Table of Contents
374 relations: Acetyl-CoA, Activation energy, Active transport, Adenine nucleotide translocator, Adenosine diphosphate, Adenosine triphosphate, Adrenaline, Alanine, Albert Claude, Albert L. Lehninger, Albert von Kölliker, Alphaproteobacteria, ALS, Alzheimer's disease, Ammonia, Amoebophyra, Anaplerotic reactions, Angstrom, Animal, Anti-mitochondrial antibody, Antiporter, Apoptosis, Apoptosis regulator BAX, Apoptosome, Archamoebae, Arginine, Atovaquone, ATP synthase, Autism, Autophagy, Autotransplantation, Azide, Bacteria, Bacterial outer membrane, Barth syndrome, Base excision repair, Base pair, Beta barrel, Beta oxidation, Biodegradation, Bioenergetics, Bipolar disorder, Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, Brown adipose tissue, Calcium in biology, Carboxylation, Cardiolipin, Cardiovascular disease, Carl Benda, Cattle, ... Expand index (324 more) »
- Endosymbiotic events
- Mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
See Mitochondrion and Acetyl-CoA
Activation energy
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
See Mitochondrion and Activation energy
Active transport
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
See Mitochondrion and Active transport
Adenine nucleotide translocator
Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), also known as the ADP/ATP translocase (ANT), ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) or mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrion and Adenine nucleotide translocator are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Adenine nucleotide translocator
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. Mitochondrion and adenosine diphosphate are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Mitochondrion and Adenosine triphosphate are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Adenosine triphosphate
Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration).
See Mitochondrion and Adrenaline
Alanine
Alanine (symbol Ala or A), or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Albert Claude
Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian-American cell biologist and medical doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade.
See Mitochondrion and Albert Claude
Albert L. Lehninger
Albert Lester Lehninger (February 17, 1917 – March 4, 1986) was an American chemist in the field of bioenergetics.
See Mitochondrion and Albert L. Lehninger
Albert von Kölliker
Albert von Kölliker (born Rudolf Albert Kölliker; 6 July 1817 – 2 November 1905) was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, and histologist.
See Mitochondrion and Albert von Kölliker
Alphaproteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly "Proteobacteria").
See Mitochondrion and Alphaproteobacteria
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.
See Mitochondrion and Alzheimer's disease
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Amoebophyra
Amoebophyra (or Amoebophrya) is a genus of dinoflagellates.
See Mitochondrion and Amoebophyra
Anaplerotic reactions
Anaplerotic reactions, a term coined by Hans Kornberg and originating from the Greek. Mitochondrion and Anaplerotic reactions are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Anaplerotic reactions
Angstrom
The angstrom is a unit of length equal to m; that is, one ten-billionth of a metre, a hundred-millionth of a centimetre, 0.1 nanometre, or 100 picometres.
See Mitochondrion and Angstrom
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
Anti-mitochondrial antibody
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are autoantibodies, consisting of immunoglobulins formed against mitochondria, primarily the mitochondria in cells of the liver.
See Mitochondrion and Anti-mitochondrial antibody
Antiporter
An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein that uses secondary active transport to move two or more molecules in opposite directions across a phospholipid membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Antiporter
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.
See Mitochondrion and Apoptosis
Apoptosis regulator BAX
Apoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene.
See Mitochondrion and Apoptosis regulator BAX
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis.
See Mitochondrion and Apoptosome
Archamoebae
The Archamoebae are a group of protists originally thought to have evolved before the acquisition of mitochondria by eukaryotes.
See Mitochondrion and Archamoebae
Arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.
See Mitochondrion and Arginine
Atovaquone
Atovaquone, sold under the brand name Mepron, is an antimicrobial medication for the prevention and treatment of ''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' pneumonia (PCP).
See Mitochondrion and Atovaquone
ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Mitochondrion and ATP synthase are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and ATP synthase
Autism
Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive and inflexible patterns of behavior that are impairing in multiple contexts and excessive or atypical to be developmentally and socioculturally inappropriate.
Autophagy
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis; from the Ancient Greek αὐτόφαγος,, meaning "self-devouring" and κύτος,, meaning "hollow") is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism.
See Mitochondrion and Autophagy
Autotransplantation
Autotransplantation is the transplantation of organs, tissues, or even particular proteins from one part of the body to another in the same person (auto- meaning "self" in Greek).
See Mitochondrion and Autotransplantation
Azide
In chemistry, azide is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula and structure.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
See Mitochondrion and Bacteria
Bacterial outer membrane
The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria.
See Mitochondrion and Bacterial outer membrane
Barth syndrome
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare but serious X-linked genetic disorder, caused by changes in phospholipid structure and metabolism.
See Mitochondrion and Barth syndrome
Base excision repair
Base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism, studied in the fields of biochemistry and genetics, that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle.
See Mitochondrion and Base excision repair
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
See Mitochondrion and Base pair
Beta barrel
In protein structures, a beta barrel (β barrel) is a beta sheet (β sheet) composed of tandem repeats that twists and coils to form a closed toroidal structure in which the first strand is bonded to the last strand (hydrogen bond).
See Mitochondrion and Beta barrel
Beta oxidation
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA. Mitochondrion and beta oxidation are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Beta oxidation
Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
See Mitochondrion and Biodegradation
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems.
See Mitochondrion and Bioenergetics
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks.
See Mitochondrion and Bipolar disorder
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
The branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC or BCKDH complex) is a multi-subunit complex of enzymes that is found on the mitochondrial inner membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat makes up the adipose organ together with white adipose tissue (or white fat).
See Mitochondrion and Brown adipose tissue
Calcium in biology
Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells.
