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List of elements by stability of isotopes

Index List of elements by stability of isotopes

Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. [1]

272 relations: Abundance of the chemical elements, Actinium, Age of the universe, Alpha decay, Aluminium, Americium, Antimony, Argon, Arsenic, Astatine, Atomic nucleus, Atomic number, Barium, Berkelium, Beryllium, Beta decay, Beta-decay stable isobars, Binding energy, Bismuth, Bismuth-209, Bohrium, Boron, Bromine, Cadmium, Caesium, Calcium, Calcium-48, Californium, Carbon, Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14, Cerium, Charge (physics), Chemical element, Chlorine, Chromium, Cluster decay, Cobalt, Cobalt-60, Common beta emitters, Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes, Copernicium, Copper, Cosmic ray, Coulomb's law, Curium, Darmstadtium, Day, Deuterium, ..., Double beta decay, Dubnium, Dysprosium, Earth, Einsteinium, Electron capture, Erbium, Europium, Fermium, Flerovium, Fluorine, Fluorine-18, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, Francium, Gadolinium, Gallium, Germanium, Gold, Hafnium, Half-life, Hassium, Helium, Helium-3, Helium-4, Holmium, Hour, Hydrogen, Indium, Institute of Physics, Iodine, Iodine-123, Iridium, Iron, Iron-56, Island of stability, Isotope, Isotopes of aluminium, Isotopes of antimony, Isotopes of argon, Isotopes of arsenic, Isotopes of barium, Isotopes of beryllium, Isotopes of bismuth, Isotopes of boron, Isotopes of bromine, Isotopes of cadmium, Isotopes of caesium, Isotopes of calcium, Isotopes of carbon, Isotopes of cerium, Isotopes of chlorine, Isotopes of chromium, Isotopes of cobalt, Isotopes of copper, Isotopes of dysprosium, Isotopes of erbium, Isotopes of europium, Isotopes of fluorine, Isotopes of gadolinium, Isotopes of gallium, Isotopes of germanium, Isotopes of gold, Isotopes of hafnium, Isotopes of helium, Isotopes of holmium, Isotopes of hydrogen, Isotopes of indium, Isotopes of iodine, Isotopes of iridium, Isotopes of iron, Isotopes of krypton, Isotopes of lanthanum, Isotopes of lead, Isotopes of lithium, Isotopes of lutetium, Isotopes of magnesium, Isotopes of manganese, Isotopes of mercury, Isotopes of molybdenum, Isotopes of neodymium, Isotopes of neon, Isotopes of nickel, Isotopes of niobium, Isotopes of nitrogen, Isotopes of osmium, Isotopes of oxygen, Isotopes of palladium, Isotopes of phosphorus, Isotopes of platinum, Isotopes of potassium, Isotopes of praseodymium, Isotopes of promethium, Isotopes of rhenium, Isotopes of rhodium, Isotopes of rubidium, Isotopes of ruthenium, Isotopes of samarium, Isotopes of scandium, Isotopes of selenium, Isotopes of silicon, Isotopes of silver, Isotopes of sodium, Isotopes of strontium, Isotopes of sulfur, Isotopes of tantalum, Isotopes of technetium, Isotopes of tellurium, Isotopes of terbium, Isotopes of thallium, Isotopes of thorium, Isotopes of thulium, Isotopes of tin, Isotopes of titanium, Isotopes of tungsten, Isotopes of uranium, Isotopes of vanadium, Isotopes of xenon, Isotopes of ytterbium, Isotopes of yttrium, Isotopes of zinc, Isotopes of zirconium, Krypton, Lanthanum, Lawrencium, Lead, List of nuclides, List of radioactive isotopes by half-life, Lithium, Livermorium, Lutetium, Magnesium, Manganese, Meitnerium, Mendelevium, Mercury (element), Minute, Molybdenum, Monoisotopic element, Moscovium, Neodymium, Neon, Neptunium, Neutron, Neutron number, Neutron–proton ratio, Nickel, Nihonium, Niobium, Nitrogen, Nobelium, Nuclear force, Nuclear medicine, Nuclear reactor, Nuclide, Oganesson, Orsay, Osmium, Oxygen, Oxygen-18, Palladium, Periodic table, Phosphorus, Platinum, Plutonium, Polonium, Potassium, Praseodymium, Primordial nuclide, Promethium, Protactinium, Proton, Radioactive decay, Radionuclide, Radium, Radon, Rhenium, Rhodium, Roentgenium, Rubidium, Ruthenium, Rutherfordium, Samarium, Scandium, Seaborgium, Second, Selenium, Silicon, Silver, Sodium, Solar System, Spontaneous fission, Stable isotope ratio, Stellar nucleosynthesis, Strontium, Strontium-90, Sulfur, Synthetic element, Table of nuclides, Tantalum, Technetium, Technetium-99m, Tellurium, Tennessine, Terbium, Thallium, Thorium, Thulium, Timeline of chemical element discoveries, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, Uranium-234, Uranium-235, Uranium-238, Vanadium, Xenon, Year, Ytterbium, Yttrium, Zinc, Zirconium. Expand index (222 more) »

