Communication

385 relations: Activin and inhibin, Adenylyl cyclase, Adiponectin, ADP ribosylation factor, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (medication), Alamethicin, Alpha defensin, Alpha-Endorphin, Alpha-taxilin, Amanitin, Angiogenesis, Angiopoietin, Angiostatin, Angiotensin, Angiotensinamide, Anserine, Anterior pituitary, Antimicrobial peptides, Antipain, Apoptosis, Apoptosis-inducing factor, Aptamer, ARF1, Aspartame, ATF6, Atrial natriuretic peptide, Bacitracin, Basic fibroblast growth factor, Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated death promoter, Bcl-2-associated X protein, Beta adrenergic receptor kinase, Beta defensin, Beta-Endorphin, Beta-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Beta-thromboglobulin, Biological membrane, Bleomycin, Bombesin, Bradykinin, Buserelin, C-fos-induced growth factor, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, C-peptide, C-Raf, Calcitonin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide, Calmodulin, Calnexin, ..., Calreticulin, CAMK, Capreomycin, Carnosine, Casein kinase 1, Casein kinase 2, Casein kinases, Caspase, Caspase 1, Caveolin 1, Caveolin 2, CCK-4, CCL2, CCL5, CD43, Cell signaling, Ceruletide, CGMP-dependent protein kinase, Charybdotoxin, Chemokine, Chimerin, Chimerin 1, Cholecystokinin, Ciclosporin, Colistin, Colony-stimulating factor, Cortactin, Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Cyclic peptide, Cyclin-dependent kinase, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, Cyclin-dependent kinase 6, Cyclin-dependent kinase 9, Cyclosporins, Cyclotide, Cytokine, Dactinomycin, Daptomycin, Defensin, Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Depsipeptide, Diazepam binding inhibitor, Dipeptide, Disintegrin, Distamycin, Dynorphin, Echinomycin, EIF-2 kinase, EIF2, Eledoisin, Enalapril, Enalaprilat, Endorphins, Endostatin, Endothelin, Enkephalin, Enteroglucagon, Enviomycin, Ephrin, Ephrin A1, Ephrin A2, Ephrin A3, Ephrin A5, Epidermal growth factor, Epoetin alfa, Erythropoietin, Eukaryotic initiation factor, Extracellular signal–regulated kinases, Felypressin, Ferrichrome, FGF1, FGF5, FGF8, Fibroblast growth factor, Filgrastim, FMRFamide, Follicle-stimulating hormone, G protein, Galanin, Galanin-like peptide, Gamma-Endorphin, Gamma-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, Gastrin, Gastrin-releasing peptide, Gelsolin, Glucagon, Glucagon-like peptide-1, Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Glutathione, Glutathione disulfide, Glycogen synthase kinase, Glycopeptide, Glycophorin, Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide, Glycylglycine, Gonadorelin, Gonadotropin, Goserelin, Gramicidin, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GRB10, GRB2, GRB7, Growth factor, Growth hormone, Growth hormone–releasing hormone, GSK-3, GTP-binding protein regulators, GTPase-activating protein, Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor, Guanylate cyclase, Guanylate cyclase activator, Haemaccel, Hematopoietic stem cell, Hepatocyte growth factor, High-molecular-weight kininogen, Hippocalcin, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone, I-SMAD, IκB kinase, Inhibitor of apoptosis, Insulin, Insulin-like growth factor 1, Insulin-like growth factor 2, Interferon, Interferon alfa-2b, Interferon gamma, Interferon regulatory factors, Interferon type I, Interleukin, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 11, Interleukin 12, Interleukin 13, Interleukin 15, Interleukin 16, Interleukin 17, Interleukin 18, Interleukin 2, Interleukin 3, Interleukin 4, Interleukin 5, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 7, Interleukin 8, Interleukin 9, Interleukin-1 family, Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins, IRF1, IRF3, IRF7, Kallidin, Kassinin, Kinin–kallikrein system, Kininogen, Leptin, Leupeptin, Leuprorelin, Lipotropin, Lisinopril, List of MeSH codes, Low-molecular-weight kininogen, Luteinizing hormone, Lymphokine, Lymphotoxin, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Macrophage inflammatory protein, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, Macrophage-activating factor, MAPK1, MAPK8, Maturation promoting factor, Medical Subject Headings, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Menotropin, Mikamycin, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, Monokine, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9, Motilin, Muramyl dipeptide, Mycobacillin, Myocardial depressant factor, Myosin light-chain kinase, N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine, Nafarelin, NAIP (gene), Natriuretic peptide precursor C, Netropsin, Neuregulin, Neuregulin 1, Neurocalcin, Neurofibromin 1, Neuropeptide, Neuropeptide Y, Neurophysins, Neurotensin, Nisin, NPH insulin, Nuclear export signal, Nuclear localization sequence, Octreotide, Olfactory marker protein, Oligopeptide, Opioid peptide, Ornipressin, Oxytocin, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, Pancreatic polypeptide, Parathyroid hormone, Parathyroid hormone-related protein, Paxillin, Pentagastrin, Peptide, Peptide hormone, Peptide library, Peptide PHI, Peptide T, Peptide YY, Peptidoglycan, Peptoid, Phalloidin, Phleomycin, Phospholipase C, Physalaemin, Pii nitrogen regulatory proteins, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, Placenta, Placental lactogen, Platelet factor 4, Platelet-derived growth factor, Polyglutamic acid, Polylysine, Polymyxin, Polymyxin B, Posterior pituitary, Pristinamycin, Pristinamycin IA, Proglucagon, Proinsulin, Prolactin, Prolactin-releasing hormone, Proopiomelanocortin, Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, Protein kinase A, Protein targeting, R-SMAD, Rab (G-protein), RAF kinase, Ran (protein), RAS p21 protein activator 1, Ras subfamily, Recoverin, Relaxin, Resistin, Rho family of GTPases, RHOA, Ribosomal s6 kinase, Ristocetin, S-Nitrosoglutathione, Saralasin, Secretin, Sialoglycoprotein, Signal transducing adaptor protein, Signal transduction, Sincalide, SMAD (protein), Small GTPase, Somatomedin, Somatostatin, Son of Sevenless, STAT protein, Stem cell factor, Streptogramin, Streptogramin A, Streptogramin B, Substance P, Suppressor of cytokine signalling, Tachykinin peptides, Tachykinin receptor, Teicoplanin, Teprotide, Teriparatide, TGF alpha, Thiostrepton, Thrombopoietin, Thymosin, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TNF receptor associated factor, TRAF2, TRAF6, Transducin, Transfer factor, Transforming growth factor, Transforming growth factor beta, Triptorelin, Tuftsin, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily, Tyrocidine, Tyrothricin, United States National Library of Medicine, Urofollitropin, Urotensin-II, Valinomycin, Vancomycin, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, Vascular endothelial growth factor B, Vascular endothelial growth factor C, Vasoactive intestinal peptide, Vasopressin, Vasotocin, Viomycin, Virginiamycin, Wnt signaling pathway, WNT1, WNT2, 14-3-3 protein. Expand index (335 more) » « Shrink index