See Mitochondrion and Calcium in biology
Carboxylation
Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide.
See Mitochondrion and Carboxylation
Cardiolipin
Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition.
See Mitochondrion and Cardiolipin
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.
See Mitochondrion and Cardiovascular disease
Carl Benda
Carl Benda (30 December 1857 Berlin – 24 May 1932 Turin) was one of the first microbiologists to use a microscope in studying the internal structure of cells.
See Mitochondrion and Carl Benda
Cattle
Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male cattle are oxen or bullocks, and castrated male cattle are known as steers.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Mitochondrion and Cell (biology)
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells.
See Mitochondrion and Cell cycle
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
See Mitochondrion and Cell division
Cell fractionation
In cell biology, cell fractionation is the process used to separate cellular components while preserving individual functions of each component.
See Mitochondrion and Cell fractionation
Cell growth
Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume.
See Mitochondrion and Cell growth
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Mitochondrion and Cell membrane
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
See Mitochondrion and Cell nucleus
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
See Mitochondrion and Cell signaling
Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.
See Mitochondrion and Cellular differentiation
Cellular noise
Cellular noise is random variability in quantities arising in cellular biology.
See Mitochondrion and Cellular noise
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy.
See Mitochondrion and Cellular respiration
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed.
See Mitochondrion and Centrifugation
CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway
The cGAS–STING pathway is a component of the innate immune system that functions to detect the presence of cytosolic DNA and, in response, trigger expression of inflammatory genes that can lead to senescence or to the activation of defense mechanisms.
See Mitochondrion and CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway
Chemical energy
Chemical energy is the energy of chemical substances that is released when the substances undergo a chemical reaction and transform into other substances.
See Mitochondrion and Chemical energy
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. Mitochondrion and Chemiosmosis are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Chemiosmosis
Chromosome
A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
See Mitochondrion and Chromosome
Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
See Mitochondrion and Citric acid
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Mitochondrion and citric acid cycle are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Citric acid cycle
Claudius Regaud
Claudius Regaud (born 30 January 1870 in Lyons, France; died 29 December 1940 in Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or, France) was a French medical doctor and biologist, one of the pioneers in radiotherapy at the Curie Institute.
See Mitochondrion and Claudius Regaud
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
See Mitochondrion and Coenzyme A
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
The coenzyme Q: cytochrome c – oxidoreductase, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times complex III, is the third complex in the electron transport chain, playing a critical role in biochemical generation of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Mitochondrion and coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. Mitochondrion and Coenzyme Q10 are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Coenzyme Q10
Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
See Mitochondrion and Concentration
Conifer
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.
CoRR hypothesis
The CoRR hypothesis states that the location of genetic information in cytoplasmic organelles permits regulation of its expression by the reduction-oxidation ("redox") state of its gene products.
See Mitochondrion and CoRR hypothesis
CpG site
The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction.
See Mitochondrion and CpG site
Crista
A crista (cristae) is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. Mitochondrion and crista are cellular respiration.
Cryogenic electron tomography
Cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) is an imaging technique used to reconstruct high-resolution (~1–4 nm) three-dimensional volumes of samples, often (but not limited to) biological macromolecules and cells.
See Mitochondrion and Cryogenic electron tomography
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium, sometimes called crypto, is an apicomplexan genus of alveolates which are parasites that can cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal illness (cryptosporidiosis) that primarily involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis), sometimes with a persistent cough (respiratory cryptosporidiosis).
See Mitochondrion and Cryptosporidium
Cyanide
In chemistry, cyanide is a chemical compound that contains a functional group.
Cytochrome
Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor.
See Mitochondrion and Cytochrome
Cytochrome c
The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Mitochondrion and cytochrome c are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was, now reclassified as a translocase) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes. Mitochondrion and cytochrome c oxidase are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Cytochrome c oxidase
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that is encoded by the MT-CO1 gene in eukaryotes.
See Mitochondrion and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
See Mitochondrion and Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
See Mitochondrion and Cytoskeleton
Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)).
Damage-associated molecular pattern
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules within cells that are a component of the innate immune response released from damaged or dying cells due to trauma or an infection by a pathogen.
See Mitochondrion and Damage-associated molecular pattern
David Keilin
David Keilin FRS (21 March 1887 – 27 February 1963) was a British Jewish scientist focusing mainly on entomology.
See Mitochondrion and David Keilin
Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities.
See Mitochondrion and Dementia
Dephosphorylation
In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate () group from an organic compound by hydrolysis.
See Mitochondrion and Dephosphorylation
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.
See Mitochondrion and Diabetes
Dictyostelium
Dictyostelium is a genus of single- and multi-celled eukaryotic, phagotrophic bacterivores.
See Mitochondrion and Dictyostelium
Dinoflagellate
The dinoflagellates are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists. Mitochondrion and dinoflagellate are endosymbiotic events.
See Mitochondrion and Dinoflagellate
Diplomonad
The diplomonads (Greek for "two units") are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic.
See Mitochondrion and Diplomonad
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA damage (naturally occurring)
DNA damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of DNA, such as a break in a strand of DNA, a nucleobase missing from the backbone of DNA, or a chemically changed base such as 8-OHdG.
See Mitochondrion and DNA damage (naturally occurring)
DNA mismatch repair
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.
See Mitochondrion and DNA mismatch repair
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
See Mitochondrion and DNA repair
Dominance (genetics)
In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.
See Mitochondrion and Dominance (genetics)
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPA1 gene.
See Mitochondrion and Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein
Egg cell
The egg cell or ovum (ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one).
See Mitochondrion and Egg cell
Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. Mitochondrion and electrochemical gradient are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Electrochemical gradient
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change.
