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147 relations: "Polish death camp" controversy, Adam Daniel Rotfeld, Adam Michnik, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Allies of World War II, Anthony Eden, Armia Krajowa Cross, Arthur Koestler, Auschwitz concentration camp, Łódź, Baltimore Hebrew University, Barack Obama, Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, Bełżec extermination camp, Belgian Resistance, Bermuda Conference, Bill Clinton, Bogdan Borusewicz, Bronisław Geremek, Bronisław Komorowski, Claude Lanzmann, Collier's, Congress Poland, Cordell Hull, Cyryl Ratajski, Dagoberto Valdés Hernández, Darkness at Noon, David Strathairn, E. Thomas Wood, Edward Bernard Raczyński, Edward Bernays, Elie Wiesel, Extermination camp, Felix Frankfurter, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fulbright Program, General Government, General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland, Georgetown University, Gestapo, Google Cultural Institute, Government Delegation for Poland, Home Army, Honorary degree, Hoover Institution, Invasion of Poland, Irena Sendler, Israel, Izbica, Jacek Kuroń, ..., Józef Beck, Józef Cyrankiewicz, Józef Piłsudski, Jerusalem, Karol Modzelewski, Katyn massacre, Kielce, Kraków Army, Kraków Cavalry Brigade, Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy), League of Nations, Lech Wałęsa, Leon Feiner, List of Righteous Among the Nations by country, Madeleine Albright, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Michael Schudrich, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland), Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Mount Olivet Cemetery (Washington, D.C.), Museum of Polish History, National Party (Poland), Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, Nazi concentration camps, Nazi Germany, Nazism, Nowy Sącz, Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Oregon State University, Oriana Fallaci, Paul Tagliabue, People's Party (Poland), Poale Zion, Pola Nirenska, Poles, Polish government-in-exile, Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish Righteous Among the Nations, Polish Socialist Party, Polish Underground State, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Prisoner of war, Prix du roman Fnac, Prix Interallié, Pseudonym, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, Resistance during World War II, Resistance movement, Righteous Among the Nations, Ryszard Schnepf, Samuel Stritch, Service for Poland's Victory, Shimon Peres, Shoah (film), Stanisław Dziwisz, State Publishing Institute PIW, Stephen Samuel Wise, Szmul Zygielbojm, Tadeusz Iwiński, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Tatra Mountains, Tel Aviv University, The Guardian, The Holocaust, The Holocaust in Poland, The Lemberg Mosaic, The Times, Tygodnik Powszechny, Ukraine, Union of Armed Struggle, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States Senate, University of Łódź, University of Michigan, University of Warsaw, Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor, Victor Martin, Virtuti Militari, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Wallenberg Medal, Wanda Urbanska, Warsaw, Warsaw Ghetto, Washington, D.C., Władysław Bartoszewski, Władysław Sikorski, William J. Donovan, Witold Pilecki, World War II, Yad Vashem, Yalta Conference, Yannick Haenel, Zbigniew Brzezinski. Expand index (97 more) »
"Polish death camp" controversy
"Polish death camp" and "Polish concentration camp" are misnomers that have been a subject of controversy and legislation.
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Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Adam Daniel Rotfeld (born 4 March 1938) is a Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland from 5 January 2005 until 31 October 2005 when a change of government took place.
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Adam Michnik
Adam Michnik (born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former dissident, public intellectual, and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza.
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Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Aleksander Kwaśniewski (born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician and journalist.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Anthony Eden
Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British Conservative politician who served three periods as Foreign Secretary and then a relatively brief term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957.
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Armia Krajowa Cross
Armia Krajowa Cross (Home Army Cross; Krzyż Armii Krajowej) is a Polish military decoration that was introduced by General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski on 1 August 1966 to commemorate the efforts of the soldiers of the Polish Secret State between 1939 and 1945.
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Arthur Koestler
Arthur Koestler, (Kösztler Artúr; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist.
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Auschwitz concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.
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Łódź
Łódź (לאדזש, Lodzh; also written as Lodz) is the third-largest city in Poland and an industrial hub.
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Baltimore Hebrew University
Baltimore Hebrew University was founded as Baltimore Hebrew College and Teachers Training School in 1919 to promote Jewish scholarship and academic excellence.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.