Activin and inhibin

Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects.

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Adenylyl cyclase

Adenylyl cyclase (also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells.

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Adiponectin

Adiponectin (also referred to as GBP-28, apM1, AdipoQ and Acrp30) is a protein hormone which is involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown.

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ADP ribosylation factor

ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs) are members of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily.

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (medication)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is used as a medication and as diagnostic agent in the ACTH stimulation test.

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Alamethicin

Alamethicin is a channel-forming peptide antibiotic, produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride.

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Alpha defensin

Alpha defensins are a family of mammalian defensin peptides.

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Alpha-Endorphin

α-Endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide with a length of 16 amino acids, and the amino acid sequence: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr.

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Alpha-taxilin

Alpha-taxilin also known as interleukin-14 (IL-14) or high molecular weight B-cell growth factor (HMW-BCGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TXLNA gene.

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Amanitin

Amanitin may refer to several related amatoxins.

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Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.

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Angiopoietin

Angiopoietin is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis.

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Angiostatin

Angiostatin is a naturally occurring protein found in several animal species, including humans.

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Angiotensin

Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.

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Angiotensinamide

Angiotensinamide (INN; BAN and USAN angiotensin amide) is a potent vasoconstrictor used as a cardiac stimulant.

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Anserine

Anserine (β-alanyl-N-methylhistidine) is a dipeptide containing β-alanine and 1-methylhistidine, which can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds.

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Anterior pituitary

A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior), is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

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Antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defense peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life.

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Antipain

Antipain is an oligopeptide isolated from actinomycetes and used in biochemical research as a protease inhibitor, reported in 1972 as the first natural peptide containing a ureylene group.

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Apoptosis

Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

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Apoptosis-inducing factor

Apoptosis inducing factor is a flavoprotein.

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Aptamer

Aptamers (from the Latin aptus – fit, and Greek meros – part) are oligonucleotide or peptide molecules that bind to a specific target molecule.

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ARF1

ADP-ribosylation factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF1 gene.

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Aspartame

Aspartame (APM) is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages.

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ATF6

Activating transcription factor 6, also known as ATF6, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF6 gene and is involved in the unfolded protein response.

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Atrial natriuretic peptide

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion.

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Bacitracin

Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, first isolated in 1945.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor

FGF2, also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF2 gene.

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Bcl-2

Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), encoded in humans by the BCL2 gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis), by either inducing (pro-apoptotic) or inhibiting (anti-apoptotic) apoptosis.

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Bcl-2-associated death promoter

The Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD) protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family which is involved in initiating apoptosis.

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Bcl-2-associated X protein

Apoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene.

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Beta adrenergic receptor kinase

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (also referred to as βARK or BARK) is a serine/threonine intracellular kinase.

