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135 relations: Acclimatization, Acetic acid, Acid, Affect (psychology), Allodynia, American lobster, Amniote, Ampere, Anaerobic respiration, Analgesic, Anatomical terms of location, Animal Behaviour (journal), Animal cognition, Animal consciousness, Animal Liberation (book), Animal testing, Animal welfare, Anxiolytic, Aquaculture, Argument, Autotomy, Axon, Base (chemistry), Benzocaine, Bernard Rollin, Bird, Black sea bass, Brain, Buoyancy, Caenorhabditis elegans, California sea hare, Capsaicin, Carcinus maenas, Caridoid escape reaction, Carprofen, Cephalopod, Cerebral cortex, Chela (organ), Class (biology), Cognitive bias in animals, Commercial fishing, Crab, Crangon crangon, Crayfish, Crustacean, CrustaStun, David Foster Wallace, Decapod anatomy, Decapoda, Declawing of crabs, ..., Drosophila melanogaster, Elevated plus maze, Emotion in animals, Endogeny (biology), Enkephalin, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, European Food Safety Authority, Evolutionary pressure, Eyestalk, Eyestalk ablation, Fitness (biology), Formaldehyde, Ganglion, Gourmet (magazine), Grove snail, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Hemolymph, Hermit crab, Hirudo medicinalis, Homology (biology), Human, Human intelligence, Hyperalgesia, Intention, Isothiocyanate, Jeremy Bentham, Leu-enkephalin, Lidocaine, Lipopolysaccharide, Litopenaeus setiferus, Lobster, Local anesthetic, Longfin inshore squid, Maladaptation, Manduca sexta, Met-enkephalin, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, Morphine, Naloxone, Neocortex, Neohelice, Nervous system, Neural substrate, Nociception, Nociceptor, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Noxious stimulus, Oil of clove, Operant conditioning, Opioid, Opioid receptor, Oslo, Pagurus bernhardus, Pain, Pain in amphibians, Pain in animals, Pain in cephalopods, Pain in fish, Pain in invertebrates, Palaemon (genus), Palaemonetes, PDF, Peter Singer, Physiology, Primate, Procambarus clarkii, Psychological pain, Recreational fishing, Reflex, Reflex arc, René Descartes, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Sensory neuron, Sentience, Shellfish, Sodium hydroxide, Squilla mantis, Suffering, Supraesophageal ganglion, Taxon, Temple Grandin, The Guardian, The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vertebrate, Volt. Expand index (85 more) »
Acclimatization
Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
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Acetic acid
Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Affect (psychology)
Affect is a concept used in psychology to describe the experience of feeling or emotion.
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Allodynia
Allodynia (Ancient Greek άλλος állos "other" and οδύνη odúnē "pain") refers to central pain sensitization (increased response of neurons) following normally non-painful, often repetitive, stimulation.
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American lobster
The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America, chiefly from Labrador to New Jersey.
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Amniote
Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Ampere
The ampere (symbol: A), often shortened to "amp",SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units.
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Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2).
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Analgesic
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Animal Behaviour (journal)
Animal Behaviour is a double-blind peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1953 as The British Journal of Animal Behaviour, before obtaining its current title in 1958.
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Animal cognition
Animal cognition describes the mental capacities of non-human animals and the study of those capacities.
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Animal consciousness
Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within an animal, or of being aware of an external object or something within itself.
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Animal Liberation (book)
Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals is a 1975 book by Australian philosopher Peter Singer.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Animal welfare
Animal welfare is the well-being of animals.
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Anxiolytic
An anxiolytic (also antipanic or antianxiety agent) is a medication or other intervention that inhibits anxiety.
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Aquaculture
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms.
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Argument
In logic and philosophy, an argument is a series of statements typically used to persuade someone of something or to present reasons for accepting a conclusion.
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Autotomy
Autotomy (from the Greek auto- "self-" and tome "severing", αὐτονομία) or self-amputation is the behaviour whereby an animal sheds or discards one or more of its own appendages, usually as a self-defense mechanism to elude a predator's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape.
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Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials, away from the nerve cell body.
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Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.
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Benzocaine
Benzocaine, sold under the brand name Orajel among others, is an ester local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops.
