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Race and intelligence

Index Race and intelligence

The connection between race and intelligence has been a subject of debate in both popular science and academic research since the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century. [1]

161 relations: Abecedarian Early Intervention Project, Acting white, Adoption, Adoption study, Affirmative action, African-American family structure, Alan Templeton, Alcohol, Alfred Binet, American Anthropological Association, American Psychological Association, Anemia, Arthur de Gobineau, Arthur Jensen, Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence, Asphyxia, Audrey M. Shuey, Behavioral epigenetics, Behavioural genetics, Bioecological model, Breastfeeding, C. Loring Brace, Cambridge University Press, Carl Brigham, Channel 4, Charles Murray (political scientist), Circumstantial evidence, Cluster analysis, Colonialism, Compensatory education, Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, Copenhagen Consensus, Crack epidemic, David Marks (psychologist), Developmental Review, Dishabituation, Donald T. Campbell, Double standard, Drug, Earl B. Hunt, East Asia, Education, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Effect size, Effort optimism, Endocrine disease, Ethics, Eugenics, Feedback, Flynn effect, ..., Franz Boas, G factor (psychometrics), Gene Weltfish, Germans, Gifted education, Globalization, Graduate Record Examinations, Hans Eysenck, Hate group, Head Start (program), Henk van der Flier, How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?, In utero, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Inequality by Design, Infection, Intelligence quotient, Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, Iodine deficiency, IQ and Global Inequality, IQ and the Wealth of Nations, J. Philippe Rushton, James Flynn (academic), Joseph Fagan, Joseph L. Graves, Journal of Black Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Lead, Lead poisoning, Lewis Terman, Linda Gottfredson, Lineage (evolution), Low birth weight, Madison Grant, Mainstream Science on Intelligence, Malaria, Malnutrition, Master race, Meningitis, Mental chronometry, Minimum wage, Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study, Model minority, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Nature (journal), Nazism, New York University Press, Nicholas Mackintosh, No Child Left Behind Act, Noam Chomsky, Nordic race, Nutrition, One-drop rule, Outline of human intelligence, Parasitism, Pearson Education, Phenotypic trait, Pioneer Fund, Popular science, PsycINFO, Publication bias, Quantitative genetics, Quantitative trait locus, Race (human categorization), Racial discrimination, Racial inequality in the United States, Racial Integrity Act of 1924, Racism, Rageh Omaar, Research, Richard E. Nisbett, Richard Herrnstein, Richard Lynn, Robert Plomin, Robert Yerkes, Ruth Benedict, SAGE Publications, Sampling (statistics), SAT, Scientific racism, Slavery, Slavs, Social Darwinism, Socioeconomics, Somalis, Southern Poverty Law Center, Standard deviation, Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, Stephen J. Ceci, Stephen Jay Gould, Stereotype, Stereotype threat, Steven Rose, Subspecies, Tatu Vanhanen, The Atlantic, The Bell Curve, The Bell Curve Debate, The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability, The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy (book), The Mismeasure of Man, Thomas Jefferson, Twin study, United States, University of Chicago Press, Wendy M. Williams, Western world, White supremacy, Wickliffe Draper, William Shockley, Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Expand index (111 more) »

Abecedarian Early Intervention Project

The Carolina Abecedarian Project was a controlled experiment that was conducted in 1972 in North Carolina, United States, by the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute to study the potential benefits of early childhood education for poor children to enhance school readiness.

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Acting white

In the United States, acting white is a pejorative term, usually applied to black people, which refers to a person's perceived betrayal of their culture by assuming the social expectations of white society.

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Adoption

Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents, and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parent or parents.

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Adoption study

Adoption studies are one of the classic tools of behavioral genetics.

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Affirmative action

Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.

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African-American family structure

The family structure of African-Americans has long been a matter of national public policy interest.

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Alan Templeton

Alan R. Templeton is an American geneticist and statistician at Washington University in St. Louis, where he is the Charles Rebstock emeritus professor of biology, and also at the University of Haifa, where he holds a professorship in the Institute of Evolution and the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology.

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Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.

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Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet (July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test.

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American Anthropological Association

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology.

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American Psychological Association

The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with around 117,500 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.

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Anemia

Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

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Arthur de Gobineau

Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French aristocrat who is best known today for helping to legitimise racism by use of scientific racist theory and "racial demography" and for his developing the theory of the Aryan master race.

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Arthur Jensen

Arthur Robert Jensen (August 24, 1923 – October 22, 2012) was an American psychologist and author.

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Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence

Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence, often referred to as the "Jewish Genius", is a subject that explores why Ashkenazi Jews tend to have a higher intelligence than all other ethnic groups and excel disproportionately in many fields, and has been an occasional subject of scientific controversy.

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Asphyxia

Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing.

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Audrey M. Shuey

Audrey M. Shuey (1910–1977) was an American academic.

