgs, Spanish Hapsburg, Spanish Hapsburgs.

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