Abundance of the chemical elements

The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrence of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment.

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Actinium

Actinium is a chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89.

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Age of the universe

In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang.

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Alpha decay

Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.

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Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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Americium

Americium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95.

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Antimony

Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from stibium) and atomic number 51.

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Argon

Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.

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Arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.

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Astatine

Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with symbol At and atomic number 85.

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Atomic nucleus

The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.

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Atomic number

The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Barium

Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56.

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Berkelium

Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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Beta decay

In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.

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Beta-decay stable isobars

Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to a neutron within the nucleus.

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Binding energy

Binding energy (also called separation energy) is the minimum energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts.

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Bismuth

Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83.

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Bismuth-209

Bismuth-209 is the "quasi-stable" isotope of bismuth with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay).

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Bohrium

Bohrium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107.

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Boron

Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.

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Bromine

Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35.

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Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.

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Caesium

Caesium (British spelling and IUPAC spelling) or cesium (American spelling) is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calcium-48

Calcium-48 is a scarce isotope of calcium containing 20 protons and 28 neutrons.

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Californium

Californium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98.

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Carbon

Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon-12

Carbon-12 is the more abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon (Carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of the element carbon; its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars.

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Carbon-13

Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons.

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Carbon-14

Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

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Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

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Charge (physics)

In physics, a charge may refer to one of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).

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Chlorine

Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

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Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.

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Cluster decay

Cluster decay, also named heavy particle radioactivity or heavy ion radioactivity, is a type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons, more than in an alpha particle, but less than a typical binary fission fragment.

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Cobalt

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

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Cobalt-60

Cobalt-60,, is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2714 years.

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Common beta emitters

Strontium-90 is a commonly used beta emitter used in industrial sources.

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Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes

Radionuclides which emit gamma radiation are valuable in a range of different industrial, scientific and medical technologies.

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Copernicium

Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.

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Coulomb's law

Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other.

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Curium

Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96.

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Darmstadtium

Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110.

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Day

A day, a unit of time, is approximately the period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun (solar day).

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Deuterium

Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol or, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1).

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Double beta decay

In nuclear physics, double beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which two protons are simultaneously transformed into two neutrons, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus.

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Dubnium

Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105.

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Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a chemical element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Einsteinium

Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99.

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Electron capture

Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shell.

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Erbium

Erbium is a chemical element with symbol Er and atomic number 68.

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Europium

Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63.

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Fermium

Fermium is a synthetic element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100.

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Flerovium

Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114.

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Fluorine

Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.

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Fluorine-18

Fluorine-18 (18F) is a fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of positrons.

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Formation and evolution of the Solar System

The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.

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Francium

Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87.

