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124 relations: Action potential, Adrenaline, Allergy, Amide, Amino esters, Amniocentesis, Amylocaine, Analgesic, Anesthesia, Anesthetic, Anticonvulsant, Articaine, Ascites, August Bier, Base (chemistry), Benzocaine, Bleeding, Blood, Brachial plexus block, Bronchoscopy, Buffer solution, Bupivacaine, Bupropion, Butyrylcholinesterase, Cardiac arrest, Cell membrane, Central nervous system, Cerebrospinal fluid, Chloroprocaine, Chronic pain, Cinchocaine, Cirrhosis, Coca, Cocaine, Coma, Combination drug, Cyanosis, Cyclomethycaine, Cystoscopy, Dentistry, Dimethocaine, Dimethyl sulfoxide, End artery, Endoscopy, Epidural administration, Epidural space, Etidocaine, Eugenol, Evan Flatow, Extracellular, ..., Fidel Pagés, General anaesthesia, General anaesthetic, Heart, Hematoma, Hypertension, Hypoxia (medical), Infiltration (medical), Intracellular, Intravenous regional anesthesia, Ion channel, Iontocaine, Iontophoresis, Lamotrigine, Levobupivacaine, Lidocaine, Lidocaine/prilocaine, Lipid emulsion, List of cocaine analogues, List of local anesthetics, Local anesthesia, Local anesthetic, Local anesthetic nerve block, Medication, Menthol, Mepivacaine, Methemoglobinemia, Methylparaben, Moxidectin, Muscle, Necrosis, Neosaxitoxin, Nerve block, Nerve injury, Nerve plexus, Neuron, Neurotoxin, Nociceptor, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Opioid, Pain, Paralysis, Paresthesia, Peripheral venous catheter, Peru, Piperocaine, Podiatry, Preservative, Prilocaine, Procaine, Propoxycaine, Propranolol, Proxymetacaine, Reducing agent, Respiratory arrest, Retrobulbar block, Ropivacaine, Saxitoxin, Sedation, Sodium, Sodium metabisulfite, Spinal anaesthesia, Spinal cord, Spinal nerve, Tetracaine, Tetrodotoxin, Tinnitus, Topical anesthetic, Topical tac, Trade name, Trimecaine, Vasoconstriction, Venipuncture, 4-Aminobenzoic acid. Expand index (74 more) »
Action potential
In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Amide
An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).
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Amino esters
Amino esters are a class of local anesthetics.
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Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and also for sex determination, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and then the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities.
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Amylocaine
Amylocaine was the first synthetic local anesthetic.
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Analgesic
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
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Anesthesia
In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.
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Anesthetic
An anesthetic (or anaesthetic) is a drug to prevent pain during surgery, completely blocking any feeling as opposed to an analgesic.
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Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
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Articaine
Articaine is a dental amide-type local anesthetic.
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Ascites
Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.
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August Bier
August Karl Gustav Bier (24 November 1861 – 12 March 1949) was a German surgeon.
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Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.
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Benzocaine
Benzocaine, sold under the brand name Orajel among others, is an ester local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops.
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Bleeding
Bleeding, also known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging, is blood escaping from the circulatory system.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Brachial plexus block
Brachial plexus block is a regional anesthesia technique that is sometimes employed as an alternative or as an adjunct to general anesthesia for surgery of the upper extremity.
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Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Buffer solution
A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa.
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Bupivacaine
Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease feeling in a specific area.
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Bupropion
Bupropion, sold under the brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban among others, is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid.
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Butyrylcholinesterase
Butyrylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol BCHE; EC 3.1.1.8) also known as BChE, BuChE, pseudocholinesterase, or plasma (cholin)esterase, is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyses many different choline-based esters.
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Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest is a sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to effectively pump.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
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Chloroprocaine
Chloroprocaine (trade name Nesacaine, Nesacaine-MPF) (often in the hydrochloride salt form as the aforementioned trade names) is a local anesthetic given by injection during surgical procedures and labor and delivery.
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Chronic pain
Chronic pain is pain that lasts a long time.