See Mitochondrion and Electrochemistry
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. Mitochondrion and electron transport chain are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Electron transport chain
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Endocrine disease
Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system.
See Mitochondrion and Endocrine disease
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.
See Mitochondrion and Endocytosis
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
See Mitochondrion and Endoplasmic reticulum
Endosymbiont
An endosymbiont or endobiont is an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism. Mitochondrion and endosymbiont are endosymbiotic events.
See Mitochondrion and Endosymbiont
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity.
See Mitochondrion and Enzyme inhibitor
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.
See Mitochondrion and Epilepsy
Eugene P. Kennedy
Eugene Patrick Kennedy (1919–2011) was an American biochemist known for his work on lipid metabolism and membrane function.
See Mitochondrion and Eugene P. Kennedy
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
See Mitochondrion and Eukaryote
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
See Mitochondrion and Evolutionary biology
F-ATPase
F-ATPase, also known as F-Type ATPase, is an ATPase/synthase found in bacterial plasma membranes, in mitochondrial inner membranes (in oxidative phosphorylation, where it is known as Complex V), and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes.
See Mitochondrion and F-ATPase
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
See Mitochondrion and Facilitated diffusion
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
See Mitochondrion and Fatty acid
Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes. Mitochondrion and Fermentation are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Fermentation
Fission (biology)
Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.
See Mitochondrion and Fission (biology)
Flagellum
A flagellum (flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.
See Mitochondrion and Flagellum
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
See Mitochondrion and Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Fluorescence microscope
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence instead of, or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substances.
See Mitochondrion and Fluorescence microscope
Formyl peptide receptor
The formyl peptide receptors (FPR) belong to a class of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis.
See Mitochondrion and Formyl peptide receptor
Friedreich's ataxia
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA or FA) is an autosomal-recessive genetic disease that causes difficulty walking, a loss of coordination in the arms and legs, and impaired speech that worsens over time.
See Mitochondrion and Friedreich's ataxia
Fritz Albert Lipmann
Fritz Albert Lipmann (June 12, 1899 – July 24, 1986) was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 (shared with Hans Adolf Krebs).
See Mitochondrion and Fritz Albert Lipmann
Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH.
See Mitochondrion and Fumaric acid
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins.
See Mitochondrion and Genetic code
Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
See Mitochondrion and Genetic recombination
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
Gibbs free energy
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure.
See Mitochondrion and Gibbs free energy
Glucagon
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.
See Mitochondrion and Glucagon
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
See Mitochondrion and Gluconeogenesis
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism used in skeletal muscle and the brain that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, a by-product of glycolysis. Mitochondrion and glycerol phosphate shuttle are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Glycerol phosphate shuttle
Glycine cleavage system
The glycine cleavage system (GCS) is also known as the glycine decarboxylase complex or GDC. Mitochondrion and glycine cleavage system are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Glycine cleavage system
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). Mitochondrion and Glycolysis are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Glycolysis
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that unlike gram-positive bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation.
See Mitochondrion and Gram-negative bacteria
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Mitochondrion and Greek language
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate.
See Mitochondrion and Guanosine triphosphate
Hans Krebs (biochemist)
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, FRS (25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981) was a German-British biologist, physician and biochemist.
See Mitochondrion and Hans Krebs (biochemist)
Haplotype
A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.
See Mitochondrion and Haplotype
Heart
The heart is a muscular organ found in most animals.
Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.
See Mitochondrion and Heart failure
Heinrich Otto Wieland
Heinrich Otto Wieland (4 June 1877 – 5 August 1957) was a German chemist.
See Mitochondrion and Heinrich Otto Wieland
Heme
Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /hi:m/), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecular component of hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream.
Henneguya zschokkei
Henneguya zschokkei or Henneguya salminicola is a species of a myxosporean endoparasite.
See Mitochondrion and Henneguya zschokkei
Hepatocyte
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver.
See Mitochondrion and Hepatocyte
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited diseases whose main feature is a progressive gait disorder.
See Mitochondrion and Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Heteroplasmy
Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of organellar genome (mitochondrial DNA or plastid DNA) within a cell or individual.
See Mitochondrion and Heteroplasmy
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
See Mitochondrion and Homeostasis
Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in cellular organisms but may be also RNA in viruses).
See Mitochondrion and Homologous recombination
Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
See Mitochondrion and Homology (biology)
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Human evolutionary genetics
Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave rise to the human genome, and its current effects.
See Mitochondrion and Human evolutionary genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria).
See Mitochondrion and Human mitochondrial genetics
Hydrogen ion
A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses an electron.
See Mitochondrion and Hydrogen ion
Hydrogenosome
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi.
See Mitochondrion and Hydrogenosome
Hydroxylation
In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to.
See Mitochondrion and Hydroxylation
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Mitochondrion and Immune system
Innate immune system
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates.
See Mitochondrion and Innate immune system
Inner mitochondrial membrane
The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. Mitochondrion and inner mitochondrial membrane are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Inner mitochondrial membrane
Inositol trisphosphate receptor
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3).
See Mitochondrion and Inositol trisphosphate receptor
Integral membrane protein
An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Integral membrane protein
Intermembrane space
The intermembrane space (IMS) is the space occurring between or involving two or more membranes.
See Mitochondrion and Intermembrane space
Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product.
Invertebrate
Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.
See Mitochondrion and Invertebrate
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis
In biochemistry, the iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis describes the components and processes involved in the biosynthesis of iron–sulfur proteins.
See Mitochondrion and Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing alpha-ketoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) and CO2.
See Mitochondrion and Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Isocitric acid
Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid.