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Beta defensin

Beta defensins are a family of mammalian defensins.

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Beta-Endorphin

β-Endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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Beta-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide.

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Beta-thromboglobulin

Beta-thromboglobulin (β-thromboglobulin, also called Pro-Platelet basic protein) is a protein that is stored in alpha-granules of platelets and released in large amounts after platelet activation.

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Biological membrane

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.

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Bleomycin

Bleomycin is a medication used to treat cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer among others. Typically used with other cancer medications, it can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or under the skin. It may also be administered inside the chest to help prevent the recurrence of a fluid around the lung due to cancer; however talc is better for this. Common side effects include fever, weight loss, vomiting, and rash. A severe type of anaphylaxis may occur. It may also cause inflammation of the lungs that can result in lung scarring. Chest X-rays every couple of weeks are recommended to check for this. Bleomycin may cause harm to the baby if used during pregnancy. It is believed to primarily work by preventing the making of DNA. Bleomycin was discovered in 1962. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 14 USD and 78 USD a dose. It is made by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus.

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Bombesin

Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina).

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Bradykinin

Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator.

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Buserelin

Buserelin, sold under the brand name Suprefact among others, is a medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer and endometriosis.

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C-fos-induced growth factor

C-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF) (or vascular endothelial growth factor D, VEGF-D) is a vascular endothelial growth factor that in humans is encoded by the FIGF gene.

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C-Jun N-terminal kinases

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain.

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C-peptide

The connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a short 31-amino-acid polypeptide that connects insulin's A-chain to its B-chain in the proinsulin molecule.

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C-Raf

RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, also known as proto-oncogene c-RAF or simply c-Raf or even Raf-1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAF1 gene.

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Calcitonin

Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body.

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Calcitonin gene-related peptide

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides, which in humans exists in two forms, α-CGRP and β-CGRP.

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Calmodulin

Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

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Calnexin

Calnexin (CNX) is a integral protein (that appears variously as a 90kDa, 80kDa, or 75kDa band on western blotting depending on the source of the antibody) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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Calreticulin

Calreticulin also known as calregulin, CRP55, CaBP3, calsequestrin-like protein, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 60 (ERp60) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALR gene.

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CAMK

CAMK, also written as CaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes.

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Capreomycin

Capreomycin is an antibiotic which is given in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis.

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Carnosine

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), featuring the characteristic Imidazole-ring, is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine.

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Casein kinase 1

The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types.

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Casein kinase 2

Casein kinase 2(CK2/CSNK2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been implicated in cell cycle control, DNA repair, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and other cellular processes.

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Casein kinases

Casein kinases may refer to.

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Caspase

Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death (including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis) and inflammation.

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Caspase 1

Caspase-1/Interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that proteolytically cleaves other proteins, such as the precursors of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin 18 as well as the pyroptosis inducer Gasdermin D, into active mature peptides.

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Caveolin 1

Caveolin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV1 gene.

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Caveolin 2

Caveolin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV2 gene.

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CCK-4

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone cholecystokinin.

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CCL2

For the ICAO airport code see Candle Lake Airpark, for the diradical compound see Dichlorocarbene. The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2.

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CCL5

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene.

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CD43

Leukosialin also known as sialophorin or CD43 (cluster of differentiation 43) is a transmembrane cell surface protein that in humans is encoded by the SPN (sialophorin) gene.

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Cell signaling

Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.

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Ceruletide

Ceruletide (INN), also known as cerulein or caerulein, is a ten amino acid oligopeptide that stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions.

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CGMP-dependent protein kinase

cGMP-dependent protein kinase or Protein Kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP.

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Charybdotoxin

Charybdotoxin (CTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (deathstalker) that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels.

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Chemokine

Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.

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Chimerin

Chimerin is a type of nerve tissue protein.

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Chimerin 1

Chimerin 1, (CHN1) also known as alpha-1-chimerin, n-chimerin is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CHN1 gene.

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Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek chole, "bile"; cysto, "sac"; kinin, "move"; hence, move the bile-sac (gallbladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.

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Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product.

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Colistin

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibiotic produced by certain strains of the bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa.

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Colony-stimulating factor

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells. For red blood cell formation, see erythropoietin).

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Cortactin

Cortactin (from "cortical actin binding protein") is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to promote polymerization and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the actin cortex around the cellular periphery.

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Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (also known as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin; corticotropin may also be spelled corticotrophin) is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.

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Cyclic peptide

Cyclic peptides are polypeptide chains which contain a circular sequence of bonds.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase

Gap phase 2. The duration of mitosis in relation to the other phases has been exaggerated in this diagram Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of sugar kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 2

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 4

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 5

Cell division protein kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5 gene.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 6

Cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6) is an enzyme encoded by the CDK6 gene.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 9

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 or CDK9 is a cyclin-dependent kinase associated with P-TEFb.

