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Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

Index Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Організація Українських Націоналістів, (ОУН), Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist political organization established in 1929 in Vienna; it first operated in Western Ukraine (at the time part of interwar Poland). [1]

147 relations: Abwehr, Adolf Hitler, Allies of World War I, Andrey Sheptytsky, Andriy Atanasovych Melnyk, Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, Arrow Cross Party, Arson, Assassination, Assassination of Bronisław Pieracki, Avgustyn Voloshyn, Babi Yar, Benito Mussolini, Black, Bronisław Pieracki, Bukovina, Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpatho-Ukraine, Central Intelligence Agency, Charles Maurras, Cheka, Cold War, Colonel, Confiscation, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, Cossacks, Czechoslovakia, Declaration of Ukrainian State Act, Dmytro Dontsov, Dmytro Klyachkivsky, Einsatzgruppen, Einsatzgruppen reports, Ewa Siemaszko, Fascism, Final Solution, Friedrich Nietzsche, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Gazeta Wyborcza, Georges Sorel, Gestapo, Grzegorz Motyka, Hero of Ukraine, Holocaust Encyclopedia, Holodomor, Institute of National Remembrance, Integral nationalism, Intelligence agency, Intelligentsia, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Internment, ..., Invasion of Poland, Iron Guard, Ivan Babij, Józef Piłsudski, Kiev, Kurt Schuschnigg, Kyiv Post, Kyryl Studynsky, Léon Blum, Leadership, Lev Rebet, Levko Lukyanenko, Lviv, March of Ukrainian Nationalists, Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, Mykola Kapustiansky, Mykola Lebed, Mykola Plaviuk, Mykola Stsiborskyi, Naczelnik Państwa, Narodniks, Nationalism, Nazi concentration camps, Nazi Germany, Olena Teliha, Operation Barbarossa, Operation Vistula, Orest Subtelny, Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia, Paul Robert Magocsi, Pavel Sudoplatov, Per Anders Rudling, Poland, Polesia, Polish–Ukrainian War, Prague, Premier, President of Ukraine, Prosvita, Red, Reinhard Heydrich, Richard Yary, Rivne, Roman Shukhevych, Romanticism, Rotterdam, Russia, Sabotage, Sachsenhausen concentration camp, Second Polish Republic, Shevchenko Scientific Society, Sich Riflemen, Slava Stetsko, Stepan Bandera, Svoboda (political party), Symon Petliura, Tadeusz Hołówko, Taras Bulba-Borovets, The Day (newspaper), The Ukrainian Weekly, Timothy D. Snyder, Ukraine, Ukrainian diaspora, Ukrainian Galician Army, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Ukrainian Military Organization, Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence, Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, Ukrainian nationalism, Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army, Ukrainian Republican Party, Ukrainian Youth Association, Ustashe, Vienna, Viktor Yanukovych, Viktor Yushchenko, Volhynia, Volodymyr Bahaziy, Waffen-SS, Warsaw, Władysław Siemaszko, Wehrmacht, West Ukrainian People's Republic, Western Ukraine, Wilhelm Canaris, World War II, Yad Vashem, Yaroslav Stetsko, Yevhen Konovalets, Yevhen Petrushevych, YIVO, Yulia Tymoshenko, Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zhytomyr. Expand index (97 more) »

Abwehr

The Abwehr was the German military intelligence service for the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht from 1920 to 1945.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.

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Andrey Sheptytsky

Andrey Sheptytsky, O.S.B.M., (Митрополит Андрей Шептицький; Polish: Andrzej Szeptycki; 29 July 1865 – 1 November 1944) was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1901 until his death in 1944.

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Andriy Atanasovych Melnyk

Andriy Melnyk (Андрій Ме́льник) (December 12, 1890 – November 1, 1964) was a Ukrainian military and political leader.

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Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.) was a co-ordinating center for anti-Communist émigré political organizations from Soviet and other socialist countries.

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Arrow Cross Party

The Arrow Cross Party (Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement") was a Nazi party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which formed a government in Hungary known as the Government of National Unity.

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Arson

Arson is a crime of intentionally, deliberately and maliciously setting fire to buildings, wildland areas, abandoned homes, vehicles or other property with the intent to cause damage or enjoy the act.