See Mitochondrion and Isocitric acid
Α-Ketoglutaric acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid (also termed 2-oxoglutaric acid) is a dicarboxylic acid, i.e., a short-chain fatty acid containing two carboxyl groups (carboxy groups notated as) with C, O, and H standing for carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, respectively (see adjacent figure).
See Mitochondrion and Α-Ketoglutaric acid
Janus Green B
Janus Green B is a basic dye and vital stain used in histology.
See Mitochondrion and Janus Green B
John E. Walker
Sir John Ernest Walker One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.
See Mitochondrion and John E. Walker
Kearns–Sayre syndrome
Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS), oculocraniosomatic disorder or oculocranionsomatic neuromuscular disorder with ragged red fibers is a mitochondrial myopathy with a typical onset before 20 years of age.
See Mitochondrion and Kearns–Sayre syndrome
Kynurenine
-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid -tryptophan used in the production of niacin.
See Mitochondrion and Kynurenine
Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid.
See Mitochondrion and Lactic acid
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrially inherited (transmitted from mother to offspring) degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision; it predominantly affects young adult males.
See Mitochondrion and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Leonor Michaelis
Leonor Michaelis (16 January 1875 – 8 October 1949) was a German biochemist, physical chemist, and physician, known for his work with Maud Menten on enzyme kinetics in 1913, as well as for work on enzyme inhibition, pH and quinones.
See Mitochondrion and Leonor Michaelis
Lexico
Lexico was a dictionary website that provided a collection of English and Spanish dictionaries produced by Oxford University Press (OUP), the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two molecules by forming a new chemical bond.
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
See Mitochondrion and Lipid bilayer
Lipoic acid
Lipoic acid (LA), also known as α-lipoic acid, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and thioctic acid, is an organosulfur compound derived from caprylic acid (octanoic acid).
See Mitochondrion and Lipoic acid
Lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase
In enzymology, a lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are octanoyl- and protein, whereas its two products are protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine and acyl carrier protein.
See Mitochondrion and Lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase
Long branch attraction
In phylogenetics, long branch attraction (LBA) is a form of systematic error whereby distantly related lineages are incorrectly inferred to be closely related.
See Mitochondrion and Long branch attraction
Loricifera
Loricifera (from Latin, lorica, corselet (armour) + ferre, to bear) is a phylum of very small to microscopic marine cycloneuralian sediment-dwelling animals with 43 described species.
See Mitochondrion and Loricifera
Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution.
See Mitochondrion and Lynn Margulis
Lysophospholipase
The enzyme lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5) catalyzes the reaction This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds.
See Mitochondrion and Lysophospholipase
Magnetococcales
The Magnetococcales were an order of Alphaproteobacteria, but now the mitochondria are considered as sister to the alphaproteobactera, together forming the sister the marineproteo1 group, together forming the sister to Magnetococcidae.
See Mitochondrion and Magnetococcales
Malate–aspartate shuttle
The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. Mitochondrion and malate–aspartate shuttle are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Malate–aspartate shuttle
Malic acid
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula. Mitochondrion and Malic acid are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Malic acid
Malignant transformation
Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer.
See Mitochondrion and Malignant transformation
Mallophaga
The Mallophaga are a possibly paraphyletic section of lice, known as chewing lice, biting lice, or bird lice, containing more than 3000 species.
See Mitochondrion and Mallophaga
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
MELAS syndrome
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is one of the family of mitochondrial diseases, which also include MIDD (maternally inherited diabetes and deafness), MERRF syndrome, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
See Mitochondrion and MELAS syndrome
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.
See Mitochondrion and Membrane potential
Membrane transport protein
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Membrane transport protein
MERRF syndrome
MERRF syndrome (or myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) is a mitochondrial disease.
See Mitochondrion and MERRF syndrome
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
See Mitochondrion and Messenger RNA
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
See Mitochondrion and Metabolism
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
See Mitochondrion and Metabolite
Metamonad
The metamonads are a large group of flagellate amitochondriate microscopic eukaryotes.
See Mitochondrion and Metamonad
Microglia
Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.
See Mitochondrion and Microglia
Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object.
See Mitochondrion and Micrograph
Microhomology-mediated end joining
Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), also known as alternative nonhomologous end-joining (Alt-NHEJ) is one of the pathways for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA.
See Mitochondrion and Microhomology-mediated end joining
Micrometre
The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
See Mitochondrion and Micrometre
Microsporidia
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites.
See Mitochondrion and Microsporidia
Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) is a protein that is essential for antiviral innate immunity.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
Mitochondrial biogenesis
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial biogenesis
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a transmembrane protein that allows the passage of calcium ions from a cell's cytosol into mitochondria. Mitochondrion and mitochondrial calcium uniporter are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial calcium uniporter
Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial disease is a group of disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial Eve
In human genetics, the Mitochondrial Eve (more technically known as the Mitochondrial-Most Recent Common Ancestor, shortened to mt-Eve or mt-MRCA) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all living humans.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial Eve
Mitochondrial fission
Mitochondrial fission is the process where mitochondria divide or segregate into two separate mitochondrial organelles.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial fission
Mitochondrial fusion
'''Mitochondria''' are dynamic organelles with the ability to fuse and divide (fission), forming constantly changing tubular networks in most eukaryotic cells.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial fusion
Mitochondrial matrix
In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins, also known as mitochondrial carrier proteins, are proteins which exist in the membranes of mitochondria. Mitochondrion and mitochondrial membrane transport protein are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Mitochondrion and mitochondrial permeability transition pore are cellular respiration and mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), sometimes called mitochondrial donation, is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Mitochondrial theory of ageing
The mitochondrial theory of ageing has two varieties: free radical and non-free radical.