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Gadolinium

Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64.

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Gallium

Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31.

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Germanium

Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

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Hafnium

Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72.

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Half-life

Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.

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Hassium

Hassium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108.

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Helium

Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.

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Helium-3

Helium-3 (He-3, also written as 3He, see also helion) is a light, non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (common helium having two protons and two neutrons).

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Helium-4

Helium-4 is a non-radioactive isotope of the element helium.

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Holmium

Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67.

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Hour

An hour (symbol: h; also abbreviated hr.) is a unit of time conventionally reckoned as of a day and scientifically reckoned as 3,599–3,601 seconds, depending on conditions.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Indium

Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49.

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Institute of Physics

The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a scientific charity that works to advance physics education, research and application.

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Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53.

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Iodine-123

Iodine-123 (123I or I-123) is a radioactive isotope of iodine used in nuclear medicine imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or SPECT/CT exams.

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Iridium

Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Iron-56

Iron-56 (56Fe) is the most common isotope of iron.

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Island of stability

In nuclear physics, the island of stability is the prediction that a set of heavy nuclides with a near magic number of protons and neutrons will temporarily reverse the trend of decreasing stability in elements heavier than uranium.

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Isotope

Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.

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Isotopes of aluminium

Aluminium (13Al; or aluminum) has 24 known isotopes from 19Al to 42Al and 4 known isomers.

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Isotopes of antimony

Antimony (51Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb.

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Isotopes of argon

Argon (18Ar) has 24 known isotopes, from 30Ar to 53Ar and 1 isomer (32mAr), three of which are stable, 36Ar, 38Ar, and 40Ar.

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Isotopes of arsenic

Arsenic (33As) has 33 known isotopes and at least 10 isomers.

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Isotopes of barium

Naturally occurring barium (56Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, recently identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks).

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Isotopes of beryllium

Beryllium (4Be) has 12 known isotopes, but only one of these isotopes is stable and a primordial nuclide.

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Isotopes of bismuth

Bismuth (83Bi) has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as.

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Isotopes of boron

Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10B and 11B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron.

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Isotopes of bromine

Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 30 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

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Isotopes of cadmium

Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes.

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Isotopes of caesium

Caesium (55Cs; or cesium) has 40 known isotopes, making it, along with barium and mercury, the element with the most isotopes.

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Isotopes of calcium

Calcium (20Ca) has 24 isotopes, from 34Ca to 57Ca.

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Isotopes of carbon

Carbon (6C) has 15 known isotopes, from 8C to 22C, of which 12C and 13C are stable.

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Isotopes of cerium

Naturally occurring cerium (58Ce) is composed of 4 stable isotopes: 136Ce, 138Ce, 140Ce, and 142Ce, with 140Ce being the most abundant (88.48% natural abundance) and the only one theoretically stable; 136Ce, 138Ce, and 142Ce are predicted to undergo double beta decay but this process has never been observed.

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Isotopes of chlorine

Chlorine (17Cl) has 24 isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 28Cl to 51Cl and 2 isomers (34mCl and 38mCl).

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Isotopes of chromium

Naturally occurring chromium (24Cr) is composed of four stable isotopes; 50Cr, 52Cr, 53Cr, and 54Cr with 52Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of cobalt

Naturally occurring cobalt (27Co) is composed of 1 stable isotope, 59Co.

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Isotopes of copper

Copper (29Cu) has two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, along with 27 radioisotopes.

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Isotopes of dysprosium

Naturally occurring dysprosium (66Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of erbium

Naturally occurring erbium (68Er) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, with 166Er being the most abundant (33.503% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of europium

Naturally occurring europium (63Eu) is composed of 2 isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with 153Eu being the most abundant (52.2% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of fluorine

Although fluorine (9F) has 18 known isotopes from 14F to 31F and two isomers (18mF and 26mF), only one of these isotopes is stable, that is, fluorine-19; as such, it is a monoisotopic element.