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Behavioral epigenetics

Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal (including human) behaviour.

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Behavioural genetics

Behavioural genetics also referred to as behaviour genetics, is a field of scientific research that uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behaviour.

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Bioecological model

The bioecological model is a theoretical model of gene–environment interactions in human development.

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Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast.

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C. Loring Brace

Charles Loring Brace IV (born 1930) is an American anthropologist, Professor Emeritus at the University of Michigan's Department of Anthropology and Curator Emeritus at the University's Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Carl Brigham

Carl Campbell Brigham (4 May 1890 – 24 January 1943) was a professor of psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology and pioneer in the field of psychometrics.

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Channel 4

Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982.

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Charles Murray (political scientist)

Charles Alan Murray (born January 8, 1943) is an American political scientist, author, and columnist.

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Circumstantial evidence

Circumstantial evidence is evidence that relies on an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact—like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime.

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Cluster analysis

Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters).

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country and of helping the colonies modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion and health.

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Compensatory education

Compensatory education offers supplementary programs or services designed to help children at risk of cognitive impairment and low educational achievement succeed.

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Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome

Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, previously known as Cretinism, is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.

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Copenhagen Consensus

Copenhagen Consensus is a project that seeks to establish priorities for advancing global welfare using methodologies based on the theory of welfare economics, using cost–benefit analysis.

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Crack epidemic

The American crack epidemic was a surge of crack cocaine use in major cities across the United States between the early 1980s and the early 1990s.

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David Marks (psychologist)

David Francis Marks (born 1945) is a psychologist, author and editor of twenty-five books largely concerned with four areas of psychological research – health psychology, consciousness, parapsychology and intelligence.

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Developmental Review

Developmental Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which publishes review articles in the field of developmental psychology.

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Dishabituation

Dishabituation (or dehabituation) is a form of recovered or restored behavioral response wherein the reaction towards a known stimulus is enhanced, as opposed to habituation.

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Donald T. Campbell

Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 – May 5, 1996) was an American social scientist.

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Double standard

A double standard is the application of different sets of principles for similar situations.

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Drug

A drug is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body.

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Earl B. Hunt

Earl B. Hunt (January 8, 1933 – April 12 or 13, 2016) was an American psychologist specializing in the study of human and artificial intelligence.

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East Asia

East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system." terms.

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Education

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

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Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis

Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of educational policy analysis.

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Effect size

In statistics, an effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.

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Effort optimism

Effort optimism is the confidence that acquiring the skills valued by majority society, such as those skills measured by IQ tests, ACT, and SATs, are worthwhile.

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Endocrine disease

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system.

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Ethics

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.

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Eugenics

Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population.

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Feedback

Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.

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Flynn effect

The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century.

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Franz Boas

Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".

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G factor (psychometrics)

The g factor (also known as general intelligence, general mental ability or general intelligence factor) is a construct developed in psychometric investigations of cognitive abilities and human intelligence.

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Gene Weltfish

Gene Weltfish (born Regina Weltfish) (August 7, 1902 – August 2, 1980) was an American anthropologist and historian working at Columbia University from 1928 to 1953.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Gifted education

Gifted education (also known as Gifted and Talented Education (GATE), Talented and Gifted (TAG), or G/T) is a broad term for special practices, procedures, and theories used in the education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented.

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Globalization

Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Graduate Record Examinations

The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most graduate schools in the United States.

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Hans Eysenck

Hans Jürgen Eysenck, PhD, DSc (4 March 1916 – 4 September 1997) was a German-born English psychologist who spent his professional career in Great Britain.

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Hate group

A hate group is a social group that advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, nation, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation or any other designated sector of society.

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Head Start (program)

Head Start is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families.

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Henk van der Flier

Hendrik (Henk) van der Flier (born 1945) is a Dutch psychologist, and Professor of Work and Organizational Psychology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and at its Kurt Lewin Institute (KLI), known for his work on comparability of psychological test performances.

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How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?

"How Much Can We Boost IQ and Achievement?" is a 1969 article by Arthur Jensen published in the Harvard Educational Review.

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In utero

In utero is a Latin term literally meaning "in the womb" or "in the uterus".

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

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Inequality by Design

Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth is a 1996 book by Claude S. Fischer, Michael Hout, Martín Sánchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, Ann Swidler, and Kim Voss.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Intelligence quotient

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.

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Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns

Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns is a report issued in 1995 by a task force created by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association (APA).

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Iodine deficiency

Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet.

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IQ and Global Inequality

IQ and Global Inequality is a 2006 book by psychologist Richard Lynn and political scientist Tatu Vanhanen.

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IQ and the Wealth of Nations

IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a 2002 book by psychologist Richard Lynn and political scientist Tatu Vanhanen.