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Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski
The Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski took place from 18 September to 20 September 1939 near the town of Tomaszów Lubelski.
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Bełżec extermination camp
Bełżec (in Belzec) was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to eradicate Polish Jewry, a key part of the "Final Solution" which entailed the murder of some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.
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Belgian Resistance
The Belgian Resistance (Résistance belge, Belgisch verzet) collectively refers to the resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II.
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Bermuda Conference
The Bermuda Conference was an international conference between the United Kingdom and the United States held from April 19, 1943, through April 30, 1943, at Hamilton, Bermuda.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
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Bogdan Borusewicz
Bogdan Michał Borusewicz, (born 11 January 1949) was the Marshal in the Polish Senate from 20 October 2005 to 11 November 2015.
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Bronisław Geremek
Professor Bronisław Geremek (born Benjamin Lewertow; 6 March 1932 – 13 July 2008) was a Polish social historian and politician.
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Bronisław Komorowski
Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015.
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Claude Lanzmann
Claude Lanzmann (born 27 November 1925) is a French filmmaker known for the Holocaust documentary film Shoah (1985).
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Collier's
Collier's was an American magazine, founded in 1888 by Peter Fenelon Collier.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.
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Cordell Hull
Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee.
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Cyryl Ratajski
Cyryl Ratajski (3 March 1875, in Zalesie Wielkie – 19 October 1942, in Warsaw) was a Polish politician and lawyer.
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Dagoberto Valdés Hernández
Dagoberto Valdés Hernández (born August 4, 1955 in Pinar del Río province, Cuba) is a Catholic intellectual and the editor and founder of Vitral and “Convivencia” magazines.
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Darkness at Noon
Darkness at Noon (Sonnenfinsternis) is a novel by Hungarian-born British novelist Arthur Koestler, first published in 1940.
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David Strathairn
David Russell Strathairn (born January 26, 1949) is an American actor.
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E. Thomas Wood
E.
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Edward Bernard Raczyński
Count Edward Bernard Raczyński (December 19, 1891 – July 30, 1993) was a Polish diplomat, writer, politician and President of Poland in exile (between 1979 and 1986).
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Edward Bernays
Edward Louis Bernays (November 22, 1891 − March 9, 1995) was an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda, referred to in his obituary as "the father of public relations".
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Elie Wiesel
Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel (’Ēlí‘ézer Vízēl; September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-born American Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor.
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Extermination camp
Nazi Germany built extermination camps (also called death camps or killing centers) during the Holocaust in World War II, to systematically kill millions of Jews, Slavs, Communists, and others whom the Nazis considered "Untermenschen" ("subhumans").
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Felix Frankfurter
Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882February 22, 1965) was an American lawyer, professor, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Fulbright Program
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs whose goal is to improve intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.
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General Government
The General Government (Generalgouvernement, Generalne Gubernatorstwo, Генеральна губернія), also referred to as the General Governorate, was a German zone of occupation established after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II.
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General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
The General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland (אַלגעמײַנער ײדישער אַרבעטער בּונד אין פוילין tr: Algemeyner yidisher arbeter bund in poyln, Ogólno-Żydowski Związek Robotniczy "Bund" w Polsce) was a Jewish socialist party in Poland which promoted the political, cultural and social autonomy of Jewish workers, sought to combat antisemitism and was generally opposed to Zionism.
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Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.
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Gestapo
The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.
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Google Cultural Institute
Google Cultural Institute is an initiative unveiled by Google following the 2011 launch of the Google Arts & Culture (formerly Google Art Project).
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Government Delegation for Poland
The Government Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraj) was an agency of the Polish Government in Exile during World War II.
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Home Army
The Home Army (Armia Krajowa;, abbreviated AK) was the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, during World War II.
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Honorary degree
An honorary degree, in Latin a degree honoris causa ("for the sake of the honor") or ad honorem ("to the honor"), is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived the usual requirements, such as matriculation, residence, a dissertation and the passing of comprehensive examinations.
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Hoover Institution
The Hoover Institution is an American public policy think tank and research institution located at Stanford University in California.
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Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.
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Irena Sendler
Irena Sendler, also referred to as Irena Sendlerowa in Poland, nom de guerre "Jolanta" (15 February 1910 – 12 May 2008), was a Polish social worker and humanitarian who served in the Polish Underground during World War II in German-occupied Warsaw, and from October 1943 was head of the children's section of Żegota, the Polish Council to Aid Jews (Rada Pomocy Żydom).