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Isotopes of gadolinium

Naturally occurring gadolinium (64Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and 1 radioisotope, 152Gd, with 158Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of gallium

Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71.

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Isotopes of germanium

Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge.

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Isotopes of gold

Gold (79Au) has one stable isotope, 197Au, and 36 radioisotopes, with 195Au being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days.

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Isotopes of hafnium

Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 2×1015 years.

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Isotopes of helium

Although there are nine known isotopes of helium (2He) (standard atomic weight), only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable.

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Isotopes of holmium

Natural holmium (67Ho) contains one stable isotope, 165Ho.

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Isotopes of hydrogen

Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted 1H, 2H, and 3H.

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Isotopes of indium

Indium (49In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (115In) being measurably though weakly radioactive.

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Isotopes of iodine

There are 37 known isotopes of iodine (53I) from 108I to 144I; all undergo radioactive decay except 127I, which is stable.

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Isotopes of iridium

There are two natural isotopes of iridium (77Ir), and 34 radioisotopes, the most stable radioisotope being 192Ir with a half-life of 73.83 days, and many nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 192m2Ir with a half-life of 241 years.

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Isotopes of iron

Naturally occurring iron (26Fe) consists of four stable isotopes: 5.845% of 54Fe (possibly radioactive with a half-life over 3.1×1022 years), 91.754% of 56Fe, 2.119% of 57Fe and 0.282% of 58Fe.

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Isotopes of krypton

There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (36Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101.

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Isotopes of lanthanum

Naturally occurring lanthanum (57La) is composed of one stable (139La) and one radioactive (138La) isotope, with the stable isotope, 139La, being the most abundant (99.91% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of lead

Lead (82Pb) has four stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb.

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Isotopes of lithium

Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 and lithium-7, with the latter being far more abundant: about 92.5 percent of the atoms.

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Isotopes of lutetium

Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of 1 stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life of 3.78 × 1010 years (2.59% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of magnesium

Magnesium (12Mg) naturally occurs in three stable isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg.

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Isotopes of manganese

Naturally occurring manganese (25Mn) is composed of 1 stable isotope, 55Mn.

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Isotopes of mercury

There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (80Hg) with 202Hg being the most abundant (29.86%).

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Isotopes of molybdenum

There are 33 known isotopes of molybdenum (42Mo) ranging in atomic mass from 83 to 115, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers.

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Isotopes of neodymium

Naturally occurring neodymium (60Nd) is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 long-lived radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd.

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Isotopes of neon

Neon (10Ne) possesses three stable isotopes, 20Ne, 21Ne, and 22Ne.

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Isotopes of nickel

Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) is composed of five stable isotopes;,,, and with being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of niobium

Naturally occurring niobium (41Nb), is composed of one stable isotope (93Nb).

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Isotopes of nitrogen

Natural nitrogen (7N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, and nitrogen-15, which is less common.

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Isotopes of osmium

Osmium (76Os) has seven naturally occurring isotopes, 6 of which are stable: 184Os, 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os.

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Isotopes of oxygen

There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16O, 17O, and 18O.

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Isotopes of palladium

Naturally occurring palladium (46Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, 102Pd, 104Pd, 105Pd, 106Pd, 108Pd, and 110Pd, although two of them are theoretically unstable.

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Isotopes of phosphorus

Although phosphorus (15P) has 23 isotopes from 24P to 46P, only one of these isotopes is stable 31P; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element.

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Isotopes of platinum

Natural platinum (78Pt) occurs in five stable isotopes (192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, 198Pt) and one very long-lived (half-life 6.50×1011 years) radioisotope (190Pt).

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Isotopes of potassium

Potassium (19K) has 24 known isotopes from 32K to 56K.

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Isotopes of praseodymium

Naturally occurring praseodymium (59Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, 141Pr.

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Isotopes of promethium

Promethium (61Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U and 235U and alpha decay of 151Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given.