See Mitochondrion and Mitochondrial theory of ageing
Mitophagy
Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy.
See Mitochondrion and Mitophagy
Mitoplast
A mitoplast is a mitochondrion that has been stripped of its outer membrane leaving the inner membrane and matrix intact. Mitochondrion and mitoplast are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Mitoplast
Mitosome
A mitosome (also called a crypton in early literature) is a mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) found in a variety of parasitic unicellular eukaryotes, such as members of the supergroup Excavata.
See Mitochondrion and Mitosome
Molecular clock
The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.
See Mitochondrion and Molecular clock
Monoamine oxidase
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, employing oxygen to clip off their amine group.
See Mitochondrion and Monoamine oxidase
Monocercomonoides
Monocercomonoides is a genus of flagellate Excavata belonging to the order Oxymonadida.
See Mitochondrion and Monocercomonoides
MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit
The MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (formerly the MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit) is a department of the School of Clinical Medicine at the University of Cambridge, funded through a strategic partnership between the Medical Research Council and the University.
See Mitochondrion and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit
Muller's ratchet
In evolutionary genetics, Muller's ratchet (named after Hermann Joseph Muller, by analogy with a ratchet effect) is a process which, in the absence of recombination (especially in an asexual population), results in an accumulation of irreversible deleterious mutations.
See Mitochondrion and Muller's ratchet
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Mitochondrion and Multicellular organism
Murinae
The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species.
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness.
See Mitochondrion and Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Myofibril
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell.
See Mitochondrion and Myofibril
Myopathy
In medicine, myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly.
See Mitochondrion and Myopathy
Mytilidae
Mytilidae are a family of small to large marine and brackish-water bivalve molluscs in the order Mytilida.
See Mitochondrion and Mytilidae
Myxozoa
Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: μύξα myxa "slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον zoon "animal") is a subphylum of aquatic cnidarian animals – all obligate parasites.
N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.
See Mitochondrion and N-terminus
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.
See Mitochondrion and Neanderthal
Nebenkern
The nebenkern is a mitochondrial formation in the sperm of some insects such as Drosophila.
See Mitochondrion and Nebenkern
New Scientist
New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.
See Mitochondrion and New Scientist
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Mitochondrion and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nitrite
The nitrite ion has the chemical formula.
NLRX1
NLRX1 or NLR family member X1, short for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat containing X1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRX1 gene.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
See Mitochondrion and Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
See Mitochondrion and Nucleotide
Nymphaea alba
Nymphaea alba, the white waterlily, European white water lily or white nenuphar, is an aquatic flowering plant in the family Nymphaeaceae.
See Mitochondrion and Nymphaea alba
Oncocyte
An oncocyte is an epithelial cell characterized by an excessive number of mitochondria, resulting in an abundant acidophilic, granular cytoplasm. Mitochondrion and oncocyte are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Oncocyte
Oncocytoma
An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes, epithelial cells characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria, resulting in an abundant acidophilic, granular cytoplasm.
See Mitochondrion and Oncocytoma
Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary or Etymonline, sometimes abbreviated as OED (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary, which the site often cites), is a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English words, written and compiled by Douglas R. Harper.
See Mitochondrion and Online Etymology Dictionary
Oocyte
An oocyte, oöcyte, or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
Ophthalmoparesis
Ophthalmoparesis refers to weakness (-paresis) or paralysis (-plegia) of one or more extraocular muscles which are responsible for eye movements.
See Mitochondrion and Ophthalmoparesis
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
See Mitochondrion and Organelle
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
See Mitochondrion and Organism
Otto Heinrich Warburg
Otto Heinrich Warburg (8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970), son of physicist Emil Warburg, was a German physiologist, medical doctor, and Nobel laureate.
See Mitochondrion and Otto Heinrich Warburg
OXA1L
Mitochondrial inner membrane protein OXA1L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OXA1L gene located on 14q11.2.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Mitochondrion and Oxford University Press
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK, US) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrion and Oxidative phosphorylation are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
See Mitochondrion and Oxidative stress
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the citric acid cycle.
See Mitochondrion and Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Oxymonad
The Oxymonads (or Oxymonadida) are a group of flagellated protists found exclusively in the intestines of animals, mostly termites and other wood-eating insects.
See Mitochondrion and Oxymonad
Parabasalid
The parabasalids are a group of flagellated protists within the supergroup Excavata.
See Mitochondrion and Parabasalid
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
See Mitochondrion and Parkinson's disease
Paternal mtDNA transmission
In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being passed from a father to his offspring.
See Mitochondrion and Paternal mtDNA transmission
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the host.
See Mitochondrion and Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
Pattern recognition receptor
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system.
See Mitochondrion and Pattern recognition receptor
Paul D. Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (July 31, 1918 – June 2, 2018) was an American biochemist, analytical chemist, and a professor of chemistry at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
See Mitochondrion and Paul D. Boyer
Pearson plc
Pearson plc is a multinational corporation, headquartered in the UK, focused on educational publishing and services.
See Mitochondrion and Pearson plc
Pearson syndrome
Pearson syndrome is a mitochondrial disease characterized by sideroblastic anemia and exocrine pancreas dysfunction.
See Mitochondrion and Pearson syndrome
Pediculus humanus
Pediculus humanus is a species of louse that infects humans.
See Mitochondrion and Pediculus humanus
Pelagibacterales
The Pelagibacterales are an order in the Alphaproteobacteria composed of free-living marine bacteria that make up roughly one in three cells at the ocean's surface.
See Mitochondrion and Pelagibacterales
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.
See Mitochondrion and Pesticide
Peter D. Mitchell
Peter Dennis Mitchell FRS (29 September 1920 – 10 April 1992) was a British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his theory of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.