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Assassination

Assassination is the killing of a prominent person, either for political or religious reasons or for payment.

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Assassination of Bronisław Pieracki

The assassination of Bronisław Pieracki, referred to as the Warsaw process in the Ukrainian historiography, was a well-orchestrated target killing of Poland's top politician of the interwar period, Minister of Interior Bronisław Pieracki (1895-1934) by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) as a retaliation for the government policy of Pacification which was carried out by the police.

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Avgustyn Voloshyn

Rev.

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Babi Yar

Babi Yar (Бабин Яр, Babyn Yar; Бабий Яр, Babiy Yar) is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kiev and a site of massacres carried out by German forces and by local Ukrainian collaborators during their campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II.

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Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF).

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Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.

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Bronisław Pieracki

Bronisław Wilhelm Pieracki (28 May 1895 in Gorlice - 15 June 1934 in Warsaw) was a Polish military officer and politician.

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Bukovina

Bukovina (Bucovina; Bukowina/Buchenland; Bukowina; Bukovina, Буковина Bukovyna; see also other languages) is a historical region in Central Europe,Klaus Peter Berger,, Kluwer Law International, 2010, p. 132 divided between Romania and Ukraine, located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains.

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Carpathian Ruthenia

Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpatho-Ukraine or Zakarpattia (Rusyn and Карпатська Русь, Karpats'ka Rus' or Закарпаття, Zakarpattja; Slovak and Podkarpatská Rus; Kárpátalja; Transcarpatia; Zakarpacie; Karpatenukraine) is a historic region in the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast, with smaller parts in easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov Region and Košice Region) and Poland's Lemkovyna.

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Carpatho-Ukraine

Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпа́тська Украї́на, Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15, 1939.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Charles Maurras

Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.

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Cheka

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Всероссийская Чрезвычайная Комиссия), abbreviated as VChK (ВЧК, Ve-Che-Ka) and commonly known as Cheka, (from the initialism ChK) was the first of a succession of Soviet secret police organizations.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Colonel

Colonel ("kernel", abbreviated Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank below the brigadier and general officer ranks.

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Confiscation

Confiscation (from the Latin confiscare "to consign to the fiscus, i.e. transfer to the treasury") is a legal form of seizure by a government or other public authority.

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Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists

The Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (Конгрес українських націоналістів Konhres Ukrayinskykh Natsionalistiv) is a far-right political party in Ukraine.

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko), was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the:Czech Republic and:Slovakia on 1 January 1993.

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Declaration of Ukrainian State Act

The Declaration of Ukrainian Independence of June 30, 1941 was announced by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) under the leadership of Stepan Bandera, who declared an independent Ukrainian State in Lviv.

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Dmytro Dontsov

Dmytro Ivanovych Dontsov (Дмитро Іванович Донцов) (August 29, 1883 – March 30, 1973) was a Ukrainian nationalist writer, publisher, journalist and political thinker whose radical ideas were a major influence on the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.

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Dmytro Klyachkivsky

Dmytro Klyachkivsky (Клячківський Дмитро (Роман); 4 November 1911 - 12 February 1945), also known by his pseudonyms Klym Savur, Okhrim, and Bilash, was a commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), first head-commander of the UPA-North.

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Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen ("task forces" or "deployment groups") were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–45).

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Einsatzgruppen reports

The Einsatzgruppen Operational Situation Reports (OSRs), or ERM for the Die Ereignismeldung UdSSR (plural: Ereignismeldungen), were dispatches of the Nazi death squads (Einsatzgruppen), which documented the progress of the Holocaust behind the German-Soviet frontier in the course of Operation Barbarossa, during World War II.

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Ewa Siemaszko

Ewa Siemaszko is a Polish writer, publicist and lecturer; collector of oral accounts and historical data regarding the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Final Solution

The Final Solution (Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist and a Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.

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Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.

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Gazeta Wyborcza

Gazeta Wyborcza (meaning Electoral Newspaper in English) is a newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland.

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Georges Sorel

Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847 – 29 August 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of Sorelianism.

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Gestapo

The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.