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Cyclosporins

The cyclosporins are a group of macrolides isolated from fungi and used as immunosuppresant drugs, for example after transplant surgery.

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Cyclotide

Cyclotides are small disulfide rich peptides isolated from plants.

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Cytokine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.

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Dactinomycin

Dactinomycin, also known as actinomycin D, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer.

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Daptomycin

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive organisms.

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Defensin

Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins found in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

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Delta sleep-inducing peptide

Delta sleep-inducing peptide, abbreviated DSIP, is a neuropeptide that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle of recipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities.

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Depsipeptide

A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of its amide, -C(O)NHR-, groups are replaced by the corresponding ester, -C(O)OR, or more generally, is a molecule that has both peptide and ester linkages in proximity in the same amino acid-containing small molecule or chain.

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Diazepam binding inhibitor

Acyl-CoA-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DBI gene.

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Dipeptide

A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.

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Disintegrin

Disintegrins are a family of small proteins (45–84 amino acids in length) from viper venoms that function as potent inhibitors of both platelet aggregation and integrin-dependent cell adhesion.

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Distamycin

Distamycin is a polyamide-antibiotic, which acts as a minor groove binder, binding to the small furrow of the double helix.

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Dynorphin

Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin.

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Echinomycin

Echinomycin is a peptide antibiotic.

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EIF-2 kinase

eIF-2 is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates eIF-2.

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EIF2

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2) is a eukaryotic initiation factor.

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Eledoisin

Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.

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Enalapril

Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure.

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Enalaprilat

Enalaprilat is the active metabolite of enalapril.

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Endorphins

Endorphins (contracted from "endogenous morphine") are endogenous opioid neuropeptides and peptide hormones in humans and other animals.

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Endostatin

Endostatin is a naturally occurring, 20-kDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen.

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Endothelin

Endothelins are peptides with receptors and effects in many body organs.

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Enkephalin

An enkephalin (occasionally spelled encephalin) is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body.

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Enteroglucagon

Enteroglucagon is a peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon.

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Enviomycin

Enviomycin (INN, also called tuberactinomycin N) is an antibiotic drug, isolated from Streptomyces griseoverticillatus var.

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Ephrin

Ephrins (also known as ephrin ligands or Eph family receptor interacting proteins) are a family of proteins that serve as the ligands of the eph receptor.

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Ephrin A1

Ephrin A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA1 gene.

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Ephrin A2

Ephrin-A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA2 gene.

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Ephrin A3

Ephrin A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA3 gene.

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Ephrin A5

Ephrin A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA5 gene.

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Epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR.

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Epoetin alfa

Epoetin alfa (rINN) is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology.

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Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as hematopoietin or hemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.

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Eukaryotic initiation factor

Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation.

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Extracellular signal–regulated kinases

In molecular biology, extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells.

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Felypressin

Felypressin is a non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor that is chemically related to vasopressin, the posterior pituitary hormone.

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Ferrichrome

Ferrichrome is a cyclic hexa-peptide that forms a complex with iron atoms.

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FGF1

FGF1, also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF1 gene.

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FGF5

Fibroblast growth factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF5 gene.

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FGF8

Fibroblast growth factor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF8 gene.

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Fibroblast growth factor

The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.

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Filgrastim

Filgrastim, sold under the brand name Neupogen among others, is a medication used to treat low blood neutrophils.

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FMRFamide

FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe) is a neuropeptide from a broad family of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) all sharing an -RFamide sequence at their C-terminus.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.

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G protein

G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior.

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Galanin

Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals.

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Galanin-like peptide

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a neuropeptide present in humans and other mammals.

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Gamma-Endorphin

γ-Endorphin is an opioid peptide that is characterized by the presence of 17 amino acids.

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Gamma-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide.

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Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) or gastroinhibitory peptide, also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones.

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Gastrin

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

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Gastrin-releasing peptide

Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes.

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Gelsolin

Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly.

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Glucagon

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30 amino acid long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide.

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Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19.

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Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.

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Glutathione disulfide

Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.

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Glycogen synthase kinase

Glycogen synthase kinase is an enzyme.

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Glycopeptide

Glycopeptides are peptides that contain carbohydrate moieties (glycans) covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.

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Glycophorin

A glycophorin is a sialoglycoprotein of the membrane of a red blood cell.

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Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide

Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGA gene.

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Glycylglycine

Glycylglycine is the dipeptide of glycine, making it the simplest peptide.

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Gonadorelin

Gonadorelin, also known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and sold under the brand names Factrel, HRF, Kryptocur, Lutrelef, Lutrepulse, and Relefact among others, is a GnRH agonist which is used in fertility medicine and to treat amenorrhea and hypogonadism.

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Gonadotropin

Gonadotropins are glycoprotein polypeptide hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates.

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Goserelin

Goserelin, or goserelin acetate, sold under the brand name Zoladex (by AstraZeneca) among others, is a medication which is used to suppress production of the sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), particularly in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer.