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Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.
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Izbica
Izbica (איזשביצע Izhbitz, Izhbitze) is a village in the Krasnystaw County of the Lublin Voivodeship in eastern Poland.
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Jacek Kuroń
Jacek Jan Kuroń (3 March 1934 – 17 June 2004) was one of the democratic leaders of opposition in the People's Republic of Poland.
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Józef Beck
Józef Beck (4 October 1894 – 5 June 1944) was a Polish statesman who served the Second Republic of Poland as a diplomat and military officer, and was a close associate of Józef Piłsudski.
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Józef Cyrankiewicz
Józef Cyrankiewicz (April 23, 1911 – January 20, 1989) was a Polish Socialist (PPS) and after 1948 Communist politician.
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Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman; he was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal of Poland" (from 1920), and de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Karol Modzelewski
Karol Modzelewski (born 23 November 1937 in Moscow) is a Polish historian, writer, politician and academic.
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Katyn massacre
The Katyn massacre (zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń massacre" or "Katyn crime"; Катынская резня or Катынский расстрел Katynskij reznya, "Katyn massacre") was a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", the Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940.
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Kielce
Kielce is a city in south central Poland with 199,475 inhabitants.
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Kraków Army
Kraków Army (Armia Kraków) was one of the Polish armies which took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939.
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Kraków Cavalry Brigade
Kraków Cavalry Brigade (Krakowska Brygada Kawalerii) was a unit of the Polish Army, created on April 1, 1937.
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Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy)
Stronnictwo Pracy (Labour Party) was a Polish Christian democratic political party, active from 1937 in the Second Polish Republic and later part of the Polish government in exile.
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League of Nations
The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.
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Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist.
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Leon Feiner
Leon Feiner (nom-de-guerre "Mikołaj" (Michael), "Berezowski") (born 1885 in Krakow, died February 22, 1945 in Lublin) was a Polish-Jewish lawyer, an activist of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland and between November 1944 and January 1945 the director (prezes) and vice-chairman of the Council to Aid Jews "Żegota".
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List of Righteous Among the Nations by country
This is a partial list of some of the most prominent Righteous Among the Nations per country of origin, recognized by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem.
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Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright (born May 15, 1937) is an American politician and diplomat.
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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, UMCS) was founded October 23, 1944 in Lublin.
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MedStar Georgetown University Hospital
MedStar Georgetown University Hospital is one of the national capital area's oldest academic teaching hospitals.
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Michael Schudrich
Michael Joseph Schudrich (born June 15, 1955) is the Chief Rabbi of Poland.
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych) is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.
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Mount Olivet Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Mount Olivet Cemetery is an historic cemetery located at 1300 Bladensburg Road, NE in Washington, D.C. It is maintained by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington.
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Museum of Polish History
The Museum of Polish History or Polish History Museum (Polish: Muzeum Historii Polski) is a museum and national cultural institute in Warsaw, Poland.
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National Party (Poland)
The National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe, SN) was a Polish nationalist political party formed on 7 October 1928 after the transformation of Popular National Union.
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Nativity of Saint John the Baptist
The Nativity of John the Baptist (or Birth of John the Baptist, or Nativity of the Forerunner, or colloquially Johnmas or (in German) Johannistag) is a Christian feast day celebrating the birth of John the Baptist, a prophet who foretold the coming of the Messiah in the person of Jesus, whom he later baptised.
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Nazi concentration camps
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Nowy Sącz
Nowy Sącz is a city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship of southern Poland.
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Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1939–1945) began with the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945.
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Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
The Order of the White Eagle (Order Orła Białego) is Poland's highest order awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits.
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Oregon State University
Oregon State University (OSU) is an international, public research university in the northwest United States, located in Corvallis, Oregon.
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Oriana Fallaci
Oriana Fallaci (29 June 1929 - 15 September 2006) was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer.
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Paul Tagliabue
Paul John Tagliabue (born November 24, 1940) is a former Commissioner of the National Football League.
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People's Party (Poland)
The People's Party (Stronnictwo Ludowe, SL) was a Polish political party, active from 1931 in the Second Polish Republic.