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Grzegorz Motyka

Grzegorz Motyka (born 1967) is a Polish historian and author specializing in the history of the Polish-Ukrainian relations.

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Hero of Ukraine

Hero of Ukraine (HOU) (Герой України, Heroy Ukrayiny) is the highest national title that can be conferred upon an individual citizen by the President of Ukraine.

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Holocaust Encyclopedia

The Holocaust Encyclopedia is an online encyclopedia, published by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, offering detailed information about The Holocaust and the events surrounding it.

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Holodomor

The Holodomor (Голодомо́р); (derived from морити голодом, "to kill by starvation"), also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, and—before the widespread use of the term "Holodomor", and sometimes currently—also referred to as the Great Famine, and The Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33—was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians that was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country.

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Institute of National Remembrance

The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; IPN) is a Polish government-affiliated research institute with lustration prerogatives, as well as prosecution powers.

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Integral nationalism

Integral nationalism (nationalisme intégral) is a type of nationalism originated in 19th-century France and opposed to Risorgimento nationalism.

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Intelligence agency

An intelligence agency is a government agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement, national security, military, and foreign policy objectives.

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Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia (/ɪnˌtelɪˈdʒentsiə/) (intelligentia, inteligencja, p) is a status class of educated people engaged in the complex mental labours that critique, guide, and lead in shaping the culture and politics of their society.

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International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 17 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering.

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges, and thus no trial.

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.

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Iron Guard

The Iron Guard (Garda de fier) is the name most commonly given to a far-right movement and political party in Romania in the period from 1927 into the early part of World War II.

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Ivan Babij

Ivan Babij (March 5, 1893 in the village of Dobromirka – July 25, 1934 in Lwów) was a Ukrainian educator from Eastern Galicia, captain of the Ukrainian Galician Army, principal of a Ukrainian high school in Lwów, and activist of the Ukrainian Catholic Action.

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Józef Piłsudski

Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman; he was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal of Poland" (from 1920), and de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.

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Kiev

Kiev or Kyiv (Kyiv; Kiyev; Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper.

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Kurt Schuschnigg

Kurt Alois Josef Johann Schuschnigg (between his family's ennoblement in 1898 and the 1919 abolition of the Austrian nobility, he bore the title Edler von Schuschnigg;; 14 December 1897 – 18 November 1977) was an Austrian politician who was the Chancellor of the Federal State of Austria from the 1934 assassination of his predecessor Engelbert Dollfuss until the 1938 Anschluss with Nazi Germany.

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Kyiv Post

The Kyiv Post is Ukraine's oldest English language newspaper.

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Kyryl Studynsky

Kyryl Studynsky (Кири́ло Йо́сипович Студи́нський (4 October 1868 – 1941), was a western Ukrainian political and cultural figure from the late-19th to the mid-20th century. One of the principal figures within the Christian Social Movement in Ukraine, in 1939 Studynsky became head of the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine following the Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940, and led the delegation to Moscow that formally requested the inclusion of Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union.

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Léon Blum

André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.

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Leadership

Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations.

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Lev Rebet

Lev Rebet (January 1, 1912 – October 12, 1957) was a Ukrainian political writer and anti-communist during World War II.

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Levko Lukyanenko

Levko Hryhorovych Lukyanenko (Левко́ Григо́рович Лук'я́ненко, sometimes written as Levko Lukianenko, born 24 August 1927, Khrypivka) is a Ukrainian politician, and Soviet dissident and Hero of Ukraine.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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March of Ukrainian Nationalists

The March of Ukrainian Nationalists is a Ukrainian patriotic song that was originally the official anthem of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.

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Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (rzeź wołyńska, literally: Volhynian slaughter; Волинська трагедія., Volyn tragedy), were part of an ethnic cleansing operation carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) against Poles in the area of Volhynia, Polesia, Lublin region and Eastern Galicia beginning in 1943 and lasting up to 1945.

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Mykola Kapustiansky

Mykóla Oleksándrovyč Kapustjáns’kyj (Мико́ла Олекса́ндрович Капустя́нський) (February 1, 1879 – February 19, 1969) was a General in the army of the Ukrainian National Republic and one of the founders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.