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Isotopes of rhenium

Naturally occurring rhenium (75Re) is 37.4% 185Re, which is stable, and 62.6% 187Re, which is unstable but has a very long half-life (41.2×109 years).

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Isotopes of rhodium

Naturally occurring rhodium (45Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh.

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Isotopes of rubidium

Rubidium (37Rb) has 32 isotopes, with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; 85Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive 87Rb (27.8%).

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Isotopes of ruthenium

Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes.

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Isotopes of samarium

Naturally occurring samarium (62Sm) is composed of five stable isotopes, 144Sm, 149Sm, 150Sm, 152Sm and 154Sm, and two extremely long-lived radioisotopes, 147Sm (half life: 1.06 y) and 148Sm (7 y), with 152Sm being the most abundant (26.75% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of scandium

Naturally occurring scandium (21Sc) is composed of one stable isotope 45Sc.

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Isotopes of selenium

The chemical element selenium (34Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores.

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Isotopes of silicon

Silicon (14Si) has 25 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 45.

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Isotopes of silver

Naturally occurring silver (47Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag with 107Ag being the more abundant (51.839% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of sodium

There are twenty recognized isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from to and two isomers (and). is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope.

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Isotopes of strontium

The alkaline earth metal strontium (38Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: 84Sr (0.56%), 86Sr (9.86%), 87Sr (7.0%) and 88Sr (82.58%).

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Isotopes of sulfur

Sulfur (16S) has 24 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 26 to 49, four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%).

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Isotopes of tantalum

Natural tantalum (73Ta) consists of two stable isotopes: 181Ta (99.988%) and (0.012%).

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Isotopes of technetium

Technetium (43Tc) is the first of the two elements lighter than bismuth that have no non-radioactive isotopes; the other such element is promethium.

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Isotopes of tellurium

There are 38 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (52Te), with atomic masses that range from 105 to 142.

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Isotopes of terbium

Naturally occurring terbium (65Tb) is composed of 1 stable isotope, 159Tb.

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Isotopes of thallium

Thallium (81Tl) has 37 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 212.

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Isotopes of thorium

Although thorium (90Th) has 6 naturally occurring isotopes, none of these isotopes are stable; however, one isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.405×1010 years, considerably longer than the age of the Earth, and even slightly longer than the generally accepted age of the universe.

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Isotopes of thulium

Naturally occurring thulium (69Tm) is composed of 1 stable isotope, 169Tm (100% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of tin

Tin (50Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay), which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons.

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Isotopes of titanium

Naturally occurring titanium (22Ti) is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti and 50Ti with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of tungsten

Naturally occurring tungsten (74W) consists of five isotopes.

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Isotopes of uranium

Uranium (92U) is a naturally occurring radioactive element that has no stable isotopes but two primordial isotopes (uranium-238 and uranium-235) that have long half-life and are found in appreciable quantity in the Earth's crust, along with the decay product uranium-234.

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Isotopes of vanadium

Naturally occurring vanadium (23V) is composed of one stable isotope 51V and one radioactive isotope 50V with a half-life of 1.5×1017 years.

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Isotopes of xenon

Naturally occurring xenon (54Xe) is made of eight stable isotopes and one very long-lived isotope.

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Isotopes of ytterbium

Naturally occurring Ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 168Yb, 170Yb, 171Yb, 172Yb, 173Yb, 174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of yttrium

Natural yttrium (39Y) is composed of a single isotope yttrium-89.

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Isotopes of zinc

Naturally occurring zinc (30Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance).

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Isotopes of zirconium

Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (of which one may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.0×1019 years; it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t1/2 is 2.4×1020 years.

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Krypton

Krypton (from translit "the hidden one") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36.

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Lanthanum

Lanthanum is a chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57.

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Lawrencium

Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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List of nuclides

This list of nuclides shows observed nuclides that either are stable or, if radioactive, have half-lives longer than one hour.