See Mitochondrion and Peter D. Mitchell
Philip Siekevitz
Philip Siekevitz (February 25, 1918 – December 5, 2009) was an American cell biologist who spent most of his career at Rockefeller University.
See Mitochondrion and Philip Siekevitz
Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.
See Mitochondrion and Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenomics
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics.
See Mitochondrion and Phylogenomics
Pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae.
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.
Plastid
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Mitochondrion and plastid are endosymbiotic events.
Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome.
See Mitochondrion and Point mutation
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA).
See Mitochondrion and Polyadenylation
Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.
See Mitochondrion and Population genetics
Porin (protein)
Porins are beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore, through which molecules can diffuse.
See Mitochondrion and Porin (protein)
Porphyrin
Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.
See Mitochondrion and Porphyrin
Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall was a major American educational publisher.
See Mitochondrion and Prentice Hall
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. Mitochondrion and Programmed cell death are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Programmed cell death
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
See Mitochondrion and Prokaryote
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein complex
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains.
See Mitochondrion and Protein complex
Protein precursor
A protein precursor, also called a pro-protein or pro-peptide, is an inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification, such as breaking off a piece of the molecule or adding on another molecule.
See Mitochondrion and Protein precursor
Protein subunit
In structural biology, a protein subunit is a polypeptide chain or single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with others to form a protein complex.
See Mitochondrion and Protein subunit
Proteome
The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.
See Mitochondrion and Proteome
Protist
A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.
Proto-mitochondrion
The proto-mitochondrion is the hypothetical ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to descend, after an episode of symbiogenesis which created the aerobic eukaryotes. Mitochondrion and proto-mitochondrion are mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Proto-mitochondrion
Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria) is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria.
See Mitochondrion and Pseudomonadota
Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA).
See Mitochondrion and Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. Mitochondrion and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Mitochondrion and Pyruvic acid are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Pyruvic acid
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.
See Mitochondrion and Reactive oxygen species
Recent African origin of modern humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans or the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA) is the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens).
See Mitochondrion and Recent African origin of modern humans
Red blood cell
Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
See Mitochondrion and Red blood cell
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
Respiratory complex I
Respiratory complex I, (also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Type I NADH dehydrogenase and mitochondrial complex I) is the first large protein complex of the respiratory chains of many organisms from bacteria to humans. Mitochondrion and respiratory complex I are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Respiratory complex I
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision.
See Mitochondrion and Retinitis pigmentosa
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells.
See Mitochondrion and Ribosomal RNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
See Mitochondrion and Ribosome
Richard Altmann
Richard Altmann (12 March 1852 – 8 December 1900) was a German pathologist and histologist from Deutsch Eylau in the Province of Prussia.
See Mitochondrion and Richard Altmann
Rickettsia
Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that may occur in the forms of cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), bacilli (1–4 μm long), or threads (up to about 10 μm long).
See Mitochondrion and Rickettsia
RIG-I-like receptor
RIG-I-like receptors (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, RLRs) are a type of intracellular pattern recognition receptor involved in the recognition of viruses by the innate immune system.
See Mitochondrion and RIG-I-like receptor
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
RNA editing
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase.
See Mitochondrion and RNA editing
Rotenone
Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide.
See Mitochondrion and Rotenone
San Diego State University
San Diego State University (SDSU) is a public research university in San Diego, California.
See Mitochondrion and San Diego State University
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.
See Mitochondrion and Schizophrenia
Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
See Mitochondrion and Scientific American
Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
See Mitochondrion and Second messenger system
SERCA
SERCA, or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, or SR Ca2+-ATPase, is a calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase.
Sigma-1 receptor
The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor.
See Mitochondrion and Sigma-1 receptor
Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.
See Mitochondrion and Signal transduction
Spatiotemporal pattern
Spatiotemporal patterns are patterns that occur in a wide range of natural phenoma and are characterized by a spatial and temporal patterning.
See Mitochondrion and Spatiotemporal pattern
Sperm
Sperm (sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one).
Sphingolipid
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, which are a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine.
See Mitochondrion and Sphingolipid
Spinoloricus
Spinoloricus is a genus of nanaloricid loriciferans.
See Mitochondrion and Spinoloricus
Staining
Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level.
See Mitochondrion and Staining
Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
Streblomastix
A symbiotic eukaryote that lives in the hindgut of termites, Streblomastix is a protist associated with a community of ectosymbiotic bacteria.
See Mitochondrion and Streblomastix
Striated muscle tissue
Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres.
See Mitochondrion and Striated muscle tissue
Stroke
Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.
Subcellular localization
The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments.
See Mitochondrion and Subcellular localization
Submitochondrial particle
A submitochondrial particle (SMP) is an artificial vesicle made from the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrion and submitochondrial particle are cellular respiration and mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Submitochondrial particle
Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes.
See Mitochondrion and Succinate dehydrogenase
Sucking louse
Sucking lice (Anoplura, formerly known as Siphunculata) have around 500 species and represent the smaller of the two traditional superfamilies of lice.
See Mitochondrion and Sucking louse
Superoxide
In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula.
See Mitochondrion and Superoxide
Supravital staining
Supravital staining is a method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism.
See Mitochondrion and Supravital staining
Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory) is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. Mitochondrion and Symbiogenesis are endosymbiotic events.
See Mitochondrion and Symbiogenesis
Synaptic vesicle
In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
See Mitochondrion and Synaptic vesicle
Taxus
Taxus is a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs known as yews in the family Taxaceae.