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Gramicidin

Gramicidin is a heterogeneous mixture of three antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14%, respectively, all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramicidin D contains linear pentadecapeptides, that is chains made up of 15 amino acids.

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF 3), is a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine.

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GRB10

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB10 gene.

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GRB2

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 also known as Grb2 is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication.

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GRB7

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7, also known as GRB7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB7 gene.

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Growth factor

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.

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Growth hormone

Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.

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Growth hormone–releasing hormone

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatocrinin or by several other names in its endogenous forms and as somatorelin (INN) in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone of growth hormone (GH).

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GSK-3

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto serine and threonine amino acid residues.

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GTP-binding protein regulators

GTP-binding protein regulators regulate G proteins in several different ways.

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GTPase-activating protein

GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) are a family of regulatory proteins whose members can bind to activated G proteins and stimulate their GTPase activity, with the result of terminating the signaling event.

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Guanine nucleotide exchange factor

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP).

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Guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor

A guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) binds to the GDP-bound form of Rho and Rab small GTPases and not only prevents exchange (maintaining the small GTPase in an off-state), but also prevents the small GTPase from localizing at the membrane, which is their place of action.

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Guanylate cyclase

Guanylate cyclase (also known as guanyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, or GC) is a lyase enzyme.

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Guanylate cyclase activator

A guanylate cyclase activator (or "GUCA") is one of group of proteins which upregulates guanylate cyclase.

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Haemaccel

Haemaccel (a registered trademark) is a type of intravenous colloid used in the prevention or treatment of shock associated with reduction in effective circulating blood volume due to hemorrhage, loss of plasma (burns, peritonitis, pancreatitis, crush injuries), or loss of water and electrolytes from persistent vomiting and diarrhea.

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Hematopoietic stem cell

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.

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Hepatocyte growth factor

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (or scatter factor (SF) is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells and T cells. It has been shown to have a major role in embryonic organ development, specifically in myogenesis, in adult organ regeneration, and in wound healing.

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High-molecular-weight kininogen

High-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK or HK) is a circulating plasma protein which participates in the initiation of blood coagulation, and in the generation of the vasodilator bradykinin via the Kallikrein-kinin system.

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Hippocalcin

Hippocalcin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPCA gene.

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Human chorionic gonadotropin

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone

Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones are hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

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I-SMAD

I-SMAD or Inhibitor SMAD is a subclass of SMADs that are involved in the modulation of transforming growth factor beta ligands.

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IκB kinase

The IκB kinase (IKK) is an enzyme complex that is involved in propagating the cellular response to inflammation.

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Inhibitor of apoptosis

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly regulated process used by many multicellular organisms.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Insulin-like growth factor 1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene.

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Insulin-like growth factor 2

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin.

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Interferon

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.

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Interferon alfa-2b

Interferon alfa 2b is an antiviral or antineoplastic drug, that was originally discovered in the laboratory of Charles Weissmann at the University of Zurich.

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Interferon gamma

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.

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Interferon regulatory factors

Interferon regulatory factors are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression).

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Interferon type I

Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.

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Interleukin

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).

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Interleukin 10

Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

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Interleukin 11

Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.

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Interleukin 12

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation.

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Interleukin 13

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene.

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Interleukin 15

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).

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Interleukin 16

Pro-interleukin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL16 gene.

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Interleukin 17

Interleukin 17A (IL-17 or IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

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Interleukin 18

Interleukin-18 (IL18, also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene.

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Interleukin 2

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system.

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Interleukin 3

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.

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Interleukin 4

The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells.

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Interleukin 5

Interleukin 5 (IL5) is an interleukin produced by type-2 T helper cells and mast cells.

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Interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.

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Interleukin 7

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL7 gene.

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Interleukin 8

Interleukin 8 (IL8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.

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Interleukin 9

Interleukin 9, also known as IL-9, is a pleiotropic cytokine (cell signalling molecule) belonging to the group of interleukins.

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Interleukin-1 family

The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.

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Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins

Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins are proteins that act in the second messenger system.

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IRF1

Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF1 gene.

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IRF3

Interferon regulatory factor 3, also known as IRF3, is an interferon regulatory factor.

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IRF7

Interferon regulatory factor 7, also known as IRF7, is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors.

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Kallidin

Kallidin is a bioactive kinin formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the action of kallikreins.

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Kassinin

Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog.

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Kinin–kallikrein system

The kinin–kallikrein system or simply kinin system is a poorly understood hormonal system with limited available research.

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Kininogen

Kininogens are proteins that are defined by their role as precursors for kinins, but that also can have additional roles.