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Cinchocaine
Cinchocaine (INN/BAN) or dibucaine (USAN) is an amide local anesthetic.
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Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage.
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Coca
Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America.
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Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
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Coma
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awaken; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.
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Combination drug
A combination drug is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) that includes two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) combined in a single dosage form, which is manufactured and distributed in fixed doses.
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Cyanosis
Cyanosis is defined as the bluish or purplish discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation.
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Cyclomethycaine
Cyclomethycaine is a local anesthetic.
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Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy (si-ˈstäs-kə-pē) is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra.
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Dentistry
Dentistry is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
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Dimethocaine
Dimethocaine, also known as DMC or larocaine, is a compound with a stimulatory effect.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2SO.
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End artery
An end artery (or terminal artery) is an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue.
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Endoscopy
An endoscopy (looking inside) is used in medicine to look inside the body.
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Epidural administration
Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "on, upon" + dura mater) is a medical route of administration in which a drug such as epidural analgesia and epidural anaesthesia or contrast agent is injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord.
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Epidural space
In the spine, the epidural space (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "on, upon" + dura mater also known as "epidural cavity", "extradural space" or "peridural space") is an anatomic space that is the outermost part of the spinal canal.
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Etidocaine
Etidocaine, marketed under the trade name Duranest, is a local anesthetic given by injection during surgical procedures and labor and delivery.
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Eugenol
Eugenol is a phenylpropene, an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol.
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Evan Flatow
Evan Flatow, M.D., is President of Mount Sinai West (formerly Mount Sinai Roosevelt), part of the Mount Sinai Health System, and an internationally recognized American orthopaedic surgeon.
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Extracellular
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside the cell".
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Fidel Pagés
Fidel Pagés Miravé (January 26, 1886 – September 21, 1923) was a Spanish military surgeon, known for developing the technique of epidural anesthesia.
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General anaesthesia
General anaesthesia or general anesthesia (see spelling differences) is a medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents.
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General anaesthetic
General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a reversible loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals.
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Heart
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.
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Hematoma
A hematoma (US spelling) or haematoma (UK spelling) is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hypoxia (medical)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
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Infiltration (medical)
Infiltration is the diffusion or accumulation (in a tissue or cells) of foreign substances or in amounts in excess of the normal.
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Intracellular
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".
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Intravenous regional anesthesia
Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) or Bier block anesthesia is an anesthetic technique for surgical procedures on the body's extremities where a local anesthetic is injected intravenously.
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Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
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Iontocaine
Iontocaine was an anesthetic medication, marketed under the two brand names Numby and Phoresor PM900 by IOMED inc.
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Iontophoresis
Iontophoresis is a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of a voltage gradient on the skin.
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Lamotrigine
Lamotrigine, sold as the brand name Lamictal among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
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Levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine (rINN) is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group.
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Lidocaine
Lidocaine, also known as xylocaine and lignocaine, is a medication used to numb tissue in a specific area.
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Lidocaine/prilocaine
Lidocaine/prilocaine is a eutectic mixture of equal quantities (by weight) of lidocaine and prilocaine.
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Lipid emulsion
Lipid emulsion or fat emulsion refers to an emulsion of lipid for human intravenous use.
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List of cocaine analogues
This is a list of cocaine analogues.
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List of local anesthetics
This is a list of local anesthetic agents.
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Local anesthesia
Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body, generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well.
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Local anesthetic
A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes reversible absence of pain sensation, although other senses are often affected, as well.
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Local anesthetic nerve block
Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve block involving the injection of local anesthetic as close to the nerve as possible for pain relief.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Menthol
Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from corn mint, peppermint, or other mint oils.
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Mepivacaine
Mepivacaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type.
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Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia is a condition caused by elevated levels of methemoglobin in the blood.
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Methylparaben
Methylparaben, also methyl paraben, one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO).
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Moxidectin
Moxidectin is an anthelmintic drug used in animals to prevent or control parasitic worms (helminths), such as heartworm and intestinal worms, in dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Necrosis
Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.
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Neosaxitoxin
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs).