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Bernard Rollin
Bernard E. Rollin (born 1943) is an American philosopher, currently professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Black sea bass
The black sea bass (Centropristis striata) is an exclusively marine grouper found more commonly in northern than in southern ranges.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Buoyancy
In physics, buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
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Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments.
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California sea hare
The California sea hare, scientific name Aplysia californica, is a species of sea slug in the sea hare family, Aplysiidae.
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Capsaicin
Capsaicin ((INN); 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.
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Carcinus maenas
Carcinus maenas is a common littoral crab.
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Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.
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Carprofen
Carprofen, marketed under many brand names worldwide,Drugs.com Page accessed October 4, 2017 is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that veterinarians prescribe as a supportive treatment for various conditions in animals.
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Cephalopod
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural κεφαλόποδα, kephalópoda; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus or nautilus.
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Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
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Chela (organ)
A chela, also named claw, nipper, or pincer, is a pincer-like organ terminating certain limbs of some arthropods.
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Class (biology)
In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
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Cognitive bias in animals
Cognitive bias in animals is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be affected by irrelevant information or emotional states.
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Commercial fishing
Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries.
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Crab
Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) (translit.
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Crangon crangon
Crangon crangon is a commercially important species of caridean shrimp fished mainly in the southern North Sea, although also found in the Irish Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea, as well as off much of Scandinavia and parts of Morocco's Atlantic coast.
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Crayfish
Crayfish, also known as crawfish, crawdads, crawldads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, mudbugs or yabbies, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are related; taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea.
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Crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles.
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CrustaStun
The CrustaStun is a device designed to administer a lethal electric shock to shellfish (such as lobsters, crabs, and crayfish) before cooking.
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David Foster Wallace
David Foster Wallace (February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American writer and university instructor in the disciplines of English and creative writing.
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Decapod anatomy
The decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, shrimp or prawn, is made up of 20 body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen).
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Decapoda
The Decapoda or decapods (literally "ten-footed") are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns, and shrimp.
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Declawing of crabs
Declawing of crabs is the process whereby one or both claws of a live crab (including king crabs) are manually pulled off and the animal is then returned to the water.
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Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
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Elevated plus maze
The elevated plus maze (EPM) is a test measuring anxiety in laboratory animals that usually uses rodents as a screening test for putative anxiolytic or anxiogenic compounds and as a general research tool in neurobiological anxiety research such as PTSD and TBI.
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Emotion in animals
Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to write about the existence and nature of emotions in animals.
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Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
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Enkephalin
An enkephalin (occasionally spelled encephalin) is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body.
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EU Directive 2010/63/EU
EU Directive 2010/63/EU is the European Union (EU) legislation "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" and is one of the most stringent ethical and welfare standards worldwide.
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European Food Safety Authority
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.
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Evolutionary pressure
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure.
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Eyestalk
In anatomy, an eyestalk (sometimes spelled as eye stalk or known as an ommatophore) is a protrusion that extends the eye away from the body, giving the eye a better field of vision.
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Eyestalk ablation
Eyestalk ablation is the removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyestalks from a crustacean.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Ganglion
A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system.
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Gourmet (magazine)
Gourmet magazine was a monthly publication of Condé Nast and the first U.S. magazine devoted to food and wine.
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Grove snail
The grove snail or brown-lipped snail (Cepaea nemoralis) is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc.
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Hemigrapsus sanguineus
Hemigrapsus sanguineus, the Japanese shore crab or Asian shore crab, is a species of crab from East Asia.
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Hemolymph
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.
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Hermit crab
Hermit crabs are decapod crustaceans of the superfamily Paguroidea.
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Hirudo medicinalis
Hirudo medicinalis, the European medicinal leech, is one of several species of leeches used as "medicinal leeches".
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Human intelligence
Human intelligence is the intellectual prowess of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.
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Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia (or; 'hyper' from Greek ὑπέρ (huper, “over”), '-algesia' from Greek algos, ἄλγος (pain)) is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves and can cause hypersensitivity to stimulus, stimuli which would normally not be cause for a pain reaction (ex/ eyes or brain having a painful reaction to daylight).
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Intention
Intention is a mental state that represents a commitment to carrying out an action or actions in the future.
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Isothiocyanate
Isothiocyanate is the chemical group –N.
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Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.
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Leu-enkephalin
Leu-enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu that is found naturally in the brains of many animals, including humans.