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Leptin

Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin"), "the hormone of energy expenditure", is a hormone predominantly made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

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Leupeptin

Leupeptin, also known as N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal, is a naturally occurring protease inhibitor that can inhibit cysteine, serine and threonine peptidases. It is often used during in vitro experiments when a specific enzymatic reaction is being studied. When cells are lysed for these studies, proteases, many of which are contained within lysosomes, are released. These proteases, if freely present in the lysate, would destroy any products from the reaction being studied, and make the experiment uninterpretable. For example, leupeptin could be used in a calpain extraction to keep calpain from being hydrolyzed by specific proteases. The suggested concentration is 1-10 µM (0.5-5 µg/ml). Leupeptin is an organic compound produced by actinomycetes, which inhibits serine, cysteine and threonine proteases. Leupeptin inhibits serine proteinases (trypsin (Ki.

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Leuprorelin

Leuprorelin, also known as leuprolide, is a manufactured version of a hormone used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and early puberty.

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Lipotropin

Lipotropin is a hormone produced by the cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

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Lisinopril

Lisinopril is a drug of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class used primarily in treatment of high blood pressure, heart failure, and after heart attacks.

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List of MeSH codes

The following is a list of the codes for MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences; it can also serve as a thesaurus that facilitates searching.

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Low-molecular-weight kininogen

Low-molecular-weight kininogen is a form of kininogen, which has been identified in mice, guinea pigs, and whales.

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Luteinizing hormone

Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

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Lymphokine

Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte.

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Lymphotoxin

Lymphotoxin (previously known as tumor necrosis factor-beta) is a lymphokine cytokine.

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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines.

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF or MMIF), also known as glycosylation-inhibiting factor (GIF), L-dopachrome isomerase, or phenylpyruvate tautomerase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIF gene.

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Macrophage-activating factor

A macrophage-activating factor (MAF) is a lymphokine or other receptor based signal that primes macrophages towards cytotoxicity to tumors, cytokine secretion, or clearance of pathogens.

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MAPK1

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, also known as MAPK1, p42MAPK, and ERK2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK1 gene.

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MAPK8

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (also known as JNK1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8 gene.

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Maturation promoting factor

Maturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Phase-promoting factor) is the cyclin-Cdk complex that was discovered first in frog eggs.

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Medical Subject Headings

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences; it serves as a thesaurus that facilitates searching.

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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

The melanocyte-stimulating hormones, known collectively as MSH, also known as melanotropins or intermedins, are a family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides consisting of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) that are produced by cells in the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

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Menotropin

Menotropin (also called human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG) is a hormonally active medication for the treatment of fertility disturbances.

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Mikamycin

Mikamycins are a group of macrolide antibiotics.

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase

A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase).

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK9 gene.

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MAP2K, MEK, MAPKK) is a kinase enzyme which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).

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Monokine

A monokine is a type of cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and macrophages.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4

SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly-conserved protein present in all metazoans.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 also known as SMAD5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD5 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6

SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 also known as SMAD9, SMAD8, and MADH6 is a protein that in humans is enocoded by the SMAD9 gene.

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Motilin

Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the MLN gene.

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Muramyl dipeptide

Muramyl dipeptide is constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria composed of N-acetylmuramic acid linked by its lactic acid moiety to the N-terminus of an L-alanine D-isoglutamine dipeptide.

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Mycobacillin

Mycobacillin is an antifungal cyclic peptide.

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Myocardial depressant factor

Myocardial depressant factor (MDF) or Myocardial Toxic factor (MTF) is a low-molecular-weight peptide released from the pancreas into the blood in mammals during various shock states.

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Myosin light-chain kinase

Myosin light-chain kinase also known as MYLK or MLCK is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that phosphorylates a specific myosin light chain, namely, the regulatory light chain of myosin II.

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N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine

N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or N-formyl-met-leu-phe) is a N-formylated tripeptide and sometimes simply referred to as chemotactic peptide is a potent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor and is also a macrophage activator. FMLP is the prototypical representative of the N-fomylated oligopeptide family of chemotactic factors. These oligopeptides are known to be, or mimic the actions of, the N-formyl oligopeptides that are (a) released by tissue bacteria, (b) attract and activate circulating blood leukocytes by binding to specific G protein coupled receptors on these cells, and (c) thereby direct the inflammatory response to sites of bacterial invasion. FMLP is involved in the innate immunity mechanism for host defense against pathogens. FMLP led to the first discovery of a leukocyte receptor for a chemotactic factor, defined three different types of FMLP receptors that have complimentary and/or opposing effects on inflammatory responses as well as many other activities, and helped define the stimulus-response coupling mechanisms by which diverse chemotactic factors and their G protein coupled receptors induce cellular function.

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Nafarelin

Nafarelin, sold under the brand name Synarel among others, is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist).

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NAIP (gene)

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAIP gene.

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Natriuretic peptide precursor C

Natriuretic peptide precursor C, also known as NPPC, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPPC gene.

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Netropsin

Netropsin (also termed congocidine or sinanomycin) is a polyamide with antibiotic and antiviral activity.

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Neuregulin

Neuregulins or neuroregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins.

