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70 relations: Absolute zero, Adiabatic process, Alloy, Ames Laboratory, Antiferromagnetism, Astronautics Corporation of America, Auguste Piccard, BASF, Calorie, Carnot cycle, Cerium, Consumer Electronics Show, Cryogenics, Cryostat, Curie temperature, Curie's law, Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), Diamagnetism, Dilution refrigerator, Doc (computing), Earth's magnetic field, Electrocaloric effect, Electron shell, Entropy, Equipartition theorem, Ferrimagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Gadolinium, Haier, Heat, Heat capacity, Heat pump and refrigeration cycle, Helium, Helium-3, Hysteresis, Iowa State University, Kinetic energy, Liquid helium, List of Nobel laureates, Magnesium, Magnet, Magnetic dipole, Magnetic field, Magnetic shape-memory alloy, Molecule, Nature (journal), Nickel, Nitrate, Oxford University Press, Paramagnetism, ..., Peter Debye, Phonon, Pierre Weiss, Praseodymium, Proof of concept, Refrigerator, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Salt, Spacecraft, Spin glass, Superconducting magnet, System, Technical University of Denmark, Temperature, Thermal insulation, Thermoacoustic heat engine, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Thermodynamics, Vapor-compression refrigeration, William Giauque. Expand index (20 more) »
Absolute zero
Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0.
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Adiabatic process
In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
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Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
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Ames Laboratory
Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa and affiliated with Iowa State University.
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Antiferromagnetism
In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different sublattices) pointing in opposite directions.
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Astronautics Corporation of America
Astronautics Corporation of America (ACA) is a US supplier, designer, and manufacturer of avionics equipment to airlines, governments, commercial and defense aircraft manufacturers, and other avionics systems integrators, established in 1959.
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Auguste Piccard
Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer, known for his record-breaking helium-filled balloon flights, with which he studied Earth's upper atmosphere and cosmic rays, and for his invention of the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, with which he made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 to explore the ocean's depths.
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BASF
BASF SE is a German chemical company and the largest chemical producer in the world.
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Calorie
A calorie is a unit of energy.
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Carnot cycle
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s.
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Cerium
Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58.
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Consumer Electronics Show
CES (formerly an acronym for Consumer Electronics Show but now the official name) is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association.
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Cryogenics
In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.
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Cryostat
A cryostat (from cryo meaning cold and stat meaning stable) is a device used to maintain low cryogenic temperatures of samples or devices mounted within the cryostat.
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Curie temperature
In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties, to be replaced by induced magnetism.
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Curie's law
In a paramagnetic material, the magnetization of the material is (approximately) directly proportional to an applied magnetic field.
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Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
In physics, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system.
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Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force.
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Dilution refrigerator
A 3He/4He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region.
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Doc (computing)
In computing, DOC or doc (an abbreviation of "document") is a filename extension for word processing documents, most commonly in the proprietary Microsoft Word Binary File Format.
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Earth's magnetic field
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.
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Electrocaloric effect
The electrocaloric effect is a phenomenon in which a material shows a reversible temperature change under an applied electric field.
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Electron shell
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.
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Entropy
In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.
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Equipartition theorem
In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies.
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Ferrimagnetism
In physics, a ferrimagnetic material is one that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments, as in antiferromagnetism; however, in ferrimagnetic materials, the opposing moments are unequal and a spontaneous magnetization remains.
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Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.
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Gadolinium
Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64.
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Haier
Haier Group Corporation is a Chinese collective multinational consumer electronics and home appliances company headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong province, China.
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Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one system to another as a result of thermal interactions.
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Heat capacity
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to (or removed from) an object to the resulting temperature change.
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Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Helium-3
Helium-3 (He-3, also written as 3He, see also helion) is a light, non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (common helium having two protons and two neutrons).
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Hysteresis
Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history.
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Iowa State University
Iowa State University of Science and Technology, generally referred to as Iowa State, is a public flagship land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States.
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Kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.
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Liquid helium
At standard pressure, the chemical element helium exists in a liquid form only at the extremely low temperature of −270 °C (about 4 K or −452.2 °F).
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List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset, Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magnet
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
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Magnetic dipole
A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric current or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant.
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Magnetic field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.
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Magnetic shape-memory alloy
Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs), also called ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA), are particular shape memory alloys which produce forces and deformations in response to a magnetic field.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.
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Peter Debye
Peter Joseph William Debye (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
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Phonon
In physics, a phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, like solids and some liquids.
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Pierre Weiss
Pierre-Ernest Weiss (25 March 1865, Mulhouse – 24 October 1940, Lyon) was a French physicist specialized in magnetism and developed the domain theory of ferromagnetism in 1907.
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Praseodymium
Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59.
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Proof of concept
Proof of concept (PoC) is a realization of a certain method or idea in order to demonstrate its feasibility, or a demonstration in principle with the aim of verifying that some concept or theory has practical potential.
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Refrigerator
A refrigerator (colloquially fridge, or fridgefreezer in the UK) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room.
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Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU Nationallaboratoriet for Bæredygtig Energi) was a scientific research organization north of Roskilde, Denmark.
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Salt
Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.
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Spacecraft
A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space.
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Spin glass
A spin glass is a disordered magnet, where the magnetic spins of the component atoms (the orientation of the north and south magnetic poles in three-dimensional space) are not aligned in a regular pattern. The term "glass" comes from an analogy between the magnetic disorder in a spin glass and the positional disorder of a conventional, chemical glass, e.g., a window glass. In window glass or any amorphous solid the atomic bond structure is highly irregular; in contrast, a crystal has a uniform pattern of atomic bonds. In ferromagnetic solid, magnetic spins all align in the same direction; this would be analogous to a crystal. The individual atomic bonds in a spin glass are a mixture of roughly equal numbers of ferromagnetic bonds (where neighbors have the same orientation) and antiferromagnetic bonds (where neighbors have exactly the opposite orientation: north and south poles are flipped 180 degrees). These patterns of aligned and misaligned atomic magnets create what are known as frustrated interactions - distortions in the geometry of atomic bonds compared to what would be seen in a regular, fully aligned solid. They may also create situations where more than one geometric arrangement of atoms is stable. Spin glasses and the complex internal structures that arise within them are termed "metastable" because they are "stuck" in stable configurations other than the lowest-energy configuration (which would be aligned and ferromagnetic). The mathematical complexity of these structures is difficult but fruitful to study experimentally or in simulations, with applications to artificial neural networks in computer science, in addition to physics, chemistry, and materials science.
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Superconducting magnet
A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire.
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System
A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming an integrated whole.
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Technical University of Denmark
The Technical University of Denmark (Danmarks Tekniske Universitet), often simply referred to as DTU, is a university in Kongens Lyngby, just north of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e. the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.
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Thermoacoustic heat engine
Thermoacoustic engines (sometimes called "TA engines") are thermoacoustic devices which use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use a heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves.
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Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
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Vapor-compression refrigeration
Vapor-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles.
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William Giauque
William Francis Giauque (May 12, 1895 – March 28, 1982) was an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1949 for his studies in the properties of matter at temperatures close to absolute zero.
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Redirects here:
Adiabatic Demagnetization, Adiabatic demagnetization, Isentropic Demagnetization, Magnetic cooling, Magnetic freezing, Magnetic refridgerator, Magneto-calorific effect, Magnetocaloric, Magnetocaloric effect, The magnetocaloric effect.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration