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Mykola Lebed

Mykola Lebed (Микола Лебідь; January 11, 1909 – July 18, 1998), also known as Maksym Ruban, Marko or Yevhen Skyrba, was a Ukrainian political activist, Ukrainian nationalist, and guerrilla fighter.

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Mykola Plaviuk

Mykola Vasyliovych Plaviuk (Микола Васильович Плав'юк; June 5, 1925 – March 10, 2012) was a Ukrainian social and political activist in emigration, who had served as the last President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile.

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Mykola Stsiborskyi

Mykola Stsiborskyi (Микола Сціборський), also may be spelled Stsiborsky, Stsyborsky, Ściborski, or Sciborski (1897 – August 30, 1941) was a Ukrainian nationalist politician who served on the Provid, or central leadership council of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), and who was its chief theorist.

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Naczelnik Państwa

Naczelnik Państwa (Chief of State) was the title of Poland's head of state in the early years of the Second Polish Republic.

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Narodniks

The Narodniks (народники) were a politically conscious movement of the Russian middle class in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.

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Nazi concentration camps

Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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Olena Teliha

Olena Ivanivna Teliha (Олена Іванівна Теліга, July 21, 1906 – February 21, 1942) was a Ukrainian poet and Ukrainian activist of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity.

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

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Operation Vistula

Operation Vistula (Akcja "Wisła") was a codename for the 1947 forced resettlement of the Ukrainian minority including Boykos and Lemkos from the south-eastern provinces of post-war Poland, to the Recovered Territories in the west of the country.

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Orest Subtelny

Orest Subtelny (О́рест Субте́льний, 7 May 1941 – 24 July 2016) was a Polish-Canadian historian.

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Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia

The Pacification of Ukrainians was the punitive action by police and military of the Second Polish Republic against the Ukrainian minority in Poland (in Eastern Galicia — against the Ukrainian majority) in September–November 1930 in response to a wave of more than 2,200 acts of sabotage against Polish property in the region.

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Paul Robert Magocsi

Paul Robert Magocsi (born January 26, 1945, Englewood, New Jersey, United States) is an American professor of history, political science, and Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto.

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Pavel Sudoplatov

Lieutenant General Pavel Anatolyevich Sudoplatov (Пáвел Aнатóльевич Cудоплáтов; July 7, 1907 – September 26, 1996) was a member of the intelligence services of the Soviet Union who rose to the rank of lieutenant general.

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Per Anders Rudling

Per Anders Rudling (born 1974 in Karlstad)The Algemeiner, The Algemeiner Jewish & Israel News.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Polesia

Polesia, Polesie or Polesye (Палессе Paliessie, Полісся Polissia or Polisia, Polesie, Поле́сье Poles'e) is a natural and historical region starting from the farthest edges of Central Europe and into Eastern Europe, stretching from parts of Eastern Poland, touching similarly named Podlasie, straddling the Belarus–Ukraine border and into western Russia.

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Polish–Ukrainian War

The Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).

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Prague

Prague (Praha, Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and also the historical capital of Bohemia.

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Premier

Premier is a title for the head of government in some countries, states and sub-national governments.

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President of Ukraine

The President of Ukraine (Президент України, Prezydent Ukrayiny) is the Ukrainian head of state.

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Prosvita

Prosvita (просвіта, 'enlightenment') is a society created in the nineteenth century in Ukrainian Galicia for preserving and developing Ukrainian culture and education among population.

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Red

Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet.

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Reinhard Heydrich

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official during World War II, and a main architect of the Holocaust.

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Richard Yary

Richard Franz Marian Yary (also: Riko Yary, pseudomyms: Yaryga, Karpat) (1898–1969) was a Ukrainian nationalist journalist, politician and military figure.

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Rivne

Rivne (Рівне; Rovno; Równe) is a historic city in western Ukraine and the historical region of Volhynia.

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Roman Shukhevych

Roman-Taras Yosypovych Shukhevych (Рома́н-Тарас Йо́сипович Шухе́вич, also known by his pseudonym Taras Chuprynka, 30 June 1907 – 5 March 1950) was a Ukrainian politician, military leader and general of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), as well as a one-time ally of Nazi Germany and one of the organizers of the Halych-Volhyn Massacre.