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J. Philippe Rushton

John Philippe Rushton (December 3, 1943 – October 2, 2012) was a Canadian psychologist and author.

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James Flynn (academic)

James Robert Flynn FRSNZ (born 1934) is a New Zealand intelligence researcher.

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Joseph Fagan

Joseph F. Fagan III (September 7, 1941 in Hartford, Connecticut—August 10, 2013 in Cleveland, Ohio) was an American psychologist and the Lucy Adams Leffingwell Professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University from 1990 until his death in 2013.

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Joseph L. Graves

Joseph L. Graves, Jr. (born 1955), is an American Scientist and the Associate Dean for Research and Professor of Biological Studies at the Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering which is jointly administered by North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and UNC Greensboro.

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Journal of Black Psychology

The Journal of Black Psychology is a quarterly psychology journal published by the Association of Black Psychologists.

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Journal of Educational Psychology

The Journal of Educational Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1910 and covers educational psychology.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.

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Lewis Terman

Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21, 1956) was an American psychologist and author.

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Linda Gottfredson

Linda Susanne Gottfredson (née Howarth; born June 24, 1947) is an American psychologist and writer.

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Lineage (evolution)

An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of organisms, populations, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendent.

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Low birth weight

Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of a infant of 2,499 g or less, regardless of gestational age.

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Madison Grant

Madison Grant (November 19, 1865 – May 30, 1937) was an American lawyer, writer, and zoologist known primarily for his work as a eugenicist and conservationist.

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Mainstream Science on Intelligence

"Mainstream Science on Intelligence" was a public statement issued by a group of academic researchers in fields associated with intelligence testing that claimed to present those findings widely accepted in the expert community.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.

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Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.

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Master race

The master race (die Herrenrasse) is a concept in Nazi and Neo-Nazi ideology in which the Nordic or Aryan races, predominant among Germans and other northern European peoples, are deemed the highest in racial hierarchy.

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Meningitis

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.

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Mental chronometry

Mental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations.

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Minimum wage

A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their workers.

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Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study

The Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study examined the IQ test scores of 130 black or interracial children adopted by advantaged white families.

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Model minority

A model minority is a demographic group (whether based on ethnicity, race or religion) whose members are perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.

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National Assessment of Educational Progress

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is the largest continuing and nationally representative assessment of what U.S. students know and can do in various subjects.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Nazism

National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.

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New York University Press

New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.

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Nicholas Mackintosh

Nicholas John Seymour Mackintosh, (9 July 1935 – 8 February 2015) was a British experimental psychologist and author, specialising in intelligence, psychometrics and animal learning.

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No Child Left Behind Act

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001(NCLB) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students.

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Noam Chomsky

Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist.

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Nordic race

The Nordic race was one of the putative sub-races into which some late-19th to mid-20th-century anthropologists divided the Caucasian race.

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Nutrition

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.

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One-drop rule

The one-drop rule is a social and legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States asserting that any person with even one ancestor of sub-Saharan African ancestry ("one drop" of black blood)Davis, F. James.

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Outline of human intelligence

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human intelligence: Human intelligence is, in the human species, the mental capacities to learn, understand, and reason, including the capacities to comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems, and use language to communicate.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Pearson Education

Pearson Education (see also Pearson PLC) is a British-owned education publishing and assessment service to schools and corporations, as well as directly to students.

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Phenotypic trait

A phenotypic trait, or simply trait, is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.

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Pioneer Fund

Pioneer Fund is an American non-profit foundation established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences".

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Popular science

Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience.

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PsycINFO

PsycINFO is a database of abstracts of literature in the field of psychology.

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Publication bias

Publication bias is a type of bias that occurs in published academic research.

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Quantitative genetics

Quantitative genetics is a branch of population genetics that deals with phenotypes that vary continuously (in characters such as height or mass)—as opposed to discretely identifiable phenotypes and gene-products (such as eye-colour, or the presence of a particular biochemical).

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Quantitative trait locus

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a section of DNA (the locus) which correlates with variation in a phenotype (the quantitative trait).

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Race (human categorization)

A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.

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Racial discrimination

Racial discrimination refers to discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race.

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Racial inequality in the United States

Racial inequality in the United States refers to social advantages and disparities that affect different races within the United States.

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Racial Integrity Act of 1924

On March 20, 1924, the Virginia General Assembly passed two laws that had arisen out of contemporary concerns about eugenics and race: SB 219, titled "The Racial Integrity Act" and SB 281, "An ACT to provide for the sexual sterilization of inmates of State institutions in certain cases", henceforth referred to as "The Sterilization Act".

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Racism

Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Rageh Omaar

Rageh Omaar (Raage Oomaar; راجح عمر; born 19 July 1967) is a Somali-born British journalist and writer.

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Research

Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.

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Richard E. Nisbett

Richard Eugene Nisbett (born 1941) is an American social psychologist and writer.