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Lidocaine
Lidocaine, also known as xylocaine and lignocaine, is a medication used to numb tissue in a specific area.
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Litopenaeus setiferus
Litopenaeus setiferus (formerly Penaeus setiferus, and known by various common names including white shrimp, gray shrimp, lake shrimp, green shrimp, green-tailed shrimp, blue-tailed shrimp, rainbow shrimp, Daytona shrimp, common shrimp, southern shrimp, and, in Mexico, camaron blanco) is a species of prawn found along the Atlantic coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Lobster
Lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans.
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Local anesthetic
A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes reversible absence of pain sensation, although other senses are often affected, as well.
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Longfin inshore squid
The longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) is a species of squid of the family Loliginidae.
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Maladaptation
A maladaptation is a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful.
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Manduca sexta
Manduca sexta is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the American continent.
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Met-enkephalin
Met-enkephalin, also known as metenkefalin (INN), sometimes referred to as opioid growth factor (OGF), is a naturally occurring, endogenous opioid peptide that has opioid effects of a relatively short duration.
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Moral status of animals in the ancient world
The 21st-century debates about animal welfare and animal rights can be traced back to the ancient world.
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Morphine
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.
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Naloxone
Naloxone, sold under the brandname Narcan among others, is a medication used to block the effects of opioids, especially in overdose.
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Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium and isocortex, is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
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Neohelice
Neohelice granulata is a species of crab in the family Varunidae, and the only species in the genus Neohelice.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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Neural substrate
A neural substrate is a term used in neuroscience to indicate a part of the nervous or brain system that underlies a specific behavior or psychological state.
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Nociception
Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.
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Nociceptor
A nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible threat” signals to the spinal cord and the brain.
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Norwegian University of Life Sciences
The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet, NMBU) is a public university located in Ås, Norway.
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Noxious stimulus
A noxious stimulus is "an actually or potentially tissue damaging event." It is a prerequisite for nociception, which itself is a prerequisite for nociceptive pain.
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Oil of clove
Oil of clove, also known as clove oil, is an essential oil extracted from the clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum.
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Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning (also called "instrumental conditioning") is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
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Opioid
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.
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Opioid receptor
Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands.
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Oslo
Oslo (rarely) is the capital and most populous city of Norway.
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Pagurus bernhardus
Pagurus bernhardus is the common marine hermit crab of Europe's Atlantic coasts.
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Pain
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
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Pain in amphibians
Pain is an aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual, or potential, tissue damage.
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Pain in animals
In humans, pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
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Pain in cephalopods
Pain in cephalopods is a contentious issue.
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Pain in fish
Whether fish feel pain is a contentious issue.
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Pain in invertebrates
Pain in invertebrates is a contentious issue.
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Palaemon (genus)
Palaemon is a genus of caridean shrimp of the family Palaemonidae.
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Palaemonetes
Palaemonetes is a genus of caridean shrimp comprising a geographically diverse group of fresh water, brackish and marine crustaceans.
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The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
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Peter Singer
Peter Albert David Singer, AC (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Procambarus clarkii
Procambarus clarkii is a species of cambarid freshwater crayfish, native to northern Mexico, and southern and southeastern United States, but also introduced elsewhere (both in North America and other continents), where it is often an invasive pest.
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Psychological pain
Psychological pain, mental pain, or emotional pain is an unpleasant feeling (a suffering) of a psychological, non-physical origin.
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Recreational fishing
Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is fishing for pleasure or competition.
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Reflex
A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
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Reflex arc
A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression.
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Sensory neuron
Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.
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Sentience
Sentience is the capacity to feel, perceive or experience subjectively.
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Shellfish
Shellfish is a food source and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
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Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.
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Squilla mantis
Squilla mantis is a species of mantis shrimp found in shallow coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean: it is also known as "pacchero".
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Suffering
Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.
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Supraesophageal ganglion
The supraesophageal ganglion ("arthropod brain" or "a. microbrain") is the first part of the arthropod and especially insect central nervous system.
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Taxon
In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Temple Grandin
Mary Temple Grandin (born August 29, 1947) is an American professor of animal science at Colorado State University, consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior, and autism spokesperson.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
The Journal of Experimental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of comparative physiology and integrative biology.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Volt
The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force.
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Redirects here:
Pain in crabs, Pain in lobsters.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans