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Poale Zion
Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning "Workers of Zion") was a movement of Marxist–Zionist Jewish workers founded in various cities of Poland, Europe and the Russian Empire in about the turn of the 20th century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901.
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Pola Nirenska
Pola Nirenska (28 July 1910 — 25 July 1992), born Pola Nirensztajn, was a Polish-born Jewish performer of modern dance.
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Poles
The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.
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Polish government-in-exile
The Polish government-in-exile, formally known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of September 1939, and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought to an end the Second Polish Republic.
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Polish resistance movement in World War II
The Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistance movement in all of occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation.
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Polish Righteous Among the Nations
The citizens of Poland have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Yad Vashem of Jerusalem as the Polish Righteous Among the Nations, for saving Jews from extermination during the Holocaust in World War II.
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Polish Socialist Party
The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) was a left-wing Polish political party.
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Polish Underground State
The Polish Underground State (Polskie Państwo Podziemne, also known as the Polish Secret State) is a collective term for the underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian, that were loyal to the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile in London.
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Presidential Medal of Freedom
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Prix du roman Fnac
The prix du roman Fnac is a French literary award established in 2002 by the retail chain Fnac.
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Prix Interallié
The prix Interallié (Interallié Prize), also known simply as l’Interallié, is an annual French literary award, awarded for a novel written by a journalist.
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Pseudonym
A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name (orthonym).
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Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
Polish Jews were the primary victims of the German-organized Holocaust. Throughout the German occupation of Poland, some Poles risked their lives – and the lives of their families – to rescue Jews from the Germans. Poles were, by nationality, the most numerous persons who rescued Jews during the Holocaust. To date, ethnic Poles have been recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous among the Nations – more, by far, than the citizens of any other country. The Home Army (the Polish Resistance) alerted the world to the Holocaust through the reports of Polish Army officer Witold Pilecki, conveyed by Polish Government-in-Exile courier Jan Karski. The Polish Government-in-Exile and the Polish Secret State pleaded, to no avail, for American and British help to stop the Holocaust. Some estimates put the number of Polish rescuers of Jews as high as 3 million, and credit Poles with saving up to some 450,000 Jews, temporarily, from certain death. The rescue efforts were aided by one of the largest resistance movements in Europe, the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Home Army. Supported by the Government Delegation for Poland, these organizations operated special units dedicated to helping Jews; of those units, the most notable was the Żegota Council, based in Warsaw, with branches in Kraków, Wilno, and Lwów. Polish rescuers of Jews were hampered by the most stringent conditions in all of German-occupied Europe. Occupied Poland was the only country where the Germans decreed that any kind of help to Jews was punishable by death for the rescuer and the rescuer's entire family. Of the estimated 3 million non-Jewish Poles killed in World War II, thousands – perhaps as many as 50,000 – were executed by the Germans solely for saving Jews.
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Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust
Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust are those who, during World War II, helped Jews and others escape the Holocaust conducted by Nazi Germany.
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Resistance during World War II
Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns.
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Resistance movement
A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.
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Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations (חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, khasidei umót ha'olám "righteous (plural) of the world's nations") is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis.
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Ryszard Schnepf
Ryszard Schnepf (1951) is a Polish politician and diplomat.
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Samuel Stritch
Samuel Alphonsius Stritch (August 17, 1887 – May 27, 1958) was an American Cardinal prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Service for Poland's Victory
Służba Zwycięstwu Polski (Service for Poland's Victory, or Polish Victory Service, abbreviated SZP) was the first Polish resistance movement in World War II.
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Shimon Peres
Shimon Peres (שמעון פרס,; born Szymon Perski; August 2, 1923 – September 28, 2016) was an Israeli politician who served as the ninth President of Israel (2007–2014), the Prime Minister of Israel (twice), and the Interim Prime Minister, in the 1970s to the 1990s.
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Shoah (film)
Shoah is a 1985 French documentary film about the Holocaust, directed by Claude Lanzmann.
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Stanisław Dziwisz
Stanisław Dziwisz (born 27 April 1939) is a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
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State Publishing Institute PIW
The State Publishing Institute PIW (Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, PIW) is a Polish publishing house founded in Warsaw by the Polish state after World War II, in 1946.