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Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

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Rotterdam

Rotterdam is a city in the Netherlands, in South Holland within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt river delta at the North Sea.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction.

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Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Sachsenhausen ("Saxon's Houses") or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used primarily for political prisoners from 1936 to the end of the Third Reich in May 1945.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).

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Shevchenko Scientific Society

The Shevchenko Scientific Society is a Ukrainian scientific society devoted to the promotion of scholarly research and publication that was founded in 1873.

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Sich Riflemen

The Sich Riflemen Halych-Bukovyna Kurin (Січові Cтрільці) were one of the first regular military units of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

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Slava Stetsko

Slava Stetsko (Ярослава Йосипівна Стецько, Sława Stećko) (14 May 1920, Romanivka near Ternopil - 12 March 2003, Munich) was a Ukrainian politician and a World War II veteran.

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Stepan Bandera

Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (Степан Андрійович Бандера, Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian political activist and a leader of the nationalist and independence movement of Ukraine.

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Svoboda (political party)

The All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" (Всеукраїнське об’єднання «Свобода», Vseukrayinske obyednannia "Svoboda"), translated as Freedom, is a Ukrainian nationalist political party.

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Symon Petliura

Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist.

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Tadeusz Hołówko

Tadeusz Hołówko (September 17, 1889 – August 29, 1931), codename Kirgiz, was an interwar Polish politician, diplomat and author of many articles and books.

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Taras Bulba-Borovets

Taras Dmytrovych Borovets (Тарас Дмитрович Борове́ць; March 9, 1908 – May 15, 1981) was a Ukrainian resistance leader during World War II.

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The Day (newspaper)

Den (День, The Day) is a Kiev-based, centrist daily broadsheet newspaper.

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The Ukrainian Weekly

The Ukrainian Weekly is the oldest English-language newspaper of the Ukrainian diaspora in the United States, and North America.

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Timothy D. Snyder

Timothy David Snyder (born 1969) is an American author and historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, and the Holocaust.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ukrainian diaspora

The Ukrainian diaspora is the global community of ethnic Ukrainians, especially those who maintain some kind of connection, even if ephemeral, to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community.

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Ukrainian Galician Army

Ukrainian Galician Army (translit, UHA), was the Ukrainian military of the West Ukrainian National Republic during and after the Polish-Ukrainian War.

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Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) (Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae) is a Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See.

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Ukrainian Insurgent Army

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Українська повстанська армія, УПА, Ukrayins’ka Povstans’ka Armiya, UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army that engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during World War II against Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and both Underground and Communist Poland.

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Ukrainian Military Organization

The Ukrainian Military Organization (Українська Військова Організація, UVO) was a Ukrainian nationalist resistance and sabotage movement active in the Poland's Eastern part of Lesser Poland (Eastern Galicia) during the years between the world wars.

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Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence

The Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence (Українська Національна Асамблея-Українська Народна Самооборона, УНА-УНСО, UNA-UNSO) is a Ukrainian political organisation seen as far-right in Ukraine and abroad.

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Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance

The Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, (UNDO) (Українське національно-демократичне об'єднання, УНДО, Ukrayin'ske Natsional'no-Demokratichne Obyednannia, Ukraińskie Zjednoczenie Narodowo-Demokratyczne) was the largest Ukrainian political party in the Second Polish Republic, active in Western Ukraine (Then occupied by Poland).

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Ukrainian nationalism

Ukrainian nationalism refers to the Ukrainian version of nationalism.

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Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic, or Ukrainian National Republic (abbreviated to УНР), was a predecessor of modern Ukraine declared on 10 June 1917 following the Russian Revolution.

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Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army

Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army (Українська народно-революційна армія; also Polissian Sich (Поліська Січ) or the Ukrainian Insurgent Army) was a paramilitary formation of Ukrainian nationalists, nominally proclaimed in Olevsk region in December 1941 by Taras Bulba-Borovets by renaming an existing military unit known from July 1941 as the UPA-Polissian Sich (Poliska sich).

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Ukrainian Republican Party

The Ukrainian Republican Party (Українська Республіканська партія; Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija) was the first registered political party in Ukraine created on November 5, 1990, Database DATA by the Ministry of Justice of UkrSSR.