Tether (cell biology)
A tether is a form of cell surface protrusion, separated from the cytoskeleton after the application of low pulling forces to the cell surface membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Tether (cell biology)
TFAM
Mitochondrial transcription factor A, abbreviated as TFAM or mtTFA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAM gene.
Thermogenin
Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial carrier protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Mitochondrion and Thermogenin are cellular respiration and mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Thermogenin
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Mitochondrion and Tissue (biology)
Toll-like receptor 9
Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene.
See Mitochondrion and Toll-like receptor 9
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
See Mitochondrion and Transcription (biology)
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
See Mitochondrion and Transfer RNA
Translocase of the inner membrane
The translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) is a complex of proteins found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
See Mitochondrion and Translocase of the inner membrane
Translocase of the outer membrane
The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) is a complex of proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria.
See Mitochondrion and Translocase of the outer membrane
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
See Mitochondrion and Transmission electron microscopy
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Mitochondrion and Tryptophan
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
See Mitochondrion and Type 2 diabetes
Ubiquinol
A ubiquinol is an electron-rich (reduced) form of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone).
See Mitochondrion and Ubiquinol
Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ''ubiquitously''.
See Mitochondrion and Ubiquitin
Uncoupler
An uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain.
See Mitochondrion and Uncoupler
Uncoupling protein
An uncoupling protein (UCP) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is a regulated proton channel or transporter. Mitochondrion and uncoupling protein are cellular respiration.
See Mitochondrion and Uncoupling protein
Unicellular organism
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells.
See Mitochondrion and Unicellular organism
Uniparental inheritance
Uniparental inheritance is a non-Mendelian form of inheritance that consists of the transmission of genotypes from one parental type to all progeny.
See Mitochondrion and Uniparental inheritance
University of Alabama
The University of Alabama (informally known as Alabama, UA, the Capstone, or Bama) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
See Mitochondrion and University of Alabama
University of Mainz
The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) is a public research university in Mainz, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany.
See Mitochondrion and University of Mainz
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
See Mitochondrion and University of Michigan
University of Wisconsin–Madison
The University of Wisconsin–Madison (University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public land-grant research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.
See Mitochondrion and University of Wisconsin–Madison
VDAC1
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC-1) is a beta barrel protein that in humans is encoded by the VDAC1 gene located on chromosome 5.
Very low-density lipoprotein
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver.
See Mitochondrion and Very low-density lipoprotein
Vimentin
Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene.
See Mitochondrion and Vimentin
Voltage-dependent anion channel
Voltage-dependent anion channels, or mitochondrial porins, are a class of porin ion channel located on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
See Mitochondrion and Voltage-dependent anion channel
Wilson's disease
Wilson's disease (also called Hepatolenticular degeneration) is a genetic disorder characterized by the excess build-up of copper in the body.
See Mitochondrion and Wilson's disease
Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.
See Mitochondrion and Y chromosome
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
Zygote
A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
8-Oxoguanine
8-Oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-oxo-Gua, or OH8Gua) is one of the most common DNA lesions resulting from reactive oxygen species modifying guanine, and can result in a mismatched pairing with adenine resulting in G to T and C to A substitutions in the genome.
See Mitochondrion and 8-Oxoguanine
See also
Endosymbiotic events
- Algae
- Angomonas deanei
- Apicoplast
- Chloroplast
- Dinoflagellate
- Endogenosymbiosis
- Endosymbiont
- Hatena arenicola
- Karyoklepty
- Kleptoplasty
- Mesodinium chamaeleon
- Mesodinium rubrum
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondrion
- Mixotricha paradoxa
- Novymonas
- Nucleomorph
- Palynodinium
- Parakaryon
- Paramecium biaurelia
- Paramecium bursaria
- Plastid
- Plastid evolution
- Strigomonas culicis
- Symbiogenesis
- Viral eukaryogenesis
- Wolbachia
Mitochondria
- Archezoa
- Bcl-xL
- Horizontal transfer of mitochondria
- Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Kinetoplast
- MOTS-c
- Megamitochondria
- Mitochondria associated membranes
- Mitochondrial ROS
- Mitochondrial calcium uniporter
- Mitochondrial ferritin
- Mitochondrial fission factor
- Mitochondrial genetics
- Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
- Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- Mitochondrial proteins
- Mitochondrial unfolded protein response
- Mitochondrion
- Mitoplast
- Mitotrope
- Mother's curse
- Oncocyte
- Phomoxanthone A
- Programmed cell death
- Proto-mitochondrion
- SkQ
- Submitochondrial particle
- TIM/TOM complex
- Thermogenin
- Warburg hypothesis
References
Also known as Amitochondriate, Bioblast, Cell powerhouse, Chondriome, Chondrosome, Chromosome mitochondria (human), Evolution of mitochondria, Evolutionary origin of mitochondria, Intermembrane space of mitochondria, Intermitochondrial space, Intracristal space, Mitochondria, Mitochondria membrane, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial decay, Mitochondrial intermembrane space, Mitochondrial membrane, Mitochondrial outer membrane, Mitochondrial peripheral space, Mitochondrial proteins, Mitochondrian, Mitochondrium, Mitochrondria, Mitochrondrion, Mitocondria, Mitrochondria, Mitrochondrion, Mitrocondria, Oocyte mitochondry, Outer mitochondrial membrane, Power house of the cell, Power-house of the cell, Powerhouse of the cell, The power house of the cell, The power-house of the cell, The powerhouse of the cell.
, Cell (biology), Cell cycle, Cell division, Cell fractionation, Cell growth, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell signaling, Cellular differentiation, Cellular noise, Cellular respiration, Centrifugation, CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, Chemical energy, Chemiosmosis, Chromosome, Citric acid, Citric acid cycle, Claudius Regaud, Coenzyme A, Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase, Coenzyme Q10, Concentration, Conifer, CoRR hypothesis, CpG site, Crista, Cryogenic electron tomography, Cryptosporidium, Cyanide, Cytochrome, Cytochrome c, Cytochrome c oxidase, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Damage-associated molecular pattern, David Keilin, Dementia, Dephosphorylation, Diabetes, Dictyostelium, Dinoflagellate, Diplomonad, DNA, DNA damage (naturally occurring), DNA mismatch repair, DNA repair, Dominance (genetics), Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, Egg cell, Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemistry, Electron transport chain, Embryo, Endocrine disease, Endocytosis, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endosymbiont, Enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Epilepsy, Eugene P. Kennedy, Eukaryote, Evolutionary biology, F-ATPase, Facilitated diffusion, Fatty acid, Fermentation, Fission (biology), Flagellum, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, Fluorescence microscope, Formyl peptide receptor, Friedreich's ataxia, Fritz Albert Lipmann, Fumaric acid, Fungus, Gene, Genetic code, Genetic recombination, Genome, Gibbs free energy, Glucagon, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose, Glycerol phosphate shuttle, Glycine cleavage system, Glycolysis, Gram-negative bacteria, Greek language, Guanine, Guanosine triphosphate, Hans Krebs (biochemist), Haplotype, Heart, Heart failure, Heinrich Otto Wieland, Heme, Henneguya zschokkei, Hepatocyte, Hereditary spastic paraplegia, Heteroplasmy, Homeostasis, Homologous recombination, Homology (biology), Hormone, Human evolutionary genetics, Human mitochondrial genetics, Hydrogen ion, Hydrogenosome, Hydroxylation, Immune system, Innate immune system, Inner mitochondrial membrane, Inositol trisphosphate receptor, Integral membrane protein, Intermembrane space, Intron, Invertebrate, Ion, Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Isocitric acid, Α-Ketoglutaric acid, Janus Green B, John E. Walker, Kearns–Sayre syndrome, Kynurenine, Lactic acid, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leonor Michaelis, Lexico, Ligase, Lipid, Lipid bilayer, Lipoic acid, Lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase, Long branch attraction, Loricifera, Lynn Margulis, Lysophospholipase, Magnetococcales, Malate–aspartate shuttle, Malic acid, Malignant transformation, Mallophaga, Mammal, MELAS syndrome, Membrane potential, Membrane transport protein, MERRF syndrome, Messenger RNA, Metabolism, Metabolite, Metamonad, Microglia, Micrograph, Microhomology-mediated end joining, Micrometre, Microsporidia, Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, Mitochondrial biogenesis, Mitochondrial calcium uniporter, Mitochondrial disease, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial Eve, Mitochondrial fission, Mitochondrial fusion, Mitochondrial matrix, Mitochondrial membrane transport protein, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Mitochondrial replacement therapy, Mitochondrial theory of ageing, Mitophagy, Mitoplast, Mitosome, Molecular clock, Monoamine oxidase, Monocercomonoides, MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Muller's ratchet, Multicellular organism, Murinae, Muscle, Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, Myofibril, Myopathy, Mytilidae, Myxozoa, N-terminus, Neanderthal, Nebenkern, New Scientist, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nitrite, NLRX1, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nucleotide, Nymphaea alba, Oncocyte, Oncocytoma, Online Etymology Dictionary, Oocyte, Ophthalmoparesis, Organelle, Organism, Otto Heinrich Warburg, OXA1L, Oxford University Press, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxidative stress, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, Oxygen, Oxymonad, Parabasalid, Parkinson's disease, Paternal mtDNA transmission, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern, Pattern recognition receptor, Paul D. Boyer, Pearson plc, Pearson syndrome, Pediculus humanus, Pelagibacterales, Peptide, Pesticide, Peter D. Mitchell, Philip Siekevitz, Phylogenetic tree, Phylogenomics, Pine, Plant, Plastid, Point mutation, Polyadenylation, Population genetics, Porin (protein), Porphyrin, Prentice Hall, Programmed cell death, Prokaryote, Protein, Protein complex, Protein precursor, Protein subunit, Proteome, Protist, Proto-mitochondrion, Pseudomonadota, Pyruvate carboxylase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Pyruvic acid, Reactive oxygen species, Recent African origin of modern humans, Red blood cell, Redox, Respiratory complex I, Retinitis pigmentosa, Ribosomal RNA, Ribosome, Richard Altmann, Rickettsia, RIG-I-like receptor, RNA, RNA editing, Rotenone, San Diego State University, Schizophrenia, Scientific American, Second messenger system, SERCA, Sigma-1 receptor, Signal transduction, Spatiotemporal pattern, Sperm, Sphingolipid, Spinoloricus, Staining, Steroid, Streblomastix, Striated muscle tissue, Stroke, Subcellular localization, Submitochondrial particle, Succinate dehydrogenase, Sucking louse, Superoxide, Supravital staining, Symbiogenesis, Synaptic vesicle, Taxus, Tether (cell biology), TFAM, Thermogenin, Tissue (biology), Toll-like receptor 9, Transcription (biology), Transfer RNA, Translocase of the inner membrane, Translocase of the outer membrane, Transmission electron microscopy, Tryptophan, Type 2 diabetes, Ubiquinol, Ubiquitin, Uncoupler, Uncoupling protein, Unicellular organism, Uniparental inheritance, University of Alabama, University of Mainz, University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin–Madison, VDAC1, Very low-density lipoprotein, Vimentin, Voltage-dependent anion channel, Wilson's disease, Y chromosome, Yeast, Zygote, 8-Oxoguanine.