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Neuregulin 1

Neuregulin 1 or NRG1 is a cell adhesion molecule that in humans is encoded by the NRG1 gene.

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Neurocalcin

Neurocalcin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of proteins.

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Neurofibromin 1

Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) is a gene in humans that is located on chromosome 17.

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Neuropeptide

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules (peptides) used by neurons to communicate with each other.

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Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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Neurophysins

Neurophysins are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary hypothalamus from the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, respectively.

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Neurotensin

Neurotensin is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release and has significant interaction with the dopaminergic system.

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Nisin

Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide produced by the bacterium Lactococcus lactis that is used as a food preservative.

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NPH insulin

NPH insulin, also known as isophane insulin, is an intermediate–acting insulin given to help control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.

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Nuclear export signal

A nuclear export signal (NES) is a short amino acid sequence of 4 hydrophobic residues in a protein that targets it for export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport.

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Nuclear localization sequence

A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport.

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Octreotide

Octreotide (trade name Sandostatin, among others) is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though it is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone.

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Olfactory marker protein

In molecular biology, olfactory marker protein is a protein involved in signal transduction.

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Oligopeptide

An oligopeptide, often just called peptide (oligo-, "a few"), consists of two to twenty amino acids and can include dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides.

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Opioid peptide

Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.

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Ornipressin

Ornipressin is a vasoconstrictor, haemostatic and renal agent.

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Oxytocin

Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide.

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P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy.

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Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas.

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Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that is important in bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time.

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Parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (or PTHrP) is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family.

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Paxillin

Paxillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PXN gene.

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Pentagastrin

Pentagastrin (trade name Peptavlon) is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally.

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Peptide

Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.

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Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.

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Peptide library

A peptide library is a tool for protein-related study.

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Peptide PHI

Peptide PHI (or peptide histidine isoleucine) is a peptide which functions as a hormone.

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Peptide T

Peptide T is an HIV entry inhibitor discovered in 1986 by researchers at the National Institutes of Health in the United States.

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Peptide YY

Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY gene.

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Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.

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Peptoid

Peptoids, or poly-N-substituted glycines, are a class of peptidomimetics whose side chains are appended to the nitrogen atom of the peptide backbone, rather than to the α-carbons (as they are in amino acids).

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Phalloidin

Phalloidin belongs to a class of toxins called phallotoxins, which are found in the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides).

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Phleomycin

Phleomycins are a group of glycopeptide antibiotics found in Streptomycin which are closely related to bleomycin.

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Phospholipase C

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure).

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Physalaemin

Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964.

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Pii nitrogen regulatory proteins

The Nitrogen regulatory protein P-II family contains a series of homologous prokaryotic signalling proteins which are involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism.

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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1 gene.

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Placenta

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.

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Placental lactogen

Placental lactogen, also called chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone, part of the somatotropin family.

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Platelet factor 4

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4).

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Platelet-derived growth factor

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division.

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Polyglutamic acid

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a polymer of the amino acid glutamic acid (GA).

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Polylysine

No description.

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Polymyxin

Polymyxins are antibiotics.

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Polymyxin B

Polymyxin B is an antibiotic primarily used for resistant Gram-negative infections.

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Posterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system.

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Pristinamycin

Pristinamycin (INN), also spelled pristinamycine, is an antibiotic used primarily in the treatment of staphylococcal infections, and to a lesser extent streptococcal infections.

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Pristinamycin IA

Pristinamycin IA (Mikamycin B) is an antibiotic cyclic peptide.

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Proglucagon

Proglucagon is a protein that is cleaved from preproglucagon.

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Proinsulin

Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas.

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Prolactin

Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.

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Prolactin-releasing hormone

Prolactin-releasing hormone, also known as PRLH, is a hypothetical human hormone or hormone releasing factor.

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Proopiomelanocortin

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues.

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Protein inhibitor of activated STAT

Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), also known as E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS, is a protein that regulates transcription in mammals.

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Protein kinase A

In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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Protein targeting

Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it.

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R-SMAD

R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs.

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Rab (G-protein)

The Rab family of proteins is a member of the Ras superfamily of monomeric G proteins.

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RAF kinase

RAF kinases are a family of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that are related to retroviral oncogenes.

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Ran (protein)

Ran (RAs-related Nuclear protein) also known as GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAN gene.

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RAS p21 protein activator 1

RAS p21 protein activator 1 or RasGAP (Ras GTPase activating protein), also known as RASA1, is a 120-kDa cytosolic human protein that provides two principal activities.

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Ras subfamily

Ras is a family of related proteins which is expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs.

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Recoverin

Recoverin (abbreviated Recov) is a 23 kilodalton (kDa) neuronal calcium-binding protein that is primarily detected in the photoreceptor cells of the eye.

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Relaxin

Relaxin is a protein hormone of about 6000 Da first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.

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Resistin

Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich adipose-derived peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene.

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Rho family of GTPases

The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily.

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RHOA

Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family.

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Ribosomal s6 kinase

In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction.