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Richard Herrnstein

Richard J. Herrnstein (May 20, 1930 – September 13, 1994) was an American psychologist and sociologist.

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Richard Lynn

Richard Lynn (born 20 February 1930) is an English psychologist and author.

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Robert Plomin

Robert J. Plomin, FBA (born 1948) is an American psychologist and geneticist best known for his work in twin studies and behavior genetics.

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Robert Yerkes

Robert Mearns Yerkes (May 26, 1876 – February 3, 1956) was an American psychologist, ethologist, eugenicist and primatologist best known for his work in intelligence testing and in the field of comparative psychology.

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Ruth Benedict

Ruth Fulton Benedict (June 5, 1887September 17, 1948) was an American anthropologist and folklorist.

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SAGE Publications

SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California.

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Sampling (statistics)

In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

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SAT

The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism (sometimes referred to as race biology, racial biology, or race realism) is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

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Slavery

Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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Slavs

Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.

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Social Darwinism

The term Social Darwinism is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society.

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Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.

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Somalis

Somalis (Soomaali, صوماليون) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula).

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Southern Poverty Law Center

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation.

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Standard deviation

In statistics, the standard deviation (SD, also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.

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Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales

The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales (or more commonly the Stanford–Binet) is an individually administered intelligence test that was revised from the original Binet–Simon Scale by Lewis M. Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University.

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Stephen J. Ceci

Stephen J. Ceci is an American psychologist at Cornell University.

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Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.

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Stereotype

In social psychology, a stereotype is an over-generalized belief about a particular category of people.

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Stereotype threat

Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group.

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Steven Rose

Steven Peter Russell Rose (born 4 July 1938) is an English neuroscientist, author, and social commentator.

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Subspecies

In biological classification, the term subspecies refers to a unity of populations of a species living in a subdivision of the species’s global range and varies from other populations of the same species by morphological characteristics.

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Tatu Vanhanen

Tatu Vanhanen (17 April 1929 – 22 August 2015) was a Finnish political scientist and author.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts.

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The Bell Curve

The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is a 1994 book by psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murray, in which the authors argue that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and that it is a better predictor of many personal dynamics, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status.

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The Bell Curve Debate

The Bell Curve Debate is a 1995 book edited by University of California, Los Angeles historian Russell Jacoby and writer Naomi Glauberman.

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The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability

The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability is a 1998 book by psychologist Arthur Jensen.

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The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy (book)

The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy is a book published by Smith College professor emeritus Stanley Rothman and Harvard researcher Mark Snyderman in 1988.

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The Mismeasure of Man

The Mismeasure of Man is a 1981 book by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Twin study

Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.

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Wendy M. Williams

Wendy M. Williams (born 1960) is a psychologist and professor known for her research in the fields of intelligence with regards to training and development.

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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White supremacy

White supremacy or white supremacism is a racist ideology based upon the belief that white people are superior in many ways to people of other races and that therefore white people should be dominant over other races.

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Wickliffe Draper

Wickliffe Draper (August 9, 1891 – 1972) was an American political activist and philanthropist.

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William Shockley

William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor.

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Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities

The Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities is a set of intelligence tests first developed in 1977 by Richard Woodcock and Mary E. Bonner Johnson.

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Human neurological uniformity, IQ and Race, IQ and race, Intelligence and race, Intelligence by race, Intelligence of black people, Media portrayal of intelligence differences, Media portrayal of race and intelligence, Race & intelligence, Race And Intelligence, Race and IQ, Race and IQ Scores, Race and Intelligence, Race and intellect, Race and intelligence (Accusations of bias), Race and intelligence (Average gaps among races), Race and intelligence (Average intelligence gaps among races), Race and intelligence (Controversies), Race and intelligence (Culture-only or partially-genetic explanation), Race and intelligence (Explanations), Race and intelligence (Media portrayal), Race and intelligence (Potential for bias), Race and intelligence (Public controversy), Race and intelligence (Research), Race and intelligence (Utility of research), Race and intelligence (accusations of bias), Race and intelligence (average gaps among races), Race and intelligence (explanations), Race and intelligence (history), Race and intelligence (interpretations), Race and intelligence (media portrayal), Race and intelligence (potential for bias), Race and intelligence (practical importance), Race and intelligence (public controversy), Race and intelligence (research), Race and intelligence (significance), Race and intelligence (test data), Race and intelligence (utility of research), Race and intelligence research, Race and intelligence/References, Race differences in g, RaceandIQ, Racial and ethnic differences in intelligence, Racial and ethnic group differences in intelligence, Racial differences in IQ, Racial differences in intelligence, Racial gaps in intelligence, Socio-Economics And Intelligence, Socio-economics and Intelligence, Socio-economics and intelligence.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence

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