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Nerve block
Nerve block or regional nerve blockade is any deliberate interruption of signals traveling along a nerve, often for the purpose of pain relief.
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Nerve injury
Nerve injury is injury to nervous tissue.
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Nerve plexus
A nerve plexus is a plexus (branching network) of intersecting nerves.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).
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Nociceptor
A nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible threat” signals to the spinal cord and the brain.
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation.
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Opioid
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.
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Pain
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
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Paralysis
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function for one or more muscles.
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Paresthesia
Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation such as tingling, tickling, pricking, numbness or burning of a person's skin with no apparent physical cause.
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Peripheral venous catheter
In medicine, a peripheral venous catheter (PVC), peripheral venous line or peripheral venous access catheter is a catheter (small, flexible tube) placed into a peripheral vein for intravenous therapy such as medication fluids.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Piperocaine
Piperocaine is a local anesthetic drug developed in the 1920s and used as its hydrochloride salt for infiltration and nerve blocks.
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Podiatry
Podiatry or podiatric medicine is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity.
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Preservative
A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added to products such as food, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples, cosmetics, wood, and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
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Prilocaine
Prilocaine is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type first prepared by Claes Tegner and Nils Löfgren.
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Procaine
Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group.
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Propoxycaine
Propoxycaine (INN) is a local anesthetic.
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Propranolol
Propranolol, sold under the brand name Inderal among others, is a medication of the beta blocker type. It is used to treat high blood pressure, a number of types of irregular heart rate, thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, performance anxiety, and essential tremors. It is used to prevent migraine headaches, and to prevent further heart problems in those with angina or previous heart attacks. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. The formulation that is taken by mouth comes in short-acting and long-acting versions. Propranolol appears in the blood after 30 minutes and has a maximum effect between 60 and 90 minutes when taken by mouth. Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation. It should not be used in those with an already slow heart rate and most of those with heart failure. Quickly stopping the medication in those with coronary artery disease may worsen symptoms. It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. Caution is recommended in those with liver or kidney problems. Propranolol may cause harmful effects in the baby if taken during pregnancy. Its use during breastfeeding is probably safe, but the baby should be monitored for side effects. It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. Propranolol was discovered in 1964. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Propranolol is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.24 and 2.16 per month as of 2014. In the United States it costs about $15 per month at a typical dose.
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Proxymetacaine
Proxymetacaine (INN) or proparacaine (USAN) is a topical anesthetic drug of the aminoester group.
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Reducing agent
A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element (such as calcium) or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction.
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Respiratory arrest
Respiratory arrest is caused by apnea (cessation of breathing) due to failure of the lungs to function effectively.
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Retrobulbar block
A retrobulbar block is a regional anesthetic nerve block in the retrobulbar space, the area located behind the globe of the eye.
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Ropivacaine
Ropivacaine (rINN) is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group.
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Saxitoxin
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin (PST).
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Sedation
Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Sodium metabisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite (IUPAC spelling; Br. E. sodium metabisulphite or sodium pyrosulphite) is an inorganic compound of chemical formula Na2S2O5.
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Spinal anaesthesia
Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, is a form of regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually long.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
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Spinal nerve
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
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Tetracaine
Tetracaine, also known as amethocaine, is a local anesthetic used to numb the eyes, nose, or throat.
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Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.
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Tinnitus
Tinnitus is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present.
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Topical anesthetic
A topical anesthetic is a local anesthetic that is used to numb the surface of a body part.
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Topical tac
TAC stands for tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine, it was introduced by Pryor et al.
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Trade name
A trade name, trading name, or business name is a pseudonym frequently used by companies to operate under a name different from their registered, legal name.
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Trimecaine
Trimecaine (systematic name (2,4,6-trimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)diethylammonium chloride, chemical formula C15H25ClN2O) is an organic compound used as a local anesthetic and cardial antiarrhythmic.
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
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Venipuncture
In medicine, venipuncture or venepuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of intravenous therapy or for blood sampling of venous blood.
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4-Aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the number 4 carbon in the benzene ring is also known as the para position) is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4CO2H.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic