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Stephen Samuel Wise
Stephen Samuel Wise (1874–1949) was an early 20th-century American, Progressive Era, Reform rabbi, and Zionist leader.
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Szmul Zygielbojm
Szmul Zygielbojm (שמואל זיגלבוים; February 21, 1895 – May 11, 1943) was a Jewish-Polish socialist politician, leader of the Bund, and a member of the National Council of the Polish government in exile.
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Tadeusz Iwiński
Tadeusz Iwiński (pronounced; born October 28, 1944 in Piastów) is a Polish politician.
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Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Tadeusz Mazowiecki; (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist Polish prime minister since 1946.
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Tatra Mountains
The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra (Tatry either in Slovak or in Polish- plurale tantum), is a mountain range that forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland.
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Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University (TAU) (אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת תֵּל-אָבִיב Universitat Tel Aviv) is a public research university in the neighborhood of Ramat Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.
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The Holocaust in Poland
The Holocaust in German-occupied Poland was the last and most lethal phase of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage), marked by the construction of death camps on German-occupied Polish soil.
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The Lemberg Mosaic
The Lemberg Mosaic, subtitled the "Memoirs of Two who Survived the Destruction of Jewish Galicia," is a book on the Holocaust by Jakob Weiss.
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The Times
The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.
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Tygodnik Powszechny
Tygodnik Powszechny (The Catholic Weekly) is a Polish Roman Catholic weekly magazine, published in Kraków, which focuses on social and cultural issues.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Union of Armed Struggle
Związek Walki Zbrojnej (abbreviation: ZWZ; Union of Armed Struggle; also translated as Union for Armed Struggle, Association of Armed Struggle or Association for Armed Struggle) was an underground army formed in Poland following its invasion in September 1939 by Germany and the Soviet Union that opened World War II.
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations programme with the mandate to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.
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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust.
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United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.
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University of Łódź
The University of Łódź (Polish: Uniwersytet Łódzki, Latin: Universitas Lodziensis) is a public research university founded in 1945 in Łódź, Poland, as a continuation of educational institutions functioning in Łódź in the interwar period — the Teacher Training Institute (1921–1928), the Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences (1924–1928) and a division of the Free Polish University (1928–1939).
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University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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University of Warsaw
The University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Universitas Varsoviensis), established in 1816, is the largest university in Poland.
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Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor
Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor (Вячеслав Моше Кантор, born on September 8, 1953 in Moscow) is an international public figure, a Jewish leader, businessman, peace activist and philanthropist, who actively participates in the promotion of tolerance and reconciliation in the modern world.
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Victor Martin
Victor Martin (19 January 1912 – November 1989) was a Belgian academic sociologist, known for his involvement with the Belgian Resistance during World War II.
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Virtuti Militari
The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: "For Military Virtue", Polish: Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war.
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Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Володимир-Волинський, Włodzimierz Wołyński, Влади́мир-Волы́нский, לודמיר, Lodomeria) is a small city located in Volyn Oblast, in north-western Ukraine.
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Wallenberg Medal
The Wallenberg Medal of the University of Michigan is awarded to outstanding humanitarians whose actions on behalf of the defenseless and oppressed reflect the heroic commitment and sacrifice of Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish diplomat who rescued tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest during the closing months of World War II.
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Wanda Urbanska
Wanda Urbanska is an author and television host, and a media, public relations and political strategist.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.
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Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto (Warschauer Ghetto, officially Jüdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau Jewish Residential District in Warsaw; getto warszawskie) was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Władysław Bartoszewski
Władysław Bartoszewski (19 February 1922 – 24 April 2015) was a Polish politician, social activist, journalist, writer and historian.
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Władysław Sikorski
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (20 May 1881 – 4 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.
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William J. Donovan
William Joseph Donovan (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat.
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Witold Pilecki
Witold Pilecki (13 May 190125 May 1948;; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a Polish cavalryman and intelligence officer.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a monument and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.
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Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference and code named the Argonaut Conference, held from 4 to 11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Germany and Europe's postwar reorganization.
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Yannick Haenel
Yannick Haenel (born 1967, Rennes) is a French writer, cofounder of the literary magazine.
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Zbigniew Brzezinski
Zbigniew Kazimierz "Zbig" Brzezinski (March 28, 1928 – May 26, 2017) was a Polish-American diplomat and political scientist.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Karski