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Ristocetin

Ristocetin is an antibiotic, obtained from Amycolatopsis lurida, previously used to treat staphylococcal infections.

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S-Nitrosoglutathione

S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous ''S''-nitrosothiol (SNO) that plays a critical role in nitric oxide (NO) signaling and is a source of bioavailable NO.

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Saralasin

Saralasin is a partial agonist of angiotensin II receptors, though it is commonly mistaken as a competitive antagonist.

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Secretin

Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver.

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Sialoglycoprotein

A sialoglycoprotein is a combination of sialic acid and glycoprotein, which is, itself, a combination of sugar and protein.

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Signal transducing adaptor protein

Signal transducing adaptor proteins are proteins that are accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway.

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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Sincalide

Sincalide (INN) is a cholecystokinetic drug administered by injection to aid in diagnosing disorders of the gallbladder and pancreas.

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SMAD (protein)

Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth.

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Small GTPase

Small GTPases, also known as small G-proteins, are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP).

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Somatomedin

Somatomedins are produced, predominantly by the liver, when growth hormones act on target tissue.

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Somatostatin

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.

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Son of Sevenless

In cell signalling, Son of Sevenless (SOS) refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases.

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STAT protein

Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.

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Stem cell factor

Stem cell factor (also known as SCF, KIT-ligand, KL, or steel factor) is a cytokine that binds to the c-KIT receptor (CD117).

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Streptogramin

Streptogramins are a class of antibiotics.

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Streptogramin A

Streptogramin A is group of antibiotics within the larger family of antibiotics known as streptogramins.

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Streptogramin B

Streptogramin B is a subgroup of the streptogramin antibiotics family.

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Substance P

Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) member of the tachykinin neuropeptide family. It is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. Substance P and its closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after differential splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows.

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Suppressor of cytokine signalling

SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins) refers to a family of genes involved in inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

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Tachykinin peptides

Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest families of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals.

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Tachykinin receptor

There are three known mammalian tachykinin receptors termed NK1, NK2 and NK3.

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Teicoplanin

Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and Enterococcus faecalis.

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Teprotide

Teprotide is nonapeptide which has been isolated from the snake Bothrops jararaca.

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Teriparatide

Teriparatide is a recombinant protein form of parathyroid hormone consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the bioactive portion of the hormone.

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TGF alpha

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene.

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Thiostrepton

Thiostrepton is a natural cyclic oligopeptide antibiotic of the thiopeptide class, derived from several strains of streptomycetes, such as Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii.

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Thrombopoietin

Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene.

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Thymosin

Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues.

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also called thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) or thyroliberin, is a releasing hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, that stimulates the release of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

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TNF receptor associated factor

TNF receptor associated factors also known as TRAFs are a family of proteins primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation, antiviral responses and apoptosis.

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TRAF2

TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF2 gene.

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TRAF6

TRAF6 is a TRAF human protein.

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Transducin

Transducin (Gt) is a protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones and it is very important in vertebrate phototransduction.

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Transfer factor

Transfer factors are essentially small immune messenger molecules that are produced by all higher organisms.

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Transforming growth factor

Transforming growth factor (sometimes referred to as Tumor growth factor, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.

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Transforming growth factor beta

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.

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Triptorelin

Triptorelin, sold under the brand names Decapeptyl and Gonapeptyl among others, is a medication that causes stimulation of the pituitary, thus decreasing secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

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Tuftsin

Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) located in the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G (residues 289-292).

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.

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Tumor necrosis factor superfamily

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers.

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Tyrocidine

Tyrocidine is a mixture of cyclic decapeptides produced by the bacteria Bacillus brevis found in soil.

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Tyrothricin

Tyrothricin is a cyclic polypeptide-antibiotic mixture from Bacillus brevis.

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United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library.

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Urofollitropin

Urofollitropin is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) that is manufactured by extraction from human urine and then purified to remove various proteins and other substances.

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Urotensin-II

Urotensin-II (U-II) is a peptide ligand that is the strongest known vasoconstrictor.

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Valinomycin

Valinomycin is a naturally occurring dodecadepsipeptide used in the transport of potassium and as an antibiotic.

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Vancomycin

Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor A

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor B

Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VEGF-B gene.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor C

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is a protein that is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor / vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family.

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine.

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Vasopressin

Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.

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Vasotocin

Vasotocin is an oligopeptide homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin found in all non-mammalian vertebrates (including birds, fishes, and amphibians) and possibly in mammals during the fetal stage of development.

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Viomycin

Viomycin is a member of the tuberactinomycin family, a group of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics exhibiting anti-tuberculosis properties.

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Virginiamycin

Virginiamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic similar to pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin.

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Wnt signaling pathway

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.

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WNT1

Proto-oncogene protein Wnt-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT1 gene.

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WNT2

Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2, also known as WNT2, is a human gene.

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14-3-3 protein

14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.644)

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