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List of radioactive isotopes by half-life

This is a list of radioactive isotopes ordered by half-life from shortest to longest.

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Lithium

Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.

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Livermorium

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116.

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Lutetium

Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71.

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Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

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Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

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Meitnerium

Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109.

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Mendelevium

Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101.

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Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

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Minute

The minute is a unit of time or angle.

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Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.

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Monoisotopic element

A monoisotopic element is one of 26 chemical elements which have only a single stable isotope (nuclide).

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Moscovium

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mc and atomic number 115.

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Neodymium

Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60.

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Neon

Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10.

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Neptunium

Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93.

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Neutron

| magnetic_moment.

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Neutron number

The neutron number, symbol N, is the number of neutrons in a nuclide.

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Neutron–proton ratio

The neutron–proton ratio (N/Z ratio or nuclear ratio) of an atomic nucleus is the ratio of its number of neutrons to its number of protons.

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Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

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Nihonium

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Nh and atomic number 113.

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Niobium

Niobium, formerly known as columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Nobelium

Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102.

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Nuclear force

The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is a force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms.

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Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclide

A nuclide (from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus, i.e., by its number of protons Z, its number of neutrons N, and its nuclear energy state.

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Oganesson

Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118.

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Orsay

Orsay is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

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Osmium

Osmium (from Greek ὀσμή osme, "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Oxygen-18

Oxygen-18 is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes.

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Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

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Periodic table

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.

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Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.

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Platinum

Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Polonium

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84.

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Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.

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Praseodymium

Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59.

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Primordial nuclide

In geochemistry, geophysics and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed.

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Promethium

Promethium is a chemical element with symbol Pm and atomic number 61.

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Protactinium

Protactinium (formerly protoactinium) is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91.

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Proton

| magnetic_moment.

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Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.

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Radionuclide

A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.

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Radium

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88.

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Radon

Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86.

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Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75.

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Rhodium

Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45.

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Roentgenium

Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111.

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Rubidium

Rubidium is a chemical element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37.

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Ruthenium

Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44.

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Rutherfordium

Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named after physicist Ernest Rutherford.

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Samarium

Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62.

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Scandium

Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21.

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Seaborgium

Seaborgium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106.

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Second

The second is the SI base unit of time, commonly understood and historically defined as 1/86,400 of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each.

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Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

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Silicon

Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.

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Silver

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

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Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

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Solar System

The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.

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Spontaneous fission

Spontaneous fission (SF) is a form of radioactive decay that is found only in very heavy chemical elements.

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Stable isotope ratio

The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element.

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Stellar nucleosynthesis

Stellar nucleosynthesis is the theory explaining the creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions between atoms within the stars.

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Strontium

Strontium is the chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38.

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Strontium-90

Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years.

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Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.

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Synthetic element

In chemistry, a synthetic element is a chemical element that does not occur naturally on Earth, and can only be created artificially.

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Table of nuclides

A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus.

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Tantalum

Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73.

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Technetium

Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43.

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Technetium-99m

Technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself an isotope of technetium), symbolized as 99mTc, that is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope.

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Tellurium

Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52.

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Tennessine

Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ts and atomic number 117.

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Terbium

Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65.

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Thallium

Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81.

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Thorium

Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.

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Thulium

Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69.

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Timeline of chemical element discoveries

The discovery of the 118 chemical elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Uranium-234

Uranium-234 is an isotope of uranium.

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Uranium-235

Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium.

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Uranium-238

Uranium-238 (238U or U-238) is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature, with a relative abundance of 99%.

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Vanadium

Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23.

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Xenon

Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.

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Year

A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun.

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Ytterbium

Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70.

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Yttrium

Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zirconium

Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40.

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Redirects here:

List of Radioactive Elements, List of elements by isotope stability, List of elements by nuclear stability, List of elements by nucleus stability, List of elements by number of isotopes, List of stable isotopes, Stability of isotopes, Stable element.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes

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