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Ukrainian Youth Association

The Ukrainian Youth Association, commonly referred to as CYM (Спілка української молоді), is a scouting organization in Ukraine, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Estonia, France, Great Britain, Germany, and the United States.

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Ustashe

The Ustasha – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret), commonly known as Ustashe (Ustaše), was a Croatian fascist, racist, ultranationalist and terrorist organization, active, in its original form, between 1929 and 1945.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.

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Viktor Yanukovych

Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ві́ктор Фе́дорович Януко́вич,; born 9 July 1950) is a Ukrainian politician who was elected as the fourth President of Ukraine on 7 February 2010.

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Viktor Yushchenko

Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Віктор Андрійович Ющенко,; born February 23, 1954) is a Ukrainian politician who was the third President of Ukraine from January 23, 2005 to February 25, 2010.

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Volhynia

Volhynia, also Volynia or Volyn (Wołyń, Volýn) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling between south-eastern Poland, parts of south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine.

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Volodymyr Bahaziy

Volodymyr (Vladimir, Wladimir) Panteleimonovych Bahasiy (Bagaziy, Bagasij, Bahasij), Вoлoдимир Пантелеймонович Багазiй (1902, Ryabovka village, Ukraine — 21 February 1942, Kiev, Babyn Yar) was a Ukrainian nationalist affiliated with the Andriy Melnyk's faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and head of Kiev City Administration under German occupation in October 1941 - January 1942.

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Waffen-SS

The Waffen-SS (Armed SS) was the armed wing of the Nazi Party's SS organisation.

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Władysław Siemaszko

Władysław Siemaszko (born 8 June 1919) is Polish publicist and lawyer.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".

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West Ukrainian People's Republic

The West Ukrainian People's Republic (Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка., Zakhidnoukrayins’ka Narodna Respublika, ZUNR) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia.

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Western Ukraine

Western Ukraine or West Ukraine (Західна Україна) is a geographical and historical relative term used in reference to the western territories of Ukraine.

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Wilhelm Canaris

Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1 January 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a German admiral and chief of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a monument and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.

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Yaroslav Stetsko

Yaroslav Stetsko (19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was the leader of Stepan Bandera's Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), from 1968 until his death.

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Yevhen Konovalets

Yevhen Konovalets (Ukrainian:Євген Михайлович Коновалець) (June 14, 1891 – May 23, 1938) was a military commander of the UNR army and political leader of the Ukrainian nationalist movement.

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Yevhen Petrushevych

Yevhen Petrushevych (Євген Петрушевич) (June 3, 1863 in Busk, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Kronland of Austro-Hungary – August 29, 1940 in Berlin, Germany) was a Ukrainian lawyer, politician, and president of the Western Ukrainian National Republic formed after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918.

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YIVO

YIVO (Yiddish: ייִוואָ), established in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania) as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (Yiddish: ייִדישער װיסנשאַפֿטלעכער אינסטיטוט,, Yiddish Scientific Institute), is an organization that preserves, studies, and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe, Germany and Russia, as well as orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to Yiddish.

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Yulia Tymoshenko

Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko (Ю́лія Володи́мирівна Тимоше́нко,, née Hrihyan, Грігян, by Askold Krushelnycky, Harvill Secker, 2006,, p. 169. born 27 November 1960) is a Ukrainian politician.

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Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc

The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (Блок Юлії Тимошенко, БЮТ; Blok Yuliyi Tymoshenko, BYuT) was since 2001 the name of the bloc of political parties in Ukraine led by Yulia Tymoshenko.

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Zaporozhian Cossacks

The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossack Army, Zaporozhian Host (Військо Запорізьке, Войско Запорожское) or simply Zaporozhians (translit) were Cossacks who lived beyond the rapids of the Dnieper River, the land also known under the historical term Wild Fields in today's Central Ukraine.

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Zhytomyr

Zhytomyr (Žytomyr; Žitomir; Żytomierz; Žitomir) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine.

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Redirects here:

OUN, OUN-B, OUN-M, Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, Ukrainian Nationalist Organisation.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists

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